Full text of "Byte Magazine Volume 08 Number 01 - Looking Ahead"

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tilne 




owerful 




DPU card with error-correcting 
memory and controller cards 



68000-Powered 

Once again you get a big stride forward with Cromemco. 

This time it's our new DPU Dual Processor Unit. It gives 
enormous power to Cromemco computer systems such as 
our System One shown here. 

Compares with mainframes 

With the new DPU you get the almost unbelievably 
powerful 68000 processor and its 32-bit data-handling 
capabilities combined with its 16 Megabyte address space. 

In other words with the System One /DPU combination 
you get a small machine that's the equal of superminis and 
mainframes in some areas. 



8-Bit and 68000 software 

The dual part of the DPU refers to its on-board Z-80A 
processor. With this you have access to existing CP/M* 
software. 



for tomorrow 

But besides being compatible with this wealth of existing 
8-bit software, the System One/DPU has available a whole 
family of new 68000 system software. This includes a wide 
range of high-level software such as our 68000 Assembler, 
FORTRAN 77, Pascal, BASIC, COBOL, and C. 

Beyond all this there's a version for the 68000 of our 
widely admired CROMIXt Operating System. It's like 
UNIXJ but has even more features and gives multi-tasking 
and multi-user capability. In fact, one or more users can run 
on the Z-80A processor while others are running on the 
68000. Switching between the Z-80A and 68000 is auto- 
matically controlled. 

The System One itself is a bus-oriented machine that has 
options for color graphics, for 390K or 780K of floppy 
storage, a 5 MB hard disk option, communications capabil- 
ity, and multi-processor capability using our I/O processor 
card. 



Powerful new micro. 
Powerful software. 





System One CS-1H 



Highly expandable 

i/ith the System One/DPU combination, you get 
tremendous expandability. Right now you can have up to 2 
MB of RAM storage. You get this with our new Memory 
Storage cards and our Memory Controller. The Controller 
fully supports the 16 MB storage space of the 68000, allow- 
ing you vast future expansion capability. 

Further, the memory has built-in error detection and 
correction, a feature normally found only in much more 
costly systems. 

Present customers can field-upgrade their Cromemco 
systems to use the DPU and still be able to run their present 
software using the Z-80A on the DPU. It's one more 



3102 Terminal 



instance of Cromemco's policy of providing obsolescence 
insurance for Cromemco users. 

Low priced 

With all this performance you might not be ready for the 
low price we're talking about. With 256K of RAM and 780K 
of floppy storage, the price of the System One/DPU is only 
$5495. That's hard to beat. 

So contact your rep now. Hell fill you in on the many 
more features that this outstanding and powerful machine 
offers. 

*CP/M is a trademark of Digital Research 
tCROMtX is a trademark of Cromemco, Inc. 
tUNIX is a trademark of Bel] Telephone Laboratories 



>TM 



Q Cromemco 
incorporated 
280 BERNARDO AVE., MOUNTAIN VIEW, CA 94040 • (415)964-7400 
Tomorrow's computers today 

Circle 128 on Inquiry card. 




M> INTERFACES 



COLOR GRAPHICS 








I* 











11-MBYTE 










COLOR 


FLOPPY DISK 


HARD DISK 


JOYSTICK 


SOFTWARE 


ERMINAL 


PRINTERS 


MONITORS 


DRIVES 


DRIVE 


CONSOLE 


SUPPORT 




at Cromemco computer card 
capability can do for you 



The above diagram shows in a func- 
tional way one of the most complete 
lines of computer cards in the industry. 

Look it over carefully. It could be well 
worth your while. 

These are all cards that plug into our 
S-100 bus microcomputers. 

You can also assemble them into a 
custom system in convenient Cromemco 
card cages. 

MULTI-PROCESSING AND 
INTELLIGENT I/O 

The range of capabilities and versatility 
you can draw upon is enormous. 

In processors, for example, you have a 
choice of CPU's including our extremely 
useful new I/O Processor. This can be 
used as a satellite processor to do off-line 
processing, multi-processing, and to form 
intelligent I/O. It opens the door to a 
whole new group of applications and 
tasks. Ask us about it. 

HIGH RESOLUTION 
COLOR GRAPHICS 

Again, you can have beautiful high- 
resolution color graphics with our color 
graphics interface. You can select from 
over 4000 colors and have a picture with 
a resolution at least equal to quality 
broadcast-TV pictures. 





You have an unprecedented selection 
of memory including our unusual 48K 
and 16K two-port RAMs which allow 
high-speed color graphics. 

LOTS OF STORAGE 

These days you often want lots of disk 
storage. So you can select from our disk 
controller card which will operate our 5" 
and 8" floppy disk drives (up to 1.2 
megabytes). Or select our WDI interface 
to operate our 11-megabyte hard disk 
drives. 

POWERFUL SOFTWARE AND 
PERIPHERAL SUPPORT 

There's much more yet you can do 
with our cards. And, of course, there's an 
easy way to put them to work in our 8-, 
12-, and 21 -slot card cages. Our PS8 
power supply makes it simple to get the 
system into operation. 

Finally, Cromemco offers you the 
strongest software support in the industry 



with languages like FORTRAN, 
COBOL, ASSEMBLER, LISP, BASIC and 
others. There is also a wide choice from 
independent vendors. 

To top it all off, you can draw from 
substantial array of peripherals: ter 
minals, printers, color monitors and dis 
drives. 

There is even more capability tha 
we're able to describe here. 

NOW AT HALL-MARK 
AND KIERULFF 

For your convenience Cromemo 
products are now available at Hall-Mark 
Electronics and Kierulff Electronics. Con 
tact these national distributors for im 
mediate product delivery. 

CROMEMCO COMPUTER CARDS 
• PROCESSORS — 4 MHz Z-80 A CPU, single card 
computer, I/O processor • MEMORY — up to 64K 
including special 48K and 1 6K two-port RAMS and 
our very well known BYTESAVERS® with PROM 
programming capability • HIGH RESOLUTION 
COLOR GRAPHICS — our SDI offers up to 754 x 
482 pixel resolution. • GENERAL PURPOSE IN- 
TERFACES— QUADART four-channel serial com- 
munications, TU-ART two-channel parallel and 
two-channel serial, 8PIO 8-port parallel, 4PIO 
4-port isolated parallel, D+ 7A 7-c:hanncl D/A and 
A/D converter, printer interface, floppy disk con- 
troller with RS-232 interface and system 
diagnostics, wire-wrap and extender cards for yoi 
development work. 



Q Cromemco '" 
incorporated 
280 BERNARDO AVE., MOUNTAIN VIEW, CA 94040 • (415)964-7400 
Tomorrow's computers today 

Circle 129 on Inquiry card. 



In The Queue 



BITE 



Volume 8, Number 



January 1983 



Features 

30 The Compaq Computer by Mark Dahmke / The 

latest IBM-compatible microcomputer, this portable machine 
can run all IBM system software, and it costs less than the 
Personal Computer. 

40 Microcomputing, British Style by Gregg 

Williams / Our Senior Editor braved the crowds and the 
clamor of the fifth Personal Computer World Show to bring 
us this firsthand account. 

54 Build the Circuit Cellar MPX-16 Computer 
System, Part 3 by Steve Ciarcia / The final installment 
describes the design of the MPX- 1 6, which is I/O 
compatible with the IBM Personal Computer. 

86 Heath's HERO-1 Robot by Steven 
Leininger / This microcomputer-controlled robot 
demonstrates the principles of automation and robotics. 

1 00 IBM's "Secret" Computer: the 9000 by Chris 

Morgan / IBM Instruments Inc. manufacturers a 
68000-based instrumentation computer that could become 
a powerful business machine. 

1 28 The Next Generation of Microprocessor by 

Timothy Stryker / Before too long, integrated-circuit 
manufacturers will be marketing single-chip processors that 
directly implement high-level languages in hardware. 

152 Maximizing Power In Multiuser Architectures 

by Mark Garetz / A system design combines the 
advantages of a single-processor multiuser system with 
those of both loosely and tightly coupled networks. 

1 66 Personal Computers In the Eighties by 

Greggory S. Blundell / A recent study shows that the 
market potential for the next decade is enormous. 

1 86 Meet You at the Fair by Philip A. Schrodt / A 

first-person report of the S 12.5-million high-tech rock 
concert sponsored by Steve Wozniak. 

1 98 Public Key Cryptography by John Smith / An 

introduction to a powerful cryptographic system for use 
on microcomputers. 

234 Atari Player-Missile Graphics In BASIC by Paul 
S. Swanson / The Atari computer offers a unique way to 
manipulate graphics in a BASIC program. 

254 Problem Oriented Language, Part 2: Writing a 

Module by Mark Finger / Develop a problem oriented 
program with simplified data input. 

283 Eratosthenes Revisited: Once More through 
the Sieve by Jim Gilbreath and Gary Gilbreath / A closer 
look at a benchmark prime-number program and various 
Pascal and C compilers. 



371 Vector Graphics for the TRS-80 by Dan 

Rollins / How to incorporate machine-language graphics 
into your BASIC programs. 

396 Simulation of Simple Digital Logic through 
a Computer-Aided Design System by Robert 

McDermott / Computer-aided design for hobbyists. 

418 User's Column: Burnouts, Bargains, and Two 
Sleek Portables by Jerry Pournelle / The tireless industry 
critic mourns Ezekial and seeks comfort from the exquisite 
Adelle, who happens to be an Otrona Attache. 



Reviews 

110 Apple-Cat II by James A. Pope 

330 Whitesmiths C Compiler by Larry Reid and Andrew 

P. McKinlay 

346 Analyst and Qsort by Structured Systems Group 

by Jack L. Abbott 

364 The Timex/Sinclair 1000 by Billy Garrett 

446 Supervyz and Organizr: Two Menu-Driven Front 

Ends for CP/M by Christopher O. Kern 



Nucleus 



6 

14 

222, 



272, 



387, 

386, 

391 

463 

469 

470 

476 

480 

481 

486 

541 

542 

544 



Editorial: New Hardware 

Letters 

381 System Notes: Exploring the Commodore 

VIC-20; Autograph: A Plotting Subroutine in TRS-80 

Level II BASIC 

276, 386 Book Reviews: Teletext and Videotex in 

the United States; Structured Systems Programming; 

Silent Witness: A Novel of Computer Crime 

454 Programming Quickies: Another Binary to BCD 

Conversion Routine; High-Speed Pascal Text File I/O 

468, 475, 479, 485 BYTE's Bits 

BYTE's Bugs 

BYTELINES 

Clubs and Newsletters 

Event Queue 

Software Received 

Books Received 

Ask BYTE 

What's New? 

Unclassified Ads 

BOMB, BOMB Results 

Reader Service 


















hTTT^TTTTTTi 






Page 40 



^^^^■^■B 



Page 54 



^^^^^^wmBBr&KESsS 



Paqe 100 



Page 110 



Editor in Chief 
Christopher P. Morgan 

Managing Editor 

Mark Haas 

Technical Editors 

Gregg Williams, Senior Editor; 
Richard S. Shuford, Curtis P. Feigel. 
George Stewart, Arthur Little, Stanley 
Wszola, Pamela Clark, Richard Malloy; 
Phillip Lemmons, West Coast Editor; Steve 
Ciarcia, Mark Dahmke, Consulting Editors; 
Jon Swanson, Drafting Editor 

Copy Editors 

Beverly Cronin, Chief; 

Faith Hanson. Warren Williamson, Anthony J. 

Lockwood, Hilary Selby Polk, Elizabeth Kepner, 

Nancy Hayes, Cathryn Baskin, Tom McMillan; 

Margaret Cook. Junior Copy Editor 

Assistants 

Faith Kluntz. Beverly Jackson, Lisa Jo Steiner 



Production 

David R. Anderson, Assoc. Director; 
Patrice Scribner. Jan Muller, Virginia Reardon; 
Sherry McCarthy, Chief Typographer; Debi 
Fredericks, Donna Sweeney, Valerie Horn 

Advertising 

Deborah Porter, Supervisor; 

Marion Carlson, Rob Hannings. Vicki 

Reynolds, Cathy A. R. Drew, Lisa Wozmak; 

Patricia Ackerley, Reader Service Coordinator; 

Wai Chiu Li, Advertising/Production 

Coordinator; Linda J. Sweeney 

Circulation 

Gregory Spitzfaden, Manager; 

Andrew Jackson. Asst. Manager; 

Agnes E. Perry, Barbara Varnum, Louise 

Menegus, Jennifer Price, Sheila A. Bamford; 

James Bingham. Dealer Sales, Deborah J. 

Cadwell, Asst; Linda Ryan 

Marketing Communications 

Horace T. Howland. Director; 

Wilbur S. Watson. Coordinator; 

Timothy W. Taussig, Graphic Arts Manager; 

Michele P. Verville, Research Manager 

Controller's Office 

Kenneth A. King, Asst. Controller; 
Mary E. Fluhr, Acct. & D/P Mgr.; Karen 
Burgess, Jeanne Cilley, Linda Fluhr, Vicki 
Bennett. L. Bradley Browne. Vern Rockwell 

Business Manager 

Daniel Rodriguez 

Traffic 

N. Scott Gagnon, Manager; 
Scott Jackson, Kathleen Reckart 

Receptionist 

Jeanann Waters 

Publishers 

Virginia Londoner, Gordon R. Williamson; 
John E. Hayes. Associate Publisher; 
Cheryl A. Hurd, Publisher's Assistant 



fll 



Officers of McGraw-Hill Publications Com- 
pany: Paul F. McPherson, President; Executive 
Vice President: Gene W. Simpson; Senior Vice 
President-Editorial: Ralph R. Schulz; Vice 
Presidents: R. Bernard Alexander; Kemp Ander- 
son, Business Systems Development; Shel F. 
Asen, Manufacturing; Harry L. Brown. Special 
Markets; Robert B. Doll, Circulation; James E. 
Hackett, Controller; Eric B. Herr, Planning and 
Development; H. John Sweger, Jr., Marketing. 

Officers of the Corporation: Harold W. 
McGraw Jr., Chairman and Chief Executive 
Officer; Joseph L. Dionne, President and Chief 
Operating Officer; Robert N. Landes, Senior Vice 
President and Secretary; Ralph J. Webb, 
Treasurer. 



January 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 







In This Issue 

The microcomputer industry is still moving along at a good clip. New and 
improved products proliferate and the battle for shelf space and consumers' 
cash is as heated as ever. This month we feature several of the latest offerings 
and look ahead at the shape of things to come. Showcased in our cover 
photo, by Paul Avis, are three such items: the Compaq computer, a portable 
unit that boasts complete compatibility with the IBM Personal Computer; the 
HERO-1 Robot from Heath Co., an educational device that demonstrates prin- 
ciples of automation and robotics; and the Epson QX-10/Valdocs System, a 
machine noteworthy for the way in which its software and hardware are in- 
tegrated (for a product description see September 1982 BYTE, page 54). Chris 
Morgan describes "IBM's 'Secret' Computer: the 9000," Billy Garrett reviews 
"The Timex/Sinclair 1000," Timothy Stryker discusses "The Next Generation of 
Microprocessor," and Greggory S. Blundell looks at "Personal Computers in 
the Eighties." Gregg Williams reports on his recent trip to the Personal Com- 
puter World Show in London in "Microcomputing, British Style." Philip A. 
Schrodt gives us a first-person report of the U.S. Festival, a high-tech rock con- 
cert, in "Meet You at the Fair." Steve Ciarcia concludes his three-part article 
"Build the Circuit Cellar MPX-1 6 Computer System." Plus we have our regular 
features and reviews. 



BYTE is published monthly by BYTE Publications Inc, 70 Main St, Peterborough NH 03458, phone [603) 
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MicroAngelo based color graphics systems are easy to 
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There are several data communication 
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Formats: 8" SS/SD. Apple II with CP/M, 5'/." and 8" 
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The Micro Link II * 1982 by Wordcraft. 

CP/M is a registered trademark of Digital Research, 

Inc. 

CP/M-86 is a trademark of Digital Research. Inc. 

MS-DOS is a trademark of Microsoft. 

THE SOURCE is a subsidiary of THE READER'S 

DIGEST ASSOCIATION 



Editorial 



New Hardware 



by Chris Morgan, Editor in Chief 



The January issue of BYTE has traditionally been our showcase for new 
microcomputer hardware because it follows on the heels of the November 
COMDEX show and the scores of fall product announcements. This month is 
no exception — you'll find a wealth of the latest items herein. 

The industry's new product fever rages on, spurred by record growth in 
sales and profits. Apple, Tandy, and Commodore, the three biggest names in 
our business, posted fiscal 1982 sales increases of 75 percent, 70 percent, and 
63 percent, respectively — all in the midst of a recession. Equally encouraging 
are the many product introductions coming from companies new to the com- 
puter market. The Compaq from Compaq Computer Corporation, Houston, 
Texas, is featured in our cover photo this month (for story see page 30). Along 
with it on the cover are the Heath HERO-1 microcomputer-controlled robot 
(see page 86) and the Epson QX-10/Valdocs System, which was described by 
Senior Editor Gregg Williams in the September 1982 BYTE (page 54). 




6 January 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 



Photo 1: The Compaq, a portable IBM look-alike from Compaq Computer Corp. 

Circle 320 on inquiry card. — 



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Editorial 



■ 



The Compaq 

Take the IBM Personal Computer and the Osborne 1, 
put them in an inertia bonding machine, flip the switch, 
and you have the Compaq computer. At least, that was 
my first impression when I saw the machine this past 
summer. 

The Compaq was designed to be totally compatible 
with the IBM Personal Computer. It accepts all the 
peripheral boards for the IBM, and it was able to run 
every piece of IBM software we tried in it. It costs less 
than a comparably equipped IBM Personal Computer 
($2995 for the 128K-byte system with one double-density 
drive, versus $3735 for a similarly equipped IBM PC). 
And at 28 pounds, the Compaq is definitely transport- 
able. Combining the monochrome and color graphics 
boards onto one board is another good idea used in the 
Compaq. The machine's designers deserve straight As for 
their efforts. 

The Compaq will undoubtedly give IBM much to think 
about. In fact, a spate of IBM look-alikes will soon des- 
cend on the marketplace, most likely forcing IBM to 
restructure its pricing schedules. 

Epson's QX-10 

First described by Gregg Williams in his September 
article, the QX-10 is, at first glance, not a revolutionary 
machine. Yet in many subtle ways it is. On the surface, 
its specs are not spectacular: 8 bits, CP/M, two 5Vi-inch 
floppy-disk drives, and a monochrome monitor. But the 
real power of the machine lies in its careful integration of 
software and hardware. The software was designed with 
the hardware in mind and vice versa. 

To use an overly familiar phrase, the QX-10 is user- 
friendly. For example, the Valdocs (for "valuable docu- 
ments") software system lets you work with characters, 
numbers, graphics, and time (in the form of an electronic 




Photo 2: The Epson QX-10/ Valdocs System. 



8 January 1983 © BYTE Publicahoru Inc 



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external and line 
sources; variable 
holdoff. 



Probes included. 

High-performance, 
positive attachment 
10-14 pF and 60 
MHz at the probe 
tip. 




Tfektronix 2213 



In 30 years of Tektronix oscil- 
loscope leadership, no other 
scopes have recorded the 
immediate popular appeal of 
the Tek 2200 Series. The Tek 2213 
and 2215 are unapproachable for the 
performance and reliability they 
offer at a surprisingly affordable 
price. 

There's no compromise with 
Tektronix quality: The low cost is the 
result of a new design concept that 
cut mechanical parts by 65%. Cut 
cabling by 90%. Virtually eliminated 
board electrical connectors. And 
eliminated the need for a cooling fan. 



Yet performance is written all over 
the front panels. There's the band- 
width for digital and analog circuits. 
The sensitivity for low signal mea- 
surements. The sweep speeds for 
fast logic families. And delayed 
sweep for fast, accurate timing 
measurements. 

The cost: $1200* for the 2213. 
$1450* for the dual time base 2215. 

You can order, or obtain more 
information, through the Tektronix 
National Marketing Center, where 
technical personnel can answer 
your questions and expedite 
delivery. Your direct order includes 



probes, operating manuals, 15- 
day return policy and full Tektronix 
warranty. 

For quantity purchases, please 
contact your local Tektronix sales 
representative. 

Order toll free: 
1-800-426-2200 
Extension 34 

In Oregon call collect: 
(503) 627-9000 Ext. 34 



"Price F.O.B. Beaverton, OR. Price subject to change. 



Ttektronix 

COMMITTED TO EXCELLENCE 



Copyright©! 982. Tektronix, Inc. All rights reserved. TTA-338 



Editorial , 



datebook and event scheduler). The keyboard, patterned 
after Epson's proposed keyboard standard (see "An In- 
troduction to the Human Applications Standard Com- 
puter Interface" by Chris Rutkowski, Part 1, October 
1982 BYTE, page 291 and Part 2, November 1982 BYTE, 
page 379) allows even naive users to work with the 
Valdocs system quickly and easily. 

Such products reflect a growing concern for the user, a 
recognition that the old standards for hardware and soft- 
ware performance are no longer good enough. We need 
better-quality products, more attention to details, better- 
written manuals, and state-of-the-art features. Fortunate- 
ly, the industry is listening. 



Commodore 64 Guide 

We just saw the Commodore 64 Programmer's Refer- 
ence Guide (published by Commodore Business 



Machines Inc. and Howard W. Sams and Co. Inc.). The 
book explains the workings of the Commodore 64, a 
machine we didn't fully appreciate until now. The Com- 
modore 64 gives you a lot for its $599 suggested list price: 
64K bytes of RAM, another 28K bytes of ROM (most of 
the top 32K bytes of memory can switch among various 
combinations of RAM and ROM), two text modes (mono- 
chrome and four-colored text), two high-resolution 
modes (320 by 200 pixels in monochrome and 160 by 200 
in four-color mode), eight sprites (easily movable, 
colored, user-defined shapes), and a sophisticated three- 
voice sound synthesizer. In addition, you can mix graph- 
ics and text modes, display up to 24 rows of 64 characters 
each, and do smooth scrolling of video images (as on the 
Atari 400 and 800 computers). The machine is far from 
perfect, but it is, in its own way, as sophisticated as the 
state-of-the-art Atari machines. Look for a review of the 
Commodore 64 in an upcoming issue of BYTE. ■ 



Articles Policy 

BYTE is continually seeking manuscripts of high quality written by individuals who are applying personal computer systems, designing 
such systems, or who have knowledge that will be useful to our readers. For a formal description of procedures and requirements, poten- 
tial authors should send a legal-sized, self-addressed envelope with 37 cents U.S. postage affixed to BYTE Author's Guide, FOB 372, Han- 
cock, NH 03449. 

Each month, the authors of the two leading articles in the reader poll (BYTE's Ongoing Monitor Box or BOMB) are presented with bonus 
checks of S100 and S50. Unsolicited materials should be accompanied by full name, address, and return postage. 



^JbiaUHq 




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Oscilloscope 
Program Extended 

Larry Korba's article 'Turn Your Apple 
II into a Storage Oscilloscope" has many 
applications besides the one discussed. 
(See the September 1982 BYTE, page 520.) 
Looked at from a more general viewpoint, 
his program will log analog data at 
regularly spaced intervals. The display 
portion may or may not be important to a 
particular data-logging operation, but 
data-logging techniques have many ap- 
plications. 

The purpose of this letter is to remove 
one of the limitations of the program. In 
his program, the time between samples is 
limited to a maximum of 50 milliseconds 
(ms) corresponding to a sweep time of 
1000 ms /division. The sample interval can 
easily be extended to periods as long as 
two hours, allowing data to be logged 
over a period of days or weeks. 

The following modifications are re- 
quired. The Tl timer on the 6522 register 
is set up to run in its free-running mode, 
toggling pin PB7. The T2 timer /counter is 
set up to count pulses. Both of these modi- 
fications are accomplished by loading the 
ACR with 0E0 hexadecimal on lines 174 
and 175 of Korba's listing lb. Next, pin 
PB7 is connected to pin PB6. Now, T2 is 
counting pulses from Tl. The time T be- 
tween interrupts from T2 is: 

T = 2(Nl + 2){N2 + l)Tc 

where Nl is the 16-bit number in the Tl 
timer and N2 is the 16-bit number in the 
T2 timer. (For further information, see 
Marvin L. De Jong, Apple II Assembly 
Language. Indianapolis, IN: Howard W. 
Sams & Co., 1982.) T c is the clock fre- 
quency and is approximately 0.97779 
microseconds, not 1 microsecond. Of 
course, the IER should be loaded with 0A0 
hexadecimal rather than 0C0 hexadecimal 
(lines 180 and 181 in listing lb), and 
another ASL A instruction should follow 
the ASL A instruction on line 76 of listing 
lb. 

A short sequence of BASIC instructions 
will convert the desired time T between 
samples into Nl and N2, which you can 
then POKE into the appropriate 6522 
registers. It is probably useful to start with 
N = for short sample intervals and in- 
crease N2 as necessary to achieve the 
desired sample interval. 

For example, with Nl = 60898 and 



N2 = 60455 a sampling interval of two 
hours is obtained. You could collect data 
over a period of 20 days at this rate. 

Again, the modifications are simple and 
the versatility of the program is increased 
if, in effect, the timers on the 6522 are 
combined to provide a 32-bit timer rather 
than a 16-bit timer. 

Marvin L. De Jong, Professor 
Department of Mathematics-Physics 
The School of the Ozarks 
Point Lookout, MO 65726 



No Shortage 
of Multiuser Unix Systems 

In the BYTELINES section of the 
August 1982 BYTE, a brief editorial was 
presented concerning the apparent short- 
age of actual shipments of Unix-based 
multiuser microcomputer systems. (See 
"Unix Where Art Thou," page 448.) 

Codata Systems Corporation has been 
shipping Unix -based multiuser systems for 
more than a year. These systems operate 
under Unisis, our variant of Unix version 
7, and provide users with all of the bene- 
fits of this powerful operating system. 

Codata was the first to offer a micro- 
computer-based Unix on the M68000; the 
first to offer APL under Unix; and more 
recently the first to offer a microcomputer 
version of BASIC compatible with Digital 
Equipment Corporation's powerful 
XBASIC-Plus. 

Inasmuch as Codata has more than 500 
multiuser Unix systems in the field, and is 
increasing that number by 50 per month, 
it was distressing to read that article. 

Beau Vrolyk, Vice President, Marketing 
Codata Systems Corp. 
285 North Wolfe Rd. 
Sunnyvale, CA 94086 



Pascal Defended 

Some computer hobbyists may, like 
Mr. Pournelle, be disappointed by some 
Pascal compilers and by the limitations of 
one or two of the hundreds of texts avail- 
able on the subject. (See "Letters, Pascal, 
CB/80, and Cardfile," September 1982 
BYTE, page 318.) Professional program- 
mers, however, will rightly perceive these 
as superficial grounds for evaluating a 
computer language. They will more likely 



be interested in the strong points of Pas- 
cal: its emphasis upon structured tech- 
niques, its strong data typing, the flexibili- 
ty of its user-defined data structures, and 
the mathematical elegance of its grammar 
(as reflected in the Backus-Naur formula- 
tion). 

As one such professional, Pascal en- 
ables me to create, very quickly, highly 
reliable and extraordinarily complex pro- 
grams for the real-time control of preci- 
sion automatic machinery. 

Pascal is not the end-all of computer 
languages (being somewhat deficient in 
string processing and file handling), yet it 
can prove a most useful tool for anyone 
who takes the trouble to understand its 
strengths. But only a fool would attempt 
to master Pascal in an afternoon. 

Dr. Gerald Hull 

RD 1, Box 85 

Little Meadows, PA 18830 



BYTE Scoops Others 

Although I spend $300 per year for IEEE 
and ACM journals, it was BYTE that first 
told me about France's new World Com- 
puter Center. Keep up the good work. 

William Randolph Franklin 

School of Engineering 

Electrical, Computer, and Systems 

Engineering Department 
Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute 
Troy, NY 12181 



Letter of the Law 

BYTE readers should be aware of a 
serious omission in Richard Stern's article 
regarding legal protection for object code. 
(See 'The Case of the Purloined Object 
Code, Part 1; The Problems," September 
1982 BYTE, page 20.) Mr. Stern proceeds 
from the premise that the key determina- 
tion is whether the work in question is em- 
bodied in a "copy." He then argues that 
object code stored in a ROM (read-only 
memory) may not be a "copy" entitled to 
copyright protection under the 1976 
Copyright Revision Act and under the 
1980 amendment to that Act regarding 
computer software. Mr. Stern states 
(pages 430-431) that a "copy" is a tangible 
embodiment of a work from which it can 
be — as Mr. Stern quotes the statute — 



14 January 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 



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Letters. 



"perceived ... or otherwise communi- 
cated." He then argues that it may not 
make sense to say that object code can be 
"perceived" or "communicated" because 
object code is primarily intended to con- 
stitute a list of instructions for a machine, 
rather than an expression directed toward 
another human being. 

Mr. Stern's quotation left out words 
critical to the statutory definition as ap- 
plied to computer programs. According to 
the Act, "copies" are "material objects, 
other than phonorecords, in which a work 
is fixed by any method now known or 
later developed, and from which the work 
can be perceived, reproduced, or other- 
wise communicated, either directly or 
with the aid of a machine or device." 
(Emphasis added.) 

I believe Mr. Stern's argument, even as 
stated, is tenuous, in that object code is in- 
telligible (albeit with difficulty) and clear- 
ly conveys information. However, when 
the complete statutory definition of 
"copy" is considered, his argument is 
rendered unsupportable. There can be no 
question that a work in object-code form 
can be "reproduced" from a ROM "with 
the aid of a machine or device." 

In addition, Mr. Stern fails to note that 
the 1980 Software Copyright Act specifi- 
cally defines "computer programs" to in- 
clude "a set of statements or instructions 
to be used directly or indirectly in a com- 
puter in order to bring about a certain re- 
sult." By any straightforward interpreta- 
tion, object code falls within this defini- 
tion. 

Denying copyright protection for object 
code would, as a practical matter, render 
useless the protection which even Mr. 
Stern concedes Congress established for 
source code. Most programs are distribut- 
ed in object code, and, even where they 
are not, copyright would offer mean- 
ingless protection if a purchaser of a copy 
of the source code could make and market 
multiple copies of the object code for prof- 
it without the copyright owner's consent. 
An interpretation such as that urged by 
Mr. Stern puts an enormous loophole in 
the copyright protection provided by 
Congress. This, in fact, is exactly what 
was found in the most recent federal ap- 
pellate decision on this subject (August 2, 
1982), William Electronics Inc. v. Artie 
International Inc., squarely upholding the 
copyrightability of object code. 

Mr. Stern made errors in analysis in the 
article as well. For example, in character- 
izing object-code programs as "utilitarian 
objects," he seems to be confusing infor- 



mation with the medium in which the in- 
formation is stored. Distinguishing the 
computer programs stored in a ROM 
from the ROM itself (i.e., the utilitarian 
object) should be no more difficult than 
distinguishing what is written in a book 
from a blank ream of paper. 

Ronald Abramson 
Fenwick, Stone, Davis & West 
Two Palo Alto Square 
Palo Alto, CA 94304 

Solution Doesn't Fit Problem 

We'd like to take issue with some com- 
ments made in Jerry Pournelle's Septem- 
ber BYTE User's Column. He criticizes 
Pascal compiler systems for their handling 
of syntax errors. The observations are 
valid; however, his proposed solution is 
questionable and fails to address the 
primary problem. 

A Pascal compiler can do a lot to iden- 
tify and. describe mistakes, but syntax cor- 
rection is extremely difficult and often in- 
correct. For instance, Mr. Pournelle does 
not understand why " = " cannot be 
replaced by ":=" in obvious situations. 
This simple example illustrates the dif- 
ficulties that can arise: 

You want: IF A = B 

You type: IF A = B 

The compiler corrects as: IFA : = B 

Many similar problems require compli- 
cated heuristics to provide reasonable cor- 
rections. The same constraints apply 
when inserting missing semicolons. Many 
people do not recognize that semicolons 
are statement separators, not statement 
terminators. Statement separators are 
necessary for multiple-statement lines and 
multiple-line statements. How many peo- 
ple, for example, are thrilled with FOR- 
TRAN'S single statement per line restric- 
tion? 

What can be done if the compiler does 
not remove such annoyances? Certainly, 
switching languages is a drastic measure. 
Pascal is more portable than BASIC (try 
moving a BASIC program written in one 
dialect to another BASIC system). Also, 
BASIC programmers encounter simple 
syntax errors. The interactive nature of 
BASIC suggests a strategy. 

The approach employed in the UCSD 
Pascal system offers a solution. When the 
UCSD Pascal compiler detects an error, it 
invokes the editor. The location of the 
error is highlighted, and the diagnostic 



16 January 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 




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Letters. 



message is displayed. The error is quickly 
fixed and compiling resumes. This interac- 
tive technique is very fast. Syntax 
checkers or pretty printers can also scan 
text to locate syntax errors before compil- 
ing. Syntax -directed editors are a sophisti- 
cated solution that prevents errors before 
they occur. Knowledge of the language 
grammar allows these editors to signifi- 
cantly reduce program text entry time. 

We do not think Pascal should be 
"stuffed into a culvert" for the reasons 
outlined by Mr. Pournelle (though Pascal 
does have shortcomings). His comments 
do have merit as a critique of available 
software tools. 

Mark A. Morely 
Stephen J. Schmitt 
2400 Science Parkway 
Okemos, MI 48864 

Jerry Pournelle Replies 

Your point is well made; I shouldn't 
want a compiler to make that correction, 
and I see the problem of making one smart 
enough to know what I do want. Yet — 
though your point is well taken — the 
problem is, why would a practical pro- 
grammer use a compiler (rather than an 
interpreter)? Surely there must be ways to 
let the computer do bean counting. 

Some may program splendidly, without 
trivial errors. Alas, I don't. 1 don't pro- 
gram for a living, and when I want my 
computer to do something, I simply want 
a job done. Thus, simple old interpretive 
BASIC survives, because it gets the simple 
problems solved fast. 

As to Pascal's portability, you talk 
about moving BASIC programs from one 
system to another: we've had terrible 
problems moving Pascal programs from 
one compiler to another on the same 
system! Yet for all that, I continue to 
work with Pascal because I too like its 
"philosophy"; it's the way that 
philosophy was implemented that I don't 
care for. 

That's why I'm searching for the proper 
extensions to the standard. . . 

Perhaps the SCUD (UCSD) Pascal is in- 
deed the solution, especially on fast 
machines like the 68000; we're supposed 
to get a Sage computer that runs UCSD as 
the operating system, and if that solves 
the problem, believe me, I'll be glad to tell 
everyone. 

Meanwhile, please read what I said, 
which is "there are times when I am will- 
ing to take Pascal and stuff the language 
into a culvert, " which, I would have 



thought, implies that those times are out- 
numbered by times when I'm not so in- 
clined — else why would I devote so much 
space to the language? But I can't think it 
hurts to chronicle the pains of a computer 
user in trying to learn the language. . . . 



A Source for Computer 
Aids for the Disabled 

It was very encouraging to see the 
September 1982 BYTE devoted to the ad- 
vancements being made with computers 
for the disabled. 

As a manufacturer of speech-synthesis 
products and a long-time advertiser in 
BYTE, Street Electronics missed the op- 
portunity to inform BYTE readers of our 
dedication in that area. 

A sizable share of Street Electronics' 
sales efforts have been directed to the 
disabled community, including the blind, 
the nonvocal, and others with various 
learning disabilities. The Echo II allows a 
blind individual to program on the Apple 
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features similar to those discussed in 
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lower price. 

We hope BYTE readers find this infor- 
mation as informative as we found the 
September BYTE. 

Andrew Clare, Vice President 
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1140 Mark Ave. 
Carpinteria, CA 93013 



Passive Resistance 
Aids Pirates 

Last year the Soviet Union paid 
$500,000 to steal ADABAS source code 
on tape in the United States because, I am 
told, they were unable to buy a paperback 
edition at W. H. Smith's in London. 

But by Mr. Leach's reasoning (see "Of 
Paperbacks and Program Protection," 
June 1982 BYTE, page 28), it would ap- 
pear that it is Software A. G.'s fault that 
the Soviets had to steal. Had it priced 
ADABAS at $100 instead of $100,000 the 
Soviets could have bought 5000 copies 
legally! 



Similarly, am I expected to rationalize 
obtaining a photocopy of International 
Resource Development (IRD) Inc.'s in- 
dustry analysis and forecast, The Robot 
Market Explosion, because $1285 for 150 
pages could only be justified by gold- 
impregnated ink and then only if pages 
are embellished with solid print areas. 

In thumbing through BYTE and other 
publications, I have come across nu- 
merous attempts at oversimplifying what, 
after all, is a complicated subject. Mr. 
Neiburger's and Mr. Pelczarski's decisions 
must not be mistaken for do-all, cure-all 
solutions. (See "Outsailing the Software 
Pirates," June 1982 BYTE, page 26.) Apple 
Computer's Mike Markkula has merely 
made a decision that is a far cry from a 
solution — and then again such a decision 
is easier made by a hardware vendor than 
a software vendor. 

Attempts to solve the problem must 
first of all recognize what the problem is 
(i.e., giving due benefit to owners of in- 
tellectual property). Marc Brown in his 
article "New Court Created to Strengthen 
Patents" (Electronics, June 30, 1982, page 
24) reports on how the U.S. Court of Ap- 
peals for the Federal Circuit can make 
litigation less expensive and heard by 
judges in the know. Bill HR 6420 seeks to 
punish software pirates. And Atari would 
not hesitate to take any pirate to court. 

Why is there preference for legal protec- 
tion and expensive, tedious legal redress? 
The answer lies in the absolute belief on 
the part of intellectual property owners 
that pirates are not pirates because they 
are naive or dumb. On the contrary, they 
are smart enough to hide behind an im- 
practical legal quagmire. So let us look at 
some basic facts: 

1. The price of software is not 
synonymous with the cost of its repro- 
duction. In addition, the development 
cost must be recouped. Other factors 
include the applaudable desire to make 
money and pride in being able to 
charge more than the guy next door 
because you have a superior product. 
Mr. Leach is trying to enforce uniform 
mediocrity, which is fundamentally 
against the concept of free competi- 
tion. 

A person buys software because it is 
worth it. So we have $10 software and 
we have $1 million software. But $1 
million paperbacks are difficult to sell, 
and in the absence of intimidating 
paperwork and antipiracy con- 
trivances, impossible to insure. 



18 January 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 



Circle 191 on inquiry card. 




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"Paperback" software is suitable for 
consumer-type software. But certainly 
not for any old software. In fact, some 
publishers practice antipaperback 
strategy. For example, Walt Disney 
Productions would not license video- 
tape (video tape is the paperback of 
films) distribution of full-length car- 
toons. Consequently, it is easy to pro- 
secute anyone who sells Snow White 
on tape. 

2. The price of software is not related to 
the price of hardware. You should be 
able to buy $100 software for the IBM 
3081 and $10,000 software for the 
Osborne 1. Again, one buys software 
because it is worth it, not because it is 
cheap. But the same software for large 
computers can cost more than it does 
for small computers. Example, Cin- 
com's Total for minicomputers costs 
$20,000 but for mainframes it may cost 
$100,000; not because of relation to 
cost of hardware, but because the 
mainframe user derives more benefits 
from its use. Similarly, software may 
be "free." Hewlett-Packard lets you 
have Image when you buy a minicom- 
puter. Of course, you can bet your 
bottom dollar that this software will 
not run on any other machine. 

3. Somewhere in the world there are peo- 
ple and businesses whose only source 
of income is the sale of software. Can 
you blame them for being chagrined by 
uncontrolled copying of their soft- 
ware? 

4. Somewhere in the world there are peo- 
ple who are conspicuously, naively, or 
conveniently unaware that somewhere 
in the world there are people and 
businesses whose only source of in- 
come is the sale of software. So it is 
pointless in counting on conscience to 
protect your investment in software 
development. 

Mr. Neiburger's control of the situa- 
tion — by sending updated software 
only to licensed users — is a good but 
incomplete solution. Who wants up- 
dated Pac-Man? 

5. Somewhere in the world there are peo- 
ple who have no qualms about giving 
disks upon disks full of other people's 
software when they sell a machine. 
Because they derive no direct benefit 
from this copying, how would the law 
catch up with them7 

6. Somewhere in the world there are peo- 
ple who would make money selling 
pirated software. It is worth it. Apple 
won't prosecute. Tandy won't pro- 



20 January 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 



secute. Papa and Mama cannot afford 
to prosecute. And even Mr. Neiburger 
would not prosecute discovered 
pirates; he prefers to convert them to 
dealers. Those not discovered get away 
scot-free. 
7. Copyright and patent legislation is im- 
precise for the purpose of software 
property protection. Because Mr. 
Neiburger, for example, dishes out 
source code, can he prosecute someone 
who modifies it and then sells the 
modified object code? Is the modified 
program provable by Mr. Neiburger as 
a derivative of his software, or can the 
modifier simply say his software is 
reverse-engineered ? 

Even then, is reverse-engineering a 
valid defense7 If a game can be 
patented, who cares if you wrote the 
source code yourself by understanding 
what someone else's implementation 
does7 The end result is the same game! 
The recent Atari judgment seems only 
to be concerned with whether it is the 
same game — not whether one program 
is a copy of the other! 

Therefore, is SB-80 an infringement 
on CP/M? After all, SB-80 uses the 
same system calls and parameters. It 
does what CP/M does. And, is Idris an 
infringement on Unix? 

Clearly, we have not heard the last of 
software copyright and patents. Clearly, 
there is no panacea. Clearly, there should 
be no romanticism in the criticism of soft- 
ware pirates. But it's also clear that any 
legislative attempt to protect software 
copyright owners will not stop piracy. It 
merely makes more criminals. And please 
don't go away thinking humans by nature 
refrain from breaking laws. Fifty percent 
of working Americans drive above 55 
miles per hour every day! Nobody says 
you cannot break laws. All it means is 
that you are liable to get caught if you do. 

The situation, apart from being frus- 
trating for our business, is rather in- 
sidious. A system vendor who insists on 
licensed copies of operating systems, lan- 
guages, utilities, and applications is at a 
disadvantage to pirates, is assailed by pro- 
spective customers as do-gooders, and 
given absolutely no backup by copyright 
owners to handle the situation. 

While the legislature is mulling over 
what laws to enact, I think the least copy- 
right owners can do is to stand up. It may 
be expensive to sue the user of an in- 
fringed copy. But it is also not worth 
spending thousands of dollars to defend 
Text continued on page 24 
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24 January 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 





Letters. 



the "savings" of $750 by using, say 
pirated Microsoft COBOL. 

My questions to companies like Micro- 
soft, Digital Research, Visicorp, Softech 
and others are quite simple: 

• Do they agree their software is of value 
to licensed users and pirates alike? 

• If the software is of value, would it then 
stand to reason that a pirate user cannot 
simply do without the software in his 
business or profession? 

• Should such users be found, it would 
cost them plenty to either defend an in- 
fringement suit or stop using the software, 
making it penny wise and pound foolish 
to use pirated software in the first place. 
Therefore, will these software companies 
prosecute such users if the identities of 
these individulas are brought to com- 
panies' attention? 



I guess the ball is in the court of those 
who are hurt most by pirates. If they do 
not stand up for their rights, pretty soon 
nobody else will. 



K. C. Toh, Group Managing Director 

Unidata Snd. Bhd. 

6th Floor 

Syed Kechik Foundation Building 

Bangsar, Kuala Lumpur 22-16, Malaysia 



PC Software Irksome 

I recently got a personal computer after 
years of intermittent use of various main- 
frames and languages. My new computer, 
an IBM Personal Computer, is apparently 
considered a well-designed, well-imple- 
mented system. I have no complaints 
about the hardware except the usual ones 
about the keyboard. But if its software is 
truly well designed and executed compared 
with that on other microcomputers, then I 
am astounded. Microsoft, which wrote 
PC-DOS and BASIC for the machine, 
forces users to memorize a large amount 
of arbitrary material and seems to expect 
all users to be system programmers. 

For example, most I/O statements in 
BASIC take arguments. I know at least 
four different syntaxes for specifying 
multiple arguments: 

(x,y),z 

x.y 

x;y 

(x,y)-(w,z) 



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Letters. 



PC-DOS uses slashes (/) to separate some 
arguments and commas for others. Fur- 
thermore, commands that are common to 
both PC -DOS and BASIC are completely 
different. (DIR versus FILES, for 
example.) 

The crowning example of an avoidable 
idiocy is the names of the commands for 
finding the cursor position. To find the 
line the cursor is on, use "CSRLIN". To 
find the cursor column, however, instead 
of "CSRCOL", we have to use "POS(n)". 
Not exactly consistent or easy to 
remember. And the argument (n) is only a 
dummy argument. It can be anything the 
programmer wants (i.e., the computer 
doesn't really need it!). My only hypo- 
thesis about why one is required is that it 
is intended to confuse and discourage new 
programmers, so that they will be forced 
to buy canned software. 

Finally, I must mention BASIC'S on- 
screen editor. It is wonderful. But it would 
have been more wonderful if Microsoft 
had defined the first five function keys to 
do what they do in EDLIN, which is the 
editor when you are in DOS and which 
has some very useful functions. Instead, 
you have some rarely used expressions, 
such as TRON and "LPTl:", to save a few 
fractions of a second of typing time. 

I admit it: I don't like BASIC to begin 
with. I'm really just waiting for a decent 
version of APL to come out. (IBM's 
BASIC doesn't even support two-dimen- 
sional matrices. The ability to use n di- 
mensional arrays again and to manipulate 
them easily will make my fingers dance 
with joy.) But I pity all the people who 
will think that writing their own programs 
has to be this painful. 

None of these problems are critical or 
make the machine unusable. Indeed, for 
someone who writes programs on it every 
day, they probably soon recede from con- 
sciousness as the various quirks are 
memorized. But why should I, who will 
never do much programming, have to 
struggle to remember or look up each 
function I use? Am I expecting too much? 
Perhaps for people who have used 
previous generations of microcomputers 
these problems are trivial compared with 
what they are used to. But I see no reason 
to accept such obvious flaws. 



Roger E. Bohn 
73 Boston St. 
Somerville, MA 021431 



26 January 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 



Circle 337 on inquiry card. 



I run out of memory?" 



Most people do run out of memory 
with only 18K VisiCalc* workspace. 
But you can expand your Apple II* 
to 177K VisiCalc memory! You 
can also get 80-column display, 
lower case letters, and hard disk 




support — all without buying 
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The Saturn expansion system for 
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boards, and an optional 80-column 
display board. You can put the 
Saturn boards in any slot. And with 
all that memory, our software lets 
you save files on more than one 
diskette. 

Each Saturn RAM board includes 
additional software for other pro- 
gramming applications. So your 
BASIC, PASCAL, and CP/M pro- 
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Ask your computer dealer for 
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memory expansion systems. See 
how much bigger and better your 
models can become! 

•VisiCalc is a registered trademark of VisiCorp. Apple II is 
registered trademark of Apple Computers, Inc. 



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PO. Box 8050 
3990 Varsity Drive 
Ann Arbor, Ml 48107 

1 (313) 973-8422 



Circle 362 on inquiry card. 



BYTE January 1983 27 



Ranas disk drive was 

twice as good as Apple's 

with one head. 



Now we have two. 




PWe added another head 
so you won't have to buy another disk. 

That's the beauty of a double sided head. A 
floppy disk which allows you to read and write on 
both sides. For more storage, for more information, 

for keeping larger records, 
and for improved perfor- 
mance of your system. 
That's what our new Elite 
Two and Elite Three offers. 
It's the first double headed 
Apple® compatible disk 
drive in the industry. And of 
course, the technology is 
from Rana. We're the com- 
pany who gave you 163K 
bytes of storage with our Elite One, a 14% increase 
over Apple's. And now with our high tech double 
sided heads, our Elite Two and Three offers you two 
to four times more storage than Apple's. That's 
really taking a byte out of the competition. 

We put our heads together 
to give you a superior disk drive. 

We designed the Elite Three to give you near 
hard disk capacity, with all the advantages of a 
minifloppy system. The double sided head oper- 
ates on 80 tracks per side, giving you a capacity of 
652K bytes. It would take 4 1 /2 Apples to give you 
that. And cost you three times our Elite Three's 
reasonable $849 pricetag. 



Rana's double sided heads give Apple 
II superior disk performance power 
than second generation personal com- 
puters such as IBM's. 



It takes 4 1 /2 Apples to equal the capacity 
of our superior Elite Three. 







The Elite Two offers an impressive 326K bytes 
and 40 tracks on each side. This drive is making a 
real hit with users who need extra storage, but 
don't require top-of-the-line capacity. Costwise, it 
takes 2 1 /2 Apple drives to equal the performance of 
our Elite Two. And twice as many diskettes. Leave it 
to Rana to produce the most cost efficient disk 
drive in the world. 

We've always had the guts to be a leader. 

Our double sided head may be an industry 
first for Apple computers, but nobody was surprised. 

® Apple is a registered trademark of Apple Computer, Inc. 




They've come to expect it from us. Because Rana 
has always been a leader. We were the first 
with a write protect feature, increased capacity 




Your word processor stores 5 times as many pages of text on an Elite Three 
diskette as the cost ineffective Apple. 

and accurate head positioning. A first with attrac- 
tive styling, faster access time, and the conve- 
nience of storing a lot more pages on far fewer 
diskettes. We were first to bring high technology to 
a higher level of quality. 

So ask for an Elite One, Two, or Three. 
Because when it comes to disk drives, nobody 
uses their head like Rana. 



RanaSystems 





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toll free: 1-800-421-2207 In California only call: 1-800-262-1221. Source Number: TCT-654 

Circle 352 on inquiry card. 

Available at all participating Computerland stores and other fine computer dealers. 



Product Description 



The Compaq Computer 

A portable and affordable alternative 
to the IBM Personal Computer. 



Mark Dahmke 
Consulting Editor 



What emulates an IBM Personal Computer, can easily 
be carried from place to place, and costs a lot less than 
the competition? The Compaq computer, and because it 
can run any major business and professional software 
written for the IBM PC, it looks like a sure winner. I 
visited the Compaq Computer Corporation's head- 
quarters in Houston recently to try out a prototype of its 
brainchild. 

The Compaq computer is a full-function portable busi- 
ness computer that resembles the IBM PC in almost every 
way. Not only did Compaq obtain a license to use 
Microsoft's MS-DOS, but the company's designers also 
rewrote the low-level system functions used by BASIC 
and the operating system from the specifications required 




Photo 1: The Compaq computer is a portable system that is 
compatible with the IBM Personal Computer and less expensive. 



by the higher-level software. By rewriting instead of 
copying the code, the designers circumvented copyright 
infringement yet still created a computer that can run 
IBM PC software. This interesting approach to 
duplicating the functions of the IBM PC, as well as the 
overall quality of the machine, is a testament to the 
designers' engineering expertise. The designers, who 
came from such major microelectronic corporations as 
Texas Instruments, have experience in every aspect of the 
industry, from portable terminals to Winchester disk 
drives. Their efforts led to the development of a proto- 
type Compaq in less than six months. (See photo 1.) 

The Physical Design 

The Compaq computer is designed to be portable, and 
although it weighs 28 pounds, it achieves that goal. To 
transport it, you simply secure the keyboard to the main 
unit by locking two sliding latches. The closed case mea- 
sures 20 by 8.5 by 15.3 inches and has a built-in carrying 
handle. 

The cabinet is a plastic shell that has access panels on 
three sides for servicing. You can reach all of the circuit 
boards by removing the top panel and exposing the 
aluminum chassis. You can then open three main key- 
hole-mounted aluminum panels to reach the video dis- 
play, the 120-watt power supply, the expansion slots, 
and the motherboard (see photo 2). The aluminum 
chassis, panels, and a special front panel around the 
video display and disk drives are elements in a design that 
complies with all FCC emission standards for personal 
computers. (In fact, an independent lab report indicates 
that for all frequencies tested, the Compaq was more 
than 10 decibels below the standard.) 



30 January 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 



Circle 203 on inquiry card. 





Actual Size 
Unretouched Output 



COLOR THAT PEAKS FOR ITSELF 



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Photo 2: By removing the top, you can easily reach the circuit 
boards, video display, and power supply for servicing. 



Photo 3: A sliding door conceals a storage compartment, the 
power switch, and the ventilation fan. 



At a Glance 

Name 

The Compaq Computer 

Manufacturer 

Compaq Computer Corporation 
12337 Jones Rd. 
Houston, TX 77070 
(713) 890-7390 

Components 

Size: width 20 inches, depth 15.3 inches, heiqht 8.5 

inches 
Weight: 28 pounds 

Processor: Intel 8088 1 6-bit microprocessor and socket for 

future addition of Intel 8087 coprocessor 
Memory: 1 28K bytes of RAM (random-access read/write 

memory), expandable to 256K on the main system 

board 
Display: 9-inch high-resolution video display: 25 lines, 80 

characters; high-resolution graphics with RGB color 

monitor connection; adjustable viewing angle; 

composite video connector; RF modulator 
Keyboard: detachable 6-foot retractable coiled cord; 83 keys 

in IBM-identical keyboard layout; 10-key numeric 

pad and 10-key function pad; adjustable typing 

angle 
Storage. 320K-byte double-sided 5 'A -inch floppy-disk drive 

included; optional second 320K-byte drive 
Expansion. three IBM PC-compatible expansion slots; parallel 

printer interface included 

Software 

MS-DOS operating system and BASIC licensed from Microsoft; IBM 
PC-compatible; can run all major business and professional soft- 
ware packages sold for use on the IBM PC 

Options 

serial-interface board, 320K-byte disk drive; 64K-byte memory in- 
crements to an additional 1 28K bytes; light pen for use with color 
monitor; asynchronous communications interface 

Price 

S2995 for a basic system with 128K bytes of memory, one 
320K-byte disk drive; S3590 for a two-disk-drive system. 



On each side of the computer, you'll find a sliding 
door. One conceals a storage compartment for the power 
cord and the power switch and provides an opening for 
the ventilation fan (see photo 3). To plug the power cord 
into its standard chassis socket, you must first open the 
access door, which prevents the computer from overheat- 
ing. The second access panel covers the expansion slots 
(see photo 4). 

Although the Compaq keyboard is the image of the 
IBM PC, it is actually quite different in several respects. 
The Compaq's keys have a softer touch and the hard- 
wired click is missing. You can select your own level of 
audible feedback for keystrokes by simultaneously press- 
ing the ALT key and the + or — key to raise or lower 

The Compaq's floppy-disk drives 

have major advantages, including 

320K bytes of storage capacity 

each. 

the volume from no click to a loud one. The keyboard 
connects to the computer by a 6-foot coiled cord that is 
stored in a tube built into the front of the unit. Both the 
computer cabinet and the keyboard have recessed feet 
that let you elevate the unit to a five-degree angle. You 
can also angle the video display five degrees. 

Disk Drives 

The Compaq uses Control Data Corporation SVi-inch 
floppy-disk drives because they have three major advan- 
tages. First, they are much quieter than the IBM PC's 
single-sided Tandon drives. Second, when you turn the 
Compaq off, the two read/write heads remain unloaded, 
so they won't touch each other. For a portable computer, 
that's an important feature because it eliminates the 
possibility of the heads damaging each other in transit. 



32 January 19W © BYTE Publications Inc 









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Photo 4: A second access panel covers the three expansion slots. 



The Brains Behind the Operation 

The Compaq Computer Corporation was founded in Feb- 
ruary of 1982 by three former Texas Instruments (TI) senior 
managers. Rod Canion, president and chief executive officer, 
was manager of three different TI Product Customer 
Centers, where research, engineering, and marketing depart- 
ments combine their efforts to create new products and bring 
them into the marketplace. James Harris was a vice-president 
of engineering who managed several key engineering and 
product-development efforts at TI, including 5V-i- and 8-inch 
Winchester disk drives, the 770 intelligent terminal, and the 
development of bubble-memory storage for other products. 
Harris also shares the patent for the architecture of the TI 990 
computer. William Murto, a former vice-president of mar- 
keting and sales for TI, managed business development and 
product planning there. 

Compaq has raised more than $10 million in funding from 
major venture-capital firms. The lead investor was Sevin 
Rosen Partners, headed by Benjamin Rosen, the respected 
personal computer industry analyst who publishes the Rosen 
Electronics Letter, and L. ]. Sevin, founder of Mostek. 



While the company recommends that you insert a card- 
board retainer when you transport the unit, the designers 
assume that most people would forget or wouldn't be 
able to find the cardboard when they wanted to move the 
computer. To offer additional protection, the drives are 
shock mounted. The third advantage of these drives is 
their storage capacity. Each double-sided disk drive holds 
320K bytes of programs or data. You can still read stan- 
dard IBM disks with the Compaq, but you also have the 
option of formatting user disks for twice as much storage 
as the standard IBM PC offers. 

Unlike the IBM machine, the Compaq does not have a 
disk-drive expansion connector from the disk-interface 
board, but you can plug an IBM floppy-disk controller 
board into one of the expansion slots and add two addi- 
tional drives. Finally, the Compaq, in another variation 
from the IBM PC, does not have a cassette interface; the 



Compaq's disk drive is a standard feature, so its designers 
chose not to include one. 

Memory Capacity 

The Compaq comes with 128K bytes of RAM 
(random-access read/write memory) soldered in to in- 
crease reliability. You can expand to 256K bytes of RAM 
on the motherboard. By comparison, the IBM PC comes 
with 16K bytes of RAM and can expand to 64K bytes on 
the motherboard. The design of the Compaq mother- 
board gives you access to the additional memory-chip 
sockets without requiring you to remove the board. 

The large amount of RAM in the Compaq enabled its 
designers to omit the cassette BASIC interpreter in ROM 
(read-only memory), one of the IBM PC's features. With 
128K bytes of RAM on the Compaq, you can use 
BASICA (Advanced Disk BASIC on the DOS disk) 
without sacrificing RAM memory space needed for 
programs. 

Monochrome and Graphics 

The Compaq improves upon the design of the IBM PC 
by consolidating monochrome and color graphics into 
one board. Hence you get the best of both worlds in one 
monitor display. Internally, the software always recog- 
nizes the color-graphics board and acts accordingly. 
When you specify the 80- by 25-line mode, however, the 



With both monochrome and color 

graphics on one board, you get the 

best of both worlds. 

hardware switches to the character set of the mono- 
chrome board. The available character sets are identical 
to those on the IBM PC, and the Compaq has both RGB 
(red-green-blue) and composite-video outputs as well as 
an RF (radio-frequency) modulator output so that you 
can connect the computer to your television. 

Ultimate Compatibility 

When a company advertises a computer as being "IBM 
PC -compatible," the best way to test its claim is to try to 
load an IBM release of PC-DOS, CP/M-86, or the UCSD 
p-system. I didn't have the p-system, but I did have both 
PC-DOS and CP/M-86 and was able to try both of them 
on a prototype of the Compaq computer. The systems 
loaded and executed perfectly, with the exception of the 
BASIC on PC-DOS, which wouldn't execute because the 
Compaq doesn't have ROM BASIC. The BASICA pro- 
vided on disk and all of the IBM PC sample BASIC pro- 
grams found on the PC-DOS disk ran without incident. I 
also tried some CP/M-86 assembler-level software that I 
had written, and it worked without a hitch as well. I 
spent about an hour loading and running a number of 
game programs and some professional packages such as 
Wordstar and Supercalc. With one exception, they all 
worked correctly. The one that didn't was a game pro- 
gram that ran perfectly but died when I tried to terminate 



34 January 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 



Circle 22 on inquiry card. 




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the game. One of the programmers told me that the pro 
lem was probably a result of not initializing the hardware 
correctly when the system was powered up. The com- 
pany assured me that the problem would be solved before 
any machines were shipped. 






Other Features 

Several special features deserve mention. Instead of 
providing a connector for external disk drives, the Com- 
paq has a parallel printer-port connector that is fully sup- 
ported by all system software. In addition, the Compaq 
has been designed to handle 128K-bit RAM memory com- 
ponents as soon as they become commercially available. 
Many features of this computer indicate that the 
designers anticipated possible problems and solved them 
before the Compaq was announced. A case in point is the 
keyboard cable, which is designed to supply 12 volts in- 
stead of 5 to the keyboard, thus preventing the voltage 
from dropping to marginal levels at the end of its 6-foot 
cord. In another anticipatory design feature, the RGB 
monitor interface has internal jumpers that allow reverse- 
signal polarity for some nonstandard RGB monitors. 

Documentation 

I can only assume that the same level of quality that is 
characteristic of the Compaq computer will be found in 
the documentation. The company was preparing the 
user's manual when I looked at the Compaq, but the 
typeset text and numerous diagrams and tables I saw 
looked quite professional. 

The Bottom Line 

Considering all of the ways in which the Compaq im- 
proves on the IBM PC, the most significant difference 
between the two is price. An IBM PC with one double- 
sided drive (320K bytes), both the monochrome and 
color-graphics boards, a parallel-printer port, a 
monochrome monitor, and 128K bytes of RAM would 
cost approximately $3735. All of these features are stan- 
dard on the Compaq for $2995. With this configuration, 
you would have only one remaining expansion slot on 
the IBM PC, while three slots would be available on the 
Compaq. All of the options are also less expensive with 
the Compaq. For example, an additional double-sided 
drive for the IBM PC would cost $650 in contrast to the 
$595 for the Compaq. A 64K-byte memory board costs 
$195 for the Compaq versus $350 for the IBM, and a 
serial-interface card for the Compaq costs $145, while its 
IBM counterpart is $150. 

Conclusions 

The Compaq computer has everything going for 
it — design, compatability, portability, and price. The 
only possible obstacle Compaq faces is IBM itself. IBM 
has a longstanding reputation for deliberately designing 
hardware and software that render plug-compatible pro- 
ducts incompatible. Barring that occurrence, Compaq 
should do well by introducing a comparatively low-cost 
and portable alternative to the IBM PC.H 



36 January 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 



Circle 285 on Inquiry card. 



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32K PARTIALLY POPULATED $409. 



64K RAM, MODEL MM65K16S 

•64Kx 8-bit 

• Speed in excess of 6 MHz 

• Uses 1 50ns 1 6K (2K x 8) static RAMS 

• Ultra-low power (435 Ma. max. — 
loaded with 64K) 

• Bank Select and Extended Addressing 

• A 2K window which can be placed 
anywhere in the 64K memory map 

• Four independently addressable 16K 
blocks organized as: 

— Two independent 32K banks or 

— One 64K Extended Address Page or 

— One 48K and one 16K bank for use 
in MP/M 1 (option) 

• Each 32K bank responds 
independently to phantom 

• 2716 (5V) EPROMS may replace any or 
all of the RAM 

• Field-proven operation in CROMEMCO 
CROMIX*andCDOS*. 

• Compatible with latest IEEE 696 
systems such as Northstar, CompuPro, 
Morrow, IMS, IMSAI front panel, Altair 
and many others. 

OEM and DEALER inquiries invited. 



m 



memory™ 
merchant 



14666 Doolittle Drive 

San Leandro, CA 94577 

(415)483-1008 

Circle 252 on Inquiry card. 



FULL TWO-YEAR 
WARRANTY. 

I 



1 



The reliability of our boards, 
through quality-controlled production and 
proven performance, has enabled us to 
extend our warranty to a full two years. 
That's standard with us, not an option. 
This includes a 6-month exchange 
program for defective units. 

Shipped direct from stock. 

All Memory Merchant's boards are 
shipped direct from stock, normally 
within 48 hours of receipt of your order. 
Call us at (415) 483-1008 and we may be 
able to ship the same day. 

16K RAM, Model 
MM16K14 




16Kx8Bit 16K STATIC RAM $169. 

Bank Select & Extended Addressing 
Four independently addressable 4K 

blocks 
One 4K segment equipped with 1 K 

windows 
Uses field-proven 21 14 (1 K x 4) RAMS 
Low Power (less than 1 .2 Amps) 
Runs on any S-100 8080, 4 MHz Z-80 or 

5 MHz 8085 system. 

Prices, terms, specifications subject to 
change without notice. 

•Cromix and CDOS are trademarks of CROMEMCO. 
1 MP/M is a trademark of Digital Research 



If you can beat these prices, 
you must have a brother-in-law 
in the business. 



16K RAM KITS 13.95 

Set ot 8 NEC 41 16 200 ns Guaranteed one year 

DISKETTES 

ALPHA DISKS 21.95 

Single sided, certified Double Density 40 Tracks, 
with Hub ring Box ot 10 Guaranteed one year. 

SCOTCH 3M 

S S D.DEN 40 TRK 23.50 

D.S.D.OEN 40 TRK. ... 36.50 

VERBATIM DATALIFE 

MD 525-01. 10. 16. .26 50 

MD 550 01. 10. 16 44 50 

MD 557-01. 10, 16. .45 60 

MD 577-01. 10. 16...... ....... 34 80 

FD 32 or 34-9000 . 36.00 

FD 32 or 34-8000. . .45.60 

FD 34-4001 48 60 

DISKETTE STORAGE 

5% " PLASTIC LIBRARY CASE 2 50 

8' PLASTIC LIBRARY CASE 3 50 

PLASTIC STORAGE BINDER w/ Inserts 9.95 

PROTECTOR 5'/»" (50 Disk Capacity) 21 .95 

PROTECTOR 8" (50 Disk Capacity) ... 24.95 

DISK BANK 5Vi" .5 95 

DISK BANK 8' 6 95 

NEC PERSONAL 
COMPUTERS 

Call Alpha Byte for our low NEC prices. 

ALTOS COMPUTER 
SYSTEMS 

Call Alpha Byte for our low Altos prices. 

ATARI COMPUTERS 

SIGNALMAN MODEM 85.00 

ATARI 800 659.00 

ATARI 400 (16K) $CALL 

ATARI 810 DISK DRIVE 445 00 

ATARI 850 INTERFACE . 169.00 

ATARI 410 PROGRAM RECORDER 75.00 

EPSON CABLE 35.00 

MEMORY MODULE (16K) 89 95 

JOYSTICK CONTROLLER 10.00 

PADDLE CONTROLLERS 17.50 

STAR RAIDERS 32 00 

MISSILE COMMAND 32 00 

ASTERIODS . 32.00 

PACMAN 32.00 

CENTIPEDE 32.00 

PERCOM DISK DRIVE 684 00 

INTEC PERIPHERALS 
RAM MODULES 

48K FOR ATARI 400 145 00 

32K FOR ATARI 800 67.00 

PRINTERS 

ANADEX 9501A 1390 00 

RIBBONS FOR MX-80 8.95 

RIBBONS FOR MX-100 24 00 



C-ITOH F-10 40 CPS PARALLEL 1390 00 

C-ITOH F-10 40 CPS SERIAL . 1390 00 

C-ITOH PROWRITER PARALLEL 480 00 

C-ITOH PROWRITER SERIAL 590 00 

EPSON MX-80 W/GRAFTRAX PLUS SCALL 
EPSON MX-80 F/T W/GRAFTRAX PLUSSCALL 
EPSON MX-100 W/GRAPHTRAX PLUS SCALL 

EPSON GRAFTRAX PLUS 60 00 

COMREX CR-1 PARALLEL 839 00 

COMREX CR-1 SERIAL 859 00 

COMREX TRACTOR FEED. ..." 109 00 

IDS PRISM 80 859 00 

IDS PRISM 80 W/ COLOR/OPTIONS .1599 00 

IDS MICROPRISM 480 SCALL 

NEC 8023A 485 00 

NEC SPINWRITER 3530 P. RO 1995 00 

NEC SPINWRITER 7710 S RO 2545 00 

NEC SPINWRITER 7730 P RO 2545 00 

NEC SPINWRITER 7700 D SELLUM 2795 00 
NEC SPINWRITER 3500 SELLUM. 2295 00 

OKIDATA MICROLINE 80 389 00 

OKIDATA MICROLINE 82A 460 00 

OKIDATA MICROLINE 83A 700 00 

OKIDATA MICROLINE 84 1170 00 

OKIGRAPH 82 49 95 

OKIGRAPH 83 49 95 

MICROBUFFER IN-LINE 32K 299 00 

MICROBUFFER IN-LINE 64K . .349 00 
MICROBUFFER 64K EXPANSION MOD. .179.00 

WICO 

JOYSTICK 2350 

TRACKBALL (Specily Atari or Apple) 54.00 

APPLE ADAPTOR (For Joystick) 17.50 

BOOKS 

THE CUSTOM APPLE 24.95 

BASIC BETTER & FASTER DEMO DISK .18.00 

THE CUSTOM TRS-80 24 95 

MICROSOFT BASIC FASTER & BETTER. .24.95 

CUSTOM I/O MACHINE LANGUAGE 24.95 

TRS-80 DISK & MYSTERIES 16 95 

MICROSOFT BASIC & DECODED 24.95 

APPLE HARDWARE 

APPLEMATE DRIVE 269.00 

SUPER CLOCK II 129.00 

VERSA WRITER DIGITIZER 259.00 

ABT APPLE KEYPAD 11900 

SOFTCARD PREMIUM SYSTEM . 569 00 

MICROSOFT Z-80 SOFTCARD 249.00 

MICROSOFT RAMCARD 79.00 

VIDEX 80x24 VIDEO CARD 260 00 

VIDEX KEYBOARD ENHANCER II 129.00 

VIDEX FUNCTION STRIP 74.00 

VIDEX ENHANCER REV 0-6 99.00 

M & R SUPERTERM 80x24 VIDEO BD. .315.00 

M & R COOLING FAN 44.95 

T/G JOYSTICK 44.95 

T/G PADDLE 29.95 

T/G SELECT-A-PORT 54 95 

VERSA E-Z PORT 21.95 

THE MILL-PASCAL SPEED UP 270 00 

PROMETHEUS VERSACARD 165 00 

LAZAR LOWER CASE + 59.00 

MICROBUFFER IIJ 16K W/GRAPHICS...259.00 
MICROBUFFER II* 32K W/GRAPHICS .299 00 

SUPERFAN II 62.00 

RANA CONTROLLER 104 00 



RANA DRIVES 335.00 

SNAPSHOT 119.00 

GRAPPLER+ 145.00 

7710A ASYNCHRON. SER INTERFACE 149.00 
7712A SYNCHRON. SER INTERFACE.. 159 00 

7742A CALENDAR CLOCK 99 00 

7728A CENTRONICS INTERFACE 105.00 

APPLE VISION 80-80 COL CARD 259.00 

APPLE 8" DISK DRIVE CONTROLLER. .549. 00 

MONITORS 

AMBER 12" 165.00 

NEC 12" GREEN MONITOR 169.00 

NEC 12" COLOR MONITOR 399.00 

SANYO 12" MONITOR (B & W) 198.00 

SANYO 13" COLOR MONITOR 402.00 

BMC GREEN MONITOR 89.00 

AMDEK COLOR 1 365.00 

AMDEK RGB COLOR II 774.00 

AMDEK RGB INTERFACE 169.00 

COMREX 12" GREEN MONITOR 115 00 

MOUNTAIN 
HARDWARE 

CPS MULTIFUNCTION BOARD 154.00 

ROMPLUS W/ KEYBOARD FILTER 165.00 

ROMPLUS W/O KEYBOARD FILTER 125.00 

KEYBOARD FILTER ROM 49.00 

COPYROM 49.00 

MUSIC SYSTEM 369 00 

ROMWRITER ... 149.00 

A/D + D/A 299.00 

EXPANSION CHASSIS 580.00 

RAMPLUS 32K 160 00 

S-100 HARDWARE 

Alpha Byte is your new S-100 head- 
quarters! We've expanded our line of 
S-100-compatible hardware. Here's just a 
lew of the lines we carry: 

CALIFORNIA 
COMPUTER SYSTEMS 

2200A MAINFRAME 459 00 

2065C 64K DYNAMIC RAM 539.00 

2422 DISK CONT. & CP/M« 359 00 

2710 4 SERIAL I/O 279.00 

2718 2 SERIAL / 2 PARALLEL I/O 269.00 

2720 4 PARLLEL I/O 199.00 

2810 Z-80 CPU 259.00 

QT COMPUTER PRODUCTS 

18 SLOT M/F W/P.S 430 00 

12 SLOT M/F W/CUTOUTS FOR 2-5'/< "500.00 
12 SLOT M/F W/CUTOUTS FOR 2-8". 600. 00 
8 SLOT M/F W/CUTOUTS FOR 2-8". .550. 00 

STATIC MEMORY SYSTEMS 

"LAST MEMORY" BOARD 64K 500.00 

"LASTING MEMORY" PROM PROG. 299 00 

ADVANCED MICRODIGITAL 
SINGLE S-100 BOARD 
COMPUTER 

SUPERQUAD-8 820 00 

SUPEROUAD-5 . 820.00 

COMREX 

"THE TIMEPIECE" S-100 CLOCK 125 00 



SIERRA 

COMPUTER PRODUCTS 

S-100 PROM PROGRAMMER A/T 240.00 

S-100 PROM PROGRAMMER KIT 195.00 

S-100 PROTOTYPE MODULE SEMI KIT 90 00 

MODEMS 

NOVATION CAT ACOUSTICS MODEM. 140.00 
NOVATION D-CAT DIRECT CONNECT 156 00 

NOVATION AUTO-CAT AUTO ANS 219.00 

NOVATION D-CAT (1200 Baud) 619.00 

NOVATION APPLE-CAT (300 Baud) 310.00 

NOVATION APPLE-CAT (1200 Baud) 605.00 

UDS 212 LP (1200 Baud) 429.00 

UDS 103 JLP AUTO ANS 209.00 

HAYES MICROMODEM 289.00 

HAYES 100 MODEM (S-100) 325.00 

HAYES SMART MODEM (300 BAUD) .227.00 
HAYES SMART MODEM (1200 BAUD). .540. 00 

HAYES CHRONOGRAPH 199.00 

SIGNALMAN MODEM W /RS-232C 85.00 

TERMINALS 

TELEVIDEO 920C 830.00 

TELEVIDEO 950C 995.00 

ADDS-VIEWPOINT 599.00 

HAZELTINE ESPRIT 510.00 

VISUAL-50 GREEN 690.00 

TRS-80 MOD I 
HARDWARE 

PERCOM DATA SEPARATOR 27.00 

PERCOM DOUBLER II W /DOS 3.4 159.00 

TANDON 80 TRK DISK DRIVE W/P.S. .345.00 
TANDON 40 TRK DISK DRIVE W/P S 289 00 

LNW DOUBLER W/DOSPLUS 3.3 138.00 

LNW 5/8 OOUBLER W/DOSPLUS 3 4 181.00 
MOD III DRIVE KIT W /DRIVES 875.00 

IBM HARDWARE 

SEATTLE 64K RAM+ 355 00 

OUADBOARD 64K. . 430.00 

64K MEMORY UPGRADE 80.00 



ALPHA BYTE IBM MEMORY 
EXPANSION BOARDS 

256K W/RS-232C 349.00 

256K W /RS-232C & SUPERCALC 529.00 

512K W/RS-232C 599.00 

512K W /RS-232C & SUPERCALC 749.00 

IBM DISK DRIVES 

Alpha Byte's add-on drive kits tor the IBM-PC — 
each kit includes installation instructions. 
1 Tandon TM100-1 Single head 40 trk.195.00 
1 Tandon TM 100-2 Double head 40 trk262.50 

BARE DRIVES 

TANDON 5V4 INCH 

100-1 SINGLE HEAD 40 TRK 195 00 

100-2 DUAL HEAD 40 TRK 262.50 

100-3 SINGLE HEAD 80 TRK 250.00 

100-4 DUAL HEAD 80 TRK 369 00 



CP/M is a reg. trademark ot Digital Research. 
38 BYTE January 1983 



squires Z-80 Softcard. IReg. trademark ot Micro Pro International Corp, {Trademark of Practical Peripherals, Inc. "Trademark of Software Dimensions, Inc. 

Circle 16 on Inquiry card. 



TANDON THINLINE 8 INCH 

848-1 SINGLE SIDE 379.00 

848-2 DUAL SIDE 490.00 

HARD DISK 
DRIVE SPECIAL 

MEDIA DISTRIBUTORS 

t'A" Winchester, cabinet. PS controller, 
assembled and tested Attaches to your Z-80 CPU 
system in minutes. Runs on Northstar. Heath/ 
Zenith, TRS-80 Mod II. Apple w/ CP/M* . CCS 
and others. Hardware must be 2-80 /CPM- 
system. The included self-installing software at- 
taches to your CP/M' 8 system. 6-month warran- 
ty No effect on your present floppy disk system. 
Includes all cables and installation instructions 

10 MEGABYTES 2370.00 

20 MEGABYTES 3180.00 

ISOLATORS 

ISO-1 3-SOCKET 49.95 

ISO-2 6-SOCKET 49.95 



MICRO PRO 

APPLE CP/M® 

WORDSTAR*! 

SUPERSORT't 

MAILMERGE't 

DATASTAR't 

SPELLSTAR't 

CALCSTAR't 



199.00 
109.00 
...60.00 
162.00 
.109.00 
109.00 



MICROSOFT 

APPLE 

FORTRAN - 

BASIC COMPILER" 

COBOL* 

Z-80 S0FTCAR0 

RAMCARD 

TYPING TUTOR 

OLYMPIC DECATHLON 

TASC APPLESOFT COMPILER 

ALDS 

MULTIPLAN 



.150 00 

296 00 

.550.00 

249.00 

.79.00 

...17.95 

. .24.95 

.125 00 

...95.00 

209.00 



IBM SOFTWARE 

VOLKSWRITER 145.00 

WRITE ON 90 00 

EASYWRITER II 247.00 

HOME ACCOUNTANT+ 105.00 

VISICALC / 256K 189.00 

SUPERCALC 179.00 

WORDSTAR 235.00 

MAILMERGE 79.00 

DATASTAR 220 00 

SPELLSTAR 150.00 

SUPERSORT 160.00 

d BASE II 429.00 

SPELLGUARD 230 00 

Call for additional IBM software prices. 

APPLE SOFTWARE 

MAGIC WINDOW 79,00 

MAGIC SPELL 59 00 

MAGIC MAILER 59.00 

DB MASTER 169.00 

DB MASTER UTILITY PACK 69.00 

DATA CAPTURE 4.0/80 59.95 

PFS GRAPH 89.95 

PFS: (NEW) PERSONAL FILING SYSTEM. 85. 00 

PFS: REPORT 79.00 

Z-TERM" 89 95 

Z-TERM PRO* 129.95 

ASCII EXPRESS 63.95 

EASY WRITER-PRO 199.00 

EASY MAILER-PRO 79.00 

A-STAT COMP. STATISTICS PKG 99.00 

BEAGLE BROTHERS UTILITY CITY 23.00 

APPLE MECHANIC 23.00 

TIP DESK#1 15.95 

SUPER TEXT II 129.00 

LISA 2.5 59.95 

TRANSCEND II 115.00 

PEACHTREE SERIES 4/40 369.00 

SCREENWRITER II 99.00 

DICTIONARY 79.00 

CONTINENTAL SOFTWARE 

G/L 165.00 



A/R 

A/P 

PAYROLL 

PROPERTY MGMT 

THE HOME ACCOUNTANT 

FIRST CLASS MAIL 



.165.00 
165.00 

.165 00 

. 399 00 
.59 95 

,, 55.00 



TRS-80 SOFTWARE 

NEWDOS/80 2 MOD I. Ill 139,00 

LAZY WRITER MOD 1,11 165,00 

PROSOFT NEWSCRIPT MOD I. Ill W/Iabels109 00 
SPECIAL DELIVERY MOD I. Ill 119.00 




FRANKLIN ACE 

1 000 1 595.00 

RANA DISK DRIVE 449.00 

RANA DRIVE 

CONT. CARD 1 35.00 

C.ITOH 8510 

PRINTER 795.00 



% 

MICROBUFFER 32K 299.00 

NEC 12" GREEN 

MONITOR 200.00 

VERBATIM DISKS 45.00 

LIBRARY CASE 5.00 

J3523~ 

Now $2352 



VISICORP 

DESKTOP PLAN II... . 

VISIPLOT 

VISITREND/VISIPLOT 
VISIDEX 

VISITERM 

VISICALC 

VISIFILES 



. 189.00 
158 00 

.229 00 
189 00 
79 00 
189 00 
189.00 



CP/M® SOFTWARE 

We carry CP/M- software in all popular disk 
formats Call tor availability and price. Most soft- 
ware also available on IBM 

SUPERFILES 170.00 

THE WORD PLUS 117.00 

d BASE II 429.00 

QUICKCODE 230.00 

DUTIL 91.00 

SUPER CALC 189.00 

SPELLGUARD 230.00 

P& T CP/M* MOD 2 & 16 TRS-80. ...175.00 

COMMX TERMINAL PROG 82.50 

PASCAL Z 349.00 

PASCAL MT+ 439.00 

PASCAL/M 295.00 

ACCOUNTING PLUS"- 

G/L,A/R,A/P,P/R 179900 

CONDOR I 579.00 

CONDOR II 849 00 

BADLIM 62.00 

DIGITAL RESEARCH 

MAC 89.00 

SID 69.00 

ZSID 97,00 

PL/ 1-80 439,00 

C BASIC 2 96,00 

SUPERSOFT 

DIAGNOSTIC I 

DIAGNOSTIC II 

'C'COMPILER 

UTILITIES I 

UTILITIES II 

RATFOR 

FORTRAN 

DISK DOCTOR 

MICROPRO 

WORDSTAR 

SUPERSORT 

MAILMERGE 

DATASTAR 

SPELLSTAR 

CALCSTAR 

WORDPAK 



69 00 

89.00 

179.00 

...59.00 

.59.00 

89.00 
.239.00 

78.00 



265.00 
160.00 
95 00 
.220.00 
150.00 
195.00 
455.00 



MICROSOFT 

BASIC 80 249.00 

BASIC COMPILER 299.00 

FORTRAN 80 359 00 

COBOL 80 419.00 

MACRO 80 185.00 

mu MATH/mu SIMP 200.00 

mu LISP/mu STAR 165.00 



X-TRA SPECIAL DELIVERY MOD I. Ill 199.00 

TRACKCESS MOD 1 24 95 

OMNITERM SMART TERM. MOD I. Ill .89.95 
MICROSOFT BASIC COMP FOR MOO I 165.00 
LOOS 5 1 MOD I. Ill 119.00 



TRS-80 GAMES 

INVADERS FROM SPACE 

PINBALL 

MISSILE ATTACK 

STAR FIGHTER 

SCARFMAN 



.17.95 
.17 95 
1895 
24 95 
.17.95 



APPLE & ATARI GAMES 

BRODERBUND 



APPLE PANIC 

MIDNIGHT MAGIC 
CHOPLIFTER. 



.23 61 
. 27.26 
.27 20 



AUTOMATED SIMULATIONS 

INVASION ORION 20.95 



STAR WARRIOR 31 

CRUSH. CRUMBLE AND CHOMP 24 

TEMPLE OF APSHAI 31 

HELLFIRE WARRIOR 31 

RESCUE AT RIGEL 23.36 

ON-LINE SYSTEMS 

WIZARD AND PRINCESS 27.26 

SOFT PORN ADVENTURE 23.36 

THRESHOLD 31.16 

JAW BREAKER ..23.36 

CROSSFIRE 24 95 

ULYSSES & GOLDEN FLEECE 25.95 

FROGGER 24 50 



INFOCOM 

ZORK I. II. Ill 28.00 

STARCROSS 28 00 

DEADLINE 35.00 

EDU-WARE 

COMPU-READ 24.95 

COMPU-MATH FRACTIONS 34.95 

COMPU-MATH DECIMALS 34.95 

MORE GREAT APPLE 
GAMES 

GALAXY WAR 20.95 

ALIEN TYPHOON 20.95 

ARCADE MACHINE 32.95 

TUES. MORNING OUARTERBACK 25.95 

THE DRAGON'S EYE 20.95 

COMPUTER QUARTERBACK 31 16 

SEA FOX 24 00 

THE SHATTERED ALLIANCE 49.95 

POOL 1.5 27.26 

ULTIMA 31 16 

RASTER BLASTER 23.36 

FLIGHT SIMULATOR 26.61 

INTERNATIONAL GRAND PRIX . . 25.95 

SARGON II 28.95 

SHUFFLE BOARD 29.95 

SPACE KADETT 28.00 

SNACK ATTACK 23.36 




THIEF 

MARS CARS 

KAMIKAZI 

THE WARP FACTOR 

COSMO MISSION 

WIZARDRY 

SIRIUS SOFTWARE 

SPACE EGGS 23 36 

GORGON 31.16 

SNEAKERS 23.36 

PHANTOMS FIVE 22 00 

BANDITS 25.00 

EDU-WARE 

PERCEPTION PKG 19.95 

COMPU-MATH: ARITHMETIC 39.95 

COMPU-SPELL (REQ DATA DISK) 24 95 

COMPU-SPELL DATA DISKS 4-8. ea 17.95 

RENDEZVOUS 28.50 

ON-LINE SYSTEMS 

ULTIMA II 42.00 

MISSILE DEFENSE 27.26 

SABOTAGE 20.95 

TIME ZONE 77 96 

CRANSTON MANOR 25.95 

CANNON BALL BLITZ 25.95 

MUSE SOFTWARE 

ROBOT WARS 

THREE MILE ISLAND 
ABM 



To order or for 
information call 

InNewYxk: 
(212)509-1923 

In Los Angeles: 
(213)706-0333 

In Dallas: 
(214)744-4251 

By Modem: 
(213)883-897^ 




IPUTER 
PRODUCTS 



31245 LA BAYA DRIVE 
WESTLAKE VILLAGE. CA 91362 



We guarantee everything we sell for 30 days — no returns after 30 days. Detective software will be replaced free, but all other software returns are subject to 1 5% restocking lee and must be accompanied by RMA slip. No 
returns on game software, unless defective. We accept VISA and MasterCard on all orders; COD orders, up to $300. Shipping charges: $3 for all prepaid orders, actual shipping charges for non- prepaids; $3 for COD orders 
under 25lbs ($6 for over) plus a $4 surcharge: add 15% for foreign. FPO and APO orders Calif add 6% sales tax, in LA. County add 5V2%. Prices quoted are for stock on hand and are subject to change without notice. 



Circle 16 on inquiry card. 



BYTE January 1983 39 



Microcomputing, British Style 

The Fifth Personal Computer World Show 



by Gregg Williams, Senior Editor 



Quick: what's the most microcomputer-hungry 
country in the world? The United States, of 
course, right? We've got Silicon Valley and 
Route 128 (recently dubbed Technology Highway) near 
Boston. We've got BYTE, Apple, Atari, and IBM. True 
enough, but Britain has the people — and it has a lot more 
than we do. 

There's ample evidence that, compared to the U.S., 
proportionally more of Britain's population is interested 
in microcomputers. The Fifth Personal Computer World 
Show, a business and hobby microcomputer show hosted 
by one of Britain's leading computer magazines, Personal 
Computer World, is a case in point. From September 
9 to 12, 1982, 47,461 people attended the show— 12,000 
more than visited this year's West Coast Computer Faire, 
which also lasted four days and was — until now — the 
world's largest microcomputer show. If that's not enough 
evidence, consider that the Personal Computer World 
Show held at the Barbican Center in London had far 
fewer exhibitors and less exhibition space than the Com- 
puter Faire, yet drew roughly one- third more people. A 
quick check in an almanac confirms that the population 
of the United States is almost four times that of the 
United Kingdom, which makes the attendance figures 
even more impressive. Something rather important is 
happening over there. 

Last September, I attended the show to observe the 
state of microcomputing in Britain firsthand. And if the 
crowds I saw in London were any indication, more 
Britons from a wider range of ages (still almost exclusive- 
ly men and boys, though) are clamoring for microcom- 
puters than Americans are on the basis of any American 
convention I've ever attended. On the weekend, I saw a 
line — er, excuse me, queue — of people several blocks 
long waiting to buy tickets. It must have taken hours to 
reach the window, and once inside you couldn't move or 
see anything. 

Why are the British so enthusiastic about microcom- 
puters? Part of the answer lies in the official support of 
the British government, which decided that microcom- 
puters are important enough to warrant government- 
sponsored public education on the subject. The British 
Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) sponsored a tutorial 
series on computers and commissioned an official 
microcomputer to be used in conjunction with the pro- 
grams. I'm told that the television programs have been 




The Personal Computer World Show on one of the 
slow days. You should have seen it when it got crowd- 
ed! (Photos by Gregg Williams and Chris Morgan.) 




The ACT Sirius 1, as popular in Britain as the IBM 
Personal Computer is in the United States, is said to be 
the Victor 16-bit microcomputer in a different housing. 
An entire section of the show was devoted to ACT and 
third-party hardware and software vendors. 





Although the Personal Computer World Show had separate 
business and hobbyist sections, Acorn (maker of the BBC 
Microcomputer) had booths in both. Left: a dozen people 
were able to get hands-on experience with the BBC 
Microcomputer. Above: a screen shot of Snapper, a BBC 
Microcomputer game whose graphics and sound are great. 




The Sinclair machines may be the most popular in Britain, but that doesn't mean that people like their keyboards— a brisk 
market exists for add-on keyboards and enclosures for Sinclair machines. This one, from DK'tronics, includes a full-size 
keyboard with keypad and an enclosure large enough to fit the computer board and other Sinclair peripherals. Its £45 price 
tag (almost as much as the £50 ZX81 computer) indicates the amount of interest in such products. 



■ 



augmented by books and materials to be used in the 
public school system. A BBC series on programming is 
planned, and the National Extension College, a home- 
study institute, already has a course on BASIC program- 
ming using a generalized version of the language. 

Jack Schofield, editor of another leading British micro- 
computer magazine, Practical Computing, has his own 
hypothesis for the popularity of microcomputers in Brit- 
ain. The past decade has not been kind, economically or 
socially, to Britain, and as a result most people have 
learned to accept long lines and high prices as part of 
daily life. Fearful that high technology may put him out 
of a job someday, the average Briton has accepted the 
computer as a potential influence, but one that he has 
some control over. This, Schofield says, may explain the 
strong interest in microcomputers that transcends British 
class and economic boundaries. 

Whether or not Schofield's hypothesis is correct, the 
British appetite for microcomputers owes a good deal to 
the pivotal work of one man: Clive Sinclair. As head of 
Sinclair Research, the company that makes the ZX80, the 
ZX81, and the Spectrum microcomputers, Clive Sinclair 
is to the British small computer what Adam Osborne is to 
the American business computer: the creator of a product 
whose price is so low that the competition finally ac- 
cepted it as the price to beat. Before Sinclair brought out 
the ZX80 at about £100 (less than $200), the British had 
only expensive American imports. Discounted Com- 
modore VIC-20s and Atari 400s, for example, sell for 
around £200 and £300 respectively, almost twice their 
American prices. Because it is so expensive abroad, the 
Apple II is known primarily in Britain and Europe as a 
business machine, believe it or not. American microcom- 
puters have always been just too expensive for the 
average person. You can then imagine the exultation 
when Sinclair Research brought out the ZX80 for under 
£100 — one-half to one-third the price of the imports. 
Granted, it wasn't as good a computer, but more people 
could afford it, and that made the difference. Now more 
than half the microcomputers in Britain are ZX80s and 
ZX81s. The ZX81 now sells for £50, and British manufac- 
turers are interested in creating a full-featured computer 
for less than £300. 

My first observation at the Personal Computer World 
Show was that people were insatiably curious about 
microcomputers. After that, I was impressed by the 
diversity of inexpensive machines. I've written short 
descriptions of the six machines most worthy of 
note— the Acorn BBC Model B, the Dragon 32, the 
EACA Genie III, the Camputers Lynx, the Grundy 
Newbrain AD, and the Sinclair Spectrum. (All but the 
Genie III are low-cost machines.) I've included a chart 
that compares those computers, a collection of photos 
from the show, and a list of addresses for all the products 
mentioned in this article. So lean back and enjoy the 
show — at least you don't have to fight the crowds. ■ 




Here's a 3-inch disk pack for the Grundy Newbrain 
AD computer. The Newbrain disk-drive module 
houses two 3-inch disk drives in a small unit the size of 
the computer itself— in fact, the disk-drive module is 
meant to fit unobtrusively under the computer. 




The Osborne computer is very popular in Britain. (Ac- 
tually, I'm a sucker for a clever ad.) 




A section of the show was devoted to the Third European Chess 
Championship, a tournament among microcomputer chess pro- 
grams. Tournament rules stipulated that all machines average 30 
moves per hour, a computational limit that put several computers 
at a disadvantage. 




The Microwriter is one of the most interesting 
devices I saw at the show. A one-handed data- 
entry unit, it can be hooked up to a printer or a 
microcomputer, and it even has some limited 
word-processing features. You enter data by 
pressing down and releasing certain combinations 
of the six buttons. At £557.75 (less than $1000). 
it's a bit expensive, but its portability and one- 
handed operation make it desirable to some. 







Even more interesting than the Microwriter is the 
Jupiter Ace, a low-cost microcomputer that has 
FORTH instead of BASIC in ROM. Any 
resemblance to the Sinclair Spectrum is not ac- 
cidental; Steve Vickers and Richard Altwasser, 
who designed the Ace, were the codesigners of the 
Spectrum and are now running their own com- 
pany. The Jupiter Ace is a very interesting im- 
plementation of Forth Interest Group FORTH 
with some innovative extensions to adapt it to a 
cassette-only environment. 




These stamps, issued recently by the British Post Office, reflect Brit- 
ain's commitment to and awareness of computers in everyday life. 





The Sinclair Spectrum 



If Clive Sinclair's black-and-white ZX80 and ZX81 
have become the most popular microcomputers in 
Britain (and, for that matter, in the rest of the world), 
is it any wonder that his company's new color 
microcomputer, the Spectrum, is doing just as well? 

The success of the Spectrum is a source of great 
comfort to Clive Sinclair, especially since the BBC 
chose Acorn's design over his for use in its computer- 
literacy program. (Incidentally, Sinclair could be ac- 
cused of the same tactic for which he had berated 
Acorn: advertising the product long before he was able 
to deliver it.) As the British ad for the Spectrum points 
out, the Spectrum is markedly simpler and more 
elegant than the Acorn BBC Microcomputer when 
measured by the number of chips on its main circuit 
board. However, the Spectrum shows a quirkiness 
that is the price we pay for its circuit board elegance 
and low cost. And Clive Sinclair's statement that the 
Spectrum is "less than half the price of its nearest com- 
petitor — and more powerful" is only half right: half 
the price, yes, but definitely not more powerful. 

First of all, you have to consider the keyboard. For 
£125, we can't quite demand the full keyboards offered 
by machines that are considerably more expensive 
than the basic Spectrum. Given the price differential, 
we can make allowances for the Spectrum's unique 
keyboard, which is basically a pressure-sensitive mem- 



brane (like those of the ZX80 and ZX81) mounted 
under a piece of molded gray rubber that protrudes 
above the plastic cover to make "keys." This in- 
teresting scheme works surprisingly well, but the 
cramped 9.3-inch-wide keyboard has other faults that 
are harder to excuse. 

Inexpensive or not, the keyboard layout is impossi- 
ble to justify. It may be innovative, but it's also poorly 
designed in several respects. The layout is clever in 
that you can use it to enter letters, numbers, one- 
stroke BASIC keywords, graphics symbols, and the 
like. But that scheme makes the keyboard busy. Most 
keys have five legends: three printed on the key and 
one each immediately above and below the key. This 
design may be necessary, but it also causes eyestrain 
and confusion. I'd be willing to forgive all this, but I 
can't excuse such thoughtless "innovations" as pro- 
viding only one Caps Shift key (in the lower left-hand 
corner; the one on the right is used as a Symbol Shift 
key) and placing the space key in the lower right-hand 
corner of the keyboard. 

The Spectrum's BASIC is a superset of the Sinclair 
BASIC used in the ZX80 and ZX81, and it has some 
valuable features, most of them having to do with the 
rather clever way graphics are implemented. ZX81 
cassette tapes will not load on a Spectrum, and most 

Continued on page 50 



44 January 19S3 © BYTE Publications Inc 



The Acorn BBC Model B Microcomputer 



The BBC Microcomputer enjoys a colorful reputa- 
tion because of its history. (See "The BBC Computer," 
Popular Computing, October 1982.) More than two 
years ago, the BBC decided to start a computer literacy 
television series. The network realized that, with more 
powerful and increasingly inexpensive microcom- 
puters, it would soon be possible to create them with 
enough computing power to offer their owners per- 
sonal hands-on experience with microcomputers at an 
affordable price. The BBC considered the Newbrain 
computer and rejected it. Acorn and Sinclair Research, 
along with other companies, then submitted designs, 
and the Acorn won. (Sinclair went on to market its 
design as the Sinclair Spectrum.) Clive Sinclair has 
been quick to point out problems with the Acorn unit, 
and the interaction between the two companies has 
been a source of entertainment for the British com- 
puter community. 

Although the BBC Model B is more expensive than 
some units (see page 49), it has an advantage over 
most of the very-low-cost ones: it is a no-compromise 
computer that has many uses beyond self -instruction in 
computer technology. I will confine my remarks to the 
Model B unit instead of the less expensive Model A (at 
£299) because the latter lacks most of the features that 
make the BBC Microcomputer competitive with other 
similarly priced units. 



The BBC Model B has eight video-display modes, 
five pixel-graphics modes in which you can display 
text, and three text-only modes. The highest graphics 
mode (640 by 256 pixels, 2 colors) requires a video 
monitor, while the lowest one (160 by 256 pixels, 4 or 
16 colors) offers roughly the same resolution, prac- 
tically speaking (i.e., once the image is displayed on a 
standard color television) as the Apple and Atari com- 
puters, but it also offers additional colors. 

The most innovative feature of both BBC computers 
is the Tube, a special interface built into the computer 
that enables the main computer (which uses a 6502 
board) to communicate with any suitably designed 
auxiliary microprocessor board. This is, not coin- 
cidentally, a way for Acorn to provide a Z80 board so 
that the BBC computer can run business software 
available through Digital Research's popular CP/M 
operating system. At first, the Tube sounds like the 
Microsoft Consumer Products' Softcard for the Apple 
II, but the connection it uses is different. The Softcard 
and similar boards share the address and data lines 
with the main microprocessor. The Tube, however, 
uses a dedicated 2-MHz serial link with memory buf- 
fers on each side of the link and interrupt-driven soft- 
ware. This scheme allows true coprocessing with both 
processors running at full speed. Acorn has plans to 

Continued on page 51 



January 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 45 




The Dragon 32 

The Dragon 32 is named for its standard 32K 
bytes of memory — quite a selling point in a country 
accustomed to microcomputers with memories as 
small as IK bytes. And because the Dragon 32 is 
one of the newest British microcomputers, it offers 
more features for the money than most of its com- 
petitors (see table 1). 

The Dragon 32 seems to be a very adequate 
machine, but there's nothing exceptional about it. 
In fact, I can sum it up in one sentence: it looks like 
a Radio Shack TRS-80 Color Computer with 32K 
bytes of memory. (I've found that some Color 
Computer cartridges will run on the Dragon 32, but 
they must be taken out of their plastic shells to fit in 
the Dragon 32 cartridge slot.) Its similarities to the 
TRS-80 Color Computer include use of the 6809E 
microprocessor and Microsoft's Extended Color 
BASIC (right down to command names — PMODE, 
HEX$, and DEFUSR, for example), nine colors for 
color graphics display, five graphics modes, 
joysticks, and cartridge software. 

The Dragon 32, however, does have several ad- 
vantages over the TRS-80 Color Computer. First, in 
Britain it is considerably cheaper than the Color 
Computer. Second, the Dragon 32 can be expanded 
to a full 64K-byte workspace (unlike the Color 
Computer, which can only be expanded from 16K 
to 32K bytes of memory). Third, the Dragon 32 has 
a typewriter-style keyboard that is somewhat better 
than the TRS-80 Color Computer's adequate but 
calculator-like keys. Finally, the Dragon 32 includes 
a Centronics-type parallel-printer port. 

Dragon Data Ltd. plans to market its computer in 
America but hasn't decided on a date. You can be 
sure the company will take care of its home market 
before expanding internationally. When that hap- 
pens, American buyers will have a choice of low- 
cost color computers. 



The EACA Genie III 

The Genie III is the only one of the six microcom- 
puters profiled here that doesn't fall in the low-cost 
category. I included it because, of all the business 
machines at the show, it's the one that caught my 
eye. Like the IBM Personal Computer, it is 
newsworthy not because it's innovative but because 
it carefully combines the best features of other com- 
puters. It is manufactured by EACA International 
and distributed in Britain by Lowe Electronics. 

The Genie III is housed in two units. The main 
one contains the computer itself, a 12-inch green- 
phosphor video display, and two SVi-inch double- 
sided 80-track floppy-disk drives. (These can be 
augmented by either two 5Vi-inch or two 8-inch 
floppy disks.) The other unit is a detachable 86-key 
keyboard, which includes a numeric keypad around 
whose two edges eight function keys are wrapped. 

Emulation capabilities are the Genie Ill's main 
claim to fame. It is supplied with two operating 
systems, NEWDOS-80 version 2.0 and CP/M 2.2. 
If you load NEWDOS-80, the BASIC loaded is a 
RAM (random-access read/write memory) version 
of Radio Shack TRS-80 Model I BASIC supplied 
(legally) by Microsoft; the video display shows 16 
lines of 64 characters each, and the machine 
emulates a TRS-80 Model I. If you load CP/M, the 
video display shows 24 lines of 80 characters each, 
and the machine emulates a CP/M system with a 
standard screen size. (Under software control, 
NEWDOS can also use the 24 by 80 video format.) 

Table 1 lists some of the Genie Ill's features. Its 
built-in real-time clock, optional high-resolution 
graphics (288- by 640-pixel) board, and optional 
programmable-character interface board are also of 
interest. With additional hardware, the Genie III 
can support multiple users and run Digital 
Research's MP/M operating system. You can also 
add an external 5-megabyte hard disk. 



46 . January 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 



The Grundy Newbrain AD 



In the July 1982 issue of Personal Computer World, 
managing editor Dick Pountain writes, "When the 
Newbrain was announced to the world two years ago, 
the design concept was significantly in advance of 
anything that had been seen in the field of handheld 
computing." And so it was — even though problems 
plagued the design. In fact, the company that created 
it, Newbury Labs, sold the design to its current owner, 
Grundy Business Systems Ltd. At one time, the 
Newbrain was in line to be the BBC computer, but 
design problems and the change in ownership caused 
the BBC to look elsewhere. 

The machine is now being advertised as a compact 
but powerful microcomputer, and the number of hard- 
ware and software features and options it offers sup- 
ports this point of view. The Newbrain AD, which 
contains a 16-character fluorescent display, is com- 
plemented by a cheaper version, the Newbrain A, 
which sells for £199. The Newbrain M, a third model 
that includes a battery-backup option, is scheduled to 
be released soon. 

The basic unit includes a Z80A microprocessor that 
runs at 4 MHz, a National Semiconductor COP 420M 
microprocessor dedicated to handling input and out- 
put, 32K bytes of RAM, and 29K bytes of ROM (read- 
only memory). Through an external expansion box, 
you can increase this to a staggering 2 megabytes of 
RAM and 4 megabytes of ROM. Grundy plans to 
market the CP/M operating system and popular 



applications-software packages in ROM, which will 
convert the Newbrain to a "crashproof," stand-alone 
computer dedicated to one task. The keyboard has cal- 
culator-type keys in a standard configuration; the 
spaces between keys are just slightly smaller than those 
on a standard typewriter keyboard. The Newbrain 
video-display character set contains 512 letters, 
numbers, and graphics as well as videotex symbols. 
The character set is divided into two 256-character 
banks, only one of which can be selected at a time. 

A Multiple Communication/Network Module adds 
8, 16, or 24 (depending on the model) RS-232/V24 
bidirectional serial ports. According to the manufac- 
turer, Newbrains connected through this module con- 
stitute a de facto network that can share floppy or 
hard disks, printers, and other peripherals. 

An optional Videotex Module enables Newbrain 
owners to access British Teletext and Prestel services. 

The Newbrain produces a monochrome text or 
graphics video image. The macjjjne offers a choice of 
several pixel densities: 256, 320, 512, or 640 pixels per 
row. In addition, you can split the video display into 
separate graphics and scrolling-text areas (with text 
above graphics); a graphics-only display has 250 rows 
of pixels. 

The Newbrain software is equally versatile, if con- 
fusing on occasion. The 29K bytes of ROM contain the 
Newbrain operating system as well as its BASIC, 

Continued on page 51 



January 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 47 



The Camputers Lynx 



The Lynx, from Camputers Ltd., is one of the new- 
est machines I saw in England. "Previewed," not an- 
nounced, at the Personal Computer World Show, it 
offers more computing power for the money than any 
other machine I saw there. 

The unit itself is almost Spartan in appearance and 
size, but it has some rather attractive features. The 
keyboard, which houses the entire computer, is full- 
sized and conventionally laid out. Unfortunately, the 
Delete key is where the Return key usually is, and the 
Return key is, oddly enough, to the right of the right 
Shift key. The Lynx comes with 48K bytes of memory, 



but it can be expanded to an impressive maximum of 
192K bytes. The computer runs a Z80A micropro- 
cessor and can optionally run CP/M. It has a good 
40-character, 24-line video display that converts to an 
8-color, 248- by 256-pixel graphics display. With addi- 
tional memory, video resolution doubles to 80 
characters per line and 248- by 512-pixel graphics. I 
was told that the unit allows user-defined characters. 
Representatives from Lynx say a 5V4-inch disk drive 
will be available for the unit and that the company will 
eventually market an adapted version of the machine 
in the United States. 



Vendor List 



Ace: Jupiter Cantab, 22 Foxhollow, Bar Hill, Cambridge 
CB3 8EP, England. Telephone 0954-80437. 

BBC Models A and B: Acorn Computers Ltd., Fulbourn 
Road, Cherry Hinton, Cambridge, England. Telephone 
0223-245200. 

Cambridge Ring (network system): Orbis Computers Ltd., 
4a Market Hill, Cambridge CBZ 3NJ, England. Telephone 
0223-312449. 

Dragon 32: Dragon Data Ltd., Queensway, Swansea In- 
dustrial Estate, Swansea SA5 4EH, England. Telephone 
0792-580651. 

Genie III (British distributor): Lowe Electronics, Bentley 
Bridge, Chesterfield Rd., Matlock, Derbyshire, DE4 5LE 
England. Telephone 0629-2430. 

Genie III (manufacturer): EACA International Ltd. , EACA 
Industrial Bldg., 13 Chong Yip St., Kwun Tong, Kowloon, 
Hong Kong. Telephone 3-896323. 



Lynx: Camputers Ltd., 33a Bridge St., Cambridge CB2 
WW, England. Telephone 0223-315063. 

Microwriter: Microwriter Ltd., 31 Southampton Row, 
London WC1B 5HJ, England. Telephone 01-831-6801. 

Newbrain A and AD: Grundy Business Systems Ltd., 
Grundy House, Somerset Rd., Teddington TWll 8TD, 
England. 

Sirius: ACT (Sirius) Ltd., Ill HagleyRd., Edgbaston, Bir- 
mingham B16 8LB, England. Telephone 021-454-8585. 

Spectrum: Sinclair Research, 6 Kings Parade, Cambridge, 
Cambridgeshire CB2 1SN, England. Telephone 
0276-685311. 

ZX81: see Spectrum, above. 

ZX80/ZX81/Spectrum enhanced keyboard and enclosure: 
DK'tronics, 23 Sussex Rd. , Gorleston, Great Yarmouth, Nor- 
folk, England. Telephone 0493-602453. 



48 January 1983 © BYTE Publications lnc 







How They Compare 








BBC Model B 


Dragon 32 


Genie III 


Lynx 


Newbrain AD 


Spectrum 


Price (pounds, including 
Value Added Tax) 


£399 


£199 


£2185 


£225 


£229 


£125 


Microprocessor used 


2 MHz 6502 


6809E, speed 
unknown 


4 MHz Z80A 


4 MHz Z80A 


4 MHz Z80A 


3,5 MHz Z80A 


Standard RAM 


32K bytes 


32 K bytes 


64K bytes 


48K bytes 


32K bytes 


16K bytes 


Maximum RAM 


32K bytes 
(see note 1) 


64 K bytes 


64 K bytes 
(see note 2) 


192K bytes 


2 megabytes 


48K bytes 


ROM included 


16K bytes 


16K bytes 


2K bytes 


16K bytes 


29 K bytes 


16K bytes 


Text display 

(columns, rows) 


40 by 24 or 
80 by 25 


32 by 16 


64 by 16 or 
80 by 24 


40 by 24 
(see note 3) 


40 by 30, 
or 80 by 30 


32 by 24 


High-resolution graphics 
display (in pixels) 


640 by 256 


192 by 25 


160 by 72, 
optional 
640 by 288 


248 by 256 
(see note 3) 


640 by 256 


176 by 256 


Number of colors 
available 


16 


9 


monochrome 
only 


8 


monochrome 
only 


8 


Type of keyboard 


full-size 

typewriter style 
plus function 
keys 


full-size 
typewriter style 


full-size 

typewriter style 
plus keypad and 
function keys 


full-sized 
typewriter style 


full-sized 
keyboard with 
calculator-style 
keys 


smaller-sized 
keyboard with 
rubber mem- 
brane keys 


Subjective rating of 
keyboard (1 = unaccep- 
table, 10 = excellent) 


8 


7 


8 


6 (see note 4) 


7 


3 (see note 5) 


Interfaces included 

(excluding TV output) 


RS-423 serial 
parallel port, 
RGB monitor 
output, 8-bit I/O 
port, four 12-bit 
analog input 
channels 


parallel port 
joystick and 
cartridge ports, 
color monitor 
output 


RS-232C and 
parallel ports 


RS-232C port 


two RS-232C 

ports, 

composite 


none 


Disk drive available? 


yes 


yes 


two 5 Vi -inch 


yes 


yes 


yes 



Other features 



high-speed 
serial link for 
second 
processor 



includes 

Extended 

Microsoft 

Color 

BASIC 



drives (800K 
bytes each) 
included 

detachable optional 

keyboard, runs Videotext 

NEWDOS-80 module 
and CP/M 2.2 



Note 1: Acorn is working on a 16-bit processor with 128K bytes of RAM that connects to the BBC Model B computer via a high-speed 
serial link; this would bring the computer (in an unconventional way) to 160K bytes of RAM. 

Note 2: In the multiuser system, the Genie III has 192K bytes of memory. 

Note 3: With an optional expansion box, the Lynx can display 24 rows of 80 columns each and 248 by 512 pixel graphics. 

Note 4: The Lynx keyboard suffers from having a Return key to the right of the right Shift key and a Delete key where the Return key would 
be on most keyboards. 

Note 5: The Spectrum has a very idiosyncratic keyboard that is partially excusable because the unit is so inexpensive. See the main text 
for more details. 



January 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 49 



Sinclair Spectrum continued from page 44: 

ZX81 BASIC programs will require some modification to 

work. 

Sinclair used his earlier computers as a testing ground 
for several original features. Some of these (like the "in- 
telligent" cursor that prevents you from entering syntac- 
tically incorrect BASIC statements) have remained in the 
Spectrum, while others (like the nonstandard character 
code used in the ZX80 and ZX81, abandoned for the 
ASCII code in the Spectrum) are mercifully absent. 

The character-oriented video image is 24 lines of 32 
characters each. Each character has a separate attribute 
byte (each one of eight colors, chosen independently) that 
determines its foreground and background colors, 
brightness, and flashing/steady status. The screen is 
always in the bit-mapped graphics mode (192 by 256 pix- 
els), and characters are "painted" onto the video display 
in a pixel pattern. (This makes possible unrestricted mix- 
ing of text and graphics as well as an OVER command 
that merges a character string with whatever image is 
already on the screen.) 

Actually, it's easiest to think of the video screen in 
terms of monochrome pixel graphics (i.e., each pixel is 
either on or off), with each 8- by 8-pixel square 
(character) having its own foreground and background 
color. Using the metaphor of images being "printed" on 
video "paper," the BASIC commands INK and PAPER 
set the foreground and background, respectively, of the 
next character to be printed. Unfortunately, this scheme 



restricts the color combinations of two adjacent pixels 
(unlike most high-resolution graphics schemes, which 
allow two adjacent pixels to be almost any color pair). 
The Spectrum also has 21 user-defined characters, each of 
which can be defined via special BASIC commands (thus 
simplifying the process more than other micro- 
computers). 

Like the ZX81, the Spectrum has a rear-edge connector 
that contains a full set of address, control, and data lines. 
The Spectrum will accept the same ZX printer that the 
ZX81 uses, but, unlike the ZX81, it is upgraded to its 
maximum 48K bytes of memory via an internal 32K-byte 
board and won't work with the ZX81 16K-byte memory 
pack. Other peripherals in the works from Sinclair are a 
£20 RS-232C /network interface board and a £50 3-inch 
disk drive. The company's Microdrive (as it is called) is 
noteworthy because it costs well under $100. Each 3-inch 
floppy disk can hold up to 100K bytes of data; its average 
access time is 3.5 seconds, and its data-transfer rate is 
128K bits per second. 

How will the Spectrum fare in the American market? 
That depends. Timex Corporation has the rights to 
market the Spectrum (it already markets a modified ZX81 
as the Timex/Sinclair 1000). If the Spectrum were to sell 
for the equivalent of £125, its price in Britain, it would 
cost roughly $220 in the United States — hardly competi- 
tive with comparable low-cost American units. My guess 
is that Timex will market an American version of the 
Spectrum for somewhere between $125 and $175 within 




50 January 19*3 © BYTE Publications Inc 



Circle 425 on Inquiry card. 



the next six months. 

In any case, the Spectrum is a promising machine. I'll 
reserve further judgment until it becomes available here 
in the United States. 

Acorn BBC Microcomputer continued from page 45: 

offer 6502 and Z80 auxiliary boards and is experimenting 
with a board containing National Semiconductor's 16-bit 
16032 chip. 

Acorn is offering an interface to its Econet local net- 
work system that will make it possible to hook up as 
many as 254 microcomputers using inexpensive 4-wire 
telephone cable. Orbis, a subsidiary of Acorn, supports 
the Cambridge Ring (developed at the Cambridge 
University Computer Laboratory), a high-speed local 
network in a ring configuration that can connect to 
anything from mainframes to microcomputers. 

BBC BASIC is closely modeled after the de facto stan- 
dard Microsoft versions, but it adds several good exten- 
sions. The most important of these are local variables, 
subroutines that pass parameters, and recursion. BASIC 
has always been severely handicapped because it lacks 
these features (especially the first two), and I applaud the 
BBC's inclusion of them in the language. (Language 
designers, especially Microsoft, take note.) Another 
fascinating feature is a built-in 6502 assembler that allows 
6502 assembly-language code in a BASIC pro- 
gram — bravo again! How Acorn got these and many 
other features into a 16K-byte BASIC, I'll never know. 

The BBC Model B includes an RS423 serial port, which 
is said to be an RS-232C-compatible interface that 
facilitates a higher data-transfer rate and a longer max- 
imum cable length than the RS-232C. In addition, the 
Model B includes an 8-bit Centronics-type parallel port, 
an 8-bit input/output (I/O) port, an RGB (red-green- 
blue) color-monitor output, and four 12-bit analog-to- 
digital ports. 

Although some other British microcomputers offer 



more features for a given price, none of them surpasses 
the BBC Model B microcomputer in terms of versatility 
and expansion capability. Acorn has plans to produce a 
version of its computer for American use but has not yet 
set an availability date. 

Grundy Newbrain AD continued from page 47: 

mathematics package, screen editor, graphics package, 
and device-driver software. The BASIC conforms to the 
ANSI (American National Standards Institute) x3.2/78 
standard instead of the more common de facto Microsoft 
BASIC standard. The Newbrain's graphics package com- 
bines traditional point-to-point drawing with Logo-like 
"turtle" commands (e.g., move-forward-drawing-a-line 
and rotate-pen-to-new-facing-angle). In addition, com- 
mands that draw arcs and fill areas with color are 
available. 

The most useful commands relate to data streams, 
which are the "pipeline" through which all data transfer 
occurs. As with the Atari 400 and 800 computers, all in- 
put and output is handled through the operating system. 
This procedure accomplishes two things: first, it allows 
I/O to be handled in a standard way, regardless of the 
language or hardware involved; second, it is an open- 
ended approach that lets you write software interfaces 
that will work with any hardware you connect the 
machine to. Up to 255 data streams can be open at one 
time. For example, multiple data streams opened to the 
Newbrain screen editor give you multiple graphics 
"pages" that can be written to and displayed in- 
dependently. 

The Newbrain is obviously a complex, capable 
machine designed with open-ended expansion in mind. I 
personally do not like its small size, and its design is 
sometimes too complex. I would, however, want to ex- 
amine it more carefully before making a final decision on 
it.l 



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translated to any 4K block of the 
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□ 24-bit addressing option. 

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tor MP/M II™ and "virtual disk" solid 
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□ 8/16 data transfer protocol. 




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$1,350.00 

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OEM & dealer inquiries invited. 



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Circle 238 on inquiry card. 



January 19S3 © BYTE Publications lnc 51 



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to experience champagne and caviar at cafeteria prices..." 

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Toolworks (Sherman Oaks, CA) of offering quality software at extremely 
low price..." 

INFOWORLD, Aug. 16, '82 The magazine's Software Report Card' rated JRT's 
documentation good' and performance, ease of use and error handling 
excellent'*- the highest rating. 



AND NOW: JRT PASCAL 3.0— 

with all the features that earned 2.0 so 
much praise — PLUS the many new features 
shown here. The price? — still just $29.95! 
This astonishing price includes the complete 
JRT Pascal system on diskettes and the 
new expanded user manual. Not a subset, 
it's a complete Pascal for CP/M.* 

Modern computer languages recognize 
the advantages of dividing programs into easy- 
to-use functional modules. JRT's external 
procedure modules give you flexibility to run 
programs of almost unlimited sizes. Because 
the procedures are separately compiled, if one 
part of a program changes only that part needs 
recompiling. And libraries of external proce- 
dures can be built-up containing code and 
data common to many main programs; the 
time and duplication savings are obvious. 

Faster and more reliable than ever, 
for beginner or expert, engineer or business- 
man, JRT Pascal 3.0 provides a set of 
features unequaled by any other Pascal... 
or any other language. 

52 BYTE January 1983 




OUR NO-RISK OFFER: 

When you receive JRT Pascal 3.0, look 
it over, check it out, compare it with similar 
systems costing ten times as much. If you're 
not completely satisfied, return it — with the 
sealed diskettes unopened — within 30 days, 
and your money will be refunded in full. 
That's right: satisfaction guaranteed or your 
money back! 

A JRT bonus: if you want to copy the 
diskettes or manual — so long as it's not for 
resale — that's o.k. with us. Pass it on to your 
friends. But don't delay. Send the coupon or 
phone today and start enjoying the Pascal 
advantage; at $29.95, there's no reason 
to wait! 

NEW Full support 
for indexed files 



NEW 



CRT screen formatting 
and full cursor control 



NEW Facilities for 
formatting printed reports 



NEW 

175-page 

user manual 

with protective 

3-ring binder 

and 5-1/4" or 

8" diskettes 

NEW Handy 
JRT Pascal reference card 

NEW File variables 
and GET/PUT 

NEW Dynamic arrays 

NEW SEARCH procedure 
for fast table look-up 

Extended CASE statement 

Graphing procedures 

Statistic procedures 

Circle 220 on inquiry card. 



14 digit BCD FLOATING 
POINT arithmetic 

True dynamic storage 

Advanced 
assembly interface 



Fast one-step compiler; 
no link needed 

Efficient compiler needs 
only 85K diskette space 

Maximum program size: 
more than 200,000 lines 



More than 200 

verbal error messages 

Separate compilation 
of auto-loading 
external procedures 

No limits on procedure 
size, nesting or recursion 




TO JRT CUSTOMERS: THANK YOU . 

Your response to very low-priced/high-quality 
JRT Software has been overwhelming. Since 
last summer we've added almost 25,000 
new JRT owners; because we allow them 
to make copies for friends, the total number 
of new users must be enormous! And just 
as rewarding for us are the many positive 
comments JRT gets from pleased customers 
and the media. Pascal 3.0 is an example of 
new improvements and products we 
have in work. It's also another example 
of our standing policy: best software 
quality and best 
price. So to 
customers past 
and future, enjoy 
and thank you. 



JAMES R. TYSON 
Owner JRT Systems 





...new, improved, but... 



Random files 

to 8 megabytes with 

variable length records 

64K dynamic strings 

Activity analyzer 
prints program use 
histogram 



J7PW80\L30 



.-still 
only 

$2995! 



phone 415/566-5100 



Send 

to JRT SYSTEMS 

550 Irving Street/A1 

San Francisco, CA 94122 

Here's my $29.95; please send me JRT Pascal. I understand that if I'm 
not completely satisfied, I can return it within 30 days — with the sealed 
diskettes unopened — for a full refund. (Allow 2-3 weeks for shipping.) 
I need the 5-1/4" diskettes for D Apple CP/M; □ Heath, Hard Sector; 
Q Heath, Soft Sector; □ Northstar; D Osborne; □ Superbrain; 
D Televideo; D Xerox 820. I need D 8" SSSD diskettes. 



Name. 



Address . 



City. 



State . 



.Zip_ 



D Check □ C.O.D. D MasterCard □ VISA 

(CA residents add sales tax. Add $6 for shipping outside North America.) 



Card # . 



Exp.. 



Signature 

"CP/M is a Digital Research TM. 



A 56K CP/M system is required. 



Circle 220 on Inquiry card. 



BYTE January 1983 53 



Ciarcia's Circuit Cellar 



Build the Circuit Cellar 
MPX-16 Computer System 

Part 3 

The final installment describing the design of the MPX-16, 
which is I/O-compatible with the IBM Personal Computer. 



This month's article is the last of 
three on the construction of the Cir- 
cuit Cellar MPX-16 computer, which 
is built around the Intel 8088 micro- 
processor. In part 1, I presented an 
overview of the system and a discus- 
sion of the coprocessors and bus 
structures. Last month, in part 2, I 
described the memory, interrupt me- 
chanism, expansion bus, and I/O- 
(input/output) decoding sections. 
This month I'd like to finish by de- 
scribing the serial and parallel I/O, 
counters and timers, the floppy-disk 
interface, and an overview of certain 
parts of the CP/M-86 operating 
system. 

Because the MPX-16 is somewhat 
more complex than the typical Circuit 
Cellar project, I've had to simplify or 



Copyright © 1983 by Steven A. Ciarcia. All 
rights reserved. 



IBM and IBM Personal Computer are trade- 
marks of International Business Machines 
Corporation. 

CP/M-86, CP/M-80, and MP/M are trade- 
marks of Digital Research Inc. 



Steve Ciarcia 

POB 582 

Glastonbury, CT 06033 



abbreviate my treatment of many 
details to fit the articles into only 
three issues of BYTE; to learn some 
nuances of the individual system 
parts, you should consult the refer- 
ences I have listed on page 82. (More 
detailed information on the MPX-16, 
including timing diagrams and list- 



Most of what you can 
learn about the 

MPX-16 applies also to 

the IBM Personal 

Computer. 



ings, is available in the MPX-16 
Technical Reference and User's 
Manual, available from The Micro- 
mint.) But these articles contain 
enough information for you to under- 
stand the basic functions of all the 
subsystems and how they work 
together. And most of what you can 
learn applies also to the IBM Personal 
Computer and other similar ma- 



chines. We'll continue the presenta 
tion after we review the major fea 
tures of the MPX-16. 

MPX-16 Features 

The Circuit Cellar MPX-16 com- 
puter system, shown in photo 1 on 
page 56, fundamentally consists of a 
single 9- by 12-inch five-layer printed- 
circuit board (containing 120 inte- 
grated circuits), to which various pe- 
ripheral devices are attached. Its I/O- 
expansion bus is completely compati- 
ble with that of the IBM Personal 
Computer but has nine expansion 
positions instead of five. 

The MPX-16 uses the Intel 8088 
microprocessor and the optional Intel 
8087 numeric coprocessor; the main 
circuit board has room for 256K bytes 
of user memory and contains two 
serial and three parallel I/O ports, a 
floppy-disk controller, and EPROMs 
(erasable programmable read-only 
memories) containing the BIOS (basic 
input/output system) module of 
Digital Research's CP/M-86 16-bit 
disk operating system. The MPX-16 
can be expanded by plugging in 
various circuit boards and interfaces 



54 January 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 



? 



Bored Waiting? 

Here's The Board You Ve 
Been Waiting For. 



A Hare 
Pius 

Tape Cc 



Teletek's HD/CTC 




A hard disk and cartridge tape 
controller together on one board? 
Magic? Not really. It's Teletek's 
HD/CTC. The hard disk and cartridge 
tape drive controller provide the 
support necessary to interface both 
a rigid-disk drive and a cartridge 
tape deck to the S-100 bus. 
A colorful addition to Teletek's 
already impressive line of S-100 
boards, the HD/CTC's specifica- 
tions include: 

A Z-80A CPU providing intelligent 
control of the rigid-disk and 
cartridge tape drives. 



Support of 5V4" rigid-disk drives 
with transfer rates of 5 megabits per 
second. Minor changes in on-board 
components allow the support of 
other drive types/sizes and transfer 
rates up to 15 megabits per second. 
(Interface to disk drive is defined by 
software/firmware on board.) 
Controller communications with the 
host processor via 2K FIFO at any 
speed desirable up to the limit of 
2 megabytes per second for a data 
block transfer. Thus the controller 
does not constrain the host proces- 
sor in any manner. 



• Two 28-pin sockets allowing the 
use of up to 1 6k bytes of on-board 
EPROM and up to 8k bytes of 
on-board RAM. 

• Individual software reset capability. 

• Conforms to the proposed IEEE-696 
S-100 standard. 

• Controller can accommodate two 
rigid-disk drives and one cartridge 
tape drive. Expansion is made 
possible with an external card. 



Teletek's HD/CTC Offers A Hard Disc 
Controller, Plus Cartridge Tape Controller, 

All In One Board 



FELETEK 



9767F Business Park Drive Sacramento, CA 95827 (916)361-1777 Telex #4991834. Answer back-Teletek 



©Teletek 1982 



Circle 400 on inquiry card. 




Photo 1: The MPX-16 has been designed to be compatible with the IBM Personal Computer in that peripheral devices made 
for use with the IBM PC can be plugged into the I /O-expansion bus of the MPX-16. 




Photo 2: This keyboard, made by Key Tronic Corporation (Building 14, Spokane 
Industrial Park, Spokane, WA 99214), is nearly an exact copy of the keyboard of 
the IBM Personal Computer. 



to provide a full megabyte of user 
memory and additional external mass 
storage. A more detailed list of char- 
acteristics appears in table 1 on page 
59. 

The MPX-16 was initially designed 
to run CP/M-86, but eventually 
Microsoft's MS-DOS operating sys- 
tem will be available for it, making it 
possible to run most software written 
for the IBM Personal Computer on 
the MPX-16, except software that 
uses unique features of the IBM 
machine. The principal difference is 
this: with the present operating-sys- 
tem BIOS, the MPX-16 communi- 
cates with the user through a serially 
interfaced display terminal instead of 
through a memory-mapped video dis- 
play. In theory, you could plug an 
IBM Display Adapter into one of the 
expansion slots and connect a serial 
keyboard (such as the Key Tronic 
model shown in photo 2) for exact 



56 January 19» © BYTE PublicaHoni Inc 




Photo 3: Blasts and flying fluids won't faze an MPX-16 computer protected by a Hoffman heavy-duty NEMA 12 enclosure. (Photo 
courtesy of Owl Electronic Laboratories Inc.) 



hardware emulation. 

The MPX-16 is well suited for use 
as a low-cost 8088-based computer 
for integration into a complete hard- 
ware/software package chiefly 
because it combines so many func- 
tions on a single printed-circuit 
board. Putting together the hardware 
of a complete system, you need only 
add a power supply, a serial video- 
display or printing terminal, and one 
floppy-disk drive (either 5V4- or 
8-inch). By the time you read this, an 
enclosure for the circuit board should 
be available. Many applications need 
nothing more. 

Photo 3 shows the MPX-16 along 
with all the other components needed 
to create an industrial control system, 
including a NEMA 12 (a National 
Electrical Manufacturers Association 
specification) enclosure, which 
should protect it from any environ- 
ment you'd want to operate it in. 



Parallel I/O Interface 

The MPX-16 System Board sup- 
ports four independent parallel I/O 
ports; of these, two are dedicated to 
single purposes and two are available 
as general-purpose I/O ports. The 
two dedicated ports use the Intel 
8255A-5 programmable peripheral in- 
terface (PPI), which appears as IC60 
in section 4 of the schematic diagram, 
figure 1 on pages 60 and 61 . The other 
two ports are implemented using the 
Intel 8155H-2 chip, IC47 in figure 1, 
which contains two I/O ports, a 
14-bit counter/ timer circuit, and 256 
bytes of read/ write memory. (This 
memory is not used in the MPX-16. 
I've written about the 8155 before; see 
reference 3.) The relationship of the 
parallel I/O subsystems with the 
global system bus structures can be 
seen in the system block diagram (see 
figure 2 in part 1, November 1982 
BYTE, pages 84 through 86). Most 



notably, the 8155 communicates over 
the local address/data bus shared 
with the processors, while the 8255 
receives its data through the buffered 
resident data bus. 

One of the dedicated ports is used 
during system initialization to read 
the settings of DIP (dual-inline pin) 
switches SWl through SW8, which 
form an 8-bit system-configuration 
value. The eight lines of the con- 
figuration switches drive the port-A 
lines of the 8255. These lines are in- 
itialized by the power-up software in- 
itialization routine as input lines in 
the 8255's operating-mode (basic in- 
put/output). The operating system 
can read the switch settings via an in- 
put instruction from I/O address 
hexadecimal 1A0. Data bits to 7 in 
the value obtained contain the respec- 
tive settings of SWl to SW8. 

The second dedicated parallel port 
in the 8255 is normally set up as a 



January 19«3 © BYTE Publications Inc 



57 



Make 
me Qume 



Co 



The Qume SPRINT 11 PLUS™ is the new stan 
dard of quality for professional, letter-perfect 
daisywheel printing. And for just $1776, 
you can have it for your personal or desk- 
top computer. It comes complete with a 
Qume Connection interface module to fit 
popular computers from IBM, Radio Shack, "^ 
Commodore, Xerox, Hewlett Packard, North 
Star and many others. Its 96-character daisywheel 
delivers letter-quality text at a steady 40 cps. And 



etioix. 

with an average of 5,500 trouble-free hours 
(3 years typical use) between maintenance, 
the SPRINT 11 PLUS is unmatched in 
reliability. Qume quality is the choice of 
sophisticated, professional users. At $1776, 
there's no reason for you to settle for any- 
thing less. Make the Qume Connection by 
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Or write Qume, 2350 Qume Drive, 
San Jose, California 95131. 



Our new 

SPRINT 11 PLUS 
fits every computer. 

$1776. 




Qume 

:». ▼ A Subsidiary of ITT 



It's easy to make the 
Qume Connection. 

Call the distributor nearest you to get the 
best quality printer for your microcomputer. 



Abacus Data Services 

(416) 677-9555 Ontario. 

Canada 
Anacomp/ESCOM 
Division 

(213) 516-7480 CA 
(206) 641-4990 WA 
(509) 624-1308 WA 

Anthem Systems 
Corporation 

(415) 342-9182 CA 

Audiovisual Services 

(713)659-1111 TX 
(800) 392-7777 TX Only 

Bohlig and Associates 

(612)922-7011 MN 

Butler Associates 

(61 7) 964-5270 MA 
Byte Industries 

(800) 972-5948 CA Only 
(800) 227-2070 Outside CA 

C&G Distributors, Inc. 

(513) 435-4340 OH 

(800) 245-1084 Outside OH 
(412) 366-5056 PA 

(800) 245-1084 Outside PA 
David Jamison 
Carlyle Corp. 

(213) 277-4562 CA 

(415) 254-9550 CA 
(714) 640-0355 CA 
(808) 531-5136 HI 

(312) 975-1500 IL 
(201) 946-9669 NJ 

(214) 458-0888 TX 

(713) 530-4980 TX 

The Computer Factory 

(212) 687-5000 NY 
(914) 793-1300 NY 

(212) 896-0700 NY 
(516) 248-6700 NY 

Computing Resources. I nc 
(702) 825-8800 NV 
Computer Mart 
of New Jersey 
(201) 283-0600 N J 
Datamex Ltd. 
(514)481-1116 Montreal. 

Canada 
(613) 224-1391 Ottowa 

(416) 787-1208 Toronto 
(604) 684-8625 Vancouver 

Data Systems Marketing 

(602) 833-0061 AZ 

(714) 540-2312 CA 
(213)641-2050 CA 
(415)941-0240 CA 
(916)891-8358 CA 

(213) 796-2562 CA 
(213) 796-2631 CA 
(714) 560-9222 CA 

(213) 344-7097 CA 
(209) 237-8577 CA 
(303) 573-5133 CO 
(303) 694-1 710 CO 

(313) 254-2830 Ml 
(406) 587-1200 MT 
(505)294-1531 NM 
(503) 297-8444 OR 
(412) 486-2676 PA 

(214) 960-1604 TX 

(713) 789-0803 TX 

(801) 292-6666 UT 
(206)575-8123 WA 
Data Technology 
Industries 

(415) 638-1206 CA 
Data Terminal Mart 
(403) 270-3737 Alberta 

(403) 420-1 755 Alberta 

(514) 288-1555 Montreal 
(902) 469-3782 Nova Scotia 

(416) 677-0184 Ontario 
(416) 495-2001 Ontario 
(416) 245-4780 Ontario 
(613) 729-5196 Ontario 
(604) 872-8482 Vancouver 

Equipment Resources 

(404) 955-0313 GA 
General Electric 

(205)479-6547 AL 
(602) 2788515 AZ 
(415) 436-9265 CA 

(714) 231-0309 CA 
(203) 628-9638 CT 
(904) 751-0615 FL 
(305) 921-0169 FL 
(404) 452-4919 GA 
(319)285-7501 I A 
(219) 933-4500 IN 
(31 7) 241-9330 IN 
(812)473-6161 IN 
(502)452-3311 KY 
(61 7) 938-1920 MA 
(301) 332-4710 MD 
(612) 522-4396 MN 



(816)231-6362 MO 
(314)965-7115 MO 
(704)525-3011 NC 
(201) 227-7900 NJ 
(518) 385-4888 NY 
(716) 876-1200 NY 
(513) 874-8512 OH 
(503) 221-5095 OR 
(901) 527-3709 TN 
(214) 243-1106 TX 
(713) 672-3575 TX 
(801) 973-2253 UT 

Gentry and Associates 

(305) 859-7450 FL 
InterACT Computer 
Systems 

(305)331-7117 FL 
(404) 953-8213 GA 
(704) 552-7502 NC 
(704) 254-1949 NC 
MicroAmerica 

(213) 327-6030 CA 
(800) 262-4212 CA Only 
(800) 421-1485 Outside CA 
(617)449-5807 MA 
(800)343-4411 Outside MA 
(617) 431-7660 MA 

(214) 235-3616 TX 
(800) 442-5847 TX Only 

(800) 527-3261 Outside TX 

National Computer 
Syndicate 

(312) 459-6400 IL 

Office Systems, Inc. 

(704) 374-0822 NC 
(919) 274-8423 NC 
(919) 549-0545 NC 

PAR Associates 

(303) 371-4140 CO 

(801) 292-8145 UT 

Pioneer Electronics 

(205) 837-9300 AL 
(305) 859-3600 FL 
(305) 771-7520 FL 
(404)448-1711 GA 
(301) 948-0710 MD 
(919)273-4441 NC 

(215) 674-4000 PA 

Pioneer Standard 
Electronics 

(312) 437-9680 IL 
(317) 849-7300 IN 

(313) 525-1800 Ml 
(612) 935-5444 MN 

(216) 587-3600 OH 
(513) 236-9900 OH 
(412) 782-2300 PA 

(512) 835-4000 TX 

(214) 386-7300 TX 
(713) 988-5555 TX 

Schweber 

(205) 882-2200 AL 
(408) 496-0200 CA 
(213) 537-4321 CA 
(916) 929-9732 CA 

(213) 999-4702 CA 
(203) 792-3500 CT 
(305)927-0511 FL 
(305) 331-7555 FL 
(404) 449-9170 GA 
(319) 373-1417 IA 

(312) 364-3750 IL 
(617) 275-5100 MA 
(301) 840-5900 MO 

(313) 525-8100 Ml 
(612) 941-5280 MN 
(201) 227-7880 NJ 
(516) 334-7474 NY 
(716) 424-2222 NY 
(216) 464-2970 OH 

(513) 439-1800 OH 
(918) 622-8000 OK 

(215) 441-0600 PA 
(412) 782-1600 PA 

(713) 784-3600 TX 

(214) 661-5010 TX 
(512) 458-8253 TX 

(414) 784-9020 Wl 

Tek Aids Industries Inc. 

(312) 870-7400 IL 
(512) 835-9518 TX 
Terminal Rentals 

(602) 258-4466 AZ 

(714) 832-2414 CA 
(408) 292-9915 CA 
(213) 637-3413 CA 
(714) 235-9268 CA 

(415) 956-4821 CA 

Terminals Unlimited 

(800) 336-0423 
Unico 

(512)451-0251 TX 
Victor Electronics 
(617) 481-4010 MA 
Western New York 
Computer 
(716) 381-4120 NY 



Qume 

▼ A Subsidiary ol ITT 

Circle 347 on inquiry card. 



1. designed to use a 5-MHz Intel 8088 microprocessor, which combines a 16-bit 
architecture with an 8-bit bus interface and has 20-bit addressing capability for up to 
1 megabyte of system memory, operating in maximum mode to support multipro- 
cessing 

2. optional Intel 8087 math coprocessor 

3. onboard space for four 64K-byte banks of dynamic RAM for a total of up to 256K 
bytes, with parity generation and error detection. 

4. sockets for up to 64K bytes of JEDEC 24- or 28-pin standard ROM or EPROM devices 

5. two RS-232C serial interface ports 

6. two 8-bit general-purpose parallel I/O ports with handshaking control lines 

7. one Centronics-compatible parallel printer port 

8. four programmable timers (one for a real-time clock, two for data rates, one for 
memory-refresh requests) 

9. four independent DMA (direct memory access) channels 

10. sixteen levels of vectored, prioritized interrupt control 

1 1 . single- or double-density floppy-disk controller for controlling up to four 5 V4 -inch or 
8-inch drives 

12. five 62-pin l/O-expansion-channel connectors (hardware compatible with the IBM 
Personal Computer) with space for four more 

13. five-layer 9- by 12-inch printed-circuit board 

14. BIOS for CP/M-86 in EPROM 

Table 1: Features of the MPX-16 computer system. 



Centronics-compatible printer port. 
This second port can also be used as a 
general-purpose 15-bit parallel inter- 
face with 10 output lines and 5 in- 
put lines. Fourteen of the I/O lines 
are connected to the port-B and port-C 
lines of the 8255. All 15 lines are buf- 
fered and connected to the 20-pin 
Bergstik connector J15. The 10 output 
lines from port B and bits 6 and 7 of 
port C drive sections of the open- 
collector buffers IC77 and IC78. The 
5 input lines are buffered by IC77 and 
IC76, with pull-up resistors on the in- 
put lines to allow for use of open- 
collector drivers on the other end. 
Signal-return paths are provided on 
pins 14 through 18 of J15. 

The two nondedicated parallel 
ports, which communicate to the out- 
side world through the two 20-pin 
Bergstik connectors J16 and J17, are 
implemented with the 8155H-2, IC47. 
These two identical I/O ports, each 
with 11 I/O lines (three of which are 
used for handshaking control), are in- 
itialized by the software initializa- 
tion routine as one 8-bit output port 
(116) and one 8-bit input port (J17). 
Because these ports are meant to be 
used for varying purposes, the appli- 
cation software of the user will 
typically reinitialize the 8155 to suit 
the application. This is accomplished 



by writing a new control word into 
the 8155's command /status register 
located at I/O address hexadecimal 
ICO. 

Serial Interface 

The MPX-16 system board con- 
tains two independent RS-232C asyn- 
chronous serial I/O ports (also 
known as serial channels). These are 
primarily intended to be used in con- 
necting the system to video-display 
terminals, but they may be attached 
to any compatible RS-232C devices. 
One of the serial channels (CHO) has 
been defined as the console I/O port 
for the CP/M-86 operating-system 
software. The second serial port 
(CHI) is available for user-defined 
applications. 

The two RS-232C serial ports are 
implemented with Intel 8251A 
USARTs (universal synchronous/ 
asynchronous receiver/ transmitters), 
as shown in figure 1. An 8251 A is 
capable of transmitting and receiving 
simultaneously at different data rates; 
however, the MPX-16 system re- 
quires that the same rate be used for 
both transmitting and receiving. A 
split-speed application may be sup- 
ported by using both serial ports, 
programmed to operate at different 
rates. 

January 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 59 



*(2) 
•(3) 



S2 ■ 

SYSAIE • 

SYSIORD - 

SYSIOWR • 

SYSRES ■ 

SYSCLK2 • 

SYSAO ■ 
SYSA1 ■ 

RESDATO ■ 
RESDAT1 ■ 
RESOAT2 - 
RESDAT3 - 
RES0AT4 - 
RESOAT5 - 
RESDAT6 ■ 
RESDAT7 ■ 



CRYSTAL 2 
4.9152MHz 



R20 
1.8K 



R19 
1.8K 



M vw II IC53[U>- 



<T IC76 ' — 



IC76 

R21 74LS14 

33K 



Cll 
lOOpF 



£ 



IC69 
74LS393 



• CM. 

IC53 | 13 >- 




I I 



IC53 [l4>- 



I7C72 I 

1489 




+ SYSIOWR 

SYSI0R6 ~ 



:R24 
•4.7K 



RESDATO 



SYSIOWR 



CSSIOQ 



SYSRES 



cssioi 



RESDAT2 



RESDAT3 



RESOATS 



GATEO 

GATE1 

GATE 2 

W_R 

RO 

CS 

AO 



D3 

D4 

D5 

D6 

D7 

CLKO 

CLK1 

CLK2 



0UT2 
OUT1 
OUTO 



IC61 
8253-5 



17 TIMEINTR 



*(1) 

-Qe^lC35 



RXC 

TXC 

CLK 

RESET 

WR 

RD 

CS_ 

C/D 



03 

D4 

DS 

06 

D7 

CTS 

DSR 

RXO 



TXRDY 
RXRDY 



IC70 
8251A 



RESOATO 27 



RXC 
TXC 
CLK 
RESET 

WR 

RD 

CS_ 

C/0 

DO 

Dl 

02 

03 

DA 

D5 

06 

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CTS 

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RS-232C DTR [17>— 
OSR <C~6~1~ 
CTS < j 5 h 
RTS Q^>~ 
RXD < [TT - 



CHO CONFIG. JUMPERS 
A _ 6 _ | DSRO 



TXD [~2^— 

sig'nal snd pT> -, 



SERIAL CHANNEL 
CONNECTOR 



rTcso 

1488 






-|2<r> IC62 
-|18^> IC62 



I7C79 
1488 



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15 SI01TXRDY 



14 SiOlRXRpy 



I I 

-f21> IC62 
-|l9> IC62 



CHI CONFIG. JUMPERS 
0SR1 A^ 6 -J 



J14 

— <C?0~l DTR 

MO DSR 

-l~r> cts 

~<^7~| RTS 

- |~T^ > RXD 

-<f2~| TXD 



JT<? 



GND SIGNAL 



SERIAL CHANNEL 1 
CONNECTOR 



Figure 1: Section 4 of the schematic diagram of the MPX-16 computer. Section 1 appeared in November's article; sections 2 and 3 
appeared in December's article. Connections to other sections of the schematic are shown by the notation *(n), where n is the number 
of the other section. 




SIGNAL 
RETURNS 



Here are shown the interface circuits for the serial and parallel I/O ports: the 8251A USARTs and the 8255A-5 and 8155H-2 
parallel-interface components. 



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Both transmitter-ready and receiv- 
er-ready interrupt-request signals are 
generated during communication se- 
quences. These signals are fed into 
interrupt-request lines IR0, IRl, IR2, 
and IR3 of the slave 8259A program- 
mable interrupt controller, IC62 
(which appeared in section 1 of the 
schematic diagram in November's ar- 
ticle). The channel-0 interrupts have 
priority over the channel-1 inter- 
rupts, and the receiver-ready inter- 
rupt requests have priority over the 
transmitter-ready requests. 

Both types of request signals are 
active-high. The receiver-ready inter- 
rupt request, which signals the main 
processor that a character has been 
received and converted to a parallel 
format, is obtained from the 8251A 
US ART's RXRDY output line. Simi- 
larly, the transmitter-ready interrupt 
request, which signals the processor 
that the 8251A is ready to transmit 
another character to a peripheral 
device, is taken from the TXRDY out- 
put line of the 8251A. (Each USART 
also provides four control lines that 
can be used for modem control.) 

Counter/Timers 

Four independent counter/ timers 
are found on the MPX-16 system 
board. All four are used for dedicated 
system functions and generally 
should not be used for other pur- 
poses. Three of these counter/ timer 
circuits are part of the Intel 8253-5 
programmable interval timer (PIT), 
IC61. The fourth one is the timer sec- 
tion of the 8155H-2, IC47, which was 
discussed above. All of the counter/ 
timers are visible in section 4 of the 
schematic diagram, figure 1. 

The 8253-5 PIT contains three inde- 
pendently programmable 16-bit 
counter/ timer circuits capable of 
clock rates of up to 2 MHz (mega- 
hertz). These counters can be oper- 
ated in any of six different modes: 
terminal-count-interrupt generator, 
programmable one-shot, rate gener- 
ator, square-wave generator, soft- 
ware-triggered strobe, and hardware- 
triggered strobe. 

On the MPX-16 system board, all 
three counter/ timers of the 8253 PIT 
are programmed by the power-up- 
initialization software routine to 



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operate in mode 3 (square-wave gen- 
erator). The input clock signal that 
drives all three of the 8253's counter- 
clock-input lines is obtained from a 
simple crystal-controlled oscillator 
circuit consisting of a 4.9152-MHz 
crystal, a couple of inverter gates, a 
few resistors, and a capacitor. The 
output of this circuit, a 4.9152-MHz 
square wave, is then divided down by 
a 74LS393 binary counter to form a 
2.4576-MHz USART clock and a 
1.2288-MHz clock to drive the 8253 
PIT counters. 

The first counter circuit of the 8253 
PIT is used as a software-program- 
mable data-rate generator, producing 
a signal called BAUDO. Similarly, the 
second counter circuit is used to pro- 
duce the data-rate signal BAUDl. 
The data rate for both serial channels 
is set at power-up for 9600 bps (bits 
per second) using a data-rate multi- 
plier factor of 16. The system soft- 
ware then automatically initializes 
the data rate for the console serial 
channel (channel 0) when the user 
types a Return character in ASCII 



(American Standard Code for Infor- 
mation Interchange). The first char- 
acter must be Return for proper data- 
rate initialization. If the input data 
rate of the console terminal is not 
9600 bps, the program reinitializes 
the counter-1 circuit of the 8253 to 
match the new data rate. 

So that system crashes 

will not occur, 

the memory-refresh 

signal must never 

be altered by 

application software. 

The third counter/ timer circuit of 
the 8253 PIT is intended for use as a 
real-time clock for either time-of-day 
or software-timing-delay applica- 
tions. This clock is initialized at 
power-up by software, preset for a 
10-ms (millisecond) period (100 Hz). 
This clock output drives the IR0 line 
of the master 8259A interrupt con- 
troller, IC35, and forms the highest- 



priority maskable system interrupt. 
This timekeeping capability can be 
very useful in interrupt-driven, real- 
time process-control applications. 

The fourth counter/ timer on the 
MPX-16 system board is the timer 
section of the 8155H-2, IC47. This 
timer is driven by the SYSCLK2 
(2.386-MHz) clock signal to produce 
the square-wave signal REFRQST, 
which has a period of 15.1 /is (micro- 
seconds). The REFRQST output sig- 
nal activates the periodic refresh 
operation required by the dynamic 
RAMs (random-access read/write 
memories). This vital signal must 
never be altered by the user's applica- 
tion software; if it is, system crashes 
may occur. 

Floppy-Disk Drive Controller 

The MPX-16 system supports up to 
four floppy-disk drives. Versatility is 
provided by jumper-selectable fea- 
tures of the MPX-16's floppy-disk 
controller interface: either 5Vi-inch 
or 8-inch drives may be used and up 
to four drives may be attached to the 



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•jj 1 j © 1982 AshtonTate 

I^^JJS mm "?35^ CP/M is a trademark of [Digital Research 




64 January 1983 © BYTE Publications lnc 



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A. Power Lines 

All power to the disk drives is supplied from an external power supply through separate power cables. A typical 5 '/i -inch floppy-disk drive 
will require approximately + 5 V (volts) DC at 0.5 A (amps) and + 1 2 V DC at 1 A. A typical 8-inch drive will require + 24 V DC at 1 .3 A, + 5 V 
DC at 0.8 A, -5 V DC at 0.05 A and 115 VAC at 0.3 A. 

B. Output Li nes 

DRI VESEL x: The four drive-selection lines, numbered through 3, are provided to enable the selected drive to respond to input signals 
and consequently to output data and/or status information. Each individual drive must be configured to respond to one of the four drive- 
select signals. This is usually accomplished via a programmable shunt header or a DIP switch. A drive is selected by a logic low state on the 
sel ect line assig ned to it. 

DIRECTION: This control line defines the direction of motion of the selected drive's read/write head during a step operation. A high state 
(equivalent of logic 1 ) will cause the head to move out, toward the outer edge of the disk. A low state (logic 0) will cause the read/write head to 
m ove in, toward the center of the disk. 

STEP: This control line causes the selected drive to move its read/write-head carriage one position in the direction controlled by the 
direction-select line. Each step is initiated by the low-to-high transition of the STEP pulse. Direction changes must occur at least 1 pS before 
the trailing edge of the step pulse. 

WR ENABLE: The write-enable, or write-gate, signal enables the writing of data onto the disk when it is active-low. When this line is 
in active-high, the read-data logic and head-step logic circuits are enabled. 

HEADLOAD x: The four head-load lines, numbered through 3, are alternative output lines which usually require the user to install or 
configure the drive unit to accept them. The head-load line can be used to load and unload the read/write head from the disk's surface. If 
desired, the heads may be kept loaded to avoid the 50-ms head-load time. Typically a drive will be configured so that the read/write head 
lo ads when either the drive-select line or the motor-on control line becomes active. 

MOTOR ON x: Three output lines, numbered 0, 1, and 2, are provided fo r mo tor-on/motor-o ff control. The MOTOR ON line on pin 16 of 
J11 and J12 is the st andard flopp y-disk interface signal. The MOTOR ON 1 and MOTOR ON 2 lines are available as alternative output con- 
trol lines. When the MOTOR ON line of the floppy-disk drive (if available) is driven active-low, the drive motor will be turned on, allowing 
reading or writing on the drive. Typically, a 1 -second delay is required after activating the motor control line prior to reading or writing. To 
ma ximize motor life, the motor for the drive is usually turned off after 2 seconds if no commands have been issued to the drive. 

SIDESELECT: This output control line is used to select which side of a two-sided floppy disk is to be used for reading or writing. This line 
is provided for future system expansion; it is not supported by the current MPX-1 6 system software. A logic high on this line designates the 
read/write head on side 0, and a logic low indicates selection of the side-1 read/write head. A typical delay of 100 /*s is required before 
re ading or writing af ter switching sides. 

LOW CURRENT: This output control line is an active-low signal used only by 8-inch drives. It causes a reduced current flow through the 
read/write head when writing data on tracks 43 to 76. When tracks through 42 are selected, the low-current signal is high, causing a 
gr eater current flow . 

FAULT RE SET: This is an active-low output signal which can be used to reset a disk drive's fault logic, if the drive has some. 

WR D ATA: The write-data output line contains the serial data information to be written onto the disk. This signal is enabled by the WR 
ENABLE control line. Each positive transition on the WR DATA line causes the current through the read/write head to be reversed, thus 
writing a data bit onto the disk. 

C . Input Lines 

READY: The active-low READY input line can be used to indicate the status of the disk drives when the circuitry in the drive supports 
such a function. This signal typically indicates that the drive motor is rotating at the correct speed and that two index holes have been 
detected after a disk ha s been inserted into the drive. If drive-ready indication is not supported by the drive being used, the jumper to ground 
mu st be in stalled. The READY signal is conditioned by a 150-ohm pull-up resistor and a Schmitt-trigger inverter. 

INDEX: The INDEX interface line is an active-low signal that occurs once for each revolution of the disk. This signal indicates the logical 
be ginning of a track. It is conditioned by a 150-ohm resistor and a Schmitt-trigger inverter. 

TRACK0: This input line is active-low when the drive's read/write head is positioned over track of the disk (the outermost track) and the 
access lo gic circuitry is driving current through phase 1 of the stepper motor's windings. This signal is at a logic 1 at all other times. The 
T RACKO signal is conditioned by a 150-ohm pull-up resistor and a Schmitt-trigger inverting buffer. 

TWOSIDED: The active-low TWOSIDED input signal, for 8-inch drives, indicates that a double-sided disk is contained in the drive when 
low, and a single-sided disk is in the drive when high. This signal is terminated by a 1 50-ohm pull-up resistor and a Schmitt-trigger inverting 
buffer. This signal is not supported by the current system software but is available for future use as two-sided drives become more widely 
used 

WRITE PROTECT: This active-low input signal indicates that the disk inserted on the selected drive has been write-protected, and thus 
no write operations can be performed. On 8-inch drives, the write-protect notch is left uncovered to write-protect the disk; conversely for 
5 V4 -inch drives, the write-protect notch on the disk must be covered to write-protect the disk. This input line is terminated by a 1 50-ohm pull- 
up resisto r and a Schmitt-trigger inverting buffer. 

FAULT: When available, on 8-inch drives, this input line indicates that a fault condition has been detected by the drive-control logic and 
that further operations on the drive should not be permitted. Thus active-low input is terminated by a 150-ohm pull-up resistor and a Schmitt- 
tri gger inverti ng buffer. 

RD DATA: The read-data input signal contains serial data and clock-bit information read from the disk when the WR ENABLE control line 
is high (inactive). This line provides an active-low pulse of approximately 200 ns for each flux reversal detected by the drive electronics, 
whether a data bit or a clock bit. This raw data signal is conditioned by a 150-ohm pull-up resistor and a Schmitt-trigger inverter. 

Table 2: Descriptions of the floppy-disk-drive interface signals found in the MPX-16 system. Both 8-inch and 5Vt-inch drives are 
supported by the floppy-disk controller. 






66 January 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 



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CP/M and MP/M are registered trademarks of Digital Research Inc. Apple II is a registered trademark 
of Apple Computer. Inc. MS-DOS and Soflcard are trademarks of Microsoft. TRS-80 is a trademark 
of Tandy Corporation. IBM is a trademark ol International Business Machines. 



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system. Three drive-motor-control 
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for 5V4-inch and 8-inch drives, re- 
spectively. A description of the func- 
tions of each interface signal is given 
in table 2 on page 66. 

Either single- or double-density 
recording may be selected under soft- 
ware control. The normal disk format 
is compatible with the IBM 3740 for- 



mat (in the 8-inch size) or with the 
IBM Personal Computer (in the 5Vi- 
inch size — what might be called the 
IBM 5150 format), but this can be 
changed via a software modification. 
Single-density recording uses the FM 
(frequency modulation) technique, 
while double-density operation uses 
the MFM (modified frequency modu- 
lation) technique. (See reference 7 for 
an explanation of FM and MFM as 
applied to floppy disks.) 

The heart of the floppy-disk inter- 



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face is an Intel 8272 single-chip 
floppy-disk controller, or FDC 
(IC21). This device appears in section 
5 of the schematic diagram, figure 2 
on pages 70 and 71, along with the 
rest of the floppy-disk interface logic. 

The Intel 8272 was designed to be 
pin- and function-compatible with 
the NEC (Nippon Electric Company) 
/iPD765 floppy-disk controller. These 
controllers support 15 software com- 
mands, processor-interrupt genera- 
tion, DMA (direct memory access) 
data transfers, and generation of 
several control signals that can be 
used to reduce the amount of hard- 
ware support logic required to em- 
ploy double-density recording for- 
mats. The 8272 FDC, in conjunction 
with the 8237A DMA controller, 
IC48, forms an efficient disk-interface 
subsystem. 

There are six basic functional sec- 
tions in the disk interface: clock-sig- 
nal-generation logic, motor-on/ off 
logic, drive-control logic, data-write 
logic, processor-interface logic, and 
data-recovery logic for reading the 
disk. 

Clock-Signal Generation 

The 8272 FDC requires two exter- 
nal clock signals as input: a 4- or 
8-MHz square-wave clock and a data- 
write clock, with a pulse duration of 
250 ns (nanoseconds), that is pulsed 
at one of three frequencies. 

The square-wave clock input at pin 
19 of the FDC is derived from an 
8-MHz crystal oscillator, IC10. If 
8-inch drives are to be used, jumper 
JP16 must be installed and JP17 re- 
moved. This routes the 8-MHz clock 
directly to pin 19. When 5V4-inch 
drives are to be used, JP27 must be in- 
stalled and JP16 removed, applying a 
4-MHz signal to pin 19, instead. 

The repetition rate of the 250-ns 
data-write clock pulse is 1 MHz, 500 
kHz (kilohertz), or 250 kHz, depend- 
ing on the disk-drive type and disk 
format. Multiplexer IC3 selects the 
correct clock frequency for the 
desired recording density. When the 
MFM signal coming from the 8272 is 
in a logic low state, single-density fre- 
quencies are selected. When MFM is 
high, the double-density frequencies 
are selected. 

Text continued on page 72 



68 January 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 



Circle 263 on inquiry card. 



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roughly 6 full pages. Instead of waiting for the text to 
print you retain complete computer control while the 
buffered text is sent to the printer. Edit another letter or 
enter an invoice while the previous one prints. 

The time saved with V-SPOOL can be substantial. 
Using a letter quality printer, you'll save up to a minute 
per page. If you print 60 pages of letters or invoices a day, 
that's an hour saved. 

NO HARDWARE COSTS 

V-SPOOL costs a fraction of a hardware buffer. 
Instead of three hundred dollars, V-SPOOL isjust $79. It 
also requires no power, will never break down and is in 
many cases faster - a hardware buffer may take 17 
seconds to fill up while V-SPOOL will buffer the text 
almost instantly. 



SIMPLE TO USE 



One command activates V-SPOOL. It's that 
simple. Its operation is foolproof and transparent to 
your application programs - you'll want to use it all the 
time. 

NO INTERFACING 

V-SPOOL requires no hardware or software 
modifications. Just CP/M 2.2. It occupies only 3K of 
memory space plus the size of the print buffer (variable 
from 2K to 16K). Installation is very simple - it comes 
ready-to-run on most CP/M computers. 



Disk and Manual $79 



Quality software by 







Exclusively distributed in North America by 
CompuView Products, Inc. 

CP/M is a registered trademark of Digital Research, Inc. 




CompuView 



PRODUCTS, INC. 

1955 Pauline Blvd., Suite 200 • Ann Arbor, Michigan 48103 • (313) 996-1299 
Australian Distribution: Software Source Pty. Ltd. • 89 Oxford St. • Bondi Junction NSW 2022 Australia • (02) 389-6388 

Circle 118 on inquiry card. 



*(2) 
»(3I 





SYSTEM CONTROL BUS 








■ 






SYSTEM ADDRESS BUS 






RESIDENT DATA BUS 




















RFRnflT7 — . .. 



J10 (MOLEX 22-05-3151) 

GND rr 




"POLARIZING KEY" I 11 I 
-12V0C ru 



13 
♦ >2A 



jr:° 



°0 

°c 

1/2 IC7 Q s 
74LS393 



■ID o 



IC5 
74LS175 



3D 
4D 
>CK 
CLR 



1Q 
30 



150MARQST2 



-|T^> IC48 



IC20 
74LS04 



IC55 
74LS08 



^iP ' 



11 , JP13 JPU I 3 



IC9 
74LS 



IC10 
8 MHz 
CRYSTAL 
OSCILLATOR 



«t 



SEL 
STB 



1/2 IC3 
74LS157 



15 



IC20 
74LS04 



IC14 ° 

74LS74 



1_^ 



JP16A JP17 



3MHi V 



t V 



tio 



,(.- 



IC20 
74LS04 



>CLK Q 

CLR 



JT 



«c 

R A «D 



1/2 IC7 
74LS393 



-TL 3 



$ I C 13 IC16 f 

4 74LS74 74LS74 



>CLK 

cTr 



PRE 
D Q 



>CLK Q 

CLR 



f 



IC 2 1 <CTi~r— 



IC8 
74LS10 



IC9 
PU 74LS74 



V C C 




Rl R2 

4 5.62K „„ „,„ 11.82K 

T 1 j % JP9 JPIO 1% 



pu <- 




IC8 

74LS10 




12 MFMDAT 



1/2 IC3 
74LS157 



SEL 
STB 



1' 



\/IC20 
6 74LS04 



k 



>CLK Q 

CLR 



I 13 IC15 
, v 74LS74 



>CLK 
cTr 



IC15 V C c 

74LS14 



PRE 
Q 



>CLK 

cTr 



>CLK Q 

CLR 



-E 



IC 16 
74LS74 



IC13 
74LS74 




VCC 



Figure 2: Section 5 of the MPX-16 schematic diagram. Here are shown the system-board power connections and the floppy-disk con- 
troller, including the PLL (phase-locked loop) circuitry used to recover data read from a disk. Connections for both 8-inch and 
5'A-inch drives are shown. 



SYSIOWR - 
SYSRES - 

SYSAO- 

RESDATO- 
RESDAT1 - 
RESDAT2 - 
RESDAT3 ■ 
RESDAT4 - 
RESDAT5 - 
RESDAT6 - 
RESDAT7 - 



IC6 
74LS173 



IC53 \J^>~ 



F. 



Tc Is rr>- 


CSFDC 


4 


IC53|_2_>- 




14 




OMACK2 


15 


16 




8/4 MHz 


19 




»F« 


26 


21 


23 


22 




VCOSYNC 


24 



vcc 



R15 

IK 



TYPICAL FOR 
PULLUP RESISTORS 



VCC 
A 
1 



!i 'f3fi 



R5 
330n 



R6 

620n 



ce 

47dF 



IC21 

8272/765 



DBO 
OBI 
DB2 
OB3 
DB4 
OB5 
OB6 
OB7 

"WR 

RD 

40 



DRQ 
DACK 



CLK 
MFM 



WCLK 
RDD 

RDW 

vco 



RDY 
IOX 
INT 

USO 

US1 



FLT/TRO 
WP/TS 



LCT/DIR 
FR/STP 



CEXT 
ENABLE 



PU 



( jpi6 m 

n (jPJ5 J-C12 
I » ^ O.ImF 



1 FOCRES 



0E1 

oil 



r IC18 
7406 



IC4 

74S124 



VCO 

8MHI 
NOMINAL 



>CLK 
2D 



IC 17 

74LS175 



1 FDCWE 






JP18-4 J11 



1^ I JKI 

-^>*t- 




MOTOR ON 2 

- | 24 | 1 40 | WR ENABLE 

— { 32 | 1 14 | SIDE SELECT 



vcc 



*> RN1 I 

I VA •—HIT 



te 



2 
74LS14 



VCC 



-f23>lC62 



I C 12 
74LS14 



■o*- 



I !C_.j 



"j/^TI 



IC 26 
74LS139 



1Y0 
1Y1 
1Y2 
iTi 

2r0 

2T1 

2V2 
2Y3 



RN1 

150 n 



- J34 \ -f 1 22 I READY 

JP18-6 

- | a I 1 20 I INDEX 



C12 
74LS14 



I7C27 
'7407 



0-* 



^J>^{Eh-S 



i4>>o^ 



>• 



I T- 



D>^ 



H>j 



ici2 

74LS14 



IC22 
74LS240 



E-£>- 



vcc 

R37 

IK 



b* 



i>. 



h|>>h 



o- 



- | 12 I j 26 I DRIVESEL 1 

— I 14 I 1 30 I DRIVESEL 2 

A 6 I 1 32 I DRIVESEL 3 

.0— | 18 I HE4DL0AD 

o— I 24 I HEADLOAO 1 

e— I 48 I HEADLOAD 2 



'\ JP18-S 



I JP18-8 



HEADLOAD 3 



■Ex- 



*&* 



JP18-9 
H 16 I 1 34 I DIRECTION 

H 20 I 1 36 j STEP 



L. 



IC23 
7407 



-m 



FAULT RESET 



LOW CURRENT 



vcc 
4 






dP 



H>- 8 



IC 18 
74 06 



IC3 1 

1G 
I C 1 1 
74LS153 



lo<<]> 7 * L ' 14 



RN1 

ison 



■12= — QTj (77] TRACKO 

TSIDE 1 1 

- 1 10 [ TWOSIDED 



— I 26 I 1 4 4 I WRITE PROTECT 

1 6 j FAULT 



X 



5 1/4 FDC CONNECTOR - 



- | 22 I 1 38 I WR DATA 

— | 30 I 1 46 I RD DATA 

-CD — H 
hi J12 



8 FDC CONNECTOR - 



ALL ODD NUMBERED PINS TIED TO GROUND 



* (SECTION #) DENOTES CONNECTION TO INDICATED PIN 
OR SIGNAL ON OTHER NUMBERED CIRCUIT SECTIONS. 



A complete table of the MPX-16's integrated circuits was printed in the part 2 of this series (December 1982 BYTE, pages 56 and 60). 
The table included a listing of power connections and a cross-reference by schematic section. 



Motor Control 

The floppy-disk-drive interface 
provides three separate motor-on/ off 
control lines for the floppy-disk 
drives: MO TOR ON 0, M OTOR 

ON l,and MOTOR ON 2. These 
signals are generated by a 74LS173 
quad D-type register chip, IC6. The 
4-flip-flop register is addressed as an 
I/O device residing on the resident 
data bus at hexadecimal address 0A0. 
The Q0 output of IC6 controls the 

MOTOR ON line. To turn the 
motor on, a logic 1 is written into Q0, 
and to turn off the motor a logic is 
written. The Ql and Q2 outputs of 
IC6 similarly control the MOTOR 

ON 1 and MOTOR O N~2~ lines. 

The MOTOR ON line is con- 
nected to pin 16 on both Jll (the 5 X A- 
inch-drive connector) and J12 (the 
8-inch-drive connector). Use of this 
pin for motor control in floppy-disk 
interfaces is fairly standard through- 
out the computer industry. The other 
two motor-control lines are not stan- 
dard but are provided to allow addi- 
tional control, if needed, by wiring 



the interface cable appropriately. 
The most common arrangement is for 
MOTOR ON~0 to control drive A, 
M OTOR ON 1 to control drive B, 
and MOTOR ON 2 to control drives 
C and D. All three control lines have 
an onboard jumper that can be used 
to disconnect the signal from the disk- 
drive connectors. 



Drive-Control Logic 

The floppy-disk-interface drive- 
control logic consists of all control 
signals other than the motor-on/off 
control signals supplied to or received 
from the electronic circuitry inside 
the floppy-disk drives. All of the out- 
put signal lines are driven by type- 
7406 open-collector inverting drivers 
or type-7407 open-collector nonin- 
verting drivers. All input signal lines 
are conditioned by 150-ohm pull-up 
resistors and 74LS14 Schmitt-trigger 
inverter gates. All of the signals, in- 
put and output, are active-low. 

The RW/SEEK line of the 8272 
FDC is used to multiplex eight DC in- 



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125 NORTHVIEW RD., ITHACA, N.Y. 14850 
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terface signals onto four pins of the 
8272. When the FDC is in the seek 
mode (with RW/SEEK low), pin 19 
of the 74LS240 octal inverting buffer 
IC22 is driven low. This causes the 
TRACKO and the TWOSIDED 
signals to be input into pins 33 and 34 
of t he FDC , and the DIRECTION 
and STEP signals from pins 38 and 
37 to be output to the drives. 

When the FDC is in the read/write 
mode (with RW/SEEK high), pin 1 of 
the inverting buffer IC22 is driven 
low. This all ows t he WRITE 
PROTECT and FAULT signals to 
pass into pins 34 and 33 of the FDC 
and lets the FA ULT RESET and 
LOW CURRENT signals from pins 
37 and 38 of the FDC pass to the 
drive. Note that the four signals that 
were gated by a low state on the 
RW/SEEK line are now blocked by 
the high-impedance state of their buf- 
fer sections. A pull-up resistor is pro- 
vided to ensure that a false STEP 
command is not issued to the drive 
units. 

The 8272 FDC provides two con- 
trol signals to select one of four 
drives, USO and USl on pins 29 and 
28. These two lines drive the 74LS139 
dual 2-to-4-line demultiplexer, IC26, 
which selects the desired drive by 
placing a low state on the correspond- 
ing DRIVESEL x line. The signals 
from USO and USl are tapped off to 
another section of the demultiplexer 
to activate the head-load signal at the 
same time. (The interface may be 
wired to load all heads together or 
separately.) 

The HD (head-select) output of the 
8272, pin 27, is available for applica- 
tions where two-sided disk drives are 
available. This signal can be used to 
select one of the two read/write 
heads. Initially, the MPX-16 system 
software supports only single-sided 
drives and does not use this control 
signal. A two-sided modification will 
eventually be incorporated. 

Two input pins, the READY and 



INDEX signals are conditioned by 
74LS14 Schmitt-trigger inverters and 
routed directly to the 8272. The 

READY line can be jumpered to 
ground if the attached drives do not 
provide a status-ready indication. An 
index pulse occurs once per revolu- 



72 January 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 



Circle 66 on inquiry card. 



Expand your possibilities with 
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If you have to wait impatiently for your personal 
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task, you need Concurrent CP/M. This new software tech- 
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Using Concurrent CP/M, you can run several 
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program to another. For the first time you can write a letter 
while you do your financial planning. For the first time 
you can write text while printing other documents. For 
the first time you can edit programs while your program 
compiles. Concurrent CP/M is the best investment 



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the value of your hardware and lets you use all the CP/M 
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wave in the business. 

There's nothing like Concurrent CP/M in the 
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Pacific Grove, California 93950 Circle 148 on inquiry card. 



Coming soon! CP/M '83 International 
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tion of the disk when a soft-sectored 
floppy disk (the type supported by 
the MPX-16) is being used in the 
selected drive. 

Data-Write Logic 

The data-write logic consists of the 
74LS175 quad type-D flip-flop IC17 
and the 74LS153 4-to-l decoder, 
ICll. The 74LS175 is configured as a 
shift register clocked by the single/ 
double-density write clock, which 
provides the precompensation re- 
quired for double-density recording. 
The actual value (250 or 125 ns) 
depends on the particular drive size 
being used and is selected by jumpers 
JP20 and JP21. 

Data-Recovery Logic 

The data-recovery (data-read) logic 
of the floppy-disk interface, shown 
on page 70 of figure 2, is fairly com- 
plex, due to the subtleties of MFM 
double-density recording. The 
MPX-16 uses a PLL (phase-locked- 
loop) circuit to decode the double- 
density data. The 8272 floppy-disk 



controller, IC21, requires two input 
signals, the RDD and RDW signals at 
pins 23 and 22, respectively, to be 
generated from the raw-data signal 
read from the disk and transmitted to 
the interface by the drive electronics. 
The RDD signal consists of one posi- 
tive pulse for each magnetic-flux 
reversal read from the disk, which 
can signify either a clock bit or a data 
bit. The RDW signal tells the 8272 of 
the status of the "data window" (a 
period of time in which a pulse may 
or may not occur), which is used by 
the 8272 to determine if the flux 
reversal is a data bit or a clock bit (see 
reference 7). 

The 8272 provides two output 
signals, the VCOSYNC and MFM sig- 
nals, that simplify the implementa- 
tion of a PLL data-recovery circuit. 
The VCOSYNC signal goes active- 
high when valid data is being read 
from the disk and is used to enable 
the PLL logic. When a gap area (a 
place on a floppy disk where no data 
is recorded — for example, between 
the disk's identification and data 



fields) is being read by the read/write 
head, the VCOSYNC signal goes low 
to disable the PLL. In addition, the 
VCOSYNC signal can be high only 
after the read/write head has been 
loaded and the head-load time has 
elapsed. The MFM signal from the 
8272, when active-high, indicates that 
the 8272 has been programmed for 
double-density operation; when 
MFM is inactive-low, single-density 
operation is indicated. This signal, 
along with the data-recovery logic, 
allows the recording mode to be soft- 
ware-selected between single- and 
double-density operation. 

The active-high RAWDATA pulses 
from the disk-drive circuitry trigger 
two one-shot multivibrator sections, 
both in IC2, which serve as pulse 
shapers for the phase-detector logic. 
Section IC2a shapes the single-density 
(FM) data pulses, while section IC2b 
works for double-density (MFM) data. 
Separate one-shots are provided for 
the MFM and FM modes so that the 
recording format can be selected only 
by software. 



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for storage and peripherals through four channel DMA. 
Memory and Disk Storage 320K of 200ns dynamic 
RAM combined with five (5) Z80A microprocessors pro- 
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74 January 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc Circle 84 On inquiry Card. 



With ASCOM . . . 



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personal computer communication 

has never been this easy. 



That's why Big 8 accounting firms and 
Fortune 500 companies use ASCOM. 

ASCOM is an interactive microcom- 
puter telecommunications program for 
timesharing and data transfers. It is 
easy to use because it employs menus, 
simple commands and features an on- 
line help facility. 

A typical use of ASCOM is to access 
a data base to retrieve data for storage 
and analysis on your microcomputer. It 
can also be used to transmit program 
files to another machine running 
ASCOM. This can be done locally 
through direct connection, or over 
telephone lines by using a modem. 

ASCOM works on IBM PC, MS-DOS, 
CP/M-86, and CP/M-80 compatible 
micros. 



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ASCOM is a trademark of Dynamic Microprocessor 
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B-1 



ASCOM features: 

.Works with modems or by direct con- 
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baud. 

.Transfers both text and program files 
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. Protocols to synchronize large file 
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To order ASCOM, call or write today: 

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Circle 39 on inquiry card. 




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The one-shots take the raw data 
pulses from the drive and stretch or 
shrink them to a constant length, as 
required. The duration of the output 
pulses of the one-shots is determined 
by resistors Rl through R4 and capa- 
citors C6 and C7. Jumper connections 
JP9 through JP12 are used to set up 
the correct pulse duration for 5 1 /*- 
inch or 8-inch drives. The RC (resis- 
tance/capacitance) values are chosen 
to provide a shaped data pulse width 
that is one-half the duration of the 
data window. These values are 2 fis 
for 5 a /4-inch and 1 /us for 8-inch 
FMDAT (single-density data) pulses, 
and 1 ^s and 500 ns for 5 l /4-inch and 
8-inch MFMDAT (double-density 
data) pulses, respectively. 

A type-74Sl24 voltage-controlled 
oscillator (VCO), IC4, generates a 
free-running 8-MHz VCO output fre- 
quency used to track the incoming 
data stream. The VCO frequency is 
also divided by 2 to produce a 4-MHz 
clock pulse. Jumpers JP8 and JP15 
select the correct VCO frequency for 
the type of drive in use (8 MHz for 
8-inch and 4 MHz for SVi-inch). 

The read-data pulse for the 8272's 
RDD input is derived from IC13 and 
IC16. Pin 5 of IC13 (the Q output) 
goes high when this flip-flop detects 
the rising edge of each inverted data 
pulse, which corresponds to the lead- 
ing edge of the negative-going raw 
data pulse from the disk drive. On the 
rising edge of the next inverted 
8-MHz VCO-clock pulse, the Q out- 
put of IC13 is then clocked into flip- 
flop IC16, forming the positive RDD 
pulse required by the 8272. 

CP/M-86 BIOS 

Digital Research's CP/M-86 oper- 
ating system is designed to operate in 
almost any 8086- or 8088-based micro- 
computer system. This flexibility has 
been made possible by dividing the 
operating-system code into functional 
sections, one of which is accessible to 
the computer's manufacturer, 
dealers, and users. This section is the 
lowest-level portion and is called the 
basic input/output system or BIOS 
(usually pronounced "by-ahs" or "by- 
ohs" for short). 

The higher-level BDOS (basic disk 
operating system — "bee-dahs"), the 



76 January 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 



nucleus of CP/M-86, calls on the 
BIOS to gain access to the physical 
hardware of the computer system, in 
our case, the MPX-16. This provides 
a very machine-independent environ- 
ment for the BDOS. 

Imagine the BIOS as a slave that 
the BDOS can order around. The 
BDOS knows what it wants to do 
(communicate with the disk con- 
troller or console serial port, for ex- 
ample) but doesn't know exactly how 
to talk to the hardware. It does have 
rapport with the BIOS, though, and 
can ask the BIOS to communicate 
with the hardware and return the 
results. 

As a user, you will almost always 
receive your CP/M-86 computer sys- 
tem with a customized BIOS pre- 
viously installed by your manufac- 
turer or dealer. But if you buy 
CP/M-86 directly from Digital Re- 
search, it will not contain a BIOS that 
will work with the MPX-16. To sup- 
port this project, I have arranged for 
a customized BIOS to be written, 
burned into EPROMs, and distrib- 
uted by The Micromint for use with 
the MPX-16. 

The inner workings of the BIOS 
and full instructions on how to 
customize it are too complex to deal 
with in this article and are covered in 
great detail in the CP/M-86 docu- 
mentation, so rather than duplicate 
that material, I shall attempt to ex- 
plain in English terms what the 
various parts of the BIOS do. 

BIOS Organization 

The BIOS portion of CP/M-86 
resides constantly in user memory 
during normal system operation. 
When power is first applied to the 
MPX-16, the 8088 processor comes 
up executing instructions at the very 
top of memory, in the space assigned 
to EPROM in the MPX-16. The first 
instruction it encounters is an in- 
itialization vector that causes control 
to branch to the initialization routine. 
This routine first performs diagnostic 
operations to make sure that the 
system is working properly, then it 
copies the BIOS out of its storage 
locations in the EPROM into 
addresses low in memory. Control is 
then transferred to the cold-start vec- 

Clrcle 176 on inquiry card. > 



sTTTl 1 1 rrgfiW =i loi* 



Runs With The Best! 



VisiCalc" , DB Master , Desktop Plan" — they are 
all running on the Franklin ACE 1000. Cash flow, 
budgets, word processing or data base manage- 
ment, business or pleasure, the ACE 1000 runs 
with the best. 



The Franklin ACE 1000 is hardware and software 
compatible with the Apple"' II. Franklin users can 
choose from an enormous selection of programs 
— programs that run better on the ACE because it 
includes 64K of RAM, upper and lower case, 
VisiCalc keys, a numeric pad and an alpha lock key. 

Run with the best. Call or write today for the name 
of your local authorized Franklin dealer. 



Franklin ACE is a trademark of Franklin Computer Corporation. 
Apple is a registered trademark of Apple Computer Inc. 
VisiCalc and Desktop Plan are registered trademarks of Visi Coi 
OB Master is a registered trademark of Stoneware. 




X 



\. 






COMPUTER CORPORATION 

7030 Colonial Highway 
Pennsauken, NJ 08109 
609-488-1700 






"fffffffffw > • 



' 



# 




'lllllllllllllllllllll 



> 



BIOS< 



BDOS ( 



TRANSIENT PROGRAM AREA 



DISK PARAMETER TABLES 



BIOS 

(BASIC INPUT /OUTPUT SYSTEM) 



BIOS JUMP VECTORS 



BASIC DISK OPERATING SYSTEM 



CONSOLE COMMAND PROCESSOR 



-CS + 3500 
(APPROXIMATELY) 



-CS + 253F 
-CS + 2500 



JUMP VECTORS 



CS = CODE -SEGMENT REGISTER 

DS = DATA- SEGMENT REGISTER 

SS = STACK -SEGMENT REGISTER 

ES= EXTRA-DATA-SEGMENT REGISTER 



-CS.DS.ES, SS 
(WHEN CP/M-86 
IS IN CONTROL) 



CP/M-86 

CODE AND DATA 



Figure 3: Memory map of the CP/M-86 operating system as configured for the MPX-16. 
In 64K-byte systems, the CS, DS, SS, and ES registers will all contain a value of zero, 
and the segments will overlap. User programs are loaded into the TPA (transient pro- 
gram area). 



Offset from 
Start of BIOS 

0000 
0003 
0006 
0009 
000C 
000F 
0012 
0016 
0018 
001 B 
001 E 
0021 
0024 
0027 
002A 
002D 
0030 
0033 
0036 
0039 
003C 



Instruction 

JMP INIT 
JMP WBOOT 
JMP CONST 
JMPCONIN 
JMP CONOUT 
JMP LIST 
JMP PUNC 
JMP READER 
JMP HOME 
JMP SELDSK 
JMP SETTRK 
JMP SETSEC 
JMP SETDMA 
JMP READ 
JMP WRITE 
JMP LISTST 
JMP SECTRAN 
JMP SETDMAB 
JMP GETSEGB 
JMP GETIOB 
JMP SETIOB 



BIOS 
Function 
Number 



1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 
10 
11 
12 
13 
14 
15 
16 
17 
18 
19 
20 



Description 

cold start 

warm start 

console status check 

console character input 

console character output 

list-device character output 

punch-device character output 

reader-device character input 

move to track 

select a disk drive 

set track number 

set sector number 

set DMA-offset address 

read selected disk sector 

write selected disk sector 

return list-device status 

sector translation 

set DMA segment address 

get MEM region table offset 

get IOBYTE 

set IOBYTE 



Table 3: BIOS (basic input/output system) jump vectors for CP/M-86 on the 
MPX-16. These jump instructions are the 21 entry points to the BIOS. The BDOS 
module calls these subroutines when it needs to send commands or receive data from 
the actual hardware (machine-dependent) interfaces, such as disk drives or serial 
ports. The offset address is from the start of the BIOS, which is located at an address 
in memory hexadecimal 2500 locations up from the start of the CCP/BDOS code 
segment. 



tor of CP/M-86, and normal opera- 
tion begins. 

Figure 3 shows a typical memory 
map for a CP/M-86 installation. The 
BIOS is made up of several subsec- 
tions. The first 63 bytes contain 21 
jump vectors, each 3 bytes long. Each 
jump vector is an instruction to 
transfer control to the address in 
memory of a routine that performs an 
assigned low-level function, such as 
restarting CP/M-86 or getting a con- 
sole character. These functions are 
listed in table 3. 

As shown in figure 3, the BIOS re- 
sides in memory at an address offset 
by hexadecimal 2500 from the base 
address of CP/M-86. This offset is 
constant, but the upper boundary of 
the BIOS may change, depending on 
the size and special requirements of 
the microcomputer hardware. For ex- 
ample, some disk controllers are 
interrupt-driven, some are set up to 
use DMA transfers, and some use 
regular I/O transfers to communicate 
with the processor. The complexity of 
the BIOS depends on how many dif- 
ferent features like these it must sup- 
port. 

The first two jump vectors, as 
shown in table 3, are for system re- 
initialization. The first one is called 
directly by the CP/M-86 loader pro- 
gram and performs any needed hard- 
ware initialization when CP/M-86 is 
loaded "from cold start" (for the first 
time after the computer is turned on). 
The second is called the "warm-start" 
vector because it is called whenever a 
program terminates (through BDOS 
function 0). After the warm-start 
operation has been completed, con- 
trol is immediately transferred to the 
part of CP/M-86 with which the user 
converses, the console command pro- 
cessor, or CCP. 

The next six jump vectors in table 3 
transfer control to various character- 
I/O routines. In all of the routines, a 
character being sent out to a device 
must be placed in the CL register, and 
any character or status information 
being returned will appear in the AL 
register. For example, CONST, 
CONN, and CONOUT pass charac- 
ters to and from the logical console 
device in this manner. The next vec- 
tor (LIST) sends a character to the 



78 January 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 



Circle 415 on inquiry card. 



"Itili-r Moiir," ' ourte-.y nl <jh-<( 

Abram, university ol Moitn Carolina 



"Aurora" liy Richard Kat/. Vectrix 
Corporation 



Integrated Circuit Design" Courtesy "In Thf Beginning" by Richard KatA 
of floyd J James. University of riorth Vectrm Corporation 
Carolina at Chapel Mill 



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logical list device (usually the 
printer). Further down, we see that 
function 15 (LISTST) returns the 
status of the list device. 

The reason why the list-status rou- 
tine is not located adjacent in mem- 
ory to the list-output routine is sim- 
ple: when the first version of 
CP/M-80 was written, no list-status 
routine existed. It was added later, 
but to avoid rearranging all the jump 
vectors, it was added as function 15. 
In CP/M-86, other jump vectors were 
added after it. The logical device 
names Reader and Punch are actually 
obsolete. They were intended for a 
paper-tape reader and punch, but 
these routines are now used to oper- 
ate various auxiliary input and out- 
put devices. 

Disk I/O Routines 

BIOS functions 8 through 14 and 
function 16 are used for disk-con- 
troller communications. For example, 
the HOME function causes the cur- 
rently selected disk to return to track 
(that is, it causes the read /write 
head to seek to the outermost track). 
The SELDSK function activates the 
disk drive whose address is passed in 
the CL register and makes it the cur- 
rent disk (this is how the default disk 
is activated). 

The READ and WRITE functions 
transfer a single record (128 bytes) 



from the current DMA buffer (set 
with SETDMA) to or from the cur- 
rently selected disk (SELDSK) at the 
current track and sector (SETTRK 
and SETSEC). The BDOS refers to 
the disk directory on disk to know 
where to read or write information 
when needed. 

Disk-Definition Tables 

All of the recently introduced oper- 
ating systems from Digital Research, 
including CP/M-86 and CP/M-80 
version 2.2, are table-driven. This 
means that all the disk definitions and 
storage-allocation information is kept 
in tables in the section of memory oc- 
cupied by the BIOS, rather than in 
the BDOS. This allows for flexibility 
in interfacing disk drives and other 
peripheral devices to the system. 
Early versions of CP/M-80 assumed 
that all disks attached to the system 
were identical: 8-inch single-density 
drives. Now, many systems have one 
to four floppy disks, and perhaps an 
additional hard disk, for mass 
storage. A few even have so-called 
RAM disks (large-capacity semicon- 
ductor random-access read/write 
memories set up to simulate disk 
drives). Because the modification of 
the tables is usually performed by an 
experienced programmer, the user 
rarely has the need to modify them. 
(To keep this article from running 



overlong, I'll let those of you who are 
really interested look to the CP/M-86 
documentation to learn those soft- 
ware mysteries.) 

In Conclusion 

That's all the information on the 
MPX-16 we can reasonably cover in 
three magazine articles, but more in- 
formation is available for those of 
you who need it in the MPX-16 Tech- 
nical Reference and User's Manual, 
available separately from The Micro- 
mint. 

You've probably noticed a great re- 
liance on Intel components through- 
out the computer. These are present 
in the MPX-16 for compatibility, 
because they are used in the IBM Per- 
sonal Computer, but I suspect that 
IBM's design team selected these com- 
ponents because of Intel's foresight in 
promptly supporting its 16-bit micro- 
processors with parts that work well 
together, at reasonable cost, in a 
complete solution to a computer- 
design problem. 

Overseeing the design of the 
MPX-16 has been quite an adventure 
for me these past few months. I hope 
you've enjoyed reading this epic. 

Next Month: 

We'll look at a single-line alphanu- 
meric liquid-crystal display for use in 
a portable computer terminal. ■ 



Saturday 

February 5th, 1983 

10AM to 6PM 



Question: 

Why do they call it Computer Swap 

America if it's only held in Northern 

California? 

Answer: 

Because manufacturers, software 
producers, computer stores, consumer 
electronic outlets and individuals come 
from all over the country to sell their 
products within the highest concen- 
tration of computer enthusiasts in the 
country — the San Francisco Bay Area. 



^■^naa/ohn Craig'* 1 

COMPUTER 
% SWAP 1 
AMERICA 



A High-Technology Flea Market and Mini Show 
for Personal Computing Enthusiasts 




Santa Clara County Fairgrounds 

Exposition Hall 

344 Tully Road 

San Jose, California 



Admission: $5.00 

Seller's Information Package: 

Computer Swap America 

PO Box 52 

Palo Alto, CA 94302 

(415) 494-6862 

Consignment Table Information: 
415-351-31 77 



Single Selling Spaces: $ 40 for selling personal items, all others $125 



Auctions, door prizes and a bit of 



make this a fun event, .not one to be missed. 



80 January 19(3 © BYTE Publications Inc 






You can wait for industry standards 

to mandate improved performance. 

Or you can have it now on Maxell. 

The Gold Standard. 



What distinguishes a Maxell floppy disk? 
Improvements great and small, achieved in a 
decade of innovation. We developed 
unique, uniform crystals to assure dense 
oxide packing. Intensified the calendering 
process to minimize the need for aPrasive 
burnishing. Created an improved binder 
and lubricant. And a new jacket 
design that leaves industry standards 
in our wake. 

It would require photomicrographs 
to make some of these improvements 
observable. On the job, the advan- 
tages become obvious. Resolution 
enhanced by 20% creates a cleaner 




signal output. And guarantees the read/write 
accuracy in double-density applications. New 
jacket construction, heat-resistant to 
140°F, extends disk use without risk of 
mistracking. In effect, durability is re- 
defined. And in accelerated tests 
against the most respected names 
in the industry, Maxell sustained 
the highest and most consistent 
output over time. 

We applaud industry standards 

that aspire to dropout-free, 

reliable disk performance. 

The Gold Standard expresses 

a higher aim: perfection. 



maxell 



It's worth it. 

Computer Products Division, Maxell Corporation of America, 60 Oxford Drive, Moonachie, N.J. 07074 201-440-8020 

Circle 247 on inquiry card. 



To receive a complete list of Ciarcia's 
Circuit Cellar project kits available from the 
Micromint, circle 100 on the reader service 
inquiry card at the back of the magazine. 



Editor's Note: Steve often refers to previous 
Circuit Cellar articles as reference material for 
each month's current article. Most of these past 
articles are available in reprint books from 
BYTE Books, McGraw-Hill Book Company, 
POB 400, Hightstown, NJ 08520. 

Ciarcia's Circuit Cellar, Volume I, covers 
articles that appeared in BYTE from September 
1977 through November 1978. Ciarcia's Circuit 
Cellar, Volume II, contains articles from 
December 1978 through June 1980. Ciarcia's 
Circuit Cellar, Volume III, contains the articles 
that were published from July 1980 through 
December 1981. 



Acknowledgments 

Thanks to Jim Norris, George Martin, and 
Linda Spencer of Owl Electronic Laboratories 
for their contributions to the design. 

Thanks to Mark Dahmke and Gordon Heins 
for their help with the documentation. 

Thanks to Bill Morello and his staff at 
Techart Associates for their careful work in 
drawing the schematic diagrams. 



References 

1 . Cantrell, Thomas. "An 8088 Processor 
forthe S-100 Bus." Part 1, September 
1980 BYTE, page 46. Part 2, October 
1980 BYTE, page 62. Part 3. 
November 1980 BYTE, page 340. 

2. Ciarcia, Steve. "Build the Circuit Cellar 
MPX-16 Computer System." Part 1, 
November 1982 BYTE, page 78. Part 
2, December 1982 BYTE, page 42. 

3. Ciarcia, Steve. "Ease into 16-Bit Com- 
puting." Part 1, March 1980 BYTE, 
page 17. Part 2, April 1980 BYTE, page 
40. Reprinted in Ciarcia's Circuit 
Cellar, Volume II. Peterborough, NH: 
BYTE Books, 1981, page 171. 

4. Ciarcia, Steve. "The Intel 8086." 
November 1979 BYTE, page 14. 
Reprinted in Ciarcia's Circuit Cellar, 
Volume II. Peterborough, NH: BYTE 
Books, 1981, page 120. 

5. Component Data Catalog. Santa Clara, 
CA: Intel Corporation, 1981. 

6. The 8086 Family User's Manual. Santa 
Clara, CA: Intel Corporation, 1981. 

7. Hoeppner, John F. and Larry H. Wall. 
"Encoding/Decoding Techniques Dou- 
ble Floppy-Disc Capacity." Computer 
Design, February 1980, page 127. 

8. iAPX Book. Santa Clara, CA: Intel Cor- 
poration, 1981. 

9. iAPX 86,88 User's Manual. Santa 
Clara, CA: Intel Corporation, 1981. 



10. iSBX 218 Flexible Disk Controller 
Hardware Manual. Santa Clara, CA: In- 
tel Corporation, 1981. 

1 1 . IBM Personal Computer Technical 
Reference Manual. Boca Raton, FL: 
IBM Corporation, 1981. 

12. Morgan, Christopher L. and Mitchell 
Waite. 8086/8088 16-Bit Micropro- 
cessor Primer. Peterborough, NH: 
BYTE Books, 1982. 

13. NEC Application Note AN10: Con- 
sideration for Interfacing the NEC 
nPD765 to the CDC9404 and 9406-21-8 
Flexible Disk Drives. Mountain View, 
CA: NEC Electronics USA, 1981. 

14. NEC Application Note AN8: A 
Single/Double-Density Floppy-Disk 
Controller Using the nPD765. Moun- 
tain View, CA: NEC Electronics USA, 
1981. 

15. NEC Data Book. Mountain View, CA: 
NEC Electronics USA, 1982. 

16. Shugart SA400 Minifloppy Diskette 
Storage Drive OEM Manual. Sunny- 
vale, CA: Shugart Associates, 1977. 

17. Shugart SA800/801 Diskette Storage 
Drive OEM Manual. Sunnyvale, CA: 
Shugart Associates, 1977. 

18. Signetics Logic-TTL Data Manual. 
Sunnyvale, CA: Signetics Corporation, 
1982. 

19. Tandon TM848-1/TM848-2 Product 
Specification. Chatsworth, CA: Tandon 
Corporation, 1980. 



The following items are available from: 

The Micromint Inc. 
561 Willow Ave. 
Cedarhurst, NY 11516 
(516) 374-6793 

(for technical information) 
(800) 645-3479 

(for orders only) 

1. MPX-16 single-board computer 
system: assembled, tested, and burned- 
in. Includes 64K bytes of RAM, Digital 
Research CP/M-86 operating system 
on 8-inch or 5'/4-inch floppy disk, 
CP/M-86 BIOS in EPROM, MPX-16 
Technical Reference and User's 
Manual. Requires power supply and 
one floppy-disk drive. 

Single-quantity price $1895 

2. MPX-16 single-board computer 
system, as above, but with 256K bytes 
of RAM installed. 

Single-quantity price $2135 

3. MPX-16 single-board computer 
system, assembled and tested, with 
64K bytes of RAM. 

In OEM quantities of 100 $1200 each 



4. Complete MPX-16 disk-based sys- 
tem: includes MPX-16 single-board 
computer, assembled, tested, and 
burned-in, with 256K bytes of RAM 
installed, CP/M-86 operating system 
on S'A-inch floppy disk, CP/M-86 
BIOS in EPROM, power supply, one 
single-sided 5V*-inch floppy-disk 
drive, connecting cables, MPX-16 
Technical Reference and User's 
Manual. Enclosure sold separately. 

Single-quantity price $2895 

5. Wave-soldered printed-circuit 
board for MPX-16, with all sockets, all 
passive components, and 5 expansion 
connectors installed; no integrated 
circuits included $595 

6. Digital Research CP/M-86 
documentation (three-volume set), 
sold separately $40 

7. MPX-16 Technical Reference and 
User's Manual, sold separately .... $35 

8. Enclosures for MPX-16 circuit 
board, power supplies, and floppy- 
disk drives call for prices 



9. Unpopulated (blank) printed- 
circuit board for the MPX-16 computer 
system: five-layer, screened, and 
solder-masked. Includes CP/M-86 
BIOS in EPROM, MPX-16 Technical 
Reference and User's Manual. 

Single-quantity price $300 



When it becomes available for the 
MPX-16, Microsoft's MS-DOS operat- 
ing system may be optionally substi- 
tuted for CP/M-86. 

The MPX-16 is available to OEMs in 
large quantities. Various forms of kits 
and subassemblies will eventually be 
available. Call The Micromint for 
prices and delivery information. The 
Micromint will test previously wave- 
soldered circuit boards assembled by 
users for a fee of $50. 

For orders within the continental 
United States, please include $10 for 
shipping; overseas orders please in- 
clude $30. Residents of New York 
please include 7 percent sales tax. 



82 January 19«3 © BYTE Publications Inc 



Circle 187 on inquiry card. 



More Apple II owners choose Hayes 
Micromodem II than any other modem 
in the world. Compare these features 
before you buy. You should. It's your 
money. Thousands of other Apple 11 
owners have already com- 
pared, considered, and are now 
communicating — all over the 
U.S.A. — with Micromodem II. 
The best modem for the Apple 
II. The most modem 
for your money. , t 

A complete 
data communi- 
cation system. 
Micromodem II 
is not "base 
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complete, high performance data com- 
munication system. The printed circuit 
board tils quickly and easily — into your 
Apple II. eliminating the need foraserial 
interlace card. And the Microcoupler'" 
(Included) connects the Apple II directly 
to a standard modular telephone jack. 
Auto-dial and -answer features are built 
in. Operation can be full or half duplex. 



with a transmission rate of 300 bps. And keyboards, further extending your 
it's Bell 103compatible and FCC approved, capabilities. Incoming data can be 



Now there's Hayes Terminal Pro- 
gram, tool Developed by Hayes speci- 
fically for Micromodem II, this new 

Terminal Program allows 
you to access all the great 
features of your modem 
in a matter of seconds. 
With it, you can use 



printed (on serial or parallel printers) 
as it's displayed on your screen. 

Micromodem II is available with 
or without the Terminal Program. Buy 

your modem by itself, or optionally pack- 
aged with the Terminal Program disk 
and user manual at extra cost. The soft- 
ware is also sold separately, for those 



yourCP/M," DOS who already own a Micromodem II. 




3.3 or Pascal for- 
f matted disks to 

create, send, re- 
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files. Hayes Terminal 
Program is a complete, 
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And because it's menu 



If you're ready to communicate 
with other computers, to access infor- 
mation utilities, time-sharing systems, 
or use bulletin boards, then you're 
ready for Micromodem II. Come on. 
Compare. Consider. Then buy. 

Micromodem 11 is already the 
best-selling modem for the Apple II. 



driven, you can choo se from And Hayes' new Terminal Program 
a wide variety of options to set ^^f^\ _ makes it better than 

your communication param A Uoi //*^Q ever Available at 

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modem U and Mraocoupler ate trademarks ot Hayes Microcomputer Products, Inc. Apple is a registered trademark of Apple Computer. Inc. 
CP/ M is a registered trademark of Digital Research. Inc. © 1982 Hayes Microcomputer Products. Inc. Sold only m the USA. 



WHAT YOU SEE 
IS WHAT 

YOU GET. 



Introducing the 
most advanced 
computer 
animation 
ever created 
forthe Apple 8 ! 




Actual Reproduction 



'They told us that graphic animation this sophisticated 

Can t be done. _Rj C h arC | Hefter. creator of STICKYBEAR and 

Old Ironsides and world-famous author and illustrator. 



S TICKYBEAR and 
Old Ironsides are 
registered trademarks of 
mum Resource, Inc. 




It took 2V2 years in testing and develop- 
ment, but we've finally done it! Announcing 
a breakthrough in color graphics that will 
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SEE FOR YOURSELF. 

What you see on this page and on the 
lively eye-catching packaging, is exactly 
what you get in these four bright, bouncy 
new programs developed by O ptimum 
Res ource, Inc. and distributed by Xerox 
Ed ucation Publications/Weekl y Reader, 

Unlike other programs, where the pictures 
on the packaging bear no resemblance to 
the screen images, these programs deliver 
precisely what's promised! 

HERE'S WHAT YOU GET... 

Bright, interest-grabbing packag- 
ing made of durable, wipe-clean 
Ivirryl. Easy to store... attractive to 
display! 

| STICKYBEAR'" -the first animated 
I character created exclusively for 

your Apple® by a popular children's 

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Hi-resolution graphics never 
before seen on an Apple®! And, for 
the first time, shapes move freely 
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)And each program is packed with 
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You won't be disappointed when you see 
these programs or the packaging. We 
guarantee it. 



Look for STICKYBEAR BOP , ST ICKYBEAR 
ABC , STI CKYBEA R N umbers and Old Iron- 
sides programs in finer computer stores 
everywhere. Dealers are invited to inquire 
by calling toll-free 1-800-852-5000. 

If there is no store near you, Visa and 
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toll-free 1-800-852-5000. Or, send a check 
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gram, plus $2.00 for shipping and han- 
dling (and please add state sales tax). 
Mail to Xerox Education Publications/ 
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Apple II and Apple II Plus 48K 3.3 DOS 




Apple and Apple II are registered 
trademarks of Apple Computer, Inc. 



Distributed by 






Stickybear Bop 

Three animated shooting galleries of 
STICKYBEARS, ducks, planets, balloons, 
more... to knock off the screen. Each round 
requires more skill. FREE game, poster and 
stickers. For ages 3 to 99. 

By Richard Hefter. Program by Jack Rice. 




Stickybear ABC 

Big, full-screen full-color moving pictures, 
with sound, represent each letter in the 
alphabet. FREE poster, book and stickers. 
For ages 3 to 6. 

Pictures by Richard Hefter. Program by Jamie and 
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" — 




Stickybear Numbers 

Colorful groups of big moving objects- 
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FREE poster, book and stickers. 

For ages 3 to 6. Pictures by Richard Hefter. 
Program by Jamie and Steve Worthington. 




PLUS, 
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Old Ironsides 

This colorful, new 2-player naval battle 
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ammunition and hiding in fog. ..while 
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obscuring your vision, more! FREE poster. 
For ages 8 to 99. 

By Richard Hefter and Jack Rice. 



Xerox Education Publications 

Weekly Reader 



Computer Software Division 



Circle 440 on inquiry card. 



Product Description 



Heath's HERO-1 Robot 



Steven Leininger 

Leininger and Associates 

5402 Summit Ridge Trail 

Arlington, TX 76017 



Heath, a leading supplier of educational electronic kits, 
began a few years ago to design an industrial electronics 
course. Intending to teach the broad range of skills 
necessary for electromechanical control and real-world 
interfacing, the instructors wanted a hardware training 
kit that would demonstrate stepper-motor control, sound 
input and output, and object detection and ranging. 




Photo 1: The assembled Heath HERO-1 robot. 

86 January 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 



One proposed kit had all of the actuators and sensors 
mounted on a breadboard chassis plus a book detailing 
the experiments that could be performed. That was the 
way Heath instructors had taught computer technology 
with their classic microprocessor trainer. But they 
decided to go beyond the microprocessor-trainer concept 
and build an educational device that would be fun to use 
after the experiments were over. A robot seemed to be the 
ideal solution. 

The engineers at Heath approached the robot project 
with great enthusiasm. Imagine having the charter to 
design a robot that demonstrates virtually all principles 
of automation and robotics. The final product of this 
engineering effort is now available as HERO-1 (Heath 
Educational Robot-1). 

The Mobile Robot, Circa 1982 

The HERO-1, completed and "fully clothed" (see photo 
1), looks like a distant cousin of R2D2. It stands about 20 
inches high on its three-wheel base and weighs 39 
pounds. Though HERO-1 is not as strong, fast, or ac- 
curate as its industrial counterparts, it does have an im- 
pressive list of capabilities. It can sense sound, light, mo- 
tion, distance, and time; it can move about the room and 
grasp objects with its optional programmable arm. It can 
even do a credible job of speaking with its optional 
speech synthesizer. 

The robot is controlled by an onboard computer that 
can be programmed manually via the hexadecimal 
keypad on top of the head assembly. Each function of the 
HERO can be exercised with just a few lines of code to 
verify correct operation or to demonstrate one or more 
principles of industrial automation. After the low-level 
functions of the robot are understood, the user can then 
get a taste of real-time robot programming with the 



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Photo 2: The Heath HERO-1 robot from the assembler's perspective. Note the teaching pendant (remote control) and the variety of 
sensors in the robot's head. 



teaching pendant (see photo 2). The teaching pendant, 
basically a remote controller connected to the robot by 
wires, can be used to select the desired motion, such as 
forward motion at half speed or raising the arm to a 
horizontal position, as well as to control the duration of 
that motion. 

Inside the HERO-1 

Fourteen printed-circuit boards, three wiring 
harnesses, and four heavy-duty rechargeable batteries 
make up the bulk of the electronics. The main processor 
board comes from Heath already assembled and tested so 
that the student of robot technology does not have to be a 
computer-troubleshooting technician as well. The pro- 
cessor board has 4K bytes of programmable memory, 8K 
bytes of ROM (read-only memory), and a Motorola 6808 
microprocessor. The ROM contains the machine- 
language debugger program that allows hexadecimal data 
to be loaded into the HERO-1 via the keyboard. It also 
contains the Robot Interpreter program, which simulates 
a possible ideal instruction set for the control of the 
motors, speech, and real-world interfacing. 

Power for the HERO-1 comes from four gelled- 
electrolyte rechargeable batteries connected as two in- 
dependent 12-volt (V) supplies. Enough power is 
available to run the robot for at least an hour of 
untethered operation. The robot can also operate con- 



tinuously if connected to the battery charger included 
with the HERO-1, but of course mobility is impaired by 
the line cord. 

An internal power-supply board contains a switching 
regulator that generates the required voltages for the 
computer, control, and sensory circuitry and provides 
the necessary regulation when recharging the batteries. A 
switching regulator was chosen because its high efficiency 
translates into longer battery life and cooler operation. 

The basic HERO-1 has two stepper motors and a 
permanent-magnet DC motor. One stepper motor is used 
to rotate the head, so that sensors can be pointed in the 
desired direction independent of the body attitude. The 
other stepper motor is used to set the direction of the 
drive wheel with respect to the body for steering. 

Heath chose a large DC motor as the main drive 
because of the torque required to move nearly 40 pounds 
of plastic, metal, and electronics. In order to provide 
some sort of feedback to the system about the distance 
traveled, an optical sensor was mounted on the front 
wheel with an encoder disk to send pulses to the com- 
puter for counting. 

The HERO-1 senses distance with a pulsed ultrasonic 
SONAR (sound navigation/ranging) system operating at 
35 kHz. An ultrasonic transmitter emits a pulse to be de- 
tected by an ultrasonic receiver. The time interval be- 
tween the transmitted and received pulses is proportional 



88 January 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 



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to the distance to the object. The system has a resolution 
of 0.42 inches over a range of about 8 feet. This ranging 
feature is primarily useful for avoiding obstacles while 
moving about under program control. 

The motion, sound, and light-detection circuits are in- 



At a Glance 

Name 

HERO-1 Robot 

Manufacturer 

Heath/Zenith Educational Systems 
Department 150-145 
Benton Harbor, Ml 49022 
|616) 982-3200 

Price 

Basic HERO-1 kit (ET-18), without the arm and speech synthesizer, 
S999.95; arm add-on kit, S399.95; speech add-on kit, S 149.95; 
HERO-1 package including arm and speech synthesizer, S1495; 
training course, S99.95; assembled HERO-1 (ETW-18), S2495 

Features 

Size: maximum of 20 inches high by 1 8 inches wide (50 cm by 45 
cm); 39 pounds |1 7.6 kg) 

Sound detection: frequency range, 200 Hz to 5000 Hz; amplitude 
range, 256 discrete steps; directional characteristics, almost 
horizontally and vertically uniform 

Light detection: frequency range, visible spectrum; amplitude 
range, 256 discrete steps; sensor beam angle, approximately 30 
degrees 

Ultrasonic ranging: pulsed ultrasonic, 35 kHz; range, to 8 feet (0 
to 2.4 meters); resolution, 0.42 inches |l cm); sensor beam 
angle, approximately 30 degrees 

Motion detection: continuous-wave ultrasonic field; range, can 
detect an adult at about 15 feet (5 meters); directional 
characteristics, horizontally and vertically uniform if pointed at 
wall 

Time sensing: battery-powered clock IC: in units of 

seconds, minutes, days of week, days of month, months; ac- 
curacy, plus or minus 120 seconds per year 

Mechanical: head, rotates 350 degrees in horizontal plane; 

shoulder, rotates 1 50 degrees in vertical plane; arm, extends 5 
inches (12.7 cm); wrist, pivots 180 degrees, rotates 350 
degrees; gripper capacity, to 6 inches (0 to 15.2 cm); arm 
payload, horizontal and retracted, 16 ounces (450 grams); 
horizontal and extended, 8 ounces (225 grams); gripper force, 
5 ounces (140 grams); minimum turning radius, 12 inches 

Battery charger: power requirements, 1 20/240 V AC, 50/60 Hz, 
60 watts maximum; output voltage, 27 V DC (maximum) 
unregulated; output current, 1 .9 A (maximum) into fully dis- 
charged batteries; recharge time, 10 hours (maximum) with 
robot off 

Batteries: four 4-amp-hour, 6-V gelled-electrolyte rechargeable cells 

Speech (optional): phonemic speech IC; number of phonemes, 64; 
levels of inflection, 4 

Documentation 

Assembly manual, user's manual, technical manual, and speech 
dictionary 

Audience 

Anyone interested in learning about robots 



terfaced to the onboard microprocessor with an 8-bit 
A/D (analog-to-digital) converter. This produces a 
binary digital number ranging from to 255 in response 
to an input voltage from a sensor selected by the con- 
troller. The higher the voltage from the sensor, the higher 
the output value to the 6808 microprocessor. 

Motion is detected by using a continuous-wave 
ultrasonic field like that used in an ultrasonic burglar 
alarm. The robot looks for a change in the amplitude of 
the reflected ultrasonic waves to indicate that something 
is moving in its field of coverage. Of course, the robot 
must remain stationary during motion detection so that it 
is not simply detecting its own motion. 

Light can be detected and quantized with a light- 
dependent resistor connected to the robot's A/D con- 
verter. The robot can aim the light sensor by moving its 
head so that it can determine the direction of a light 
source by looking for the maximum intensity. (This way, 
the HERO-1 can surely find the light at the end of the tun- 
nel.) 

Sound is detected with a microphone connected to the 
A/D converter. While it is not capable of any sort of 
complex speech recognition, the properly programmed 
robot can listen for and count syllables to effect crude 
recognition. In other program applications, the ambient 
sound level may be important. Once again, the A/D con- 
verter provides an 8-bit representation of the sound level 
at any given instant, which can be processed as desired in 
the user's program. 

The HERO-1 uses the Votrax SC-01 speech synthesizer 
integrated circuit as its "larynx." This device produces 
phonemes in response to digital inputs. These phonemes, 
which are the basic building blocks of intelligible speech, 
can be combined under program control to produce 
words, phrases, and sentences. The HERO-1 comes with 
several built-in phrases, such as "Warning! Warning! In- 
truder! I have summoned the police!," "Your wish is my 
command," and "Oh no! I do not do windows!" You can 
program your own phrases and sound effects into the 
robot via the keypad, so that the speech can be tailored to 
satisfy your special requirements. 

An onboard calendar/ clock counts seconds, minutes, 
hours, days of the week, days of the month, and months. 
You can use this in programs and experiments to delay 
the actual execution of an event until some future time 
(like having HERO-1 say "happy birthday" when you 
come within detector range on your birthday). 

An experimenter's solderless breadboard, with connec- 
tions to an I/O (input/output) port and interrupt line on 
the microprocessor board, is mounted on HERO-l's 
head. Ground signals and 5-V and 12-V power are sup- 
plied so that an external power supply is usually not re- 
quired. Heath provided this breadboard to give the user a 
chance to perform experiments from Heath's Robotics 
Course and to encourage individual experimentation. 

The optional manipulator arm has five more stepper 
motors and is attached to the head. The arm can pivot 
about its shoulder, extend and rotate the hand at the 
wrist in two independent directions, and actuate its claw. 



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This arm is not as fancy or as accurate as some stand- 
alone robot arms, but for $399.95, the HERO-1 arm 
assembly is an outstanding bargain that helps an ex- 
perimenter become familiar with robot control. 



Operation of the HERO-1 Robot 

When power is first applied to the robot, it responds 
with the synthesized word "ready." HERO-1 is now in the 
executive mode and is ready to enter one of the five other 
modes. 

The utility mode can initialize the mechanical com- 
ponents, set the internal clock, and handle the saving and 
loading of program data. The initialize command causes 
the robot to seek a known position by stepping each 
motor until a limit switch corresponding to that motor is 
tripped. HERO-1 is now in its home position. As the 
robot performs head and arm movements, it remembers 
just how far it has moved, so that it can return the arm to 
the home position via the shortest route when given the 
Home Arm command. 

With the utility mode you can save programs on or 
load them from cassette tape. Lengthy experiments can be 
saved for further study, or application routines can be 
loaded after power-up, eliminating the drudgery of 
reentering previous work manually. This mode also has a 
command that allows the user to set and display the time 
and date in the clock/calendar. The clock runs even when 



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the robot is turned off, so that the time is always accurate 
once it has been set. 

The manual mode permits operation of HERO-1 with 
the teaching pendant, whose cable and connector at- 
taches to the rear of the robot. Unfortunately the pendant 
allows only one function at a time, so the operator can't 
move the arm and drive at the same time. There are four 
switches on the teaching pendant: 

• The trigger switch acts as a dead-man switch, meaning 
that no motion is allowed unless this switch is pressed. 

• The function switch selects between arm functions 
(moving the head, arm, and gripper) and the body func- 
tions (drive and steering motor operations). 

• The rotary selector switch is used for motor selection in 
the arm mode and combined speed and forward-or-re- 
verse selection in the body mode. 

• The motion switch is a three-position, return-to-center 
rocker switch. In the arm mode, it determines the direc- 
tion of the selected motor, thus providing the com- 
plementary tasks of opening and closing the hand, 
extending and retracting the arm, and so on. In the body 
mode, you can choose the direction of travel with the 
motion switch. When the motion switch is released in the 
body mode, the drive wheel is returned to the straight- 
ahead position. 

The learn mode is very similar to the manual mode, ex- 
cept that the commands from the pendant are entered 
into memory at the same time that the motions are being 
performed. You can then instruct the robot to repeat the 
previous movement sequence in its entirety or to move 
through the sequence a step at a time. You can even tell 
HERO-1 to reverse arm and head motions to undo what 
it did. 

The program mode is entered from the executive mode 
and is a hexadecimal debugger/monitor program like 
those usually found on microprocessor training kits. 
With this mode the real die-hard hackers (computer ex- 
perimenters) can enter machine-language code to be exe- 
cuted directly by the 6808 microprocessor. 

The repeat mode is an improvement over the program 
mode because it provides access to the Robot Language, a 
robotics interpreter that supports motion control and 
sensor management as additions to the 6808 machine 
language. The interpreter runs 10 to 100 times slower 
than its pure machine-code equivalent, but the simplifica- 
tion of applications-program writing usually makes this 
compromise worthwhile. 

Both the program and repeat modes help the user per- 
form apparently simultaneous operations — such as arm 
motion, sensing, talking, and moving around — by alter- 
nating tasks so quickly that they appear to be happening 
at the same time. 



Taking the HERO-1 for a Test Drive 

On a visit to the Heath facilities in Benton Harbor, 
Michigan, I had a chance to evaluate (read that "play 



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BYTE January 1983 93 



with") one of the preproduction prototypes of the 
HERO-1. When the robot was first initialized, it respond- 
ed with a mechanical-sounding "ready." I picked up the 
teaching pendant, and everyone stood around confident- 
ly watching as I examined the controls. 

I directed HERO-1 around the room 

and trapped it between some 

chairs . . . Going back to the arm 

mode, I reached for a coffee cup 

and picked it up. 

Having recently completed my review of a robot arm 
(see "Colne Robotics Armdroid, The Small Systems 
Robot" in the May 1982 BYTE, page 286), I decided to 
test HERO-l's arm first. After some practice, I was able 
to zero in on a Styrofoam coffee cup and pick it up 
(hmm, not bad). 

Of course, the microcomputer had stored all of my 
commands in its memory and could repeat those motions 
to duplicate my feat. When my commands were "played 
back," the robot waved its arm back and forth just as I 
had done while becoming familiar with the controls. The 
Heath engineers showed me how the sequences could be 
examined with the keyboard and display and how they 



could be edited to remove or adjust undesired sequences. 

For the mobility test, I flipped the function switch on 
the pendant from "arm" to "body," selected the speed and 
direction, and pulled the trigger to make it go. Boy did 
people move fast! I almost drove one of only three 
HERO-ls off the conference-room table! The Heath peo- 
ple invited me to continue the trial run with the robot on 
the floor, (Ah, that's what I needed, running room!) 

With the pendant in my hand, I directed HERO-1 
around the conference room and trapped it between some 
chairs. A little change of direction and I backed it out of 
the dead end and steered for the table. Going back to the 
arm mode, I reached for another coffee cup and suc- 
ceeded on the first attempt. 

After evaluating HERO-1 for about an hour, I can 
truly say that it is a product of extraordinary flexibility 
and function. I've seen speech synthesizers before, 
worked with robotic manipulators, watched maze-solv- 
ing, microprocessor-controlled "mice," and used micro- 
processor trainers and breadboarding systems, but I have 
never seen all of that in one package before! 

The Written Word 

HERO-1 comes with four manuals. At the time this 
review was being typed, only the user's manual was 
available for preview; but well-written manuals have 
always been a mark of the Heath company, and after exa- 



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mining the user's manual, it looks as if the ones for this 
product will be no exception. 

The user's manual is a basic overview of the robot's 
operation, a quick lesson in how to use HERO-1. This 
document gives the first-time user the information neces- 
sary to perform simple tasks with HERO-1. It explains 
the different modes of operation and gives some short 
sample programs that demonstrate the sensory and 
speech capabilities of the robot. 

Heath will include the assembly manual with all 
HERO-1 kits. While there are a lot of printed-circuit 
boards to be assembled and tested, the task doesn't ap- 
pear to be significantly different from that of building a 
color television set, so an assembly manual for HERO-1 
should be a simple matter for Heath. 

Heath will supply a technical manual to describe the 
function and use of the robot in detail. This will perhaps 
be the most challenging manual that Heath has under- 
taken. To adequately describe, in detail, all the subtleties 
of the sensory, motion, manipulative, and speech sys- 
tems is truly a formidable task. I've been assured that a 
lot of time is going into making this a "heavy-duty, 
here's-everything-you-need-to-know" document. 

A speech dictionary made up of the most common 
words will also be supplied to help users build their own 
sentences and phrases to use with the speech synthesizer. 



A Training Course Too 

Heath will be offering a robotics training course to sup- 
plement hands-on experience with the HERO-1. Students 
will learn the principles and fundamentals of industrial 
robotics. The course will cover robot terminology, types, 
and applications; motors and power sources; basic 
hydraulics and pneumatics; robot control and con- 
trollers; and sensors and real-world interfacing. 

The course, to be available for $99.95 (excluding 
HERO-1, of course), covers a 1200-page manual and has 
experiments that you can perform on HERO-1 to demon- 
strate concepts. 

The Bottom Line 

If you are interested in robotics, Heath will show you 
the way. HERO-1 is available in kit form for $999.95, less 
arm and speech synthesizer. The manipulator arm costs 
another $399.95, and the speech synthesizer costs an ad- 
ditional $149.95. A combination package with all three 
costs $1495. If you don't want to spend 35 hours building 
the robot, plus 3 hours on the voice, and 10 hours on the 
arm, a fully assembled, ready-to-roll HERO-1 is available 
for $2495. Anticipating interest from hobbyists, industry, 
and educational institutions, Heath is going to support a 
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To Order, Call Toll-free 1-800-426-2963 



DEALER INQUIRIES. GSA. GOVERNMENT. EDUCATIONAL BIDS INVITED 



SupetS'sm and CompuSut I 



c Data Sysiems Cwpwiwi 




96 January 1983 © BYTE Publications lnc 



Circle 21 on inquiry card. 




The QX-10. 




PSON 



■ ■ 




That, of course, was the promise nearly all com- 
puter manufacturers made to us. 

But along the way, the promise was unfulfilled. 

People found out that even the simplest com- 
puter languages were as troublesome and time- 
consuming as high school French — fine if you 
like that sort of challenge, but a real barrier if 
what you want to do is use a computer, as 
opposed to learning to use a computer. A lot of 
people found they could live their whole lives 
without ever knowing what GOSUB, LOGIN, or 
MID$ meant. 

The first anybody-can-use-it computer. 
That, in a nutshell, is what makes the Epson 
QX-10 the most astonishing breakthrough in 
personal computer technology ever. Not only 
does it have some of the most advanced hard- 
ware available on the market today, it is a system 
that requires no computer classes, no study, no 
lectures, no books; a system you can use, right 
out of the box, backed by little more than logic, 
intuition and native intelligence. 

It's a software system called VALDOCS. And 
it's designed on a whole new standard to make 
serious, useful computing no more difficult than 
typing. Someday all computers may be built this 
way. But for now, there's only one. 

The Epson QX-10. 
The manageable manager. 
The QX-10/VALDOCS system was designed 



from the very beginning to handle the details of 
human existence in a remarkably straightfor- 
ward, accessible, human manner. For all intents 
and purposes, it has already built into it all the 
software you will ever need to successfully man- 
age the details of your life. 

Consider what the standard configuration of 
VALDOCS will do: 

• It's a full-function, sophisticated word 
processor; 

• an information indexer for easy access to files; 

• an address book; 

• and an electronic mail system. 

• It's also a calculator; 

• an appointment book and notepad; 

• an event timer; 

• and a clock and calendar. 

• It gives you an automatic list of "things to do" 

• and lists your schedules and itinerary. 

• Finally, it's a business graph drawing system. 
That's what it does right out of the box; what 

you can make it do within minutes of unpacking 
it. Without buying additional software or writing 
your own programs in what amounts to a foreign 
language. 

It's like suddenly being a computer expert; 
suddenly being smarter. You can do in minutes 
— and often with a single key — what may have 




taken users of other systems days to learn, or 
hundreds of dollars in supporting software to 
accomplish. 

You're overcome with an unmistakable feeling 
of power. 

Simply stated, what the QX-10 does better 
than any other personal computer system in 
existence is to free you from manipulating the 
computer, and allow you to manipulate 
information. 

And, after all, isn't that what you want a com- 
puter for? 

The keyboard is the key. 

The HASCI keyboard — short for Human Appli- 
cations Standard Computer Interface — has been 
designed to place important fundamentals like 
STORE and RETRIEVE in plain view on dedicated 
function keys. Virtually every program in other 
computers does these fundamentals differently, 
and how to do these functions is hidden right 
down with the most obscure technical details. 
The VALDOCS system. 

What VALDOCS does better than any other soft- 
ware system currently available is to take the 
"interactive" concept to its logical conclusion; it 
asks you to make choices, then executes com- 
mands based on your decisions. 

The common sense of such a system reduces the 
amount of time needed to master the QX-10 to a 
fraction of that needed for other computers: in 



effect it displays the message, "Press this key to 
perform this function; press that key to perform 
that function; or press another key to move on to 
something else." 

No brochure, of course, can do justice to the 
VALDOCS system; to fully appreciate it, you 
must sit down at a QX-10 and experience it. But to 
appreciate the range of its capabilities, examine 
them one by one. 
Word processing. 

When you turn the QX-10 on, it comes to life as 
a word processor. And as such, it does every- 
thing you'd expect a word processor to do. 

Of course you can add and delete words and 
sentences; shift copy blocks from one place to 
another; even locate a specific word or thought 
on documents ranging from a few words to mul- 
tiple pages. 

That's where most word processors stop. But 
not the QX-10. 

The QX-10 allows you to format exactly the 
way you'd like your document to appear in print. 
So when you press the key labelled ITALICS, the 
type en the screen changes to italics; when you 
press BOLD, it changes to boldface. With the 
QX-10, you can vary the SIZE of the type and 
even change the STYLE. 

So when you press PRINT, your document is 
printed exactly the way you've already seen it on 
the screen. What you see is what you get! 



Scheduling. 

Scheduling, in its essence, is the manipulation of 
time. And the QX-10 makes it easy in a way that 
no appointment book, or calendar, or list of 
things to do ever could. 

To begin with, the QX-10 always knows what 
time it is. The internal clock/calendar has a bat- 
tery backup which keeps track of the date and 
time, even if the computer has been unplugged. 

As a scheduler, the QX-10 works like a desk 
calendar, but gives you instant, electronic access 
to dates and times, past, present and future. 
It automatically opens to today's electronic 
"page," it allows you to make appointments, jot 
down notes and reminders, list things to do, or 



even set an alarm for yourself. 

Most important — and useful — the SCHED- 
ULE function is always available. If you're typing 
a letter in the word processing mode, for exam- 
ple, you can stop in the middle and book 
an appointment just by pressing the SCHED 
key; pressing it again returns you to the word 
processing mode, right where you left off. 
Calculating. 

To simplify the entering of numeric data, the 
QX-10 has a separate 10-key pad that lets you 
add, subtract, multiply and divide. Just like a cal- 
culator. Its decimal tab key allows you to auto- 
matically align columns of numbers. But the 
QX-10 can sum the numbers within a document 






EPSON 



STOP HELP p 0P ,J UNDO 



SYSTEM CONTROLS 




I 



FILE CONTROLS 





being word processed or place the total of a cal- 
culation at any point within a document. That's 
the sort of thing that makes the QX-10 usable. 
Graphics. 

Generally speaking, pictorial information (charts 
and graphs) is a lot easier to digest than numeric 
information (columns of figures). Fortunately, 
the QX-10 makes graphics very, very simple. 

In the DRAW mode, the QX-10 allows you to 
create a line graph, a bar graph, or a pie chart. 
Based on your choice, it will ask you for pertinent 
information such as the names, range and inter- 
vals for each axis, and the numeric value of each 
data point to be charted or graphed. Once all the 
information is entered, it will automatically plot 



the coordinates and draw the graph, even st 
imposing different types of data on the same 
graph. It couldn't be easier. 
Filing. 

The block of File Control keys on the HASCI key- 
board allow you to do everything you need to do 
with a finished document: STORE it; RETRIEVE 
it; MAIL it to someone else's computer electron- 
ically; or PRINT it on the printer. Each with the 
stroke of a single key. 

But those functions can't hold a candle to the 
power of INDEX. In the QX-10/VALDOCS sys- 
tem, every document, every graph — everything 
is indexed by up to eight keywords of your 
choice. And instantly available. 



CALC SCHED DRAW 



APPLICATIONS 




VALDOCS 

DOCUMENT PROCESSOR 



TYPESTYLES 





Here's how it works: for every file, you assign 
a name up to eight words long. Like "Mom's 
Recipe for Thanksgiving Pumpkin Pie from 
Scratch/' or "Personal Financial Statement for 
SB A Loan Application." When you need to, you 
can retrieve any file, using one or more of the 
keywords you assigned in the name. For exam- 
ple, "Mom's Recipe," "Thanksgiving," "Finan- 
cial Statement," or "SBA," will give you all the 
documents having to do with those topics. 

And that is the most astonishing and useful 
filing system you're ever likely to run across. 
Electronic mail. 

On the QX-10/VALDOCS system, sending 
information to, or receiving information from 
another computer starts with a single key. It 
provides you, in effect, with electronic "in" 
and "out" baskets, gives you an "address book" 
of your correspondents, even allows you to 
schedule transmission times to coincide with 
less expensive telephone rates. Best of all, 
VALDOCS handles all your electronic mail 
functions without interfering with any of the 
other computer functions. So you can word 
process, calculate or graph while VALDOCS 
handles your mail. 
System controls. 

Say you're in the middle of a project and you 
don't know what to do next; or you give the com- 
puter a command and then wish you hadn't; or 



you want to stop some function the computer is 
performing — now. VALDOCS makes it easy. 

The HELP key is always available to you, and 
can be pressed any time the system offers you a 
choice. The STOP key immediately stops what- 
ever function the computer may have been 
performing; the UNDO key undoes the last thing 
you told it to do — so you can un- select a func- 
tion, or even wn-delete a file. 
CP/M compatibility. 

The Epson QX-10 has a side benefit that's going 
to make it very popular with some people — it's 
CP/M 2.2 compatible. Which means that most 
any CP/M software you have — or would like to 
have — will run on the QX-10. Most of these will 
be accessible under the MENU key which dis- 
plays a menu of all the non- VALDOCS pro- 
grams on file, in English, and lets you select the 
one you wish to run. 
State-of-the-art hardware. 

Up to now, we've only talked about what the 
QX-10/VALDOCS system does for you, because 
after all, what a computer does is far more impor- 
tant than how it does it. 

But in order to create a system like the QX-10, 
we've had to come up with some of the most 
advanced — and spectacular — hardware on the 
personal computer market. 

When you unpack the QX-10, here's what you 
get: a detachable HASCI keyboard with its own 




processor; an ultra high resolution monochrome 
display; two ultra thin 5 x k" disk drives with a 
capacity of 340K bytes per disk; a Z80 micropro- 
cessor with 256K of main memory; a separate 
display processor chip with 128K of video- 
dedicated memory; a DMA controller; an inter- 
rupt controller; a built-in calendar/clock with 
battery back-up, an RS-232C interface; a parallel 
printer interface; a light pen interface; internal 
space for up to five peripheral cards; and the 
VALDOCS software package. 

All that for under $3,000. 

Frankly, none of the so-called "third genera- 
tion" microcomputers will do for you what the 
QX-10/VALDOCS system will do. And all of 
them cost more; some of them cost a lot more. 

But for the price, none are more advanced. 

The QX-10 video display features both bit map- 
ping and the more usual character operation. The 
bit mapping allows multiple type fonts or high 
resolution graphics to be displayed on the screen 
in a remarkable 640 by 400 dot format — a feature 
available in only a few of the world's highest- 
priced systems. To get this performance, we 
turned to a new 16-bit video controller chip from 
NEC to give us the additional "oomph" we 
needed. But the central processor is the 8-bit Z-80, 
instantly compatible with the world's largest base 
of software — CP/M. Our five expansion slots are 
not used for any of this performance. 



Relax — it's from Epson. 

Epson is best known in the U.S. for its full line of 
printers. We're known for the fact that every 
third dot matrix impact printer sold in this coun- 
try has our name on it; for the fact that we make 
more printers and print mechanisms than all the 
other manufacturers in the world combined; and 
for the fact that Epson printers have a reliability 
rate of over 98%. 

But that doesn't mean we're new in compu- 
ters. Not by a long shot. Epson has been building 
and selling fine quality business computers in 
other countries since the 1970's, and we have a 
history of precision manufacturing dating back 
more than a hundred years. 
The most important component is you. 
You don't buy a computer for how "smart" it is. 
You buy one for how smart it makes you. 

The Epson QX-10 was conceived, designed, 
engineered and built with just one thought in 
mind: to vastly expand your ability to see, to 
think, to create with a system that acts as a natu- 
ral extension of the human mind. 

And the critics agree the design concept is one 
of the best they've seen. 

The QX-10 is not a computer designed to play 
games, although it plays games as well as any 
and better than most. 

It's a computer for people who think. 

And who want to think better. 













SPECIFICATIONS 








CPU and Memory 




Interfaces 


Main CPU 


Z80A Microprocessor, 4 MHz Clockrate 


Serial RS-232 Programmable, DB-25 Connector, 


Main Memory 


64Kto256KRAM 


Synchronous or Asynchronous 


CMOS Memory 


2K RAM Battery Backup 


Printer Standard Parallel 


IPL 


Up to 8K 


Light Pen 


Controllers 




Option slots Five 


Video/Graphic 


NEC 7220 Graphic Display Controller 


Speaker Controlled by Countertimer 


Disk 


Double Density Floppy Disk Controller 


Environmental 


DMA 


Programmable DMA Controllers 
ifen^rj^MA Channels 


Requirements 




Temperature Operating Range 41° to 104°F 
(5°to40°C) 


Interrupt 


Programmable Interrupt Controllers 


Storage Range 22° to 158°F 
(-30°Cto70°C) 




(15 Interrupt Levels) 


Control/Timer 


Two Programmable Interval Timers 


Humidity Operating Range 10 % to 80 % 
Non- Condensing 
Storage Range 10% to 90% 
Non-Condensing 

Physical Characteristics 


Printer I/F 
Serial I/F 


Programmable Parallel Interface 
Multi-Protocol Serial Controller 


Clock 


CMOS Realtime Clock/Calendar 
with Battery Backup 






Size CPU Monitor Keyboard 

Width 20.3 in 12.4 in 20 in 


Display 


12" Green Monochrome 
High-Resolution Monitor 




640 x 400 Pixels 


(508mm) (312mm) (510mm) 




80 characters x 25 lines 


Depth 13.6 in 13.6 in 8.9 in 




Non-Glare Screen 


(340mm) (340mm) (224mm) 




Dedicated Memory 32K or 128K 


Height 4.1 in 10.6 in 1.9 in 


Mass Storage 


Two 5V4-inch, Double Sided Floppy Disk 


(103mm) (266mm) (49mm) 


Detachable 


Drives; 
Capacity: 340K Per Disk 


Weight 20.61b 12.11b 5.51b 
(9.4kg) (5.5kg) (2.5kg) 


Keyboards 


ASCII 


Power Requirements 115 VAC, 60 Hz; with Switching Power 




HASCI 


Supply 
100 Watts 




PDC 


Specifications subject to change without notice. 




EPSON AM 


ERICA, INC. 




COMPUTER PRO 


3UCTS DIVISION 




3415 Kashiwa Street • Torrance, 


California 90505 • (213) 539-9140 


© 1982 EPSON AMERICA. INC 




PRINTED IN USA 11QX82 



Mr. Dow and Mr. Jones 

introduce 

Dow Jones Software™ 




Jones: "Mr. Dow, look what they're selling in that new store 

down the street: Dow Jones Software. You haven't gotten 
us into ladies' fashions, have you?" 

Dow: "No, Mr. Jones. That's a computer store, and our software 
products allow investors and business professionals to use 
a personal computer like this one here to easily manage 
financial information." 

Jones: "But what about our reputation? We've been leaders in 

serving the business and financial community for over 100 
years. Are you sure this new software will be as reliable as 
The Wall Street Journal and Barron's?" 

Dow: "Of course, Jones. Our software is so reliable we back it up 
with a full-year warranty. People trust Dow Jones Software 
the same way they trust the Journal. And we have a toll- 
free Hotline number in case they want expert help." 

Jones: "Couldn't that be a lot of phone calls? After all, we've got 
the Dow Jones Averages to get out every day." 

Dow: "Don't worry, Jones. Our software is very easy to use, and 
we have a fully staffed Customer Service Department to 



respond to our dealers and customers." 

Jones: "Just what can our software do?" 

Dow: "In a nutshell, Jones, with a personal computer, a tele- 
phone, a modem and Dow Jones Software, you can easily 
perform complex analyses on the information available 
from our information service, Dow Jones News/Retrieval®." 

Jones: "People really use our software to make decisions?" 

Dow: "Absolutely. Once you've stored the information you want, 
our software does the rest. For instance, with one Dow 
Jones Software product you can follow indicators for stocks, 
sort, rank, screen and set critical points for buying and 
selling. With another, you can easily construct technical 
charts. Look at this beautiful graph." 

Jones: "You mean all those calculations I've been doing by hand 
I could do in a fraction of the time with this software? 
That's great!" 

Dow: "It is, Mr. Jones. Just like the Journal, Dow Jones Software 
is a resource you can bank on!" 




Dow Jones 
Market Analyzer'" 

A technical analysis product 

that allows private and profes- 
sional investors to automatically 
collect, store and update histor- 
ical and daily market quotes, and 
to construct technical analysis 
charts at the touch of a key. 



Dow Jones 

Market Microscope™ 

A fundamental analysis 
product that allows professional 
money managers to choose and 
follow indicators for extensive 
lists of stocks and industry 
groups, and to sort, rank, screen 
and set critical points for buying 
and selling. 



Dow Jones 

Market Manager 
A portfolio management 
product for private or profi 
sional investors who desire 
immediate access to pricing 
financial information, and who 
need an accounting and control 
system for their portfolios of 
securities. 



nd 



Dow Jones 
Connector'" 

A communications product 

for the business or professional 
person who wants instant elec- 
tronic access to news, facts and 
vital data at the home or office, 
via personal computer, simple 
terminal, communicating word 
processor or teletypewriter. 



See your computer dealer 
or call 

1-800-345-8500 

for a free brochure 
(Alaska, Hawaii and foreign, 



Dow Tones Software 



...Bank on it. 



1 TO 16 USERS TO GO 

Altos multi-user 8086 or 68000 -based 

networking computers are chosen by more 

OEMs and Fortune 1000 companies. Here's why. . . 



ALTOS® 16-bit computer 
systems do more for more users. 
They give you more power. More 
features. And more reliability. For 
less money. 

You get a choice of 8086 or 
68000-based family processors, 
memory management to one MB 
of RAM, an intelligent Z80™ I/O 
and disk controller, plus up to 160 
megabytes of fast Winchester 
storage. 

A single Altos computer can 
serve up to 16 users. And every 
Altos 16-bit computer gives you 



INTER-ALTOS 
LOCAL NETWORK 



Series 586. ACS8600 and ACS68000 
20-160 MByte Winchester 
1-16 USERS with 

ALTOS-NET 




ETHERNET 



Series 586. ACS8600 and ACS68000 
20-160 MByte Winchester 
116 USERS with 

ALTOS-NET/UNET" 



REMOTE COMMUNICATIONS 



Series 586, ACS8600 and ACS68000 
20-160 MByte Winchester 
1-16 USERS with 

ALTOS-NET/UNET 

2780/3780 
3270 
X 25 
SNA/SDLC 




added features like Multibus'" 
interfacing, real time clock, power 
fail detection and comprehensive 
diagnostics. 

But that's just the beginning. 
Link multiple Altos' together and 
communicate in the office of the 
future today. Serve hundreds of 
users with full Ethernet™ and 
ALTOS-NET'" hardware and soft- 
ware support. And save money 
with fewer interconnects. 

In addition. Altos supports 
remote communications protocols 
such as 2780/3780. 3270, X.25, 
and SNA/SDLC. 

Altos has all the 16-bit soft- 
ware you need, too. With popular 
operating systems like XENIX'" / 
UNIX" (with a user-friendly "busi- 
ness command menu interface"), 
CP/M-86,'" MP/M-86,™ 0ASIS-16, 
MS'"-DOSand PICK for 8086-based 
systems; plus UNIX System III" 
and RM/COS" for 68000-based 
systems. 



Altos also has high-level lan- 
guages (BASIC, FORTRAN, COBOL 
and PASCAL), and applications 
software (ABS/86 and ABS/68 for 
general accounting, word process- 
ing and financial planning). 

Since 1977. Altos has delivered 
more than 30,000 highly reliable, 
fully socketed, proven single board 
microcomputers and peripherals 
built for business. 

If you've been looking to go 
with a more powerful computer 
that can serve from 1 to 16 users 
for less money, call or write 
us today. 

Altos Computer Systems 
2360 Bering Drive 
San Jose, CA 95131 
(408) 946-6700 
Telex 171562 ALTOS SN J 
or 470642 ALTO UI 



Packed with 
fresh ideas 
for business 

COMPUTER SYSTEMS 

800-538-7872 

(In Calif. 800-662-6265) 

Circle 20 on inquiry card. 



ALTOS is a registered trademark and ALTOS-NET Is a trademark of Altos Computer Systems. Ethernet is a trademark of Xerox Corporation. CP/M-86 and MP/M-86 are trademarks of Digital Research. Inc. 
MS and XENIX are trademarks of Microsoft Corporation. XENIX is a microcomputer Implementation of the UNIX operating system. UNIX is a trademark of Bell Laboratories. UNIX System III Is a trade- 
mark of Western Electric RM/COS is a trademark of Ryan-McFarland. Inc. OASIS-16 Is a product of Phase One Systems. Inc. PICK Is a product of Pick & Associates and Pick Computer Works. 
Multibus is a trademark and 8086 is a product of Intel Corporation. 68000 is a product of Motorola. Inc. UNET is a trademark of 3Com Corp. Z80 Is a trademark and product of Zilog. Inc. 
• 1982 Altos Computer Systems. 



Product Description 



IBM's "Secret" Computer 

The 9000 

IBM Instruments Inc. manufactures a 68000-based 
instrumentation computer that could become a powerful 

business machine. 



Chris Morgan 
Editor in Chief 



The best-kept secret of 1982 may have been that IBM 
makes a 68000 computer. If that surprises you, you're not 
alone. The unit, called the IBM Instruments Computer 
System, is IBM's second major microcomputer pro- 
duct — the first, of course, is the IBM Personal Computer. 
The 9000 made its debut in June 1982 at the COMDEX 
show in Atlantic City, even though it was publicly an- 
nounced the previous month by IBM's subsidiary, IBM 
Instruments Inc., in Danbury, Connecticut. The an- 
nouncement was so unhyped that few people took notice. 

The machine is marketed as a laboratory instrumenta- 
tion computer, yet its design innovations and modularity 
make it a natural candidate for a business or general-pur- 
pose computer — with the appropriate engineering and 
cosmetic changes, of course. IBM has declined to com- 
ment on this possibility, however. 

In this article I'll describe the features of the machine, 
which I saw during a recent visit to the IBM Danbury 
facility, and speculate about the impact of a 68000-based 
microcomputer from the world's largest computer com- 
pany. 

Features 

The IBM 9000 is well suited to the laboratory: its 
modular construction revolves around a basic chassis 
containing a processor board, a 12-inch black-and-white 
CRT display, and a 57-key keypad, all included in the 
$5695 price. The 9000 has been engineered with crowded 
lab benches in mind: the modules stack vertically to con- 
serve space. When augmented by the printer/plotter, 



keyboard, and a host of other options, the 9000 becomes 
a powerful 16-bit computer system. A full-blown con- 
figuration typically costs $10,000 or more. 

Design Methodology 

Why has IBM decided to offer a 68000 computer? To 
answer that question, I interviewed the machine's 
designers at IBM Instruments, a recently acquired, whol- 
ly owned subsidiary of IBM. For years it has been active 
in the design of computer-oriented laboratory equip- 
ment. The division's status as a separate profit center 
within IBM allows it to experiment more freely with 
unusual computer designs — in particular, development of 
a laboratory-oriented microcomputer. 

The incentive to do this came from a major change in 
the instrumentation field. During the 1970s laboratory 
techniques such as nuclear magnetic resonance and gas 
chromatography became more popular — techniques that 
required masses of sophisticated mathematical calcula- 
tions. These calculations demanded more in the way of 
mathematical analysis than 8-bit computers could 
deliver. For example, fast Fourier transform (FFT) 
analysis (a common mathematical technique in the lab- 
oratory) consumes huge portions of memory. Thus lab- 
oratories had to stick to more expensive but powerful 
minicomputers. A real need arose for ways to improve 
the productivity and cost-effectiveness of data acquisi- 
tion and processing in the laboratory. 

So the IBM 9000 was born. It has the memory space (up 
to 5 megabytes of RAM!) to handle sophisticated labora- 

Text continued on page 104 



100 January 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 




Photo 1: The new IBM 9000 Instrumentation Computer, 
manufactured by IBM's instrumentation division in Danbury, 
Connecticut. The machine uses the Motorola 68000 processor 
and includes (in this implementation) a 12-inch CRT display, a 
57-key keypad with user-definable keys, an 83-key keyboard, 
four-color printer/ plotter, custom IBM multitasking operating 
system, five I/O ports, disk controller for up to four 5'A-inch or 
8-inch floppy-disk drives or hard disks, Versabus interface, and 
room for up to 5 megabytes of RAM onboard. The implementa- 
tion shown in the photo costs close to $10,000. 




Photo 3: The IBM 9000 seven-layer planar processor board, 
showing the remarkably dense population of ICs and VLSIs. 
This state-of-the-art board has over 1600 test points and could 
not have been manufactured just over a year ago because of the 
density of the components. By plugging in an optional expan- 
sion board, up to five Versabus (a 32-bit bus standard developed 
by Motorola) cards can be plugged into the main board. 




a i laini ii a a a m ■ ■ i 

aalinaaaaaaaa 

E E 



Photo 2: Close-up of the 57-key keypad (at top) and the 83-key 
keyboard on the IBM 9000. 




Photo 4: The stripped-down version of the IBM 9000, with CRT 
display, 57-key keypad, processor board, and chassis, retails for 
$5695. 




Photo 5: Close-up of output from the dot-matrix printer/plot- 
ter, which features four-color printing, 200 characters per sec- 
ond in draft mode, and 220 by 336 dots per inch of resolution. 



January 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 101 



At a Glance 

Name 

The IBM Instruments Computer System 

Manufacturer 

International Business Machines 
IBM Instruments Inc. Division 
Orchard Park 
POB 332 
Danbury, CT 06810 

Components 

Basic System Module 

(comprises processor board, CRT display, keypad, and chassis) 

Size: width 22.3 inches, depth 17.2 inches, height 23.2 inches 
(with CRT display positioned on bridge); weight (main 
chassis alone): 31.5 pounds; weight with CRT, printer, and 
keyboard added: 78.8 pounds 

Electrical needs: 1 20 volts AC 

Processor: Motorola 68000, with 32-bit registers/ 1 6-bit 

data flow; 24-bit addressing (up to 1 6 
megabytes) 

Memory: 1 28K bytes of RAM; up to 1 28K bytes of 

ROM 

Keypad: 57 keys for data entry, arranged in three 

color-coded rows, pressure-sensitive type 
with audible click; all keys are user- 
definable, and six keys have LEDs under 
program control 

CRT display: 1 2-inch raster-scan type with 768- by 

480-pixel bit-mapped display, 80 characters 
by 30 rows, green-on-black display; 1 user 
definable keys beneath the display with 
user-chosen legends at bottom of screen; 
display has unique single-lever tilt and 
swivel adjustment 

Interfaces: IEEE-488 interface, standard bus, I -MHz 

operation; three RS-232C serial ports, ASCII 
coded, asynchronous, 19,200 bps maximum 
data rate, software-settable parameters; one 
8-bit parallel bidirectional port with hand- 
shaking signals and TTL-level signals 

System bus: superset of Motorola Versabus; main board 

accepts up to five Versabus cards via at- 
tachable expansion card; 32 programmable 
interrupts on four hardware levels; seven 
hardware levels total; four channels of 
DMA at I MHz maximum 

Standard software: IBM custom operating system, with real- 
time, multitasking nucleus; drivers for I/O 
(input/output) including CRT, printer, sen- 
sors, etc.; graphics; file handling and disks; 
debugger; and diagnostics 

Miscellaneous: three built-in 16-bit timers with up to 2-MHi 

pulse source; built-in real-time clock with 
battery backup 



Keyboard: 



Options 

Printer/plotter: 



impact, dot-matrix type, bidirectional; 200 
characters per second in draft mode; plot- 
ting resolution: 220 by 336 dots per inch; 
four-color ribbon; accepts 8'/2- by I 1-inch 
regular paper or 9'/i-inch pinfeed fanfold 
paper; unit mounts in processor unit chassis 



Disk drives. 



Expansion card: 

Additional 
memory card: 



Hard-disk 
controller card: 



Analog sensor 

card: 

Software options: 



Planned future 
software: 



83-key keyboard, virtually identical to IBM 
Personal Computer keyboard; has full ASCII 
character set with numeric keypad (not to 
be confused with 57-key keypad on main 
chassis); cursor control, print control, 10 
programmable function keys (distinct from 
softkeys on CRT display); automatic repeat 
on all keys; keyboard is movable, with 
detachable 6-foot coil cable 
up to four drives in any combination; 
available in 5 'A -inch size: double-sided, 
double-density, 327K bytes formatted, 
250,000 bits/second transfer rate. In 8-inch 
size: double-sided, double-density, 985K 
bytes formatted, 500,000 bits/second 
transfer rate, IBM standard format 
system bus card with five additional Ver- 
sauus card slots 

up to 1 megabyte per card in increments of 
256K bytes; 500-nanosecond access time; 
memory includes single-bit error checking in 
hardware 

controls up to four 5 '/i -inch 5-megabyte 
and/or 10-megabyte formatted hard-disk 
drives, 625,000 bytes/second transfer rate, 
using SA 1 000 and ST506 interface 

available in five versions 
BASIC with extensions; operating system ex- 
tension on disk; editor; macroassembler; 
linker/loader/librarian; disk utilities; 
chromatography application program 

FORTRAN 77 compiler; Pascal compiler; 
mathematics/statistics package; communica- 
tion capabilities through IBM 3101 and 
3270 emulation software; full-screen editor 



Hardware Prices 

Basic unit (with processor board, keypad, CRT) 

Memory expansion card with 256K bytes of RAM 

Additional 256K bytes of RAM expansion 

Single 5 'A -inch disk drive mounted in display 

Cabinet with one 5 'A -inch disk drive 

Additional 5 'A -inch disk drive 

Cabinet with one 8-inch disk drive 

Additional 8-inch disk drive 

Hard-disk controller 

5-megabyte hard-disk drive with cabinet 

Additional 5-megabyte hard-disk drive 

10-megabyte hard-disk drive with cabinet 

Additional 1 0-megabyte hard-disk drive 

Keyboard 

Printer/plotter 

Sensor board "A" 

Expansion feature with five slots 

Software Prices 

BASIC language 

Operating system extensions 

Chromatography applications package 



$5695 

1095 

995 

650 

795 

650 

1495 

975 

1295 

2495 

1995 

2695 

2195 

270 

2095 

850 

95 



SI 95 
155 
495 



102 January 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 



Circle 42 on inquiry card. 




^^g^-^xv^t'V-;^^.^^'-. 



Have you put aside buying a color monitor 

because it's too expensive? 
But, have you looked at the new TAXAN RGBvision 

color monitor? 
Would you be excited at a suggested retail price 

of $399.oo for the RGBvision I, and $599 for the 

RGBvision II? 



SB*" 



Hi^ 



mm 



i 3 


> -^w 


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nw 



pirn 




DO VIE HAVE GOOD NEWS FOR YOU! 

s For those low prices, you can havei 
a Full compatibility with Apple III and IBM PC without 

interface modules 
H Compatible with Apple II through the TAXAN "RGB-II" card 
a RGBvision I medium resolution - 380(H) lines 
3 RGBvision II high resolution • 510(H) lines 
a Unlimited colors through linear amplifier video circuit and 16 

colors for Apple III and IBM PC 
3 12 -inch, 90° deflection CRT display 



Can you really afford to turn all that down without looking at 
the TAXAN RGBvision monitors? See your local dealer for a 
demonstration. 



,AXAN 12 green phosphor monitor, 
model KG12N, features an 800 line 
resolution at center, 2000 character 
display 



© TAXAN 

TSK ELECTRONICS CORPORATION 

1524 Highland Avenue 
Duarte, California 91010 
A subsidiary of Kaga Denshi 



Apple II and III are trademarks of Apple Computer. Inc 
IBM PC is a trc 



I Get The Most From Your NEC 
1 PERSONAL COMPUTER 
With RACET computes Software 
and HARDWARE!!! 

* * * * * NEW - NEW - NEW - NEW - NEW - NEW - NEW ****** 




RACET RK-4'8 MULTIPLEXOR 

Schools — Businesses — Word Processing!!! The RACET MK4/8 Multiplexor allows multiple 
users to share the same mass storage, whether it is floppy disk or the RACET Hard Disk. The 
Multiplexor is fully supported under the RACET "Everything' DOS. Users can work in mixed ROM 
BASIC and CP/M Call Compatible modes All users can request information and be writing to the 
disk simultaneously. The multiplexor not only provides a cost-elfective solution to users requiring 
multiple computers, but also provides the power of sharing data. 

4-Port Mux $745 8-Port Mux $945 

CALL FOR LOWEST HARD DRIVE PRICES FOR NEC 

RACET NECDOS FOR YOUR PC-8000 AND PC-8800!! THE EVERYTHING' DOS!!! $225 

Has ROM BASIC mode Has CP/M» compatibility mode Works in both modes with the RACET RK 
4/8 Multiplexor for shared disk environment. Supports the RACET Hard Disk in both modes and 
optionally with the Multiplexor. 

RACET NECDOS does more for your PC-8001 than any other DOS. It's faster, more efficient and 
easier to use Its loaded with extra features to let you stretch the limits of your system 
EMPHASIZES INTEGRITY. NO MOUNT or REMOVE commands. Excellent protection from 
improper diskette swapping File password protection. 

ADVANCED FEATURES. All DOS functions and commands may be used directly in a BASIC pro- 
gram!!! Special RUN option allows merging of programs, retaining all variables in memeory. 
Fixed block spanned records. AUTO and DO commands Machine language loads and saves 
MATPRINT and MATINPUT to disk Complete directory. All supervisory calls documented and 
available to the machine language programmer Superzap and other extensive utilities. 

* NEW * ELECTRIC PENCIL* * * $99.95 
THE most popular Microcomputer Word Processor in the world now available on the NEC! ! ! With 
many added features Embedded print commands Print from memory and disk!! Settable tabs. 
Indent and hanging indent Parallel, Serial, and Video drivers. OICTAMATIC cassette control lor 
translating dictated messages! ! And much more! ! ! Most features of word processors costing five 
times as much! !! Runs on 32K or 64K system! ! ! Works In multi-user environment with the RK4'8 
Multiplexor!!!! 

* NEW * ELECTRIC SPREADSHEET * * $75 
A BASIC Spreadsheet program for the PC-8001 . Anything you work with columns and rows and a 
calculator belongs on the Electric Spreadsheet. Results formatted tor screen or printer. 'What if 
questions answered. P/L forecast Personal budget Real estate investment Net worth forecast 
Cash flow estimates Business forms. Works on 32K or 64K system 111 70 operators plus 
histogram plot, revise spreadsheat layout, and more Select preprogrammed operators for line, 
column, or cell calculations. Set column widths and number ot decimals Manual and diskette 
include 22 examples. 

* NEW * ADVANCED PROGRAMMING BASIC * * $60 
THE (unctions and commands in this package give you extended control over data and your 
PC-8001 system. These extensions to NBASIC provide complete conversion ol time and date 
functions including days between dates and Julian dates. Extended string functions include lus- 
tily, truncate, center, rotate, translate, shift, pack, and search Array functions include masked 
search of both sorted and unsorted arrays, and insert in sorted arrays 

MULTI-KEY SORT "MKS" $60 
SUPER FAST Machine Language In-Memory Sorts. Three key sort on 500 elements in 4 sec- 
onds!!! Simple one-line BASIC functions - SORTV and SORTC VERBS Mixed ascending and 
descending keys 

BASIC PROGRAMMING UTILITIES BASUTIL' $60 
COMPRESS, EXPAND, PRETTY, XREF Cross Reference Utility. Great tor modeling, debugging 
and structuring BASIC programs. 

KFS-80 KEYED FILE SYSTEM KFS-80' S150 
MACHINE language BASIC ISAM utility provides keyed and sequential access to multiple files 
Simple interface to BASIC. Binary tree keyed-tile index system provides rapid access lo records. 

CONVERT TRS-80* PROGRAMS TO RACET NECDOS 
WITH PROTRAN' $99.95 
COMPLETE utilities for tile transfer and BASIC program conversion. MOD III diskettes may be read 
directly; MOD I and II via RS-232. Transfer BASIC programs, data files, or machine language files. 
NO SUPPORT is provided for conversion of machine language files or PEEK'S, POKE'S or USR's to 
function on PC-8001 Substantial knowledge of TRS BASIC and NBASIC required Package 
designed for software authors. 



AVAILABLE FROM YOUR LOCAL NEC DEALER or from RACET computes 
CHECK, VISA. M/C. COD.. 

PURCHASE ORDER 

Telephone Orders Accepted L^_ Integrity i 

(714) 997-4950 



jHL IMCO UCHLCn Ul IIUIII HHUC I |.UlM|juit:b 

C~ RACET COMPUTES LTD-d 

i l_ Integrity tn Software ^_J 

1330 N. Glassell. Suite M. Orange. CA 92667 (714) 997-4950 



. TRS-80 IS A TRADEMARK OF TANDY CORPORATION 

. CP/M IS A TRADEMARK OF DIGITAL RESEARCH 

. ELECTRIC PENCIL PENCIL IS A TRADEMARK OF MICHAEL SCHRAYER 

■ ELECTRIC SPREADSHEET IS A TRADEMARK OF DAN G HANEY 8, ASSOCIATES 




Photo 6: Close-up of the 12-inch, green-on-black raster-scan 
CRT display, with 768- by 480-pixel bit-mapped display and 80 
characters by 30 rows. Ten user-definable keys are located along 
the bottom of the display, with user-chosen legends on the 
screen. The display has a unique single-lever tilt and swivel ad- 
justment. 



tory mathematics. It has modular hardware features 
needed in the lab, such as a high-resolution color printer 
to create graphs and charts, a swiveling CRT display, and 
a movable keyboard that can go where the experiment is. 
More important, it has the Motorola 68000, a powerful 
16-bit processor. Long a favorite with many software 
designers, the 68000 was chosen by IBM despite the fact 
that the IBM Personal Computer uses the Intel 8088 pro- 
cessor (which is not a true 16-bit processor). The 68000 
won out mainly because of its superior benchmark per- 
formance. According to its designers, the 68000 gives the 
9000 a better price/performance ratio and provides a 
standard method to control all IBM instruments. The 
9000 has real-time multitasking capability — important in 
data acquisition — and its five I/O interfaces allow it to be 
easily connected to a variety of laboratory instruments. 

The real star of the 9000 is its remarkable state-of-the- 
art planar processor board. Seven layers deep, it is literal- 
ly crammed with ICs and VLSIs to the saturation point. 
IBM says the board could not have been manufactured 
just over a year ago because of its high chip density (the 
board has more than 1600 test points). On this single 
board are the complete computer, five I/O ports, the disk 
controller, and slots for an auxiliary expansion card that 
will hold up to five Versabus cards. The advantage to 
single-board construction is the freedom from printed- 
circuit board connection points — a major source of com- 
puter failure. (Incidentally, IBM will swap processor 
boards with customers in an overnight service in case of 
hardware failure.) The 32-bit Versabus ensures com- 
patibility with future instruments. In addition, the Versa- 
bus stands an excellent chance of becoming a standard 
bus in the future. 

One look at the 9000's processor board reveals its 



104 January 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 



Circle 350 on Inquiry card. 



ACTIVE FILTER AMPLITUDE RESPONSE 



♦ 18' 


A 








1 

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I -18 

T 

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D 

E -28 

dB 

-38 


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FREQUENCY - Hz 

1. User-defined analysis and 



CHI 200»V/DIV AC T 
CH2 5 V/OIV DC t 



269mV 20PS/DIV 

5.2 V 8.80V + CHI 







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CHI 200BV/DIV AC T 10nS 
REF 200I.V/DIV T 0.00V + 

REF 10nS 


/DIV 

CHI 

/DIV 



HORTHWEST INSTRUMENT SYSTEMS- INC 
MODEL 85 DIGITAL MEMORY OSCILLOSCOPE 
OPERATIONS MENU 



HARD COPY 



HAUEFORM AUERAGING 



HAUEFORM STORAGE 

LOAD REFERENCE HAUEFORM 

OSCILLOSCOPE SET UP STORAGE 

MISCELLANEOUS 

RETURN TO OSCILLOSCOPE 



WHICH OF THESE DISPLAYS WERE GENERATED 
BY A PERSONAL COMPUTER? 



Every single one of them. And 
not just generated, either. The instru- 
ment settings were configured, 
signals acquired, and analysis per- 
formed via a personal computer, 
also. An Apple II®, to be specific. 
Equipped with Disk II®, 48K mem- 
ory, DOS 3.3 and a remarkable, 
make that revolutionary, engineering 
breakthrough known as the Model 
85 aScope™. Remarkable because 
aScope transforms any computer 
in the Apple 1 1 series into a dual chan- 
nel , DC to 50 M Hz repetitive signal 
bandwidth (25 KHz real time sam- 
pling rate), fully programmable, 
digital memory oscilloscope. Revolu- 
tionary because it does all this for 
less than $1,000. 

The way we achieved this cost re- 
duction was by not following the path 
of conventional instrument archi- 
tecture, combining a stand-alone 
programmable oscilloscope with a 
general purpose computer controller. 
Instead, we integrated. Making 
aScope a peripheral. Supplying only 
what was needed to make the per- 
sonal computer a high performance 
instrument. 

Result? An oscilloscope system 
that allows you to configure a setup, 
define the analysis you desire and 
produce an end result display in the 
most useful format. Many frequently 



performed routines are already part 
of aScope's software. But more im- 
portantly, the system's architecture is 
designed to accommodate consider- 
able user modification via co- 
resident BASIC or assembly language 
programs. (One example: the user- 
defined program to plot the ampli- 
tude response of an active filter 
shown in display 1 above.) 

a Scope will average waveforms. 
Store waveforms on disk in binary or 
text files. Store instrument settings 
for automated setup. Or load and 
display a reference waveform from 
disk (display 3 above). 

aScope also delivers waveform 
voltage readings utilizing a cursor- 
controlled digital voltmeter 
(display 2). And generates 
hard copy via an Epson 
MX-80™orSilentype® 
printer. 

Space permitting, 
we'd go on about aScope's 
menu driven single keystroke com- 
mands (display 4), its sub-menus with 
complete prompting and so forth. But 
frankly, we suspect you're probably 
as intrigued as you could be on the 
basis of one ad. 

So here's how to find out more. 
Call 800-547-4445. This will pro- 
vide you with the name of the aScope 
representative or authorized com- 



puter dealer in your area, as well as 
an opportunity to invest $10 in our 
comprehensive aScope demonstra- 
tion disk. 

The Model 85 aScope. We admit, 
the performance it delivers for the 
price is so remarkable, it may initially 
strike you as unbelievable. But then, 
when you think about all the break- 
through products this industry has 
seen over the last decade, sounding 
unbelievable at first is almost a 
tradition. 




NORTHWEST 
INSTRUMENT 
SYSTEMS, INC. 

RO. Box 1309, 

Beaverton, Oregon 97075 
800-547-4445 
(503)297-1434 




Apple II®, Disk II®, and Silentype® are registered trademarks of Apple Computers, Inc. Epson MX-80™is a trademark of Epson America, Inc. 



Circle 296 on inquiry card. 



BYTE January 1983 105 



' The Best In Price, ' 
Selection and Delivery 

Call Now 

TOLL FREE 

800-368-3404 

(In VA, Call Collect 703-237-8695) 

AMPEX'INTERTEOTEXAS INSTRUMENTS'GENERAL DATA 

COMM.«ANDERSONJACOBSON»C.ITOH«QUME • BEEHIVE* 

DATASOUTH* DIABLO 'CENTRONICS • NEC • PRENTICE 



ONLY S1895 
ONLY S2295 
ONLY S2695 



INTERTEC SUPERBRAIN II 

64K DD" 

64K QD* 

64K SD - (96TPI) 
•(includes M/Soft BASIC) 

DDS-10Meq 

(HardD.sk) 9 HJBEIEB 

DYNABYTE Call 

l.:i:u'71 

NEC 

7710 Ser $2196 

7715 Call for Special Price 

7730 Par $2150 

7720 Call for Special Price 

7725 Call for Special Price 

Std. Forms Tractor $ 200 

3510 $1390 

3510EX. . . Call for Special Price 

3515 $1395 

DATASOUTH Call 

DIABLO 

620-SPI $1144 

630-R102 $1995 

630-R110 $1795 

630-R153" $1745 

'(for IBM PC, Apple II, TRS-80) 

630-R155 Call 

630-K104(KSR) $2385 

QUME 

Sprint 9/45 FP $1794 

Sprint 9/55 FP $2119 

Sprint 9/55 FP/XMEM $2186 

Sprint 9/55 LP/XMEM $2094 

Sprint 11/40-130 .Call 

Bi-Dir. Forms Tractor .... $ 199 
CENTR ONICS: 34/38 Call 

AMPEX 

Dialogue 80 $ 699 

Dialogue 80 (4 pgs) $ 939 

BEEHIVE (SMART DISPLAY) 

DM5 Call 

DM5A Call 

DM310 (3101 Emulator) . Call 
DM 3270 (3270 Emulator) . . Call 
Protocol Converter Call 



C. ITOH 

CIT101 $1350 

TEXAS INSTRUMENTS 

745 Standard $1390 

745 Std. (Reconditioned) . . . Call 

765BblM'my Call 

785 Standard Call 

810 Basic $1249 

810Package $1439 

820 Package RO Package $1610 
820 KSR Package Call 

840 RO Basic $ 795 

840 RO Tractor Feed Pkg. $1059 
940 Video Ed'tr $1570 

li'H-Hi'M 

PRENTICE STAR 300Bd..$ 124 

GDC1035JL $ 169 

1200-9600 Baud Call 

Stat Muxes Call 

BE333P=g| 

QUME 

Data Trak 5 ... $ 289 or 2 for $549 
Data Trak 8 ... $519 or 2 for $999 
M.lii'.'HiUB 

BISYNC-3780 $ 769 

Wordstar (IBM P.C.) $ 279 

Data Star $ 218 

Mail Merge FREE* 

Spell Star $ 149 

Spell Guard $ 229 

Plan 80 $ 249 

d Base II $ 529 

CalcStar $ 191 

SuperSorl $ 158 

Super Calc $ 249 

InfoStar Call 

CIS Cobol $ 689 

Forms II $ 159 

MACRO 80 $ 183 

"C" Compiler $ 177 

•With purchase of InfoStar 

Special! While They Last! 

SOROC TERMINALS 

IQ120 MiW*H*l 

NOTE IBM and Burroughs compatible 
terminals available Please inquire 



In addition, we can make EIA RS 232 or RS 449 cables to your order, 
and supply you with ribbons, printer stands, print wheels, thimbles for 
all printers listed. And many, many more items. CALL NOW. 

All items shipped freight collect either motor freight or UPS unless other- 
wise specified. All prices already include 3% cash discount. Purchase with 
credit card does not include discount. Virginia residents, add 4% Sales Tax. 
For fastest delivery send certified check, money order or bank-wire transfer. 
Sorry, no C.O.D. orders. All equipment is in factory cartons with manufac- 
turers' warranty (honored at our depot). Prices subject to change without 
notice. Most items in stock. 



T€RP)MALS 




Terminals Terrific, Inc., P.O. Box 216, Merrifield, VA 22116 
Phone: 800-368-3404 (In VA, Call Collect 703-237-8695) 



designers' eclectic approach: it contains ICs from over a 
dozen U.S. and Japanese companies — Advanced Micro 
Devices, Signetics, Motorola, National Semiconductor, 
Texas Instruments, Intel, Intersil, Hitachi, Western 
Digital, and others. Each chip was chosen for its specs 
alone. This would have been heresy back in IBM's mono- 
lithic days, when practically every IC inside an IBM com- 
puter was custom made by IBM. 

Other Features 

In addition to the RAM and ROM within the machine, 
a 64K-byte (12-bit word) graphics memory handles the 
screen display; the Motorola 6845 CRT controller chip 
manages the display logic in the IBM 9000. Other features 
include a memory-protect scheme (useful in multitasking 
applications) and composite video. 

The IBM 9000 automatically conducts a power-on 
diagnostic routine, and a second diagnostic routine can 
be initiated by the user. 

The CRT display has excellent resolution (768 by 480 
pixels) and one felicitous feature: a single handle control 
that lets you quickly shift the position of the display 
horizontally and vertically by merely pulling the handle 
toward you and repositioning the screen. Beneath the 
screen is a row of user-definable keys like those on 
Hewlett-Packard machines. The printer/plotter is well 
suited to the 9000, with 220 by 336 dots per inch and ex- 
cellent four-color printing. 

The 57-key user-definable keypad is perhaps the 9000's 
oddest feature; yet having that many user-definable keys 
could be a boon for some applications. One spectator at 
the COMDEX show suggested using the keys to represent 
Wordstar commands. Though I'm no fan of this type of 
touch-sensitive key, I suppose it does the job. 

The 9000 operating system (custom designed by IBM) 
has multitasking capability and a sophisticated I/O man- 
ager that queues up all I/O requests. The software is 
menu driven with keyword bypass for the expert user. 
The system features contiguous file allocation to mini- 
mize access time, and the various high-level languages 
(BASIC, Pascal, and FORTRAN 77) all share a common 
graphics interface — a decided plus. 

Laboratory-oriented software available includes a gas 
chromatography program. A nuclear magnetic resonance 
station is also available for $250,000. 

Speculation 

The IBM 9000 is ideally suited to the laboratory. But it 
strikes me that the 9000's processor board could become 
the heart of a general-purpose microcomputer for the 
business market. As I said earlier, IBM is not commenting 
on this speculation. (Incidentally, IBM 9000 customer 
deliveries should have begun by the time you read this.) 

I think the 9000 is, in its quiet way, one of the most ex- 
citing new arrivals on today's microcomputer scene. I 
predict it will start showing up in all sorts of unexpected 
applications. In one gesture IBM has legitimized a micro- 
processor that deserves more attention: the Motorola 
68000. ■ 



106 January 19«3 © BYTE Publications Inc 



Circle 401 on Inquiry card. 



,i-r -r- ■■ ■ i > i . v-~'"i 
t- : ! : : ! : : : ; I : : : ; : 

L : • J jiij iiii !;;! :;•! ::;| |:i :. : :'i \ 



u*— «£ GaUy (iiijMd (i 



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Still short of features 
on your QUAD function IBM PC board? 



This may really be the only board you need 
to expand your IBM personal computer. 
We've now added the most wanted feature 
on a quad function board: two asynchronous 
ports along with memory, clock/calendar, 
and parallel printer port. And unlike most 
big memory boards, you don't have to 
sacrifice multiple functions to get 
51 2k of add-on memory in a single 
slot. 

THE BASICS 

The main board has three functions 
standard: Parity checked and fully 
socketed memory up to 256k in 
64k increments, clock/calendar 
with battery back-up, asynchronous 
communication port (RS232C ser- 
ial) which can be used as COM1 or 
COM2, (DCE for a printer, or DTE 
for a modem). Optional is a 1 00% 
IBM compatible parallel printer port, 
and a second async port for another $50 
each. Also included are: SuperDriveTM disk 
emulation and SuperSpoolerrM printer buf- 
fer software. 

NO CORNERS CUT 

We didn't lower the quality to give you all 
this. The board is a four layer design with 
solder masking, silk screened locations, 
and gold plated edge connectors. Compo- 
nents are premium grade and meet or 
exceed IBM specifications. Each board is 
burned in and tested prior to shipment. 
CLOCK/CALENDAR 
& CLIP-ON BATTERY 
Our clock is powered by a simple $4 lithium 
watch battery available at your corner drug 
store. It is clipped on, not soldered like 
some other clock boards. How useful is a 
battery warranty that requires you to send 
your board to the manufacturer to replace 
it? We send you a diskette with a program 
that sets the time and date when you turn 
on your computer. Now your programs will 
always have the correct time and date on 
them without you ever having to think 
about it. (Just which version of that program 
you were writing is the latest one?) 
MEGAPAK OF MEMORY 
The picture in the inset shows the optional 
256k MegaPakTM board mounted "piggy- 
back " on the main board. This expandability 
feature gives those who need it 512k of 
add-on memory in a single slot. Now you 
can create disk drives in memory up to 



320k, set aside plenty of space for print 
spooling, and still have plenty of memory 
for your biggest programs. An exclusive 
design allows the memory to be split at two 
memory addresses to take full advantage of 
the memory disk feature of concurrent 
CP/M. 




FREE SOFTWARE 

The disk emulation software creates "disk 
drives" in memory which access your pro- 
grams at the speed of RAM memory. The 
print spooler allows the memory to accept 
data as fast as the computer can send it and 
frees your computer for more productive 
work. Some manufacturers sell hardware 
printer buffers that do only this for hundreds 
of dollars. SuperSpoolem/i eliminates the 
need for these slot robbing products. 

CHEAP SOFTWARE TOO 
What good is great hardware without some 
great software to use it with? We offer 
some terrific prices on some of the popular 
programs you will want to use your board 
with. How about the cream of the spread- 
sheet programs, SUPERCALC, for just $1 76. 
Or maybe dBASE II by Ashton-Tate for just 
$469. 

WHY BUY IT FROM US? 

Because we provide the service and support 
most companies just talk about. We realize 
how integral this board is to the use of your 
computer. What good is a warranty if it 
takes weeks for repairs to be made? We 
offer 48 hour turnaround or a replacement 
board on all warranty repairs. Do you hear 
anyone else making this promise? If you 
still are not convinced, and want to compare 
prices, remember we don't charge extra for 
credit cards, shipping, or COD fees. If you 
still want to buy elsewhere, ask them if 
they will face the acid test. 



THE ACID TEST 

Qubie (say que-bee-A) gives you a 30 day 
satisfaction guarantee on all board pur- 
chases. If you are not completely satisfied 
we will refund the entire cost of your 
purchase as well as pay the postage to 
return it. If you can get one of our competi- 
tors to give you the same guarantee, buy 
any other board you think compares and 
return the one you don't like. We're not 
worried because we know which one you 
will keep. We also offer a one year parts 
and labor warranty. An additional one year 
extended warranty is available for $50. 

TO ORDER BY MAIL SEND 

—Your name and shipping address 
— Memory size, and options requested 
— Software and cables needed 
— Daytime phone number 
—California residents add 6% sales tax 
— Company check or credit card number 

with expiration date (personal checks 

take 18 days to clear) 




TO ORDER BY PHONE 
In California (805) 482-9829 
Outside California (800) 821-4479 
PRICES: 64k $375 192k $499 
128k $439 256k $599 
512k $998 
(Includes async port, memory, clock/ 
calendar, SuperDriveTM, and Super 
Spooler™ software) 
OPTIONS: 

Parallel Printer Port $50 

Second Async Port $50 

MegaPakTM with 256k of memory $399 
Cable to parallel printer $35 

Cable to modem or serial printer $25 
Memory Diagnostics Program $10 

SUPERCALC by SORCIM $ 1 76 

dBASE II by Ashton-Tate $469 

SHIPMENT 

We pay UPS surface charges. UPS 2 day 
air serive $5 extra. Credit crad or bank 
check orders shipped same day. 

QUBIE' 
DISTRIBUTING 

918 Via Alondra 
Camarlllo, CA 93010 



Circle 435 on inquiry card. 



BYTE January 1983 107 







THE FIRST AND ONLY 
BOARD\DURlBMPC 
MAY EVER NEED. 

Your IBM personal computer is a very 
versatile piece of equipment. Perhaps 
more versatile than you realize. New 
applications and functions are being 



by Quadram you can keep your options 
open for tomorrow's technology. Following 
in the tradition of Quadram Quality, four 
of Quadram's best selling IBM boards 
have been combined into one board. 
Your remaining slots will be left free and 
available to accommodate future expan- 
sion needs and uses which you may not 



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PROVEN DESIGN. 

Quadram has been shipping IBM boards 
with each of the Quadboard functions 
on separate boards since December, 
1981. They are still available as separates 
(including a Dual Port Async Board) for 
those who desire a quality board but do 
not need to keep slots open for future 
expansion. And they all come with a 
one year warranty from the leader in 
technology applications. 



256K MEMORY EXPANSION. 

Socketed and expandable in 64K 
increments to 256K, full parity generation 
and checking are standard. A Quad 
board exclusive feature allows parity to 
be switch disabled to avoid lock-up 
upon error detection. The dip switches 
also allow it to be addressed starting 
on any 64K block so that it takes up only 
as much as it has memory installed. 
Memory access and cycle time naturally 
meet all IBM specifications. 



CLOCK/CALENDAR. 

Quadboard eliminates the hassle of 
manually inputting the date on system 
boot-up by providing for the clock and 
all software routines necessary for 
inserting the appropriate programs on 
your diskettes. The internal computer 
clock is automatically set for compati- 
bility with most software routines which 
utilize clock functions. On-board battery 
keeps the clock running when the 
computer is off. 



SEE OUR AD ON PAGE 339 






9K9I 



ALL ON ONE BOARD 

Now you can utilize all the PC's capacity 
with Quadram's extremely flexible con- 
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with IBM hardware, operating systems, 
and high level languages. It's a full-size 
board that can be inserted into any free 
system slot and it even includes a card 
edge guide for securely mounting the 
card in place. 






SOFTWARE TOO! 

With Quadboard you receive not only 
hardware but extensive software at no 
extra cost. Diagnostics, utilities, and 
Quad-RAM drive software for simulating 
a floppy drive in memory (a super-fast 
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Quadboard package. 






$595 



with 64K 
Installed 



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PARALLEL PRINTER I/O. 

A 16 pin header on Quadboard is used 
for inserting a short cable containing a 
standard DB25 connector. The connector 
is then mounted in the knock-out hole 
located in the center of the PC back- 
plane. The parallel port can be switch 
disabled or addressed as Printer 1 or 2. 
No conflict exists with the standard 
parallel port on the Monochrome board. 
The internal cable, connector and 



hardware are all included. 



ASYNCHRONOUS (RS232) 
COMMUNICATION ADAPTER. 

Using the same chip as that on the IBM 
ASYNC board, the device is software 
programmable for baud rate, character, 
stop, and parity bits. A male DB25 
connector located on the back connector 
is identical to that on the IBM Async 
Adapter. The adapter is used for 
connecting modems, printers (many 
letter quality printers require RS232), 
and other serial devices. Switches 
allow the port to be configured as COM1 
or COM2 and the board fully supports 
IBM Communications Software. 



INCREDIBLE PRICE! 

Priced at $595 with 64K installed, $775 

with 128K, $895 with 192K and $995 

with 256K. 

ASK YOUR DEALER. 

All products are sold through local 



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does not stock Quadram, 
please ask him to call us 
at (404) 923-6666. /TV 7 \ 

QUADRAM fcr 

CORPORATION 

4357 Park Drive/ Norcross, Ga. 30093 
Circle 340 on inquiry card. 



Hardware Review 



Apple-Cat II 



A Communications System from Novation 



James A. Pope 

458 Elm St. 

Denver, CO 80220 



A modem, of course, is merely a 
device used to convert digital signals 
into analog form and vice versa, 
thereby allowing computers to com- 
municate with each other over tele- 
phone lines. Novation's Apple-Cat II, 
the latest in the "Cat" series of 
modems, has been promoted as not 



merely another modem but the base 
unit for a sophisticated "personal 
communications system" for the 
Apple II computer. 

In this article I will discuss the 
product as it currently exists, describe 
some of the enhancements that are 
being developed, and give you some 



At a Glance 



Name 

Apple-Cat 



Communications System 



Type 

Modem for the Apple II Plus, expandable 
to a full communications system 

Manufacturer 

Novation Inc. 
1 8664 Oxnard St. 
Tarzana, CA 91356 
|213) 996-5060 

Price 

Base system: S389; Options: Expansion 
Module: S39; Bell 212 upgrade module: 
S389; BSRX- 10 controller: SI 9; Touch- 
Tone decoder: $99; ROM firmware chip: 
$29 

Computer 

Apple II Plus, with 48K bytes of RAM 
(random-access read/write memory) and 
one disk drive; printer (optional) 



Hardware 

Base system: single circuit board, 
telephone cable, and telephone sockets; 
Options: Bell 212 protocol expansion 
board, BSR X-10 controller, telephone 
handset. Expansion Module, Touch-Tone 
decoder chip, firmware ROM (read-only 
memory) chip 

Software 

Single disk, DOS 3.2, copyable, containing 
a terminal operation program, test pro- 
grams, and file-conversion programs 

Features 

300 bps full-duplex (Bell 103) transfer, 
1 200 bps half-duplex (Bell 202) transfer, 
auto-answer, 27K-byte buffer, status 
display line, onboard RS-232C port 

Audience 

Apple II users who want to transfer data 
over telephone lines 



help in using the present system to its 
fullest extent. 

"1200 Baud" 

Like many companies, Novation 
has planned its product development 
in such a way as to provide for future 
expansion. This includes the wording 
of certain pieces of advertising copy. 
For example, the early advertising 
and sales materials for the basic 
Apple-Cat II system claimed speeds 
of "0-1200 baud." You will indeed be 
able to communicate with someone at 
1200 baud (or to be more precise, 
1200 bits per second or bps), but you 
may have trouble finding someone to 
communicate with. 

The Apple-Cat II can transmit at 
1200 bps, but only with the Bell 202 
protocol that very few computers use 
anymore (see text box on page 112 on 
1200-bps protocols). Of the 1200-bps 
protocols, the Bell 212 and Racal- 
Vadic VA3400 are much more 
popular. This means that 300 bps is 
likely to be your maximum transmis- 
sion rate unless you are talking to 
another Apple-Cat using Bell 202. 

Fortunately, by the time you read 
this an add-on card will be available 



110 January 1963 © BYTE Publications Inc 






Anadex sileint- 
Quietly goin 




be printers, 
our business. 




SILENT/SCRIBE MODELS 



Now and then office noise 
levels can go sky-high. But with 
Silent/Scribe - our new family of 
matrix impact printers - you can raise 
your printer expectations while signifi- 
cantly lowering your office noise level. 

How quiet is "silent"? Silent/Scribe operates at 
less than 55 dBA, which means that in the average 
office you may have to look at it to determine 

whether it's printing. 

And Silent/Scribe 
is as easy to buy as it 
is to live with. You 
can select a variety 
of printing speeds, 
fontsand line widths. 
Some models pro- 
vide both draft and 
enhanced quality 
copy. All models 
have superb dot- 
addressable graphics 
at no extra cost. 



Also standard are sophisticated communi- 
cations controls and protocols, flexible and 

easy-to-use operator controls, quick-change 
continuous loop ribbon cartridge, and universal 
interfaces that work with virtually any computer 
system. 

For full details on how Silent/Scribe can fit your 
application - quietly - contact Anadex today. You'll 
find the units attractively packaged, quality en- 
gineered, modestly priced, and available now. 



Standard £/ / / / / / 


Features ^ 


<f 


<? <?' 


<?' 


£' 


Printing Speed 10 


150 


150 


120 


120 


200 


(Char, per Sec.) 1 12 


180 


180 


— 


— 


120 


12.5 


— 


— 


150 


150 


— 


13.3 


200 


200 


— 


__ 


— 


15 


_ 


— 


180 


180 


150 


16.4 


— 


— 


200 


200 


164 


Enhanced I 10 


— 


— 


— 


— 


100 


Expanded Print 


Yes 


Yes 


Yes 


Yes 


Yes 


(Double Width) 












Dot Addressable 












Graphlcs(Dot/ln.,H/V) 


60/72 


60/72 


75/72 


75/72 


72/72 


Max. Line Width (In.) 


8.0 


13.2 


8.0 


13.2 


13.2 


Audible Alarm 


Opt, 


Opt. 


Opt, 


Opl. 


Yes 


Out-of-Paper Sense 


Yes 


Yes 


Yes 


Yes 


Yes 


Ribbon, Continuous 












Loop Cartridge (Yds) 


30 


30 


30 


30 


30 


Interlacing: 












Parallel Cent. Comp. 


Yes 


Yes 


Yes 


Yes 


Yes 


RS-232-C Serial 


Ybs 


Yes 


Yes 


Yes 


Yes 



A 



A Quality Circle Member 

nnadex 



©Copyright 1982 
Anadex, Inc. 




Silent/Scribe. The Quiet Ones from Anadex. 



ANADEX, INC. • 9825 De Soto Avenue • Chatsworth, California 91311, U.S.A. • Telephone: (213) 998-8010 • TWX 910-494-2761 
U.S. Sales Offices: San Jose, CA (408) 247-3933 • Irvine, CA (714) 557-0457 « Schiller Park, I L(31 2) 671 -1717* Wakefield, MA (61 7) 245-91 60 
Hauppauge, New York, Phone: (516) 435-0222 • Atlanta, Georgia, Phone: (404) 255-8006 • Austin, Texas, Phone: (512) 327-5250 
ANADEX, LTD. • Weaver House, Station Road • Hook, Basingstoke, Hants RG27 9JY, England • Tel: Hook (025672) 3401 • Telex: 858762 ANADEX G 



Circle 27 on inquiry card. 



BYTE January 1983 111 




UNIX, 

with change. 

Idris is a trademark of Whitesmiths, Ltd. /UNIX is a trademark of Bell Laboratories. 



Put off by the UNIX price tag and licensing restrictions? If you are, 
take a closer look at Idris. 

Idris gives you all the power of UNIX at a fraction of the cost— 
and they're highly compatible— even pin-for-pin in some cases. 
Upfront expenses are much lower, you only pay for the parts you 
ship, and the end-user licenses can be transferable. 

What's more, we wrote Idris ourselves— from the ground up— 
so you'll have fewer licensing hassles. We wrote it almost entirely 
in C, for maximum portability across a wide range of processors. 
And we kept it small. 

Idris can run comfortably where UNIX can't even fit: On an 
MC68000 with no memory management hardware, for example. 
On a bank-switched 8080 or Z80. Or on any LSI-11 or PDP-11 with 
memory management. A very big Idris plus. 

Find out how you can put Idris to work in your favorite con- 
figuration today. Write Whitesmiths, Ltd., 97 Lowell Road, Concord, 
MA 01742. Or call (617) 369-8499, TLX 951708 SOFTWARE CNCM. 

With Idris, you pocket the change. 

Whitesmiths, Ltd. 

Crafting SoftwareTbols for your Trade* 

Distributors: Australia, Fawnray Pty. Ltd. P.O.B. 224 Hurstville NSW 2220 (612) 570-6100 
Japan, Advanced Data Controls, Corp., Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo (03) 263-0383 
United Kingdom, Real Time Systems, Newcastle upon Tyne 0632 733131 



Circle 427 on inquiry card. 



1200 bps: 

Half- vs. Full-duplex 

The most popular mode of transmit- 
ting data to and from personal com- 
puters over telephone lines is the Bell 
103 protocol, which transmits data at 
the rate of 300 bps (bits per second) or 
about 30 characters per second. Three 
protocols for 1200-bps data transfer 
are available, however: Bell 202, 
Racal-Vadic VA3400, and Bell 212. 

Bell 202 was the first of these high- 
speed protocols, but it can send data in 
only one direction at a time. In other 
words, it is a half-duplex protocol. 
This method is difficult to use because, 
among other things, it is hard to deter- 
mine the direction in which data is 
traveling. Bell 103, on the other hand, 
is slow (300 bps), but it can transmit 
data simultaneously in both directions 
(i.e., full-duplex, using both originate 
and answer channels) and is rather 
easy to use. 

Then came theVA3400 and Bell 212 
protocols. These can transmit at 1200 
bps in full-duplex mode, using both an 
originate channel and an answer chan- 
nel just like the much slower Bell 103 
protocol. Unfortunately, modems for 
these protocols require special phase 
modulation hardware that has caused 
them to be about two to four times 
more expensive than a Bell 103 
modem. . . .R.M. 



that will enable the Apple-Cat II to 
use the full-duplex, 1200-bps Bell 212 
protocol, but this will add about $390 
to the price of the modem. Novation 
should make this point more clear in 
its advertisements. 

The System 

As I mentioned before, Novation 
has produced not just a modem for 
the Apple II, but a communications 
system that allows your Apple to 
"communicate with the outside 
world." As of this writing, however, 
Novation has not produced all of the 
additional components of such a sys- 
tem. The basic unit as it stands today 
gives you the following capabilities: 

• Full-function, low-speed (0-300 
bps), full-duplex, originate/answer 




Photo 1: The Apple-Cat II basic system circuit board with the telephone connector 
cables. The cables are connected to pins located along the top of the card. Also shown 
are the two empty sockets for chips. The one on the left is for the Touch-Tone receiver 
chip; the other one (near the upper right corner) is for firmware ROM chips. (All photos 
are by the author.) 




Photo 2: The Expansion Module contains sockets for a modular telephone line and 
handset, an RS-232C connector, a BSR X-10 controller, and a tape recorder. Also pre- 
sent is an LED to indicate an "off-hook" condition. The module mounts on the back of 
the Apple with double-sided tape and connects to the Apple-Cat II via the three cables 
shown here (the single pair for the phone line, the double pair for the handset, and the 
ribbon for the rest). 



modem capabilities which, with the 
software provided, allow you to set 
up a very intelligent terminal. 
• Full-function, 0-1200 bps commu- 
nication through an RS-232C port 
allows for in-house transfer of infor- 
mation. 



• Data may be transferred at 1200 bps 
(half-duplex, Bell 202) over phone 
lines to another Apple-Cat II system. 

• With the addition of a standard 
telephone handset (optional), you can 
use the Apple-Cat II as a telephone or 
change to voice communications 



before or after a data transfer to 
another computer. 

• A 27K-byte memory buffer is avail- 
able for data-transfer storage. 

• The system offers a high capability 
for expansion. 

Installation 

The Apple-Cat II is fairly easy to 
install. When you open the box you 
will find a single printed-circuit board 
(see photo 1), two modular telephone 
sockets (RJll), a telephone cord, and 
a manual. The circuit board can be 
inserted into any slot other than slot 
(although slot 2 is best for reasons I'll 
explain soon). One of the telephone 
sockets is for the telephone line, and 
the other is for the optional telephone 
handset. Both of the telephone 
sockets have attached wires that must 
be plugged into the circuit board. 
After these are connected, the sockets 
themselves are slid into the slots in 
the back of the Apple and the appro- 
priate telephone cables are plugged 
in. 

If you are like many Apple owners, 
however, the several cables you prob- 
ably already have coming out of the 
back of your machine may not leave 
enough room for the two sockets to 
fit in the slots. The optional Expan- 
sion Module (see photo 2) eases this 
problem somewhat. This unit con- 
tains telephone sockets, tape recorder 
jacks, "off-hook" LED indicator, BSR 
X-10 controller connector, and RS- 
232C port. When installed (see photo 
3), this unit saves quite a bit of space 
and also allows you to take advan- 
tage of future developments. It really 
should have been part of the basic 
system, but $39 is a reasonable price 
to pay for the convenience this unit 
provides. 

Documentation 

The documentation for the Apple- 
Cat II is adequate but not excep- 
tional. Editing and organization are 
the primary problems. For example, 
general specifications given early in 
the manual are contradicted later on. 
The use of green blocks with inverse 
type for highlighting and green ink to 
distinguish the computer responses is 
a nice idea, but it's not well exe- 
cuted — the effect makes the manual 



January 1983 © BYTE Publication* Inc 113 



Just when the business 
world is up to its white collars 
in visiclones, calcalikes and 
other spreadsheet packages, 
Apple's* come out with 
something entirely different. 

Introducing Senior Analyst. 

Like other financial 
modeling packages, it allows 
managers and professionals 
to ask all those proverbial 
"What If?"questions. 

Unlike the others, this 
powerful financial planning 
tool was designed to be used 
in a corporate environment, 
by lots of people. So you get 
lots of advantages. 

For example, you can 
transfer data (across diskettes) 
from one financial model 
to another. Or consolidate 
many models into one. 

So sales, manufacturing, 
administration and any 
number of other depart- 
ments (even in other cities) 
can easily share information. 
Giving each the power to 
create comprehensive and 




With Senior Analyst, you can now cultivate forecasts 
by merging reports from distant divisions. 

flexible financial projections, 
budgets, cash flow statements 
and the like. 

Want to combine selected 
data (such as important 
subtotals) from six different 
divisions? With Senior 




Senior Analyst lets different departments share and consolidate data. That way the company doesn't make 
more pitchforks than it can sell. 



Analyst, you can do it. And 
even print out a formatted 
report that includes only the 
information you need. 

A report that anyone can 
understand. Because the 
headings are in English, not 
in code. 



Easy to follow commands allow employees to 
create models without learning a second language. 

You can also document 
and print out all those 
assumptions used to create 
your model, to give others a 
concrete understanding of 
how you reached your 
conclusion. (The program 



even allows you to continue 
working while a model is 
being printed.) 

To complement all these 
accommodating features, 
you'll also find built-in 
functions for depreciation, 
linear regression forecasting, 
and other powerful virtues 
not found in most financial 
software packages. 

All of which we'd like you 
to experience in person, at 
any of our 1300 authorized 
full-support dealers (they 
also offer a vast library of other 
quality software distributed 
by Apple for Apples). 

And don't ask for just any 
spreadsheet package.Tell them 
you need to see an analyst. 

j&gcippkz 

The most personal software. 



Call (800) 538-9696 for the location of the authorized Apple dealer nearest you, or for information regarding corporate purchases through our National Account Program. 
In California (800) 662-9238. Or write Apple Computer Inc., Advertising and Promotion Dept., 20525 Mariani Ave., Cupertino, CA 95014- © 1982 Apple Computer Inc. 



Circle 30 on inquiry card. 



BYTE January 1983 115 



Circle 289 on inquiry card. 



personal computer 

UCSD 

p-System™IV.1 

includes 8087 



Network Consulting has added many 
features that the professional pro- 
grammer will find useful, these fea- 
tures are not available from any other 
sources. 

• Hard disk support for Corvus, Tall 
Grass Technology, Davong and 
others 

• 25% more floppy storage, without 
adding or modifying hardware, re- 
taining compatibility with standard 
IBM diskettes 

• 8087 Numeric Processing Unit in- 
creases speed of Floating Point 
Operations 20-40 times. 

• Up to 800K on each mini-diskette 

• RAM disk support (a pseudo-floppy 
volume that uses up to 512k RAM) 

• 8086/87/88 macro assembler 

• Extended memory support 

• Adaptable system support avail- 
able for adding custom I/O drivers 

• 8087 Native Code Generator allows 
full use of 8087. 

• A library of program modules 

• Disk write verification 

Standard p-System features include: 

• Standard I/O redirection (including 
command files) 

• Dynamic program overlays 

• Support for asynchronous processes 
and concurrency primitives in Pascal 

• Fast Pascal p-code compiler 

• Fast FORTRAN and Basic p-Code 
compilers also available 

• A powerful screen oriented editor 

• A filer for handling both files and 
volumes 

• A Native Code Generator that pro- 
cesses your Pascal, Fortran and 
Basic programs to convert parts of 
them to native machine code 

•Dynamic runtime binding of 
separately compiled programs and 
units 

• Turtlegraphics for easy graphics 
displays 

• Print spooler for background printing 

• Symbolic debugger 

USCD p-SYSTEM from 
Network Consulting 

The only serious choice for business 

TM The Regents of the University of California 



Network Consulting Inc. 

Discovery Park (Willingdon Site) 

#110-3700 Gilmore Way 

Burnaby, B.C. 

Canada V5G 4M1 

(604) 430-3466 




Photo 3: The Apple-Cat II and Expansion Module installed. Using the Expansion 
Module reduces cable clutter. The author has turned the unit sideways to permit full use 
of the adjacent slot on the back of the Apple. 



hard to read. Also, some portions 
seem to be missing. But all in all, 
reading the manual will teach you 
how to use the basic system. 

The Corn-Ware II Program 

Unless you are a fairly sophisti- 
cated 6502 assembly-language pro- 
grammer, the only way you can cur- 
rently use the Apple-Cat II is with 
Corn-Ware II, the software package 
provided with it. Other packages that 
are compatible with Apple-Cat II, 
such as ASCII Express: The Profes- 
sional System and Visiterm, have 
come out recently, but in this review I 
will focus on only the Corn-Ware II 
program. 

If you didn't insert the circuit board 
into slot 2, your Apple II will sound 
an alarm the first time you boot the 
software disk. The reason is very 
simple — a configuration section of 
the terminal program has certain 
defaults set when it is created, and the 
default slot number is 2. If the card is 
not in that slot, the program will tell 
you so. When this happens, call the 
terminal configuration program and 
change the slot number. The com- 
mand for this and any of the other 
functions is a single keystroke. 

The terminal configuration pro- 
gram sets the various operating pa- 



rameters, including card location, 
tone or pulse dialing, Touch-Tone de- 
coding, input/output selection 
(modem or port), operating mode, 
speed, number of data bits, number 
of stop bits, parity type, and upper- 
case or lowercase display. Any of the 
parameters may be changed while the 
system is online. A list of the various 
Corn-Ware II program functions is 
shown in table 1. 

The actual operation of the Apple 
II as a terminal is uncomplicated. 
Files may be transmitted in text or 
binary form, and program files can be 
converted to binary using a routine 
provided. (They will have to be 
changed back after being received by 
the other system, however.) 

A helpful feature is a status line 
that appears on the bottom rows of 
the screen. This line tells you the con- 
ditions of the various options and 
functions, such as upper- or lower- 
case, carrier detect, full/half duplex, 
on/off line, operating mode (origi- 
nate, answer, or automatic), and 
memory buffer conditions, including 
on/ off, amount used, and amount 
free. All in all, it is a very friendly 
program (see photos 4-6). 

Unfortunately, without the Corn- 
Ware II program, the Apple-Cat II 
itself is difficult, if not impossible to 



116 January 1903 © BYTE Publications Inc 



JUST THINK...DEALER DEMO 
SOFTWARE FOR ONLY $295 



We think you think the same way 

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FINANCIAL General Ledger • Accounts Payable • Accounts 
Receivable • Payroll • Cash Receipts /Disbursements • Job 
Costing • Inventory Control • Order Entry /Invoicing MED- 
ICAL/DENTAL Office Scheduler • Patient Billing • Ac- 
counts Receivable • Insurance Forms SCHOOL MANAGE - 
MENT Student Record Keeping • Student Scheduling • 
Fund Accounting CHURCH MANAGEMENT • Pledges 
and Contributions'Membership Rosters 
• Talent Index • Fund Accounting 
• Office Scheduler WHOLE- 




SALE DISTRIBUTION 



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In- 




chasing and Receiving • 
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Backorder Management 
MANUFACTURING 
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Parts Inventory Manage- 
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Scheduling 



INTERNATIONAL 
I MICROSYSTEMS 

'6445 Metcalf* Shawnee Mission, KS 66202 
(913) 677-1137 



All IMS business 

applications require 8 

or 16 bit, versions of 

CP7M* or 

MP/M* and 

CBAS1C* coming 

soon CB80 ? and 
CB86" registered 
e marks of Digital 
Research Corp 



Circle 202 on inquiry card. 



BYTE January 1983 



Circle 204 on Inquiry card. 



Main/Frames 




Key Function 

<ESC> Escape. Places you in "Command" mode. 

A Auto-dial. Allows for entry of up to 56 digits and can sense additional dial 

tones and pauses in 2-second increments. You may also re-dial the last 

number entered. 
B Print memory. Sends the contents of the 27K-byte buffer to the configured 

printer port. 
C Terminal CHAT mode. Allows for two-way communication without affecting 

the buffer contents. 
D Disk command. Allows for the entry of any DOS command, e.g., CATALOG, 

to allow you to see what data files are on the disk. 
F High-speed Corn-Ware transfer. Allows for 1200-bps transfer rate between 

two Apple-Cat II systems (Bell 202). 
H Hang up. Does just that. 

I Toggle local echo (on/off). Sometimes known as full/half duplex on some 

terminals, this controls the echoing of characters to the Apple's screen, as 

opposed to true full/half duplex, which signifies whether there is full two- 
way simultaneous transfer capability. 
K Keyboard to memory. Allows for direct entry into buffer for later transmis- 

sion. 
L Load memory from disk. Loads a specified text or binary file from disk into 

memory. 
M Terminal memory mode. In this mode all keystrokes (transmitted and 

received) are stored in memory. 
N Serial number. Performs a self-test of the operating software and returns a 

status message. 
P Pick up phone. Answers incoming voice call and allows for switching from 

data transmission mode to voice. 
Q End program. 

R Reconfigure terminal/printer. Calls the configuration program. 

S Save memory. Writes buffer contents to disk. 

U Unattended answer/memory on. Gives you an Apple II answering machine 

(data only). 
V Verify memory. Verifies the contents of the buffer and returns a checksum 

for comparison. 
X Send memory. Transmits the contents of the buffer. 

Table 1: A list of one-key commands for the Corn-Ware II program of the Apple-Cat 
II. 



access through BASIC or Pascal. In 
contrast, other modems, such as 
those manufactured by Hayes Micro- 
computer Products, are fairly easy to 
access, and dozens of programs that 
take advantage of this have been 
written. Novation has provided a 
means for easier access, which I will 
touch on later. 

The RS-232C Port 

A 25-pin connector included on the 
circuit board of the basic system pro- 
vides access to various auxiliary 
signals for expanded use of the sys- 
tem. Table 2 describes these pins and 
explains their uses. One group of 
these pins comprises an EIA (Elec- 
tronic Industries Association) stan- 
dard RS-232C connection. If you use 
the optional expansion module, these 
signals, together with those from pins 
5 through 14, are brought out to the 



118 January 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 



connectors on the back of the 
module. 

The use of the RS-232C connector 
is not well documented in the 
manual. The printer portion of the 
configuration program refers to a 
Novation printer port, while the ter- 
minal portion of the same program 
refers to an external port for in- 
put/output. These references seem to 
indicate that you can communicate 
through an external port rather than 
the phone line and also access a 
printer hooked up to an onboard 
printer port. Well, you can, but not 
really at the same time — the two 
ports in question are, in fact, one and 
the same. The system doesn't care 
which way you use the port, and it 
doesn't have a built-in check to see if 
you have the port configured to be 
used both ways at once. As you can 
see, some conflicts could arise. 

Circle 96 on inquiry card. > 



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120 January 1983 © BYTE Publicatioiu Inc 




Photo 4: The main menu of Corn-Ware II, the Apple-Cat Us terminal program, as 
shown on the author's screen. The two lines at the bottom form a status display. Com- 
mands are entered via a single keystroke. Pressing <ESC> in any mode will return you 
to this screen. 




Photo 5: After typing A in the main menu (photo 4), you get this screen, which shows 
the auto-dial menu. Pressing R now will redial the last number entered. Pressing D will 
give you the next screen (photo 6). 



A section on printer characteristics 
appears in the configuration portion 
of the Corn-Ware II program. This 
section allows you to choose whether 
you wish to send printer output to the 
port or to a card in another slot. You 
also determine the handshaking 



method to be used and at what speed 
you want the port driven, along with 
the structure of the data (length, 
parity, and number of stop bits). 
Because most users who have a 
printer also have an interface card, 
this option might not be used very 

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often. However, you may want to 
drive another serial device as if it 
were a printer, and this option 
enables you to do that. Once set up, 
this option can be designated as a 
default condition if you wish. 

If you elect to use the port as a 
printer port and want to print the 
contents of the Apple-Cat II buffer, 
you'll find the commands for doing so 
are very easy. You merely type B, 
which causes the contents to be trans- 
mitted to the printer via the port. You 
may stop the transmission by press- 
ing < ESC > . It is as easy as it 
sounds. (Actually, the command is 
the same whether you're printing us- 
ing the built-in port or an interface 
card in another slot.) 



Photo 6: Selecting D from the previous screen (photo 5) gives this entry screen for 
phone numbers. Note that the options include pauses and waiting periods for a second 
dial tone. Since the Apple-Cat II can dial using either tone or pulse dialing, it can be 
used with private branch exchanges (PBX) or long-distance services that require tones, 
such as MCI. Most other modems do not function in both dialing modes. 



Pin 


Signal Name Description 


Option 


1 


PRT-TXD output, transmit data 


RS-232C 


2 


PRT-RVD input, receive data 


and 


3 


PRT-CTS input, clear to send 


printer 


' 4 


GND signal ground 


port 


5 


60Hz input, AC line reference 


BSRX-10 


6 


GND signal ground 


controller 


7 


+ 12V output, +12 V DC 




9 


BSR-SIG output, 120-KHz control signal 




8 


+ 12V output, +12 V DC 


off-hook 


12 


OH LED output, LED drive 


LED 


10 


TAPE 1 output, tape recorder control 


tape 


11 


TAPE 2 output, tape recorder control 


recorder 


13 


AUDIO output, signal to tape 




14 


GND signal ground 




15 


212-RXD input, receive data 


Bell 212 


16 


212-TXD output, transmit data 


modem 


17 


212-TXE output, transmitter enable 


card 


18 


212-CAR input, carrier detect 




19 


212-XMT input, transmitter signal 




20 


GND ".,' signal ground 


. .1"' 


21 


AUDIO output, audio, phone line 


speech 


22 


AUDIO output, audio, phone line 


synthe- 


23 


SPCH-EN output, speech enable 


sizer 


24 


SPCH-IN input, synth. speech signal 


card 


25 


GND signal ground 




Table 2: 


This is the pin configuration for the expansion 


input/ output port on the 


Apple-Cat II board. The Expansion Module plugs into pins 


1 through 14; the remain- 


ing pins 


are reserved for future developments. 





Driving an External Device 

This is one of the nicer features of 
the Apple-Cat II. If you need to com- 
municate with an in-house host and 
outside sources as well, you can 
switch from one to the other without 
undoing a lot of cables or buying 
another interface card. The Apple- 
Cat II can be switched from modem 
to port communications via the con- 
figuration portion of the program. In 
fact, some rather interesting com- 
binations are available to you. Let's 
consider the following situation: You 
need to use both low-speed (300 bps) 
and high-speed (1200 bps) dial-up 
communications, and the higher 
speed uses Racal-Vadic VA3400 pro- 
tocol, which means you have an addi- 
tional modem to drive occasionally. 
If you hook the VA3400 modem into 
the RS-232C port, you can configure 
the system to drive the external 
modem whenever necessary. This 
capability saves you the need for 
another interface card and gives you 
buffer and auto-dial capabilities with 
the higher-speed communications. 

Expansion Capabilities 

The following optional attach- 
ments will probably be available by 
the time this review appears in print: 

• a Bell 212 protocol card that will 
allow you to transmit data at 1200 
bps in full-duplex mode 
•a separate BSR X-10 controller unit 
that will plug into the Expansion 



122 January 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 



Check The Chart 
Before You Choose 
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IUI I' 



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•As advertised in BYTBMagazine. August 1982. 



COLUMBIA 



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Home Office: 
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Telephone 301-992-3400 
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Module and allow you to control BSR 
remote units without using a BSR 
Command Console 

• a Touch-Tone decoder chip that, 
when plugged into the basic circuit 
board, will allow the system to 
decode Touch-Tone codes (from a 
remote phone, for example) 

• a firmware ROM chip that will easi- 
ly allow specialized applications 

Other options that are still under de- 
velopment include a tape recorder 
output that would allow you to 
record Apple-Cat II transactions and 
a speech synthesizer card that would 
enable the Apple-Cat to "speak." 

As mentioned before, one of the 
most frustrating aspects of the Apple- 
Cat II is the inability to access it 
directly from BASIC, Pascal, or by 
any other way than via the provided 
software or special software pack- 
ages. Novation has just recently de- 
veloped an EPROM that will allow 
you to access the Apple-Cat II from 
the BASIC environment. This 



EPROM will feature commands that 
are compatible with the Hayes Micro- 
modem II. However, only those pro- 
grams for the Micromodem II that are 
written in BASIC will function, as the 
two units are accessed differently in 
the 6502's assembly-language en- 
vironment. 

Conclusions 

You might have gotten the impres- 
sion at the beginning of this article 
that I was disappointed about the fea- 
tures Novation or its dealers were 
pushing to market the basic Apple- 
Cat II unit. I still am. While I feel that 
Novation should flaunt its accom- 
plishments, I feel even more strongly 
that the company's literature should 
be very explicit about the unit's pre- 
sent capabilities and future develop- 
ments. After all, we, the professional 
hackers of the microcomputer world, 
are going to use these products in 
many ways — including some that 
Novation never imagined. I feel that 
it is only fitting that we be given ac- 



curate information as to just how far 
the manufacturer has gone and where 
it plans to go from here. 

I would feel much better if I had 
found an insert in the manual saying, 
"This manual has been written with a 
fully developed system in mind. As of 
this date, xx/xx/xx, the following 
areas have been finished: A, B, C, 
etc. Future developments are. . . ." 
After all, we pay for the product, and 
keeping us informed would show a 
lot of goodwill. 

As for the future of the Apple-Cat 
II, it's clear that Novation has the best 
combination going in the field of Ap- 
ple II communications. My advice to 
current modem owners (Hayes and 
others) is to watch the developments 
and weigh the advantages of switch- 
ing. If you don't, you may find your- 
self left behind. Apple users shopping 
for a modem would be wise to con- 
sider this system very carefully if they 
even contemplate using the Apple II 
as something other than a dumb ter- 
minal. ■ 




INDUSTRIES, INC. 



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Questions & Answers 

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124 January 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 



Circle 245 on Inquiry card. 




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your order direct to RCA Microcom- 
puter Products, Dept., BT-183, Cus- 
tomer Service, New Holland Avenue, 
Lancaster, PA 17604. Be sure to 
include name and shipping address, 
telephone, and payment: $399.00 
each, plus $3.00 each shipping, plus 
applicable state and local taxes. Send 
check or money order payable to RCA 
Corporation. Prices and specifica- 
tions subject to change without notice. 



RC/1 



Circle 353 on inquiry card. 



BYTE January 1983 125 



nputer Exchange - The Supply Center for the IBM-PC 



SOFTWARES 



BUSINESS 



♦ ASHTONTATE, dBa ■ •. I28K 

dba , 8K 

APPLIED SOFTWARE TECHNOLOGY. Versalorm N£W> 

DATAMOS! Real Estate Iffveslmfni ProiM-i NEW 

Write-On 
OEKVER SOFTWARf .„ >v tern) 

EAGLE SOFTWARE >' NEW 

HOWAROSOFT. Real Estate Aiaiyzer 
JNFOttMATION UNLIMITED 

Easyspe'le-' iS8« Words) 
tasy'ilet 15 DBMS) 
Easy Fiaitssr 
lyE SOFTWARE, T I M III (a DBMS) 
::« Design la powerful easy to use DBMS) NEW! 
Guard : 
eMagic: --SEE 
magic NEW 

Gi ii • >:..':':■. • -.- NEW* 

SpElh f M 86} 

iCRAF? 

Legal E-i n eji^g 

P'c'e a t Sis" te 

* MICRO MS tt»t 

-p micropro, swii5idt» 3k,s , v 

E MailMerge' u : t 
E SpellStsr ' 

3 Pat Word i Mail » Spell above 3 

'■if v.i 
NORElt, Visualize 

Easy Data DBMS 
NORTH AMt . - An we 




PBl CORPOP ■ ! Investor 

♦ PEACHTRfrE. Peach Pat 6 (81. AR * AP) 
PERFECT SOFTWARE. Perfect Writer ' » 

Perfect Speller':*': 
: ' ' = Perfect Filer Tl ¥ 

SELECT INFO. Select [a WPS) 
. SOBCIM/TSA. SopeiCaic 
SuperWrtlet 
SfNESiilSTIC. Cats Reporter 

♦ VISICORP . )'■« <5Mt 
VisiDex 
V it »„ i p m t 
Vislfile 

Desktop Pan i 
VisiScileaiiie 
aus.ssss EsnKsstin*! ■rEssfsS s 



UTILITY 



')>»»' 



NfWl 



LIST 
PSICE 
$ 700 
S 700 
J 389 
S 130 
S 130 
$ 750 
5 150 
J 250 
S 350 
S 175 
S 400 
I 25C 
J 495 
$ 225 
$ 295 
$ 90 
$ 90 
S 160 
$ 495 

$ 750 
$ 750 
$ 250 
$ 495 
S 250 
$ 250 
5 845 
J 50 
J 100 
$ 250 
J 250 
S H5 
% 595 
S 389 
J 189 
S 289 
S 595 
$ 295 
$ 395 
J 250 
5 250 
$ 250 
} 300 
S 300 
J 300 
$ 300 
$ 100 



Aim 

WO, 

♦ CON 



NAGY SYSTEM. Cop, , Utilities $ 35 

NORELL DATA. System Backup. Bil Copier $ 50 

NORTON, Morton Utilities, 14 powerful urograms, 3 disks $ SO 

! M. ' . l *ld.IIM:I.M. ' MM 

ACORN, tost Colony $ 30 

AUTOMATED SIMULATIONS temple ot Apsha, I 4. 

Oil Barons NEW! J 100 

R0OER8UN0, Apple Panic $ 30 

ONTINENTAi. lie « • p,ib $ bO 

DATAMOST. Pig Pen : $ 30 

Space Strike $ 30- 

DAVIDSON, the Speed Reader S 75 

INFOCOM, Deaoi.oe % 50 

Zork I $ 40 

: Zorkli :$ ■■„ 49 

tZork III NEW! $ 40 

Golf Challenge NEW! $ 25 

ljlyst<: » fleece % 35 

■ 145 

SENTIENT, Cyborg NEW! $ 35 

SIRIUS, Conquest ot Call to Arms " $ 30 

KINNAKER, snooper troops; HI or *2 J 45 

Story Ma.h.ne or Ease Maker S ,35 

RATEGIC, The Warp Factor $ to 

RSACOMf * 25 



DISKETTES 



OUR 

PRICE 
$449 
$449 
IMS 
S 89 
S 89 
$545 
Si.29 
$189 
MS9 

sin 

tji 
SIN 

$365 
|8 
KM 
$ 69 
$65 
SI OS 
. $249 

$395 

$355 

Si.SE! 

$249 

* 79 

SS29 

SMS 

t 35 

J 75 

$189 

$169 

f 99:. 

$395 

$23? 

$119 

$179 

UJ» 

$199 

$269 

$169 

S17S 

SI 99 

$219 

S239 

$233 

S2IS 

J 7S 



$ 29 
$ 39 
S 65 



Control Data Corporation 12 for 10 Special. 
CDC. 120 each, 5H with ring, SS. SD (Apple, IBM, etc.) 

12 each, 5 1 /., with ring, SS, SD (Apple, IBM, etc.) 

12 each. 5 1 /. with ring, SS, SD (H/P, IBM 320K. etc.) 

12 each 8", SS, SD 

10 each, 5 1 /. with ring, DS, DD (IBM) 
IBM, 10 each, SS», SS, SD (Apple, IBM, etc.] 

10 each, 5'/., SS, DD (H/P, IBM 320K, etc.) 
VERBATIM. 10 each 5%, with ring, SS, SD or SS, DD 
MAXELL. 10 each, 5M, SS, SD 
DVSAN. 10 each. 5'/,, SS. SD 
10 each, 5, DS, DD 



Limited Time! 
$ 450 $195 



• Means a BEST buy. 
AD #950 



Hot Line For Information 
On Your Order 
(503) 772-3803 



64K IBM-PC . . . $2,995 



Or 256K . , . $3,430 

by iem In- 1 e 
|P§§20K Disk Qppg 

12" Green Monitor 

Momtoi Not 4s Shown 

Call For Details 



HARDWARE 




for th» 

IBM-PC 



OUR 
PRICE 



MMMCM 



Combo PE '- port $ 495 $359 

S =35 SEISE? 

' sync & para $ 555 $395 

ComboPlus 64k «/async para 4 clock 'cal J 595 $429 

> . u t/ to: !92K'aad $192. 

256K add $256 

Parity W IK $ 395 $265 

i?8K $ 535 $349 

I92K $ 675 $435 

256K $ 795 $495 

Call 

CURTtS. Pf n PC $ 80 $ 65 

9 1 i pi,, xteod*3 !0 g is 5g j 45 



DAVONG 



DSl 501 Hatd Disk, 5 Meg 

Microsoft 64k ram cam w/pano 

2«R RAM d w/Panti 
256K RAM Card . Pirdy 
_ _ 64K RAM Chips < " 

lecrnsr inc. au no« p.tar-: ■.;» 

128K 



*QUADRAM 



{■ -*■;.:;..' ,: 



1 naoi'-r f,J» , t , j, Jdr -| 

it - 4 or t(" •xa'i 

QMciiwatu • \ exriantlacls to -25.6K. i 'iinsirai: ixor:: 
'4- 

Memot, Board. 512k. •.in Serial Port. H6517 
Memurv 

M.i.nu.er Snapon SK Par-Far Epson «MFB » PS I 
Mictola/e EME64, »7PS1 

1 * k (9V ;ESi 

TG PRODUCTS joystick 



t 350 

$ 525 
$ 875 
S 175 

S 565 
% 736 



■I ,95 
S ;75 
$ 895 
$ 995 
:,!.EE 
J 150 
$ 159 
J 2.99 
$ 20 
S 65 



landon 



'a i i- 



1 ea % 350 
■ft 2 0! Biore $ 350 
Same Disk Drives as now supplied oh IBMPC. ; 



S259 

SE»E 

JEE,: 

$129 

$415 

S53S 



$435 

SEES 

mi 

$670 
$995 
$ 95 

$145 
SEEE 
S 15 
$ 49 



$259 
$249 



XEDEX 



«BOby«Bluc 



64K plus 

CP/M-80 operatiso ::: 
$60O : $449 



PRINTERS AND ACCESSORIES 

EPSON, See Epson section below 

STAR MICRONICS. Gemini 10 $ 499 

Gemini 15 $ 649 

APPLE COMPUTER. INC.. Silentype Printer lor Apple II $ 395 

IDS. Microprism 480, near letter quality, HOcps, 80 col. $ 799 

Prism 80 Color, 200cps (all options-color, sprint, auto) $1795 

If Paper Tiger, 440 w/Graphics and 2K. Limited Special $1295 

LETTER QUALITY — DAISY WHEEL PRINTERS: 
•ft OLYMPIA. ES-100, Printer/Typewriter, complete with all 

interfacing to the Apple II $1735 

COMREX, Comriter CR-1, RS232 Serial l/F, 200 wpm $1199 

Comriter Tractor Feed for CR-1 SI 18 



$385 
$495 
$335 
$699 
$1450 
$495 



$1295 
$845 
$ 99 



SUPPLIES: Tractor Feed Paper, Ribbons, Heads, Qume Daisy Wheels & Ribbons. 



EPSON PRINTERS & ACCESSORIES 

■ft MX80 F/T III. with Graftrait 
MX100 F/T III, with Graftrai* 
IBM-PC to Epson Cable 

Apple Interface and Cable tor MX80 or MX100 
Grappler+ by Orange Micro, specify printer 
Apple Graphics Dump 
Atari to Epson Cable 
TRS-80 to Epson Cable 
Other cables, interfaces, ribbons, heads and paper in stock. 



$ 745 


S525 


$ 995 


$695 


$ 60 


S 45 


$ 120 


$ 95 


$ 165 


$119 


S 15 


$ 9 


$ 40 


$ 30 


$ 40 


$ 30 



8" CP/M-80 



BUSINESS!. SYSTEM 
SOFTWARE 



♦ASHTONTATE dBase II 
COMSHARE TARGET. Target PlannerCalc 
Masterplanner 

PlannerCalc Applications Pkg 
PlannerCalc Combo Pkg. 
INFOCOM. Deadline 
Zorkl 
Zork II 

Zork III NEW! 

Starcross NEW 1 

ISM, MatheMagic 
MICROCRAFT, Legal Billing S Time Keeping 

Prof. Billing & Time Keeping — Billkeeper 
♦MICROPRO, WordStar* plus free WordStar Training Manual 
MailMerger m 
SpellStarTM 

3 Pak, Word S Mail & Spell, 3 above 
SuperSort 
DataStar 
CalcStar 

MICROSOFTr^o 

BASIC Compiler 
COBOL-80 
BASIC-80 

muLisp/muStar-80 
MSort-80 
Edit-80 
Macro-80 
OASIS. The Word Plus (45,000 word verification) 
PEACHTREE, Magic Wand 

Series 4 GL, AR, AP or Inventory, each 
Series 8 GL. AR, AP, lire, or Pay each 
Series 9 Peach Text 
Series 9 Spelling Proofreader 
Series 9 Calc. Mail List or Telecomm.. each 
PERFECT SOFTWARE. Perfect Writer * " 
Perfect Speller™ 
Perfect Filer™ 
SELECT INFO.. Select (a WPS) 



LIST 
PRICE 
$ 700 
$ 99 
S 325 



$ 100 
$ 750 
$ 750 
$ 495 
$ 250 
$ 250 
$ 845 
$ 250 
S 295 
$ 145 
$ 275 
S 500 
S 395 
$ 750 
S 350 
S 200 
S 195 
$ 120 
S 200 
$ 150 
$ 500 
$ 600 
$ 750 
$ 500 
$ 300 
$ 375 
S 389 
S 189 
$ 289 
$ 595 



OUR 
PRICE 
$449 
$ 39 
$225 
$ 40 
$ 65 
S 45 
$ 39 
$ 39 
$ 39 
$ 39 
$ 75 
$395 
$395 
$249 
$ 79 
$129 
$395 
$169 
$199 
S 99 
$199 
$325 
$295 
$545 
$275 
S14S 
$145 
$ 80 
$145 
Call 
$195 
$395 
$495 
$330 
$195 
$245 
$239 
$119 
$179 
$359 



MONITORS 



Special Truckload Sale 



NEC. 12" Green 

12" Color, Composite 
SANYO, 9" BSW 

9" Green 
■ft 12" B&W 

12" Green 

13" Color, Composite 

13" Color RGB 
ZENITH, 12" Green 
AMDEK. 12" Green #300 

13" Color I, Composite 

13" Color II, RGB, Hi Res. (Ap. II, III I IBM-PC) 

13" Color III, RGB, Commercial, (Ap. II, III) 

DVM, Color II or III to Apple II Interface 
Note: Color II and III come with cable for IBM-PC 



S 249 
$ 450 
S 190 
$ 200 
$ 250 
$ 260 
$ 470 
S 995 
$ 150 
$ 200 
$ 449 
$ 899 
$ 569 
S 199 



$159 
$349 
S149 
$139 
$139 
$199 
S349 
$795 
$119 
S159 
$359 
$799 
$469 
$175 



MODEMS AND 
TELE COMMUNICATIONS TERMINAL 

HAYES, Mictomodem II (for the Apple II) $ 379 $275 

Apple Terminal Program for Micromodem II $ 99 $ 69 

NOVATION, Applecat II Modem $ 389 $269 

212 Apple Cat $ 725 $599 

HAYES. Stock Chronograph (RS-2321 $ 249 $189 

Stock Smartmodem (RS-2321 $ 289 $225 

Smartmodem 1200 (RS-232) $ 699 $535 

Micromodem 100 (S 100 bus) $ 399 $275 

SIGNALMAN. Modem MKI (RS-232) $ 99 $79 

IBM-PC to Modem Cable $ 39 $ 29 

AXLON. Datalink 1000 Hand Held Communications terminal $ 399 $325 



* * CORVOS SYSTEMS 

^ 6 Meg Hard Disk, w/o interface $2995 $2095 

• # 11 Meg Hard Disk, w/o interface $4795 $2695 

w 20 Meg Hard Disk, w/o interface $5795 $3495 

IBM PC Interface (IBM DOS), Manual & Cable 5 $ 300 $239 

Mirror built in for easy backup $ 790 $595 

Apple Interface, Manual & Cable 5 $ 300 $239 
Other Interfaces, Omni-Net, Constellation. Mirror. All in Stock, 



ca 



H/P 7470A Graphics Plotter $1550 $1195 

H/P41C Calculator $ 195 $169 

H/P 41CV Calculator with 2.2K Memory $ 275 $239 



Portland. OR. Cash S Carry Outlet 11507-0 SW Pacific H»y.. Tetrace Shop 
ping Center, Tigatd. OR Over the-countet sales only. On 99W between Rte. 217 



flPnPDIWr IWFflDM/MinW AMIt Tronic- A " mal1 ,0 P0 Bo> 138 °- Jacksonville, OR 97530 

UnUCnllll) llirUnlllHI IVJn HnU ICnWIO. All ttems usually in stock. We immediately tionor Cashiers Checks, Money Orders, Fortune 1000 
Checks and Government Checks Personal or Company Checks allow 20 days to clear. No COD Add 3% lor VISA or MC Include telephone number Add 3% for shipping 
insurance and handling (S l&H) with $5 minimum. UPS ground is standard so add 3% more tor UPS Blue with $10 minimum Add 12% total lor S l&H tor US Postal, APO or FPO 
with $15 minimum For Hawaii, Alaska and Canada, UPS is in some areas only, all others are Postal so call, write, or specify PO Foreign orders except Canada for S l&H add 18% 
or $25 minimum except for monitors add 30% or $50 minimum. Prices subject to change and typo errors, so call to verily. All goods are new, include factory warranty and 
are guaranteed to work. Due to our low prices, all sales are final Call before returning goods for repair or replacement. Orders received with msutlicent S l&H charges will 
be refunded. ORDER DESK HOURS 8 to 6 PST. M-F and 10 to 4 Sat. 1 PM here is 4 PM in NY. 

nilDDCtTCDCUPrC- We have been a com P uter dealer Slnce 1978 and in mail order since 1980 Banks: First Interstate Bank, (503) 776-5620 and fetterson 
UUrl nCrLnCril/CO. State Bank, (503) 773-5333. We belong to the Chamber of Commerce, (503) 772-6293, or call Dun & Bradstreet if you are a subscriber 
Computer Exchange is a division of O'Tech Group, Inc. 



Professio 



fOlV PRICES TO PROFESSIONALS WHO KNOW WHAT THEY WANT AND KNOW HOW TO USE IT. 



Manufactured g] g^, & g^^, £ ap| 

Exclusively for L=y ^»»>*> 


pic con 


nputc 




LIST 


OUR 




PRICE 


PRICE 


B&H APPLE It* 






64K (48K ♦ COEX 16K) 


•1725 


•1150 


Disk, M icro Sci A2 w/3.3 Controller 


•579 


»378 


Disk, Micro Sci A2 Only 


'479 


$299 



cippk»n/ii+ _ 

supply center 



The B&H Apple 11+ differs from tht 
Apple Apple 11 + only in that it is in 
black hammertone color and its 
warranty is longer. 
Warranty: Factory warranty is by 
Bell and Howell (not by Apple) and 
is one year parts plus 90 day labor. 
Warranty service available at Bell 
and Howell service centers or 
return to Computer Exctianf 




I 


3ARDWAI 

for Apple 11/11* 

LIST 


OUR 


SOFTWARE 

on disk for Apple 11/11 + 




RAM EXPANSION: 

COEX RAM Card 16K 
ALS. AODRam 16K 


PRICE 
$ 179 
S 149 


PRICE 
S 59 
J 79 






* 


BUSINESS 


* 






* 


Microsoft. RAMCard 16K 


J 195 


J 89 


LIST 


OUR 


* 


Saturn Systams, 32K 


S 249 


S169 


PRICE 


PRICE 


64K 
Axlon 128K 


$ 425 
S 475 


S319 
$375 


Apple Computer. Inc. 
The Controller GL, AR, AP $ 625 


$399 


* 


A»lon. RAM Disk 320K 


J1395 


$995 


Apple Writer II $ 150 


$119 


* 


80 COLUMN VIDEO CARDS: 
ALS. Smarterm 


$ 345 


$249 


Apple Pascal $ 250 
Apple Fortran $ 200 


$199 
$159 




Videx, Videoterm 


J 345 


$239 


DOS Tool Kit $ 75 


$ 59 




Vista. Vision 80 


S 395 


$199 


DOS 3.3 Upgrade Kit $ 75 


$ 59 




MISCELLANEOUS: 






Apple Pilot $ 150 


$119 




ALS. Smarterm 80 Col. Card Specia 


S 345 


$249 


DJ Portfolio Evaluator $ 50 


$ 45 




Z Card [Z 80) W/CPM Specia 


J 269 


$199 


How to! $ 50 


$ 25 


■ejl 


S 149 


$ 79 


Microcouner $ 250 


$125 




Synergizer w/S'calc + Condor 


S 749 


$529 


Micro Telegram $ 250 


$125 




Aalon. 320K RAM Disk System 


$1395 


$995 


Apple Logo $ 175 


$149 




ASTAR. RF Modulator 


$ 35 


$ 25 


Applied Soft Tech.. VersaForm $ 389 


$265 




CCS. Serial Interface 7710A 


S 150 


$129 


Artsci MagicWindow II New! $ 150 


$ 99 




Other CCS Cards in stock 


Call 


Call 


Ashion-tate. dBase II (CP/M) $ 700 


$439 




Dan Paymar. Lower Case Chips 


$ 50 


$ 39 


Continental. GL. AR. AP or PR. ea. $ 250 


$169 




Don't Ask. DAO 003 S.A Mouth 


S 125 


$ 85 


1st Class Mail s 75 


$ 49 




Kensington. System Saver 


S 90 


$ 69 


Home Accountant $ 75 


$ 49 




Kraft, Joystick 


S 65 


$ 49 


Hayden. Pie Writer (Specify bid.) $ 170 


S 99 




Paddle 


S 50 


$ 39 


.* High Tech.. Job Control Sys. $ 750 


$350 




MSR. Sup R Ian 


S 50 


$ 39 


Into Master $ 189 


$119 


* 


Microsoft. Z80 Softcard Pack 


S 345 


$245 


Howard Soft. 




* 


Sottcard Premium Packs 695 


$495 


Real Estate Analyzer II $ 195 


$129 


* 


16K RAMCard 


$ 100 


$ 89 


Tax Preparer $ 150 


S 99 




Mountain. CPS Multifunction Card {239 


$199 


Info. Unlim Easywriter (PRO) $175 


$119 




Orange Micro. Grappier Plus 


S 165 


$119 


•* ISA. Spellguard (CP/M) $ 295 


$ 99 




Practical Peripherals. 






UK. Letter Period w/Mail Merge $ 150 


$ 99 




M8S 8K Serial (Epson) 


5 159 


$129 


ay Micro Craft. (CP/M) 






MBP 16K Para (Epson) 


S 159 


$129 


Professional Billkeeper $ 750 


$395 




Microbutfer II 16K. (specify) 


J 259 


$209 


Legal Billing & Timekeeping $ 750 


$395 




Microbufter II 32K. (specify) 


S 299 


$229 


Micro lab. Invoice Factory $ 200 


$ 99 


* 


PCPI, Appli Card, 14 features. 
4 Mhz 






Tax Manager $ 150 
Micro Pro. (all CP/M) 


$ 99 


$ 445 


$325 




6 Mhz 


$ 595 


$435 


WordStar® + Training Manual $495 


$199 




RH Electronics. Super Fan II 


* 75 


$ 59 


MailMerge™ $ 250 


$ 69 




SSM.AlOll.Senal/Para Interfaces 22! 


$169 


SpeltStar™ $ 250 


$ 99 




TG Products. Game Paddles 


S 40 


$ 29 


SPECIAL! All 3 above $ 895 


$349 




Joystick 


S 60 


$ 45 


Data Star™ $ 295 


$149 




Select-A-Port 


S 60 


$ 45 


* Microsoft. Multi-Plan (CP/M) $ 275 


$175 




Versa. VersaWntmg 






Multi-Plan (DOS 3.3) New! $ 275 


$175 




Graphics Tablet 


5 300 


$239 


Muse. Super Text 40/80 $ 175 


$129 


* 


Videx. Videoterm 80 col. 


S 345 


$249 


Super Text 40/56/70 New! $ 125 


$ 95 




Soft Video Switch 


S 35 


$ 25 


Jf On-line. Screenwriter II $ 130 


$ 89 




Enhancer II 


S 149 


$ 99 


The Dictionary New! $ 100 


$ 69 




Function Strip 


S 79 


$ 59 


General Manager II Newi $ 230 


S155 




Full Videx Line. Call. Up to 35% 


off. 




Osborne/C.P. Soft. (Disk and Book) 






WICO Trackball 


$ 80 


$ 55 


JXt- Some Common Basic Programs 
75 Business, Statistics and Math 
programs lot the Apple II $ 100 


$ 49 












NEC LIMITED SPE IAI 


at. Practical Basic Programs 






8001 32K Computer 


J 995 


$(99 


40 more very valuable programs 
beyond "Some Com BasicProg" $ 100 


$ 49 




286K Total. Dual Drive PC8031 S 995 
32K addon and 1/0 Unit PC8012 t 649 
>all for other software and accessories. 


$699 
$415 


Peichtiee. Requires CP/M and MBASIC 
Videoterm or 40 columns 
Series 40 GL, AR or AP, each $ 400 


Specify 
$275 



LIST OUR 

PRICE PRICE 

Series 40 GL & AR & AP. all 3 $ 595 $395 

Series 40 Inv. or Pay, ea. $ 400 $275 

Series 9 lent & Spell* Mail all 3 S 595 $395 

Series 80 GL I AR S AP, Videx $ 595 $395 

Perfect. Perfect Writer $ 389 $239 

Perfect Speller $ 189 $119 

Perlect Filer $ 289 $179 

Quality. GBS w/3 gen (a DBMS) $ 650 $475 

Sensible. Sens. Speller, specify $ 125 $ 85 

•»JL Silcon Valley. Word Handler $ 250 $139 

Sof./Sys.. Executive Secretary $ 250 $169 

Executive Speller $ 75 $ 55 

Solidus/Softech 

•at Stockfile S 600 $350 

Stocksellei $ 700 $450 

Systems Plus 

Acctg Plus, General Ledger $ 425 $295 

Acctg. Plus, GL, AP and A/R $ 995 $595 

Acctg Plus, above + Inventory $1395 $775 

Software Publishing. 

PFS II $ 125 $ 85 

Report $ 95 $ 65 

Graph $ 125 S 85 

Southeastern Data Capture, call to specify. 

Stoneware. DB Master $ 229 $155 

DB Utility I or II $ 99 S (9 

Videx, 

Applewriter II preboot disk $ 20 $ 15 

Visicalc to 64K preboot disk $ 50 I 39 

Viscalc to 176K preboot disk $ 90 $69 

VisiCorp/Personal Software. 

Visicalc 3.3 $ 250 $179 

VisiDex Special! $ 250 $150 

VisiFile $ 250 S179 

Desktop Plan II $ 250 $179 

Desktop Plan III $ 300 $219 

Visiplot $ 200 $149 

VisiSchedule New! $ 300 $219 

VisiTrend 4 VisiPlot $ 300 $219 

VisiTerm $ 100 $ 79 



UTILITY & DEVELOPMENT 



Beagle. Utility City $ 30 

DOS Boss $ 24 

Apple Mechanic New! $ 30 

Central Point Software 

Filer, DOS Utility S 20 

af Copy II Plus (bit copier) $ 40 

Epson. Graphics Dump I 15 

Insoft, 

GraFORTH by Paul Lutus $ 75 

TransFORTH II by Paul Lutus $ 125 

Microsoft. 

A.L.O.S. $ 125 

BASIC Compiler $ 395 

Cobol 80 $ 750 

Fortran 80 $ 195 

TASC Compiler $ 175 

•ajL Omega, Locksmith (bit copier) $ 100 

Penguin.Comp.GraphicsSys.New!$ 70 

Graphics Magician New! $ 60 

Phoenix. Zoom Grafix S 40 

Quality. Bag of Tricks New! $ 40 

Sensible, Back It Up, (bit copier) $ 60 



$ 22 
$ 18 
$ 22 

S 15 
$ 35 
$ 9 

$ 59 
$ 99 

$ 75 

$299 
$559 
$149 
$159 
$ 75 
$ 53 
S 41 
$ 29 
S 29 
$ 49 



AD #950 



THE WORLD'S LARGEST COMPUTER MAIL ORDER FIRM 



Computer Exchange 

Circle 479 for IBM Peripherals ■■ ...,._ — *. » *»« ■ -.. *%■* »>•. ^& 



B&H APPLE 11+ 
64K STARTER SYSTEM 



$1,595 
SAVE $ 834 



• 4IK BAH APPLE II* 

• COEX 16K RAM Card 

• Micro Sci A2 Disk Drive with 3.3 Controller 

• Central Point Filar. Apple II* 3.3 DOS plus many, 
utility programs 

• Sanyo 9" Green Monitor 

• RF Modulator (for color IV) 

• Game Paddles 

• Game with Color Graphics and Sound 



| FOR THE APPLE ll/lf. Ill 
DIRECT SUBSTITUTES 
MICRO-SCI tor APPLE DRIVES 

Micro- Sci A2 drives and/or controllers are direct plug 
compatible substitutes lor Apple drives and controllers. 



# For Apple II 

A2, 5W, 143K Disk Drive 
Controller Card for A2 Drive 
A40. 5*", I60K Disk Drive 
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The Next Generation 
of Microprocessor 

A proposed inexpensive microprocessor that can directly 
execute a high-level language. 



It will not be long before 
integrated-circuit manufacturers 
begin to come out with single-chip 
processors that can directly execute 
high -level -language instructions. 
When this happens, the resulting ex- 
plosion in the availability of high- 
speed, high-quality software could 
make the present stage of the com- 
puter revolution look like a 
halfhearted warm-up exercise by 
comparison. 

The reason for this is very simple: 
it is far more convenient to develop 
software in high-level languages than 
it is in the assembly languages that 
are currently available. This conve- 
nience factor has meant that most 
custom-designed software has been 
written in high-level languages, even 
though, under current micropro- 
cessor architectures, an enormous 
penalty in terms of performance is 
typically paid. One commonly hears 
statements that an assembly-language 
program will run a hundred times 
faster than the equivalent program 
written in BASIC. The only reason 
that most programs continue to be 
written in BASIC is that it is perhaps 



Timothy Stryker 

Samurai Software 

POB 2902 

Pompano Beach, FL 33062 

a hundred times easier to do so. 
Although compilers are available that 
can boost high-level-language perfor- 
mance, they are costly and require 
the use of large, expensive computers. 
And even a compiled program may 
be 10 times slower than an assembly- 



An inexpensive 

processor whose 

assembly language was 

itself a high-level 

language would gain 

wide market 

acceptance virtually 

overnight. 



language program. An inexpensive 
processor whose assembly language 
was itself a high-level language would 
gain wide market acceptance virtual- 
ly overnight. IC manufacturers are 
naturally aware of this, and concrete 
evidence of this awareness (i.e., an 
actual chip) can be expected soon. 
No doubt a fair amount of confu- 



sion exists at present as to just how to 
go about the implementation of a 
high-level language in hardware. Na- 
tional Semiconductor and Zilog have 
each introduced single-chip micro- 
computers incorporating small 
BASIC interpreters in on-chip ROM 
(read-only memory). While this is a 
step in the right direction, the utility 
of these chips is greatly diminished by 
their slow processing speeds. The 
low-level architectures of both chips 
are entirely conventional in nature, 
and the fact that they happen to in- 
corporate BASIC on-chip rather than 
in an external ROM represents merely 
an advantage in terms of decreasing 
system chip count. Higher up on the 
scale are Western Digital's Pascal and 
Ada Microengines, multichip pro- 
cessors that have experienced only 
limited market acceptance due to 
their high costs. The Intel iAPX-432 
processor appears to be a promising 
development in this area, but the 
great complexity of its architecture 
would appear to put it out of the 
sights of most potential users for the 
time being. 
Another much-discussed approach 



128 January 19S3 © BYTE Publications Inc 








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USER OBJECT COOE 



ONE 

MACHINE- 
LANGUAGE 
ROUTINE 




Figure 1: Simple threaded object code. The program counter points to certain object 
code, which in turn points to a machine-language routine. When that routine is 
finished, the program counter is incremented and points to the next object code, which 
points to the next machine-language routine. 



USER OBJECT CODE 



PROGRAM COUNTER 




ML ROUTINE 
POINTER 




ANOTHER 
MACHINE- 
LANGUAGE 
ROUTINE 



Figure 2: Threaded object code, FORTH style. In FORTH the object code points not to a 
machine-language routine, but to another pointer, which then points to the routine. If 
the routines are short, more time is spent jumping to the routines than executing them. 



to the question has centered around 
the prospects for a FORTH machine. 
FORTH would appear at first to be 
the perfect candidate for implementa- 
tion in hardware because of its 
reverse Polish syntax and its inherent- 
ly stack-oriented nature. The reason 
that these factors single FORTH out 
as a prime candidate for hardware 
implementation is that other types of 
high-level languages must invariably 
translate user requests for expression 



evaluation into stack-oriented terms 
at some level. In order for a high-level 
language to appear as the true, one- 
for-one, assembly-level equivalent of 
machine language, it is almost a 
necessity that the high-level language 
itself be stack-oriented. FORTH is the 
only well-known stack-oriented high- 
level language; hence, FORTH comes 
to mind as a major contender for 
hardware implementation. 

A more detailed examination of the 



structure of FORTH may, however, 
help explain why the implementation 
of this language in hardware has not 
gained wide support. FORTH was 
conceived as an inherently threaded 
language. This means that its object 
code, unlike that of most compiled 
languages, is set up as a series of 
pointers, rather than as directly ex- 
ecutable machine code. In principle, a 
threaded language could be designed 
in which these pointers directly in- 
dicated executable machine-language 
routines (see figure 1). FORTH, how- 
ever, is set up so that the pointers in- 
dicate other pointers, which, in turn, 
point to the executable machine- 
language routines (see figure 2). The 
way in which FORTH transfers con- 
trol from one machine-language rou- 
tine to the next is by having each 
machine-language routine terminate 
in a JUMP to a routine called NEXT. 
This routine increments FORTH's 
"program counter" to address the 
next object-code pointer in sequence. 
Control is then passed by another se- 
quence of pointers (or a double- 
indirect JUMP) to the next machine- 
language routine desired. 

This double-indirect control-trans- 
fer process is all very fine as long as 
the number of machine cycles re- 
quired to accomplish the effect of a 
typical FORTH operator is large in 
comparison to the number required 
for the double-indirect JUMP itself. In 
designing a processor with a stack- 
oriented architecture, however, one 
would certainly intend to create 
single-byte op codes like ADD and 
SUBTRACT, whose function would 
be to accomplish, in very few cycles, 
the addition or subtraction of the top 
two stack entries to or from one 
another. Under these circumstances, 
the number of machine cycles re- 
quired for getting to the op codes in 
question, via the double-indirect 
JUMP, could be substantially greater 
than the number required to do the 
operations themselves. This observa- 
tion applies even if the machine's in- 
struction set were to incorporate a 
1-byte NEXT instruction that could 
be placed at the end of each machine- 
language routine instead of a JUMP 
to a whole NEXT routine. Thus, it 
would appear that, paradoxically, the 



130 January 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 



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BYTE January 1983 131 



Circle 14 on inquiry card. 



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very object structure attributes that 
make FORTH nearly ideal for non- 
stack-oriented hardware make it 
relatively ill-suited for use as the basis 
of a true stack-oriented machine. 

An Alternative 

The primary disadvantage of using 
FORTH as the basis for the hardware 
implementation of a high-level lan- 
guage is, as discussed, its threaded 
nature. I would like to present an 
alternative scheme that skirts these 
difficulties and that represents a 
viable, cost-effective approach to the 
implementation of a high-level lan- 
guage in hardware. This scheme is the 
result of more than three years of ex- 
tensive commercial refinement and 
testing in such applications as real- 
time industrial process control, com- 
piler development, and database 
analysis. 

One of the first things to be estab- 
lished in the design of any new pro- 
cessor is the range of intended ap- 
plications that the processor should 
address — in commercial terms, its in- 
tended market. The market segment 
that is ripe for exploration at this 
point is the small, inexpensive, but 
largely custom-programmed, soft- 
ware-intensive system for which 
speed of development and speed of 
data manipulation must go hand in 
hand. For systems of this type, 16-bit 
data-handling and 16- to 24-bit ad- 
dressing capabilities should be suffi- 
cient for the next several years. Of 
primary importance is that the costs 
associated with both hardware and 
software development in systems of 
this type should be minimized. 

If we agree that software develop- 
ment costs are best minimized 
through the implementation of a 
stack-oriented high-level language as 
the assembly language of the 
machine, the design problem then 
revolves around the question of how 
to best optimize system efficiency in 
terms of both processing speed and 
memory-space usage, at the lowest 
possible cost in silicon. In optimizing 
the design of the system for process- 
ing speed and memory-space usage, 
we must consider the typical uses to 
which the system will be put — in par- 
ticular, we must ask three questions: 



132 January 1°*3 © BYTE Publication* Inc 



Circle 136 on inquiry card. 



Powerful CB'NI Software. 

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was $199.95 now only $29.95. 

When we introduced Nevada COBOL three years ago, it was 

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to use. 

□ Extremely Compact. You can compile and execute up to 
2500 statements in 32K RAM, 4000 statements in 48K, etc. 

□ It's based upon the ANSI-74 standards with level 2 features 
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GYou get a diskette, 153-page manual with lots of examples 
and 16 complete COBOL source code programs. 



NEVADA 

FORTRAN 

was $199.95 now only $29.95. 

□ IF . . THEN . . ELSE constructs. 

□ COPY statement. 

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G 150 English language error messages. 

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PILOT 

was $149.95 now only $29.95. 

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D What's more, John Starkweather, Ph.D., the inventor of the 
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PILOT. There are commands to drive optional equipment such 
as Video Tape Recorders and Voice Response Units. There's a 
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□ Meets all PILOT-73 standards for full compatibility with older 
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EDIT 

was $119.95 now only $29.95. 

□ A character-oriented full-screen video display text editor de- 
signed specifically to create COBOL, BASIC and FORTRAN 
programs. 

D Completely customizable tab stops, default file type, key- 
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DThe diskette comes with an easy to read manual. 



To make our software available to even more micro users, we've slashed our prices. 
What's more, we're offering a money back guarantee. If for any reason you're not 
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This is a limited time offer, so order yours today! 

Shipping/handling fees. Add $4.00 for first package and $2.00 each additional 
package. OVERSEAS Add $15.00 for first package and $5.00 each additional 
package. Checks must be in U.S. funds and drawn on a U.S. bank! 

'A Compiler Benchmark: A Comparative Analysis of Four COBOL Compilers'' by 
Stephen F Wheeler. Trademarks: CP/M, Digital Research; TRS-80, Tandy Corp.; 
Apple II, Apple Computer Inc.; Osborne 1, Osborne Computer Corp. © 1982 Ellis 
Computing. 



o 



ELLIS COMPUTING 



MAIL TODAY! To: Ellis Computing 

3917 Noriega St 
San Francisco, CA 94122 



(415)753-0186 



The CP/M operating system and 32K RAM are required. 

Indicate diskette format: D 8" SSSD 

5Va" □ Apple CP/M □ Osborne D N*SD □ N*DD 

□ TRS-80 Mod I □ Micropolis Mod II 

DTRS-80/mapper □ Superbrain DD DOS 3.X 



Indicate software packages: 



Send my order for 



□ COBOL 
D FORTRAN 



D PILOT 
□ EDIT 



packages @ $29.95 each Total 
In CA add sales tax 
□ Check enclosed D COD Shipping/handling . 



□ MasterCard 



□ VISA 



If COD add $4.00 . 
TOTAL 



Exp. Date 



Signature . 
Ship to: 
Name 



-Phone #. 



Company 

Street 

City/St/Zip . 
Country 



Offer expires 1/31/83 



Circle 165 on inquiry card. 



BYTE January 1983 



133 



• What operations are necessary in 
order to provide the minimum level 
of power consistent with the user's 
need for high-level-language capabil- 
ities? 

• What additional operations would 
be desirable, and how does the cost of 
their inclusion compare with the soft- 
ware development costs that would 
be incurred by leaving them out? 

• What will the relative frequencies of 
occurrence of each of these opera- 
tions be in terms of both time and 



space in typical user programs? 

In answer to the first question, most 
people would agree that the opera- 
tions considered vital would include 
the following: 

• 16-bit numeric push and pop 

• top-of-stack duplicate and top-pair 
swap 

• 16-bit two's-complement addition 
and subtraction 




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• 16-bit Boolean AND, OR, and 
NOT operations 

• 16-bit comparison operations 
(greater-than, less-than, and equals), 
and some means for using the results 
of comparisons to control program 
flow (if-then) 

• subroutine call and return 

• 16-bit memory -fetch and memory- 
store 

• GOTO (all structured program- 
ming ballyhoo to the contrary) 

Note that we do not have to concern 
ourselves here with any questions as 
to addressing modes. The stack- 
orientation of the language takes care 
of all that automatically. For 
example, the memory-fetch operation 
would be expected to replace the top 
stack entry with the contents of the 
memory location originally addressed 
by that stack entry. To do an indirect 
fetch then, one would simply perform 
two ordinary memory-fetch opera- 
tions in a row. To do an indexed 
fetch, one would merely get the base 
address and the index into the top 
two positions on the stack, perform 
an addition, and then perform a nor- 
mal memory -fetch. Other addressing 
modes of arbitrary complexity, such 
as triple-indirect and doubly indexed- 
indirect, can be similarly formulated 
simply by using the basic operations 
as building blocks. This synergy is a 
function of the beautiful simplicity 
and cleanliness of the stack-oriented 
approach. We can achieve a fully 
symmetrical, easy-to-learn instruc- 
tion set of enormous power without 
spending a fortune on silicon. 

One is tempted at this point to 
begin wondering just how the various 
capabilities listed above would be 
made available to the user, how they 
would be implemented in the hard- 
ware, and so on. Let us leave these 
questions aside for the moment until 
we have had a chance to address the 
last two questions raised earlier. The 
above collection of operations would 
appear to represent the true bare- 
bones minimum needed. What else 
would it be desirable for the architec- 
ture to support in the form of hard- 
ware primitives? 

Here we enter into a realm of 
speculation in which there is con- 



134 January 1983 © BYTE Publication! Inc 



Circle 173 on Inquiry card. 



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siderable room for disagreement. 
Each individual has a different idea as 
to what constitutes the ideal mix of 
hardware capabilities, and we find lit- 
tle in the way of objective criteria to 
go on, because the whole field of 
stack-oriented high-level-language 
development is still in its infancy. For 
this reason, actual working ex- 
perience with such languages is in- 
valuable. It is only by having used a 
stack-oriented language extensively 
that one can get a feel for what 
features are particularly desirable and 
what features are not. As noted 
above, I have been experimenting 
with these languages for more than 
three years now, and my personal ex- 
perience is reasonably representative 
of many of the kinds of applications 
in which a processor such as the one 
discussed here would be used. 

Turning first to the question of ad- 
ditional arithmetic operations, 
multiplication and division arise as 
prime candidates for inclusion. I have 
found considerable use for both, even 
in connection with entirely logic- 
based tasks. Multiplication is of par- 
ticular use in multidimensional array 
indexing and singly dimensioned ar- 
ray indexing in cases where the array 
element size is not a power of 2. The 
need for division crops up somewhat 
less frequently, but it and its cor- 
ollary, the modulo operation, are suf- 
ficiently time-consuming (in both 
development and execution time) for 
a programmer to implement in soft- 
ware that it is a real blessing to have 
them available as language primi- 
tives. Thus, full 16-bit unsigned 
multiplication (with a 16-bit result), 
division, and modulo are all included 
in the architecture presented here. 

Right-shift and left-shift operations 
are commonly found in current as- 
sembly languages for good reason, 
and we would hope to have them 
available here as well. Left-shift, syn- 
ergistically enough, can already be 
accomplished very easily using the 
top-of-stack-duplicate and addition 
functions. Right-shift cannot. I would 
propose to rectify this, not by supply- 
ing a right-shift operator, but by 
designing the division hardware such 
that if division by a power of 2 is 
called for, the operation will be car- 



ried out as a simple right-shift of the 
appropriate number of bit-positions. 
This arrangement has the additional 
benefit that ordinary divisions need 
take no longer to execute than the 
minimum amount of time, even in 
cases where the programmer does not 
know in advance whether or not the 
divisor in the computation will be a 
power of 2. 

The exclusive-OR or XOR opera- 
tion is the only Boolean operation 
conspicuously missing from the 
above list. It is infrequently needed, 
but to derive it using the other 
operators is comparatively time- 
consuming. One possibility would be 
to design the equals function as a bit- 
wise exclusive-NOR. This, however, 
while intriguing, would lead to prob- 
lems in other areas. Given that XOR 
is not particularly costly to imple- 
ment in hardware, it should be in- 
cluded as a hardware primitive. 

In writing programs in a stack- 
oriented language, one constantly 
finds the need for stack -manipulation 
operators more powerful than the 
simple top-of-stack-duplicate (let's 
call this DUP, as FORTH does) and 
top-pair-swap (SWAP). Because it is 
frequently useful to create a fresh 
copy of the stack entry just below the 
one on top (as FORTH's OVER oper- 
ator does), this operation should be 
included as a hardware primitive. It is 
even useful to have the ability to ac- 
cess entries arbitrarily deep in the 
stack. Sometimes the depth within 
the stack of the desired entry can be 
specified literally by the programmer 
in the source code; at other times it is 
useful to allow the depth of stack ac- 
cess to be a computed variable. By 
covering the latter case, we cover the 
former as well. Thus, we will imple- 
ment an operator called N-TH that 
will take the top stack entry as its 
argument, and replace it with a fresh 
copy of the nth item in the stack. 

I have also found considerable use 
for a peculiar stack-manipulation op- 
erator, not ordinarily found in 
FORTH, called ROTATE. This oper- 
ator bears the same relation to SWAP 
that N-TH does to OVER, that is, it 
takes the top stack entry as an argu- 
ment and rotates out the nth item in 
the stack, placing it on top of the 



136 January 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 



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stack and deleting it from its previous 
position. This operator would be 
relatively costly to implement in 
hardware (presenting perhaps a level 
of difficulty comparable to that of im- 
plementing multiplication hardware). 
However, it is impossible to simulate 
the effect of this operator using a se- 
quence of other operators. Also, in 
many situations, having it available 
can substantially simplify software 
development. For these reasons, 
ROTATE should be included as part 
of the instruction set presented here. 
One might also envision the need for 
an inverse-rotate operator, one that 
takes the top stack entry and inserts it 
a given depth into the stack. Such a 
capability is rarely needed, however, 
and using ROTATE, we could con- 
struct such an operation in software 
fairly easily. 

Control of program flow is a vital 
aspect of software design. Handling 
of conditional branches is best done 
through the use of an IF operator that 
examines the top stack entry. If it is 0, 
IF loads the program counter with the 



address of the point to be branched 
to. This allows the programmer the 
freedom to make branches condi- 
tional on the basis of the evaluation 
of any arbitrary expression involving 
both arithmetic and logical quantities 

With a stack-oriented 
approach, we can 

achieve a 

fully symmetrical, 

easy-to-learn 

instruction set 

of enormous power 

without spending a 

fortune on silicon. 

and relations. Note that, with a 
GOTO operator, an IF-THEN-ELSE 
construct can easily be provided via 
assembly-time macroinstructions 
without any need for further instruc- 
tion-set support. At the point in the 
user's code at which the ELSE occurs, 
the assembler can automatically 



generate a GOTO pointing to the ad- 
dress of the end of the else-clause. 

The other prime flow-controlling 
constructs of structured program- 
ming, such as DO. ..WHILE, 
REPEAT... UNTIL, and CASE, can 
all be implemented using various ar- 
rangements of IF and GOTO, gener- 
ated, where desired, under the con- 
trol of assembly-time macroinstruc- 
tions. 

One construct, however, stands 
out as being so useful that it deserves 
further consideration: the iterative 
loop. My proposed architecture con- 
tains a FOR instruction that expects 
upper- and lower-loop bounds to be 
presented to it on the stack; it also has 
a NEXT instruction that executes as a 
conditional branch back to the cor- 
responding FOR, along with incre- 
mentation of the loop variable. This 
arrangement has a number of im- 
plications for our machine architec- 
ture. For one, it implies that we must 
have a second stack for storing this 
FOR... NEXT loop context (we knew 
we needed this extra stack anyway to 

Text continued on page 142 




138 January 1983 © BYTE Publication! Inc 



Circle 426 on inquiry card. 



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support the subroutining feature). For 
another, it means that we will need 
two additional instructions, one to 
push the current value of the loop 
variable onto the main stack (the cor- 
responding operator in FORTH is 
generally called either PI or I ), and 
another to cause the current 
FOR. . .NEXT loop context to go away 
if the FOR... NEXT loop is terminated 
prematurely (sometimes called 
LEAVE in FORTH). 

Whether or not there should also 
be a STEP instruction, for changing 
the loop step size, is open to debate. I 
have occasionally found the need for 
such an instruction, but have also 
found that convenient alternative 
software solutions are usually avail- 
able where this need exists. For the 
sake of minimizing the cost of the 
silicon, I am in favor of leaving it out. 
One area I have purposely left to 
the end of the discussion of desirable 
features is that concerning data types. 
So far we have spoken only about 
16-bit integers. Certainly, however, 
hardware support for other data 
types could be extremely useful; 
single-byte data, for one, but 
floating-point numbers and character 
strings also come readily to mind. 
Here, however, we must be careful 
not to get carried away on the wings 
of overworked imagination. The sup- 
port of floating-point arithmetic in 
hardware is a gigantic undertaking. If 
we are seriously interested in design- 
ing an inexpensive high-level 
machine, we will have to forgo this 
luxury for the time being. Perhaps in 
the year 1995, when chips are fabri- 
cated using genetic-engineering 
techniques and gates are only 5 or 10 
protein molecules in size, inexpensive 
floating-point hardware will become 
feasible. Until then, software 
floating-point arithmetic or, at the 
most, coprocessor architectures 
should remain the rule for inexpen- 
sive systems. 

On the other hand, single-byte data 
and character-string data present no 
such overwhelming design burden. 
We can expect that the addition of 
8-bit memory-fetch and memory- 
store operations would require little 
in the way of additional processor 
logic. Also, if these operations are set 



up so that they behave just like their 
16-bit equivalents except that they 
pertain only to the low-order 8 bits of 
each 16-bit stack word, all our ex- 
isting 16-bit operators will work with 
8-bit data as well. Character strings, 
being nothing more than sequences of 
single-byte data, should also be easy 
to support in hardware. If strings are 
represented on the stack in the form 
of length foremost followed by string 
body, with one 8-bit character per 
16-bit stack entry, they are in fact 
very convenient to deal with, as ex- 
perience has shown. I have found the 
string-push-immediate operation to 
be the most useful, followed by 
string-push-absolute (in which the 
string address is taken from the top- 
of-stack), and, somewhat less useful, 
string-store-absolute. This last opera- 
tion, in fact, is rather infrequently 
needed, rather costly to do in hard- 
ware, and rather easy to do in soft- 
ware. Therefore, I think it would best 
be omitted. 

The veteran FORTH user may be 
wondering at this point what all the 
fuss here is about. So far, everything 
we have discussed has appeared to 
resemble FORTH so strongly that to 
say we are not speaking of imple- 
menting FORTH in hardware would 
appear to be an exercise in semantics. 
This is no accident. As mentioned 
earlier, FORTH is currently the most 
popular stack-oriented high-level 
language, and any source-level com- 
patibility that we can preserve be- 
tween FORTH and the language that 
is proposed here can only be benefi- 
cial to users of both languages. The 
driving differences between FORTH 
and the language proposed here ap- 
pear primarily at the object-code 
level. FORTH object code is thread- 
ed, whereas what we are discussing 
here is an object code based on ex- 
ecutable op codes. This means that, 
for example, the way in which a 
subroutine invocation will occur here 
is for the address of the called routine 
to be pushed onto the stack, after 
which a CALL instruction will be ex- 
ecuted in order to actually transfer 
control to the desired routine. 

Nothing in what has been said so 
far has in any way touched on the 
question of I/O (input/output) struc- 



142 January 1983 © BYTE Publication* Inc 



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BYTE January 1983 143 



Circle 407 on Inquiry card. 




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3 


is INTERTEC 

Edata 

= SYSTEMS. 



Operation 
Name 

Push 

Pop 

Dup 

Swap 

Over 

N-th 

Rotate 

Plus 

Minus 

Times 

Divide 

Modulo 

And 

Or 

Xor 

Not 

Grtr 

Less 

Eauals 

If 

Goto 

Call 

Return 

Fetch 

Store 

Peek 

Poke 

For 

Next 

Pi 

Leave 

Spshim 

Stgfch 



FORTH 

Mnemonic Description 



<0-9> 

DROP 

DUP 

SWAP 

OVER 



/ 

MOD 

AND 

OR 

XOR 

NOT 

> 

< 



C! 

DO 

LOOP 

PI 

LEAVE 



Push a 16-bit quantity onto TOS 

Pop entry on TOS 

Push a new copy of TOS 

Swap TOS with NOS 

Push a new copy of NOS 

Replace TOS with the TOSth deep stack entry 

Rotate TOSth stack entry out to TOS 

Replace NOS with NOS plus TOS; pop TOS 

Replace NOS with NOS minus TOS; pop TOS 

Replace NOS with NOS times TOS; pop TOS 

Replace NOS with NOS divided by TOS; pop TOS 

Replace NOS with NOS mod TOS; pop TOS 

Replace NOS with NOS Boolean-AND TOS; pop TOS 

Replace NOS with NOS Boolean-OR TOS; pop TOS 

Replace NOS with NOS Boolean-XOR TOS; pop TOS 

Replace TOS with its 1's complement 

Replace NOS with logical NOS>TOS; pop TOS 

Replace NOS with logical NOS<TOS; pop TOS 

Replace NOS with logical NOS = TOS; pop TOS 

Jump to address on TOS if NOS = 0; pop TOS and NOS 

Jump unconditionally to address on TOS; pop TOS 

Call subroutine at address on TOS; pop TOS 

Return from subroutine 

Replace TOS with word pointed to by TOS 

Store NOS into word pointed to by TOS; pop both 

Replace TOS with byte pointed to by TOS 

Store single-byte NOS into addr on TOS; pop both 

Begin For. ..Next loop, from TOS to NOS; pop both 

End For. ..Next 

Push For. ..Next counter value 

Exit For. ..Next context prematurely 

Push-string immediate 

Push-string absolute (string equivalent of @) 



Table 1: A list of operations that should be included in a microprocessor that could 
directly execute a FORTH-like high-level language. TOS means top-of-stack; NOS 
means next-on-stack. 



hire. This is because the most rational 
I/O structure known is the memory- 
mapped structure, and little needs to 
be said about it other than that it 
should be used here. Memory- 
mapped I/O is clean, infinitely ex- 
pandable (to the capacity of the 
address space), and requires zero pro- 
cessor support. I have never under- 
stood why a computer architect 
would want to choose any other 
method. 

We should also touch briefly on the 
question of interrupt structure here, if 
only to say that a simple one such as 
those found in the 6502 and the 6809 
should perform admirably. Because 
of the stack orientation of our 
machine, nothing but the current pro- 
gram counter and program-status 
register (condition codes) need be 
saved on the stack when an interrupt 
occurs. Note the tremendous advan- 



tage that stack orientation gives us in 
this area over register-oriented micro- 
processors, with their need to save 
and restore all user registers that have 
the possibility of being altered by the 
interrupt-handling routine (indeed, 
the more powerful the processor, the 
more registers there are to be saved 
and restored — hence, paradoxically, 
the more time consumed in respond- 
ing to interrupts). This alone should 
give our system the ability to respond 
extremely rapidly to interrupts of all 
kinds . . . not to mention the fact 
that our ability to write interrupt- 
handlers in high-level code will make 
the whole process considerably 
simpler and more glitch-resistant. 

Putting It All Together 

Table 1 lists all the basic operations 
that I have proposed for our 
hardware-implemented instruction 



144 January 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 




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BYTE January 1983 145 



8-BIT INSTRUCTION REGISTER 



15_BIT s — i _ . 1 

PUSH ^ — I °^<vj 



6-BIT 
PUSH 



NORMAL 
6-BIT 
OP CODE 




f<3 



A BYTE OF THE FORM: 



1 X X X X X I X 



EXECUTES AS A PUSH OF THE NUMBER XXXXXX, 



A BYTE -PAIR OF THE FORM: 



OYYYYYYY YYYYYYYY 



EXECUTES AS A PUSH OF THE NUMBER OYYYYYYY YYYYYYYY, 



A BYTE OF THE FORM: 



1 


1 


z 


z 


z 


z 


z 


z 



INVOKES THE EXECUTION OF OP CODE ZZZZZZ 

Figure 3: An instruction decoding method for the proposed numeric push operations. 
Using only 1 byte, you could push any number from to 63 onto the stack. With 2 
bytes, you could push any number up to 32, 767. 



set. Compared to existing micropro- 
cessors, it is remarkably short, sim- 
ple, and straightforward. In par- 
ticular, because so few op codes will 
be required to implement this set, we 
have the opportunity to do something 
quite astonishing here. 

One of the questions I raised at the 
beginning of this discussion called 
attention to the possibility that some 
operations may be found to occur 
more frequently in typical user pro- 
grams than others. This is in fact the 
case: experience has shown that the 
numeric push operation typically oc- 
curs far more frequently, in both time 
and space, than any other single 
operation. It stands to reason, then, 
that if we can somehow optimize the 
implementation of the numeric push 
for both speed and space efficiency, 
we can create an architecture whose 
performance is as unassailable as its 
ease of use. The fact that so few op 
codes are needed to implement the 



rest of the instruction set gives us this 
opportunity. 

Let's suppose that we wish to stick 
with the standard of the 8-bit byte as 
the basic unit of memory ad- 
dressability. The total number of op 



A processor of this 

type could of course be 

programmed in many 

other languages, in 

addition to its 

high-level 

assembly language. 



codes shown in table 1 is only 33. 
Allowing room for expansion and 
rounding up to the next higher power 
of 2, we decide to make allowance for 
64 distinct op codes in our instruction 
set. This leaves 256 minus 64, or 192, 



bit patterns available for other pur- 
poses. What better use to put these to 
than as short, high-speed forms of the 
numeric push operation? 

The design adopted for these short, 
high-speed numeric push operations 
is very simple. Small numbers such as 
0, 1, and 2 are the most commonly 
pushed quantities. These could be set 
up in the form of ultrashort, single- 
nybble instructions, but this would 
gain us little because we are already 
presupposing at least an 8-bit-wide 
data bus for the purpose of reading in 
the ordinary op-code bytes. In addi- 
tion, numeric pushes of larger num- 
bers — typically those representing the 
addresses of data areas, jump points, 
and subroutines — are very common, 
and we would like to optimize these 
to whatever extent we can. For these 
reasons, I have found it desirable to 
recognize two distinct flavors of 
short-form push, one of which con- 
sumes 64 of the available bit patterns, 
and the other of which consumes the 
remaining 128. The first of these en- 
codes single-byte pushes of numbers 
from up to 63; the other acts as the 
first byte of a 2-byte instruction 
whose effect is to push numbers that, 
while large, do not cover the full 
16-bit range. 

The way this works is outlined in 
figure 3. When the processor enters 
the execution phase of its instruction 
cycle, it examines the high-order 2 
bits of the byte it has just fetched 
from memory. If these 2 bits are both 
high, the remaining 6 bits in the byte 
are treated as a normal op code (e.g., 
ADD, FETCH, etc.). Otherwise, if 
the high-order bit of the byte is high, 
but the next-to-high-order bit is low, 
the remaining 6 bits in the byte are 
taken as a 6-bit quantity to be pushed 
onto the stack. Finally, if the high- 
order bit of the byte is low, the rest of 
the byte is taken as the high-order 
byte of a 2-byte quantity to be 
pushed, and the low-order byte of 
this quantity is taken from the next 
sequential location in memory. In this 
way, numbers up to 32,767 can be 
pushed onto the stack in 2 bytes or 
less — by locating one's object code 
within this address range, one can 
generate incredibly space-efficient 
code. 



146 January 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 




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There is a further bit of serendipity 
to be exploited here. Because, as now 
envisioned, all operations besides 
pushes of numbers exceeding 63 can 
be encoded in a single byte, we have 
reason to suppose that we may not 
need more than an 8-bit-wide external 
data bus in order to derive virtually 
the full level of performance of a 
16-bit machine. All we need to do in 
order to take advantage of this is to 
separate out our two stacks from the 
user's address space and to place them 
(and their internal 16-bit-wide bus) 
entirely on-chip. 

In fact, doing so will have the addi- 
tional advantage that we can then im- 
plement the stack -manipulation and 
arithmetic hardware much more easi- 
ly and directly — indeed, it even makes 
sense under these circumstances to 
consider making the processor cycle 
rate a significant multiple of the 
main-memory-access cycle rate. It is 
as though, without half trying, we 
have arrived at a low-cost architec- 
ture incorporating a high-speed cache 
memory (i.e., the stacks) whose con- 
tents are always guaranteed to be the 
most useful possible because its 
contents are entirely under program 
control! 

Figure 4 shows a possible pinout 
for a microprocessor of the kind 
described here. Astute readers may 
recognize the pinout as being iden- 
tical to that of the well-known 6502. 
Rearranging the pins slightly, one 
could imagine a processor of this kind 
being made pin-compatible with the 
6809 or any of several other currently 
common microprocessors. 



VssC 


1 


40 


]RES 


rdy[ 


2 


39 


1*2 


*1[ 


3 


38 


]N.C. 


IRQ[ 


4 


37 


3*o 


N.C.[ 


5 


36 


]n.c. 


nm1[ 


6 


35 


]N.C. 


SYNC[ 


7 


34 


]R/W 


vccC 


8 


33 


]DB0 


AB0[ 


9 


32 


]dbi 


AB1[ 


10 


31 


]DB2 


AB2[ 


11 


30 


]DB3 


AB3[ 


12 


29 


]DB4 


AB4[ 


13 


28 


]DB5 


AB5[ 


14 


27 


]DB6 


AB6[ 


15 


26 


]DB7 


AB7[ 


16 


25 


]AB15 


AB8[ 


17 


24 


] AB14 


AB9[ 


18 


23 


]AB13 


AB10[ 


19 


22 


]AB12 


AB11[ 


20 


21 


]v S s 



N.C. " NO CONNECTION 

Figure 4: A possible pin diagram for a pro- 
posed microprocessor that could directly 
run a FORTH-like high-level language. 
Some readers may notice that this is the 
same pinout as that for the 6502 
microprocessor . 

Some Closing Remarks 

A processor of this type could of 
course be programmed in many other 
languages, in addition to its high- 
level assembly language. Most if not 
all currently popular high-level 
languages, including BASIC, Pascal, 
PL/I, APL, FORTRAN, COBOL, 
LISP, and Ada, would be con- 
siderably easier to implement on a 
processor of this sort than they have 
been on existing microprocessors. 



More to the point, the compilers and 
interpreters for these languages 
would consume much less memory 
space on a machine like this than they 
do now, which would allow systems 
manufacturers to cut their prices 
substantially on systems supporting 
these languages. 

The ideas outlined here were 
developed independently (with a 
great deal of help from Mr. Ken 
Wasserman) but are no doubt similar 
in many respects to those presently 
under discussion at all the major 
integrated-circuit manufacturers' 
engineering facilities. Stack-oriented 
high-level-language hardware 
represents an eminently practical, 
cost-effective mechanism for extract- 
ing minicomputer performance from 
microcomputer hardware — at "nano- 
computer" cost. 

The reason that this development 
has been so long in coming is due to a 
number of factors, not the least of 
which is that until recently software- 
oriented personnel have had little in- 
put into instruction-set design. In ad- 
dition, an architecture of the sort 
presented here would probably not 
have been feasible prior to the advent 
of VLSI (very-large-scale integration) 
as a commercially viable mass- 
production technology. 

In this connection, it is amusing to 
note that Electronics magazine once 
ran as part of a "New Year's Wish 
List" the fervent hope that Intel Cor- 
poration's Gordon Moore be granted 
"inspiration on what to do with a 
chip holding 1 million transistors." 
This wish may be granted yet.B 




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148 January 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 



Circle 195 on inquiry card. 






THE MD-44 

A complete 5V4" Winchester 
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IBM-PC*, APPLE*, OSBORNE*, 
KAYPRO*, ALSPA*. XEROX 820*, 
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any Z-80, CP/M* system. 
Software includes SOURCE CODE 
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available for OASIS*, TURBODOS* 
and others. 

Easy installation. Fast data access. 
No special buss required. 
Full six-month warranty. 

ALSO AVAILABLE: 

MD-10(11 MB formatted): $2695. 

MD-20 (22 MB formatted): $3595. 

A networking option handling up to 

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Scotts Valley, CA 95066 
Call (408) 438-5454 



Registered trademarks of IBM Corp Apple Computer, Inc Osborne Computer Corp Kaypro, Inc Alspa Computer Inc., Xerox Corp Heath Company Tandy Corp. Godbout Electronics, tnc 
North Star Computers Inc Digital Research Inc Phase One Systems Inc and Soltware 2000, Inc 

Circle 250 on inquiry card. 



The Panasonic portable computer 

We've improved the way 

Link „ Panasonic. 

It will improve the way you 
solve problems. And the 
solutions come from the 
portable computing power 
you have at your 
fingertips. You can take it 
with you on planes, cars, 
boats, anywhere, because 
it fits into a suitcase. You can 
be more cost effective in the 
field, because you'll have 
access to more information for 
making on-the-spot decisions. 
You'll have the incredible 
advantage of being able to 
telecommunicate from anywhere 
you are. It gives you a whole 
new world of computing. 
Portable computing. 

Software Solutions — Now 

there's an exciting new software 
system for the 6502 
microprocessor that gives you more 
solutions to your problems. 
The popular language software for the portable computer includes 
Extended Basic Compiler/ Interpreter, SnapFORTH and Microsoft Basic.® 
The Panasonic portable computer also has a wide range of specific 
software programs for your specific problems, such as: 

The Scientific Calculator — An incredibly powerful tool that solves mathematical problems for the 
scientist, engineer, and professional wherever they go. 




Portabudqet — It's your portable personal financial manager. It gives you up-to-the-minute personal 
control. It allows you to be your own record keeper, savings advisor, accountant, bill manager, credit 
and charge account guide, investment counselor, portfolio keeper, and tax assistant. Overall, it 
helps plan your personal financial life, portably. 

Portacalc — Gives you the portability and the flexibility to automatically analyze numerical problems 
wherever and whenever they arise. You can assess "what if" alternative business problems, 
comprehend key variables in business, and dynamically analyze problems on engineering projects. 

Portawriter — It allows you to write, edit, and format information. And, you can telecommunicate the 
information from wherever you are. Whether you're in the boardroom, hotel room, or even on a golf 
course, Portawriter gives you full editing and formatting capability for notes, reports, letters, news 
copy, tables, lists, forms, orders, you name it. 

Portalpg — It is an easy, precise tool for time-billing professionals without a minute to lose. Whether 
you're on the road or in the office, you can log time, compile bills, generate billing reports, and track 
the work of your highly paid employees. Portalog gives you improved timekeeping productivity. 

Telecomputin g 2™ — It lets you telecommunicate with your data base. You can establish 
communications between headquarters and field forces. Exchange files and programs between 
remote stations. Access timesharing services and store data in a large computer's mass storage. 
You can also upload and download program data. 



with a wide range of new software, 
you solve problems. 



Portaflex -A master program that allows you to create solutions for applications, such as: 

□ Inventory Control —Analysis and control of inventory while you're on the job. 

□ Order Entry -A customized system for any sales order entry. It offers you productivity, and the 
advantage of faster order entry. 

o Field Service - Retrieve, diagnose, and analyze your field service data wherever you are in the field. 

a Auditing and Accounting -Custom auditing and accounting, anywhere you are in the field. 

□ Estimating —versatility for flexible bidding and estimating at your job site. 

Software Development Tools for the Customizer — Create your own custom programs and burn 
them into your EPROM so your program is recorded in nonvolatile form. 

Simply taKe a desk top microcomputer,* insert the software development discs, create your own 
program, de-bug that program, compile the program, then "burn-in" your problem-solving EPROM. 



* Presently offered for Apple II Plus. 



Hardware Specifications - 

The Panasonic portable computer offers 6502 
microprocessor (1 MHz) technology. 

□ It offers 4K or 8K internal nonvolatile RAM 

□ 48K internal ROM 

□ Built-in Ni-Cad rechargeable battery pack 

□ External AC adapter/recharger 

□ 26-character liquid crystal display 

□ 65-key completely redefinable keyboard 



Introducing Peripherals for Additional Solutions — 

Modular peripherals let you customize your system. 

□ Multiple RS-232C serial interfaces 

a Asynchronous modem with cassette interface 
(110 or 300 baud) 

□ 40-character microprinter (thermal dot matrix printing) 
a 8K or 16K RAM memory expansion packs 

□ X-Y four-color plotter (up to 80 characters per line) 

□ TV adapter (32 characters X 16 lines with color 
and graphics) 



The Panasonic portable computer. It's improved the way you solve problems. Because we believe 
its portable modules and multiple software applications can vastly improve your productivity. And that 
can be an important solution to your profit problems. 

The portable computer from Panasonic. We've improved the way you solve problems. 

Link Panasonic. It's changing the way the world uses computers. 




Please send me more information. 

Panasonic Company, Hand-Held Computers 
One Panasonic Way, Secaucus, New Jersey 07094 



Dealer Inquiries Invited 



Name (PLEASE PRINT) . 
Title & Company 



II Type of Business, 
^fc Address 



City- 



Phone Number ( 



.State. 



.Zip_ 



Panasonic. 

just slightly ahead of our time. 



Circle 319 on inquiry card. 



Maximizing Power 
in Multiuser Architectures 

A system design combines the advantages 

of a single-processor multiuser system 

with those of both loosely and tightly coupled networks. 

Mark Garetz 

Compupro Systems 

Box 2355 

Oakland Airport, CA 94614 



The microcomputer industry is wit- 
nessing a trend toward more power- 
ful (i.e., 16-bit) systems. At the same 
time we see a demand for systems 
capable of serving a number of users 
simultaneously. Multiuser environ- 
ments can be achieved in many ways. 
In this article I'll discuss Compupro's 
approach to the problem, but first 
let's consider a few basic multiuser ar- 
chitectures. 

The classic multiuser system con- 
sists of a single CPU (central process- 
ing unit), lots of memory, and the ap- 
propriate number of I/O (input/out- 
put) ports. The single processor 
serves all the users of the system by 
means of timesharing. The concept is 
fairly simple (although implementa- 
tion is quite tricky): every few 
microseconds, a timer causes an inter- 
rupt to the system that causes the pro- 
cessor to suspend what it is doing for 
the current user and to do something 
else for the next user in line. In a two- 
user system, the processor switches 
back and forth between the users. In a 
system with more than two users, the 
processor usually goes around the 
circle, servicing each user in turn. A 
more sophisticated system might give 
certain users more time than others, 
according to each user's priority. 

Although it is by no means simple 
to write, the software for the classic 
multiuser system is all written for one 
processor. This means that the 



operating system is in tight control of 
all the system resources (in theory, 
anyway). The effectiveness of this ap- 
proach depends greatly on the effi- 
ciency of the hardware used to imple- 
ment it. Hardware that performs well 
in a single-user environment may per- 
form miserably in a multiuser en- 
vironment (but we'll delve into that 
later). At some point, the maximum 
capacity of every single-processor 
multiuser microcomputer system is 
reached, usually at around three to 
four users. In simpler terms, we could 
say that the maximum capacity of the 
system is reached when the speed or 
performance suffers noticeably if 
another user is added to the system. 
With poorly designed hardware, this 
could happen at the two-user level; 
with well-designed hardware, it could 
occur as high as the eight-user level. 
Of course, the application of the sys- 
tem has a lot to do with the point at 
which performance seems affected. 
For example, in a computation-inten- 
sive environment, the maximum 
capacity of a well-designed system 
might be reached at four users. In a 
less intensive environment (such as a 
database inquiry system in which ter- 
minal use is low, and the chance of 
everybody's using the system at once 
is minimal) the maximum capacity of 
the system might be 16 users. 

The point of this discussion is that 
every single-processor multiuser sys- 



tem will at some point reach its maxi- 
mum capacity, and if the desired 
number of users exceeds the maxi- 
mum capacity of the system, the sys- 
tem will slow down. The degree of 
slowdown depends on how many users 
the system is handling above its max- 
imum capacity. Depending on the ap- 
plication, the slowdown may be 
tolerable. In most cases (with well-de- 
signed hardware) the system will still 
be many times faster than timeshar- 
ing with a large computer at 300 bps 
(bits per second) over the phone lines. 

But many of us are accustomed to 
fast single-user microcomputers and 
notice (and resent) the least slow- 
down. An obvious solution is to keep 
our single-user microcomputers and 
let the other people in the office get 
their own if they need computers. In 
many cases this is a good solution, 
although it's usually much more ex- 
pensive than a multiuser system. The 
major problem with this solution is 
the difficulty of sharing common 
resources, such as an expensive hard- 
disk drive, a letter-quality printer, or 
a common database that everyone 
needs to access. With independent 
microcomputers, sharing of common 
resources is next to impossible. 

Of course, it's possible to hook 
together all these independent sys- 
tems to form a network of microcom- 
puters. In a network, each connected 
device is called a node. Every node 



152 January 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 



THE PERSONAL 
COMPUTER AD 
OUR COMPETITION 
DOESN'T WANT 
YOU TO READ. 



It's an ad for NEC's APC™ 
Advanced Personal Computer. 
A solutions-oriented system that 
solves business problems in the 
simplest, most cost-effective way. 
The APC supports both CP/M-86™ 
and MS-DOS™ It can store more 
information than any system in its 
price range. In short, it's got the 
best price/performance of any 
personal computer. That's why our 



competition would p r 
never see our systr 4 
We asked som 
len who sjj 
Jus why t 
'reason' 
The\ 
Tonly p 



w you 



"That APC of yours is t h 
powerful computer of f^ 
I saw. I don't know hov 
for that price." 

"Now that I've used it 
awhile, I see why you nam 
Advanced Personal Compute?! 
And that from bu° : gasmen 
who have tested iu 
When you see the|| 
understand why, a 
others, all of these b 
picked NEC. 

Our business software 1 
was optimized to take 
advantage of the APCs 
unique hardware features. That 
makes system operation faster 
and easier. 

Our software includes a full set 
of general accounting packages, 
word processing, mailing list 
management, business planning, 
database management, and com 
munications. And we're readying 
many more. 
We're the only company to 
back our software with a unique 
nconditional guarantee. It wi 
■vork or you get your money 
"back. 
Smaller businesses use the 
'APC as their principal data pro 
ng system. It handles everythi 
nting and order pr 
~ to mailing list anffl 
agement. 

ger companies use the 
decision support and 
ications tool for managers 





Our high-resolution color 
graphics run circles, arcs and lines 
around everybody else. The APCs 
screen images— lines, characters, 
pictures— are unprecedented in 
their clarity. 

See the personal computer our 
competition wishes had never been 
invented. The Advanced Personal 
Computer from NEC. Return the 
coupon to NEC Information 
Systems, Inc., 5 Militia Drive, 
Lexington, MA 02173. 



APC is a trademark of Nippon Electric Co.. Ltd 
CP/M-86 is a trademark of Digital Research, Inc. 
MS-DOS is a trademark of Microsoft, Inc 



Send me more information on the BE183 
Advanced Personal Computer. 



Address 



City, State. Zip 



Company 




Telephone 

NEC 

NEC Information Systems, Inc. 

5 Militia Drive, Lexington, MA 02173 



The Benchmark in World Class Computers 

Circle 287 on inquiry card. 



A WORD TO THE WISE. 




No one gives you more in an economically engineered 

smart terminal than Wyse. 



These days there's little room for 
waste of the corporate dollar. And 
these days the WY-100 smart terminal 
looks even better when you compare 
it to the other guys. 

You definitely get more from Wyse 
— the leader in low-cost, high-per- 
formance, ergonomically engineered 
smart terminals. 

To begin with, you get a great 
looking terminal that features die 
cast aluminum packaging and takes 
up a minimum of desktop space. 

You also get a terminal with an 
uncanny way of pleasing people. It 
comes with an easy-on-the-eyes 
green phosphor screen. And a fully 
tilting/rotating display and detached 
keyboard. (After all, one person's 
just-right-tilt is another's not-quite- 
right-tilt). 

When the workload seems impos- 
sible, horizontal and vertical split 
screen capabilities with independent 
scrolling allow you to be in two places 
at once. 



There's more. You get program- 
mable function keys and transparent 
print. Plus 128 characters with upper 
and lower case, line drawing and 
graphics, and a keyboard with 105 
keys — including cursor pad, special 
mode and function keys. 

Of course, all of this wouldn't mean 
much if you couldn't count on Wyse 
quality. That's why each WY-100 is 
put through an extensive on/off 
testing program. 

On top of that, WordStar® and other 
emulations are now available from 
your distributor. Which means you 
can automatically get 32 of WordStar's 
most commonly used multi-key com- 
mands fully-implemented on our func- 
tion keys for faster, easier use. 

We think you'll be quite impressed 
when you compare the WY-1 00 to 
other terminals in its class. But don't 
take our word for it. Call or write us 
today. We'll send you detailed infor- 
mation on why the WY-1 00 smart 
terminal gives you more. A lot more. 




2184 Bering Drive, San Jose, CA 95131 
(408) 946-3075 TLX 910-338-2251 

In the East, call (516) 293-5563. 



WordStar is a registered trademark of MicroPro, Inc. 
UL and FCC approved. & 1982 Wyse Technology, Inc. 



154 BYTE January 1983 



Circle 493 on inquiry card. 



must have a certain amount of intelli- 
gence. A combination terminal/com- 
puter/mass-storage node (commonly 
referred to as a workstation), must 
have the raw computing intelligence 
to perform normal computing tasks 
and to send and receive messages 
over the network. If the node is a 
printer, it need possess only enough 
intelligence to send and receive 
messages. 

Distributed Processing 

Networking is one form of what is 
called distributed processing. The 
name comes from the fact that the 
processors are distributed throughout 
the computing environment. In the 
case of networking, these processors 
are located some distance from one 
another, and they are not linked 
together very tightly; that is, it would 
be very difficult for one processor in 
the network to control the actions of 
another. Appropriate software could 
make one processor appear to control 
another, but in reality each processor 
is quite isolated from the others. Such 
a system is said to be loosely coupled. 

Another form of distributed pro- 
cessing involves multiple processors 
housed in the same cabinet. In this in- 
stance, a master processor usually 
controls the actions of all the slave 
processors. In a single-user environ- 
ment, various parts of the computing 
task would be divided among the pro- 
cessors; each would perform a certain 
part of the task but simultaneously 
with the other processors, thus speed- 
ing up execution. This process is 
called parallel processing because 
many processors are used to complete 
the task, each processor running in 
parallel with the others. 

Large-scale computers use parallel 
processing to get very high through- 
put. The technique is being im- 
plemented at the chip level as well. 
For example, the Intel 8086 uses two 
processors internally: one to handle 
operations on the bus and the other to 
decode and execute the instructions. 
This has a measurable effect on per- 
formance. The concept has been ex- 
panded further in the Intel iAPX 286 
(also known as the 80286) with four 
internal processors, further sub- 
dividing the tasks. The effect on per- 



formance is dramatic. 

The above-mentioned form of 
parallel processing is also a network 
of processors. However, it differs 
from the networks I discussed pre- 
viously in being tightly coupled; that 
is, one master is in tight control of all 
its slaves. 

In microprocessor systems, parallel 
processing has been used to increase 
the throughput of multiuser systems 
by essentially assigning a processor 
and independent memory to each 



user. The advantage of such a system 
is that the maximum system capacity 
is extremely high, usually only 
limited by the speed of mass storage. 
Such systems operate as networks, 
with each processor running in- 
dependently. Some implementations 
are loosely coupled, and others are 
tightly coupled. 

Hardware That Supports 
Multiuser Architectures 

System designers can prevent per- 



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Your Assurance of Value and Service. 




Circle 79 on inquiry card. 



January 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 155 



formance degradation in multiuser 
systems in several ways. The most 
obvious method is to use high-speed 
RAM (random-access read/write 
memory), high-performance disk- 
drive controllers, and powerful, high- 
speed processors. One of the reasons 
that Compupro has designed its family 
of products to such high standards of 
performance is to make certain that 
nothing will impede multiuser archi- 
tectures. In fact, much of our hard- 
ware is designed to enhance the per- 



formance of multiuser architectures. 
Later in this article, I will describe a 
new processor board that brings un- 
precedented multiuser computing 
power to the realm of microcom- 
puters and the IEEE (Institute of Elec- 
trical and Electronics Engineers) 
696/S-100 bus. First, however, I will 
discuss other ways of enhancing the 
performance of multiuser systems. 

Our processor and memory boards 
are the fastest available. Our disk- 
controller boards use DMA (direct 



Take A Test Drive! 



J 

ADA 

N 
U 
S 



We all know how important the 
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But how do you choose the right 
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needs? 



Now we've just made it easier for you to make the right choice. 
Our new demo package allows you to experience the power of 
JANUS/Ada. 

JANUS/Ada is a subset implementation of Ada that includes many 
features not found in any other micro-processor programming 
language. These include true modular programming, full error 
messages in English, error walk-backs, and re-entrant initialized 
variables. These and more features are described in greater detail 
in our informative brochure. -32HI 

Take up to 30 days to experience the power of JANUS/Ada. Make 
sure it does what you want. Then if you find it isn't right for you, 
send it back and we II return your money, no questions asked. But 
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package at the introductory price of $30.00. This offer concludes 
after the West Coast Computer faire, March 31, 1983. Drop by the 
Faire and see us at our booth. —-^ 



The language Information 

that is based call, write or circle our reader service number to receive our 
informative brochure. 



on the past 
but looks to 
the uses of 
the future. 



ffts 



Ordering 

Please specify your microcomputer, CPU, disk format and operating 
system. 

JANUS/Ada Demo Disk and Manual 

Contains evaluation compiler, linker and example programs. 
Available on 8" MS-DOS, 8" CP/M, Apple softcard 

and IBM-PC .... ,?**S?^^^^^^ ^Tr7 . $30.00 

$30.00 can be applied to full JANUS/Ada package. 

JANUS/Ada Package 

Contains complete compiler, linker, assembler, example programs, 

manual and more Prices from $300 

Available on most disk formats. Call for your system price. 



CP.'M, CP/M 86 MP.'M 86 ate trademarks of Digital Research, 
■ ADA is a trademark of the U.S. Deparlmeot of Defense 
MS DOS is a trademark of Mictosofl 
Apple Softcatd is a trademark of Microsoft, Inc 

©Copyright 1982 RR Software 



OFTWARE 



specialists in slate of the art programming 



P.O. BOX 1512 MADISON, WISCONSIN 53701 



244-6436 



memory access) transfers, which offer 
maximum throughput because they 
move data between an I/O channel 
and memory without going through 
the processor. Our I/O boards are 
designed to allow easy integration 
into a multiuser environment. 

All of our products are designed for 
the IEEE 696/S-100 bus. The modu- 
larity and flexibility of that bus are 
vital to our ability to offer the wide 
range of multiuser solutions we are 
about to discuss. In our multiuser 
System 816/C, one central processor 
board's time is shared among all the 
users in the system. The processor 
board happens to be our innovative 
CPU 8085/88 dual-processor board, 
which allows simultaneous execution 
of both 8- and 16-bit programs. The 
operating system is a proprietary im- 
plementation of Digital Research's 
MP/M-86 that we call MP/M-816. It 
is a true 16-bit operating system; 8-bit 
applications are handed off as a task 
to the 8-bit processor for execution. 
This system can handle up to 15 
users, depending on the application. 

However, this system incorporates 
products that system integrators have 
been familiar with for years. Let's dis- 
cuss some of our newer hardware de- 
signed specifically for multiuser ap- 
plications. 

Multiplexer Channels 

IBM developed a type of data chan- 
nel, known as the multiplexer chan- 
nel, that is actually a separate, small 
computer dedicated to increasing the 
speed of input/output operations. 
The channel controls the flow of data 
between the system's RAM and the 
outside world. A channel that serves 
only a single I/O device (such as a 
terminal) is called a selector channel. 
A multiplexer channel serves more 
than one I/O device by interleaving 
data from the various devices under 
its control. 

Compupro's MPX-1, a multiplexer 
channel for the S-100 bus, contains a 
6-MHz 8085 processor, 4K or 16K 
bytes of RAM, up to 8K bytes of 
EPROM (erasable programmable 
read-only memory) using a 2764 
device, an 8259A interrupt controller, 
and a complete TMA (temporary 
master access) interface to the bus. 



156 January 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 



Circle 349 on inquiry card. 



The 8085, RAM, and EPROM allow 
execution of programs on the MPX-1 
in parallel with the CPU on the bus. 
The interrupt controller monitors any 
or all of the eight vectored-interrupt 
lines on the bus. The TMA interface 
allows the MPX-1 to talk to any 
memory location or I/O port on the 
bus. Also included are a mechanism 
that enables the master CPU (some- 
times called the host CPU) to get the 
MPX-l's attention and a mechanism 
by which the MPX-1 can cause an in- 
terrupt to the host. 

The purpose of a multiplexer chan- 
nel is to off-load the task of process- 
ing system interrupts from the host 
CPU. Consider what happens in a 
normal system when an I/O board 
causes an interrupt because a 
character is ready from a terminal. 
The CPU has been running a task for 
its current user when a second user 
presses a key. The I/O board receives 
the character from the terminal and 
causes one of the vectored-interrupt 
lines to go into the active state. The 
CPU must suspend what it is doing 
for the current user (which it does by 
saving its entire state on the stack) 
and jump to the service routine for 
that interrupt. The service routine 
reads the character from the I/O 
board and puts it into a buffer. First 
the service routine may check the 
character to see if it is any of several 
special control characters such as a 
back space or carriage return. If a line 
has been completely entered (in- 
dicated by a carriage return) it may 
set a flag so that the task that requires 
this input will know that it's ready for 
processing. Buffer pointers need to be 
updated along with a status byte that 
tells the number of bytes in the buf- 
fer. Then the service routine returns 
to a routine that restores the state of 
the previous task and resumes execu- 
tion of that task. 

This whole operation, simply to 
process one character, may take 
several hundred processor cycles for 
execution. This is time stolen from 
the original current task, which has 
the result of slowing that task down. 

Now consider the same process if a 
multiplexer channel such as the 
MPX-1 is in the system: the same in- 
terrupt line is made active on the bus, 



but this time the MPX-1 sees the inter- 
rupt and the onboard 8085 responds 
instead of the host CPU, which con- 
tinues its execution undisturbed. The 
MPX-1 then steals one bus cycle to 
read the character from the I/O 
board. The MPX-1 checks the char- 
acter for special control characters 
and responds accordingly. Buffer 
pointers are updated, and the char- 
acter may be written to a buffer in the 
host's memory space (stealing one 
more bus cycle) or be kept in a buffer 
on the MPX-1. A flag may be set if it 
was a carriage return (again stealing 
another cycle). 

The difference is that the MPX-1 
processed the interrupt in parallel 
with the host CPU, stealing only a 
few cycles from another task, rather 
than several hundred. It is clear that a 
multiplexer channel can greatly in- 
crease the throughput of a multiuser 
system. The MPX-1 is capable of per- 
forming many other tasks in a system 
(printer spooling is another), and 
more than one MPX-1 can be used in 
the same system. 

Slaves and Masters 

We have seen how the addition of a 
front-end processor can speed up the 
operation of a single-processor multi- 
user system, but in many situations 
even that speed improvement is not 
enough. In these cases, devoting a 
separate processor to each user is the 
only way to get maximum through- 
put, but it is also nice to retain the ad- 
vantages of a tightly coupled environ- 
ment. 

Compupro has recently introduced 
two new products to satisfy these re- 
quirements. However, before I get in- 
to the specifics of these products, I 
should clarify the various ways that 
multiple processors can exist on the 
IEEE 696/S-100 bus. 

Each S-100 system must have a 
master processor that is in control of 
the whole system. This is called the 
permanent master. In most systems, 
this is the processor board that we are 
all familiar with. The system may 
also have up to 16 temporary masters 
that request control of the bus from 
the permanent master. A priority sys- 
tem decides which of the 16 tempo- 
rary masters gets control of the bus. 



The process of requesting and receiv- 
ing control of the bus (and the subse- 
quent running of bus cycles by the 
temporary master) is called TMA 
(temporary master access). TMA dif- 
fers from DMA (direct memory ac- 
cess) in that a temporary master may 
either access memory or perform I/O. 

The MPX-1 and all of Compupro's 
disk controllers are implemented as 
true IEEE 696 temporary masters. 
They request use of the bus from the 
permanent master and arbitrate for 
priority in the manner prescribed by 
the IEEE standard. 

Memory and I/O boards on the 
bus are known as bus slaves because 
they are subservient to the masters. 
Any bus master (permanent or tem- 
porary) may talk to any bus slave. 
The bus-interface circuitry is much 
more complicated for a master than it 
is for a slave. 

Compupro's two new products that 
address the need for a processor per 
user are called slave processors for 
two reasons. One is that there is 
always a powerful master CPU over- 
seeing system operations (which we'll 
get to later). The other is that these 
processors are implemented as IEEE 
696-bus slaves rather than as tem- 
porary masters. 

We had many reasons for im- 
plementing our slave processors as 
bus slaves instead of temporary 
masters. As I mentioned earlier, the 
bus-interface circuitry for a slave is 
less complex (meaning it takes up less 
precious board space) than it is for a 
temporary master. When we get into 
the specifics of each slave processor, 
you'll see why that's important. 

Also remember that a temporary 
master can access any memory or I/O 
location on the bus. If the slave pro- 
cessors were implemented as tem- 
porary masters, it's possible that one 
slave could severely mess up the 
operation of another slave, causing 
slave or system crashes. Protecting 
one user from crashing another or the 
whole system is vital. How protection 
was achieved by implementing the 
slave processors as slaves will be- 
come clear later. 

Another important design con- 
sideration in developing a processor- 
per-user system was the limitation on 



January 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 157 



the number of temporary masters 
allowed by the IEEE 696 arbitration 
scheme. Up to 16 temporary masters 
are allowed, but that doesn't translate 
to 16 users. Remember that disk con- 
trollers and the like are also im- 
plemented as temporary masters, and 
this would cut down the number of 
users a system could support. 

Last came the consideration of the 
software required for such a system. 
The orchestration of multiple tem- 
porary masters is a much greater task 
than programming a single, powerful 
CPU to handle interprocessor com- 
munication. 

The first slave processor we de- 
signed was intended to fill two basic 
needs. The first requirement was to 
provide 8-bit and 16-bit capability for 
our 16-bit-only processor boards — 
CPU 8086/87, CPU 68K (the Motoro- 
la 68000), CPU 16032 (the National 
Semiconductor 16032), and CPU 286 
(more on this later). When we devel- 
oped the first 8- or 16-bit dual- 
processor board, the CPU 8085/88, 
we realized that we were fulfilling the 



very real need to use the newer 16-bit 
software while retaining the ability to 
use older 8-bit software. Unfortunate- 
ly, we couldn't fit an 8-bit processor 
on every new 16-bit processor board, 
so we needed a slave 8-bit processor 
to give dual-processing capabilities to 
systems based on the newer processor 
boards. 

The second need was for a high- 
performance, 8-bit node in a pro- 
cessor-per-user multiuser system. 

Compupro has filled both these 
needs with a Z80B-based slave- 
processor board called the SPU-Z 
(SPU for slave-processing unit, Z for 
Z80). The SPU-Z contains the follow- 
ing: a 6-MHz Z80B processor, 192K 
bytes of DRAM (dynamic RAM), 
two RS-232C serial ports, an atten- 
tion port so that the host CPU can get 
the SPU-Z's attention, a method by 
which the SPU-Z can cause an inter- 
rupt to the system, 2K bytes of start- 
up EPROM, and 4K bytes of fast, 
static, and dual-port RAM for com- 
munication between the bus and the 
SPU-Z. 



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5 CCS 2065 64K Dynamic RAM 250 

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1 CROMEMCO D+7A 220 

1 CROMEMCO SYSTEM ONE 

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4 IMS 4SIZO 235 

3 IMS 5" FDC 380 

1 IMS 16K STATIC RAM 195 

1 IMS Cartridge Disk controller 590 

3 ITHACA INTERSYSTEMS 64K RAM 400 

1 ITHACA INTERSYSTEMS V I/O 345 

1 ITHACA INTERSYSTEMS FDC 450 

1 MEMORY MERCHANT 64K RAM 450 

1 PER SCI 1170 Floppy disk controller 300 

1 SD SYSTEMS VERSAFLOPPY II (assembled) 350 

1 SD SYSTEMS Video Board 370 

3 SIERRA DATA SBC -100 SLAVE 500 

1 SSM I/O 4 KIT 140 

4 SSM I/O 4 ASSEMBLED 200 

1 SSM Terminator Board 45 

1 SSM PB1 Prom Burner 180 

1 SSM CB1A CPU 130 

2 SYSTEMS GROUP DMB 64K RAM 495 

1 TARBELL FLOPPY DISK CONTROLLER 320 

1 TELETEK FDC II 245 

1 TELETEK SYSTEMASTER 650 

SOFTWARE (for CP/M or TURBODOS Operating Systems) on 8" single sided, 
single density media 

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1 CCS; CP/M 2.2 ' 50 

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1 INNOVATION: TIM III 100 

4 ITHACA INTERSYSTEMS CP/M 2.2 100 

5 MICROCALL M-CALL Communications 50 

1 MICROPRO SUPERSORT .100 

1 MICROPRO SPELLSTAR 100 

1 MICROSOFT MACRO 80 120 

1 MICROSOFT MULISP/MUSTAR 160 

1 SORCIM PASCAL M 135 

2 TARBELL DISK BASIC .65 

DISK DRIVES: Floppies and Winchesters 

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1 CORVUS 20 MB DRIVE 1,500 

1 CORVUSMIRROR 500 



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4 IMS 20 MB SUBSYSTEM 


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1 IMS 40 MB SUBSYSTEM 


3,895 


2 MP1 B92 80 TRACK 5" DRIVES 


250 


QUME DT 8" DOUBLE SIDED DRIVES 


490 


8 SHUGART 801 8" SINGLE SIDED DRIVES 


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29 TEI RM 12 SLOT RACK MOUNT MAINFRAME . 


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1 TEI DFD FLoppy disk enclosure 


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CRT TERMINALS 




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1 HAZELTINE 1421 (out of warrantee) 


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SPU-Z Specifics 

Let's examine the various portions 
of the board in more detail: The Z80B 
and 64K bytes of DRAM form the 
main execution engine for any 8-bit 
task. The two serial ports provide 
connection for a terminal and local 
printer for the user. Having the ter- 
minal and printer local rather than on 
the system bus helps to keep bus 
usage down and therefore increase 
the bus capacity. 

The SPU-Z's dual-port RAM prob- 
ably requires the most explanation. 
Dual-port RAM is memory that two 
processors can access. In this case, the 
two processors are the onboard Z80B 
and any other S-100 bus master 
(either permanent or temporary). The 
dual-port RAM is used by SPU-Z to 
transfer information to and from the 
host system. The dual-port RAM can 
reside on any 4K-byte boundary in 
the full 16-megabyte address space on 
the S-100 bus. Internally, the dual- 
port RAM can be made to overlay 
any 8K-byte section of the DRAM 
(along with the EPROM). Also, Com- 
pupro's disk controllers and the 
MPX-1 can transfer data directly to 
the dual-port RAM, again maximiz- 
ing throughput. 

Lastly, the SPU-Z may cause an in- 
terrupt to the host system, and the 
host system may signal the SPU-Z by 
its attention port, much like the 
operation of an MPX-1. 



Super Slaves 

We realized that the need existed 
for a truly high-performance slave 
processor, which meant that the slave 
itself should have 16-bit capability. 
High-speed number crunching was 
also at the top of the want list for 
users who needed a higher perfor- 
mance node. 

Having one of the few multiuser 
systems in existence with a place for a 
high-speed Intel 8087 math processor 
(on the CPU 8086/87), Compupro 
was one of the first companies to 
realize a definite limitation of the 
8087 in multiuser systems. 

The problem is that the 8087 has 
quite a number of registers, all 80 bits 
long. Remember that to switch users, 
all these registers must be saved on 



158 January 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 



The new TEAC half height disk drive gives you everything you expect from a top 
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2.2 Mb. The TEAC drives operate under PC DOS 1.1 (80 track drives come with JFORMAT, 
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BOARDS 

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• Clock Calendar Card. Features 
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• Prom Blaster. Programs most 4K to 
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SOFTWARE 

• Home Finance. Easy to use checkbook 



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Choose the V300 Q/A for the color 
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• Princeton graphics HX-12 RGB color 
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Figure 1: A typical system configuration with a CPU 286 master processor (based on Intel's iAPX 286) with its main system memory 
and floppy- and hard-disk storage. Up to 4 megabytes of M-Drive/H solid-state disk is supported by the system for ultrafast access 
times. Any mix of up to sixteen 8-bit or 8-/ 16-bit slave processors may be plugged into the system. (Figure provided courtesy of Com- 
pupro Systems.) 



the pushdown stack (where a micro- 
processor temporarily puts data that 
will be needed later) and another 
user's previous register's contents 
must be moved into the 8087. Well, 
that's a lot of information to move 
that often, and that means operation 
gets slower. The solution seemed ob- 
vious to us: give users who need to 
crunch numbers their own 8087s. 

Because many people are accus- 
tomed to using both 8-bit and 16-bit 
software, we decided to give this 
high-performance slave node an 8-bit 
processor as well. 

So there you have the basic ar- 
chitecture for the SPU-D— an 8-MHz, 
16-bit Intel 8088, an 8087 socket, and 
a 6-MHz Z80B. We also needed at 
least 192K bytes of DRAM (16-bit 
programs are big), the same dual-port 
RAM and EPROM as are on the SPU-Z, 
and two serial ports. That's a lot of 



computing power to give each user in 
a multiuser environment. 

The SPU-D operates with its dual- 
port RAM in an identical fashion to 
the SPU-Z. The two boards differ 
mainly in the addition to the SPU-D 
of the 8088/87 pair. 

Power and User Protection: 
CPU 286 

Any of Compupro's previous CPU 
boards (CPU Z, CPU 8085/88, CPU 
8086/87, CPU 68K, CPU 16032) can 
be used to control a system consisting 
of any number of slave processors 
(limited by the available slots in the 
motherboard), but we wanted to pro- 
vide a processor board that could 
serve as the foundation of a multiuser 
microcomputer system with un- 
precedented power. 

The CPU 286 is a processor board 
based on Intel's 80286 super 16-bit 



microprocessor, and is particularly 
suited to this task (see figure 1). The 
Intel 80286 can address 16 megabytes 
of RAM (from a 1 -gigabyte virtual 
address space), has full memory map- 
ping and protection built into the 
chip, and is designed to switch be- 
tween tasks very quickly. In fact, the 
80286 can switch tasks in only 17 to 
22 microseconds {us); by comparison, 
the admittedly powerful Motorola 
68000 takes around 150 ps and its 
enhanced descendant, the 68010, 
takes 110 /is. Furthermore, the 80286 
will run any code written for the 
8086/88 but executes the code four 
times faster than an 8086 running at 
the same clock speed. Incidentally, 
the CPU 286 board runs at 10 MHz. It 
also has a socket for the 80287 math 
coprocessor chip, and additional cir- 
cuitry to allow the use of either 8- or 
16-bit memory. 



160 January 1983 © BYTE Publication* Inc 



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Among the 80286's many impres- 
sive features, none is more important 
than its built-in memory protection. 
One of the drawbacks of a single- 
processor multiuser system is that it is 
extremely difficult to keep the 
sophisticated user from crashing 
another user or the whole system. 
Because a single processor is doing 
everything, it also has access to 
everything. It can get to the last bit of 
every user's memory area. Processors 
such as the 80286 provide a great deal 
of protection between users, but it's 
still possible for one user to crash the 
entire system. 

The advantage of using the slave 
processors is that the master pro- 
cessor is in direct control of com- 
munications within the system. The 
master processor also never has to ex- 
ecute a program for a user; it's only 
executing the operating system. (In a 
single-processor system, the pro- 
cessor executes the program and the 
operating system.) It now becomes 
easy to restrict the system-wide 
effects of a single slave processor. Of 
course, sophisticated users can crash 



their own slave, but they can't affect 
any others. The system still runs. 

Summing Up 

We at Compupro believe that our 
multiuser architecture embodies the 
best of both network systems and 
single-processor systems. The ar- 
chitecture includes a network of high- 
performance slave processors that ex- 
hibits the best characteristics of both 
loosely and tightly coupled networks, 
with the network organized around a 
single processor of tremendous 
power. 

Because our systems are based on 
the IEEE 696/S-100 bus, we can mix 
and match any combination of the 
multiuser systems I've discussed (soft- 
ware permitting). We could start out 
with a single-processor system such 
as a System 816/C, later upgrade that 
to use a CPU 286 as the master pro- 
cessor, and add an MPX-1 to increase 
throughput even more. Then we 
could add an M-Drive/H solid-state 
disk emulator (for up to 4 megabytes 
of super-fast storage). When that sys- 
tem reaches its limit (which shouldn't 



be for quite a while) we can start to 
give some users their own SPU-Zs. 
Those users who need even greater 
computing power can get their own 
SPU-Ds. 

The Next Step: 

Networking Multiuser Systems 

I haven't talked much about how 
Compupro proposes to connect 
several of the above systems into a 
network of multiuser systems. To be 
truthful, we're waiting for the dust to 
settle a bit with all the various net- 
working schemes presently in opera- 
tion before we decide which one to 
use. For the time being, several 
people are using the synchronous 
serial channels on our Interfacer 3 
and 4 boards to connect multiple 
Compupro systems together. Imagine 
the potential of several 16-user, SPU- 
D/CPU-286-based systems all 
hooked together in a single network. 
We intend to continue producing the 
most powerful microcomputer 
systems possible while maintaining 
flexibility to use future technological 
innovations. ■ 



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Z8 SERIAL EXPANSION BOARD 
BCC08 Z8 Serial Board 
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MOTHER-BOARD 
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with 5 connectors (Gold) 
Assembled & Tested .... S81.00 

UNIVERSAL POWER SUPPLY 

+5@300ma. +12& -12V@50 ma. 
UPS01 Assembled and 

Tested $ 35.00 

UPS02 Kit S 2700 

+5 @ 1 amp. +12 & -12V @ 50 ma. 
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UPS04 Kit S 50.00 

Z8 CROSS ASSEMBLERS 

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XAS01 ForTRS-SOModl . S 75.00 

XAS02 For TRS-80 Mod III S 75.00 

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Z8 is a trademark of Zilog Inc 

CP M is a trademark of Digital Research 



As featured in Ciarcia's Circuit Cellar. 
Byte Magazine, July. August, 1981. 

Z8 BASIC COMPUTER/CONTROLLER 

BCC01 Z8 Basic Computer 

Assembled & Tested ... $199.00 
BCC02 Z8 Basic Computer 

Kit S169.00 

Z8 MEMORY, I/O EXPANSION & 
CASSETTE INTERFACE 
BCC03 Z8 Expansion Board 

w/4K memory S1 40.00 

BCC04 Z8 Expansion Board 

w/8K memory $170.00 

Z8EPR0M PROGRAMMER 
BCC07 Z8 EPR0M Programmer 
Assembled* Tested 
$145.00 




162 lanuary 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 



Circle 497 on inquiry card. 



Circle 498 on Inquiry card. 



£#!/&€ Mmmpj $*)Qimm mathi 



L&JUU^LIL 



HARDWARE 

8 MHZ 16 bit (8088) CPU 
6 MHZ 8 bit (8085) CPU 
Up to 1 megabyte 10 MHZ 

static RAM 
2.4 Megabytes of IBM 

compatible 8 inch 

floppy disk storage 
up to 80 Megabytes 

Winchester disk storage 
20 Slot IEEE 696/S-100 bus 

9 RS-232C serial ports 



SOFTWARE 

MP/M ,M 8-16 IM including: 

CP/M-80™ 

CP/M-86'*' 

MP/M-86' 
dBASEM™ Data Base 

Management 
SuperCalc IM Financi 

Planning 
WordStar™ Word 

Processing (optional) 



16 bits -Financial planning 



Not all computers can 
lead your business into 
the future. 

Buying a multi-user com- 
puter system is a big invest- 
ment. In time, training, and 
money. So you'd better 
choose a system that won't 
become obsolete. 

Circle 211 on inquiry card. 



16 bits -Accounting 





You can begin your invest- 
ment with a single user in- 
stallation.Then, you can add 
up to 6 more terminals as 
your business grows. And 



as you need it. 

it does the job of two 
generations of computers 
at the same time. 

With a Gifford Computer Sys- 
tem you can use any of the 
thousands of 8 bit cp/M" 
programs available. And any 
of the faster 16 bit CP/M pro- 
grams, too. if you're using 



CP/M already, your invest- 
ment in training, software 
and data is protected. 

Our systems are designed 
with your future in mind. 



1*1* f Wlf KM •/» M-H Wi 



as new technology becomes 
available it can be in- 
tegrated into your com- 
puter at an affordable price- 
protecting your hardware 
investment. 

you get all the support 
you II ever need. 

We have centers in San Fran- 
cisco and Los Angeles, with 



complete demonstration 
and support facilities. Call 
now for a demonstration. 

Cifford Computer Systems. 



your future. 

mpm 8 16 is a proprietary implementa- 
tion of MP/M-86 and was configured for 
comouPro bvG&G Engineering CP/M and 
MP/M are registered trademarks of Oigi 
tal Research SuperCalc Is a trademark 
of sorcim WordStar is a trademark of 
MicroPro international corpdBASEll is 
a trademark of AshtonTate compuPro 
is a trademark of codbout Electronics 

Cifford Computer Systems 
is an authorized 
CompuPro Systems center. 




Circle 181 on inquiry card. 




HOME COMPUTERS 

A 

ATARP 



16K $199 



BOO 




32K 



iNon Atari Ram 



T. $274 48K $499 



48K. '. . .." . . . $ 3 5 9 

4 1 Recorder $74 00 

8 1 Disk Drive $429.00 

822 Printer $26900 

825 Printer $589.00 

830 Modem $159.00 

820 Printer $259.00 

850 Interface $169 00 

CX40 Joysticks (pair) $ 1 8.00 

CX853 Atari 1 6K Ram $77.95 



New low price effective January 1 . 1 983 

Microtek 1 6K Ram $ 74.95 

Axlon Ramdisk (128K) $429.95 

Intec 48K Board $159.00 

Intek 32K Board $ 74.00 

One Year Extended Warranty $ 70.00 

CX481 Entertainer Package $ 69.00 

CX482 Educator Package $130.00 

CX 483 Programmer Package $54.00 

CX 484 Communicator Package $344.00 



SOFTWARE FOR ATARI 



Pac Man 
Centipede 
Caverns of Mars 
Asteroids 



ATARI 

$33 Missile Command ... $29 

$33 Star Raiders $35 

$32 Galaxian $33 

$29 Defender $33 



ON-LINE 

Jawbreaker $27 Mission Asteroid $22 

Softporn . $27 Mouskattack . $31 

Wizard & Princess. ... $29 Frogger S31 

The Next Step $34 Cross Fire (ROM) $36 

SYNAPSE 

File Manager 800. . . $89 Shamus $26 

Chicken $26 Protector. $26 

Dodge Racer $26 Nautilus $26 

Synassembler $30 Slime $26 

Page 6...! $19 Disk Manager $24 

DATABOFT 

Pacific Highway. $25 Graphic Generator $13 

Canyon Climber $25 Micro Painter $25 

Tumble Bugs $25 Text Wizard $79 

Shootmg Arcade $25 Spell Wizard $64 

Clowns & Balloons $25 Bishop's Square $25 

Graphic Master $30 Sands of Egypt . . $25 

EPYX 

Crush Crumble $24 MorlocsTDwer $16 

Undead Crypt $24 Rescue at Rigel $24 

Curse ot Ra .-£16 Ricochet S16 

Datestones $16 Star Warrior $29 

Invasion Onon $1Q Temple Apshai $29 

Arthur's Hen $24 Upper Reaches $16 

APX 

Text Formatter Si8 50 Holy Grail S24 

Family Budget $1850 Pia>er Piano $13.50 

Easlsrn Front $24 Keyboard Piano $1850 

Family Cash $18 50 Number Blast $13 

Jukebox $13 Frogmaster $1850 

Downh.il $1850 747LandSimul *;I8.50 

Out'aw $18 50 Word Processor S40 



K-razy Shoot Out 
K-razy Kritfers 



CE3S 

$32 K-razy Antics 
$32 K-star Patrol 



STICK STAND 

$ 6" 




VIB1CORP 

For Apple, IBM Si Franklin 

Visidex $189.00 

Visifile." $189.00 

Visiplot $1 59.00 

Visiterm $89.00 

Visitrend/Plot $229.00 

VisiSchedule $229.00 

Desktop Plan $189.00 

VISICALC for Apple II plus. Atari, CBM & IBM 1 79.00 
CONTINENTAL 

The Home AcountanMApple/Franklin) $59.00 

The Home Accountant (IBM) $ 1 1 9.00 

1 st Class Mail (Apple/Franklin) $59.00 

SIRIUB 
Free Fall $24 Space Eggs $24 

Beer Run $24 Sneakers $24 

Snake Byte $24 Bandits $28 

BRODERBUND 
Apple Panic $23 Arcade Machine . $34 

David's Magic $27 Choplifter $27 

Star Blazer $25 Serpitine $27 

INFOCOM 

Deadline $35 Zork I $29 

Star Cross $29 Zork II or III $29 

MPC 

Bubdisk H28K Ram) $719.00 



PRINTERS 

Smith Corona 

TP 1 $599.00 

C.ITOH (TEC) 

Starwriter (F1 0-40CPS) $1 399.00 

Printmaster (F1 0-55CPS) $1 749.00 

Prowriter 80 Col(P) $499.00 

Prowriter 80 Col (S) $629.00 

Prowriter 2 (1 32 Col) $799.00 

OKI DATA 

82A $429.00 

83A $659.00 

84P $1 079.00 

84S $1199.00 

IDB 

MicroPrism $649 00 

132 (fully configured) $1 599.00 

80 (fully configured) $ 1 399.00 

Call for other configurations. 
DAI BYWR I TE R 

Letter Quality $1 049.00 

DIABLO 

620 $11 79.00 

630 $ 1 849.00 




DISK DRIVEB FOR 
ATARI COMPUTERS 

51 Single Drive $549.00 

A1 Add-On Drive $339.00 

52 Dual Drive $879.00 

Single Side Dual Head . . $679.00 
Dual Drive Dual Head. . $1046.00 



B/ 



u-sa 



■■■Val 



MICRQ-SCI 

DIBK DRIVES FOR 

FRANKLIN B. APPLE 

A2 $299.00 

A40 $369.00 

A70 $499.00 

C2 Controller $79.00 

C47 Controller $89.00 



FLOPPY DISKS 

MAXELL VERBATUM 

MD I (Box of 10) $32 5V4" SS DD $26 

MD II (Box of 1 0) $44 SW DS DD $36 

MFD I (8") $40 ELEPHANT 

MFD II (8"DD) $50 5%" SS DD $19.99 



MONITORS 

AMOEK 

300G $ 1 69 00 

Color I $339.00 

Color II $699.00 

Color III $429.00 

BMC 

1 2" Green $85.00 

13" Color 1400 $279.00 

13" Color 1401 (Mid Res) $369.00 

ZENITH 

ZVM 121 $99.00 

BHARP 

Sharp 1 3" Color TV $275.00 

PANASONIC 

TR-120 MIP(High Res. Green) $159.00 

CT-1 60 Dual Mode Color $299.00 



MODEMS 

HAYES 

Smart $239.00 

Smart 1 200 (1 200 Baud) $549.00 

Chronograph $199.00 

Micromodem II (with Term) $309 00 

Microdem 1 00 $309 00 

NOVATION 

Cat $1 44.00 

D-Cat $159.00 

Auto Cat $21 9.00 

21 2 Auto Cat $589.00 

Apple Cat II $279.00 

212 Apple Cat II $609.00 

ANCHOR 

Mark I (RS-232) $79.00 

Mark II (Atari) $79.00 

Mark III (TI-99) $109.00 

Mark IV (CBM/PET) $1 25.00 

Mark V (OSBORNE) $95.00 

Mark VI (IBM-PC) $1 79.00 

Mark VII (Auto Answer Call) $11 9.00 

TRS-80 Color Computer $99.00 

9 Volt Power Supply $9.00 



west 



800- 648-33 1 1 

IN NV. CALL (70E) B8B-5BB4 
P.O.BOX SB89 STATED NE, NV. 89449 



west 



international OBDEBB:Ali shipments outside continental United States must be pre-paid by certified check only! Include 3% (minimun $3.00) 
shipping and handling. educational OlSCOUiMTBrAdditional discounts are available from both Computer Mail Order locations to qualified 



Educational Institutions. 



Circle 107 on inquiry card. 



F 



FRANKLIN 



$ $ § 



M 




ACE 10 with Controller Card 
ACE Writer Word Processor 

CALL... 

FOR SYSTEM PRICE. 




NEC 

3BBO Printer 
SEOS9 

PERCOM DRIVES 

5V4" 1 60K Disk Drive 

5'A" 320K Disk Drive 

AMDEK 

31 0A Amber Monitor 

AmdiskOW) Drive 

DXY Plotter 




$329 
$449 

$179 

$729 

.$759 



RAIMA DISK DRIVES 

Call for price and availability on tne 
new Rana Disk Drives for the Apple and 
Franklin Computer Systems 



commodore 

8032 $999.00 

CSM 64 CALL 

4032 $749.00 

8096 Upgrade Kit $369.00 

Super Pet $1 599.00 

203 1 $369.00 

8250 Double Sided Disk Drive $1 699.00 

D9060 5 Megabyte Hard Disk $2399.00 

D9060 7.5 Megabyte Hard Disk $2699.00 

8050 $1 299.00 

4040 $969.00 

8300 (Letter Ouality) $1 549.00 

8023 $599.00 

4022 $399.00 

New Z-Ram, Adds CP/M and 64K Ram $549.00 

The Manager $209.00 

Magis CALL 

Word Pro 5 plus $319.00 

Word Pro 4 plus $299.00 

Word Pro 3 plus $ 1 99.00 

The Administrator $379.00 

InfoPro Plus $21 9 00 

Power $79.00 

VIC 20 Dust Cover $6.99 

CBM 8032 Dust Cover $1 4.99 

CBM 8050/4040 Dust Cover $1 0.99 

I vic »o ' i; " 5S " 
$ 179 

VIC 1 530 Commodore Datassette $69.00 

VIC 1 540 Disk Drive $339.00 

VIC 1541 (64 Disk Drive) CALL 

VIC 1 525 Graphic Printer $339.00 

VIC 1 21 3K Memory Expander $32.00 

VIC 1 1 1 8K Memory Expander $53.00 

VIC 1 1 1 1 1 6K Expansion $94.00 

VIC 101 1 RS232C Terminal Interface $43.00 

VIC 1 1 1 2 VIC IEEE-488 Interface $86.00 

VIC 1211 VIC 20 Super Expander $53.00 

VIC Mother Board $99.00 



SOFTWARE 

I.U.S. Easywriter II 

I. U.S. Easyspeller 

Peachtree Peach Pak (GL/AP/AR). . . 
MPC Bubdisk 



$249 
.$129 

$419 
. . . call 



Whp\ HEWLETT 
WLkM PACKARD 

HP 41CV 
CALCULATOR 



209 




HP41C... 
HP 10C... 
HP 11C. 
HP 12C... 
HP 15C... 
NEW 1 6C 




*m 



64K RAM 

780 KB Disk Storage 

Word Processing, Ultracalc CP/M 

C-Basic Software 

Smith Corona TP1 

Letter Quality Printer 

$2995.00 



HEWLETT PACKARD 




ra 

HP«85 




HP-125 $1969 00 

HP-85 16K Memory Module $169 00 

5'/4"Dual Master Disk Drive $1 799.00 

Hard Disk w/Floppy $4349 00 

Hard Disk $3549.00 

"Sweet Lips" Printer $11 99.00 

80 Column Printer $649.00 



PC-1500 

POCKET 
COMPUTER 



$ 209 



CE 150 Printer, Plotter and Cassette 

Interface Unit $1 72.00 

CE152 Cassette Recorder $69.00 

CE 1 55 8K Ram Expansion Module . . . $94.00 



Timex Sinclair 1000 

$89 




TELEVIDEO 
TERMINALB 

910 $579.00 

91 2C $699.00 

920C 749.00 

925C $749.00 

950 $950.00_ 

800A $131900 

802 $2649.00 

802H $4695.00 

806 $5495 00 

816 $9495 00 




16K Memory Module 

Vu-Calc $1795 The Organizer 

Super Math $12.95 The Budgeter 

Check Book Manager $13 95 Stock Option 

Loan & Mortgage Amomzer $ 1 2 95 



$44 95 

$14 95 
$1195 
$14 95 



SEC 

COMPUTERS 

8001A $729.00 

8031 $729 00 

8012 $549.00 

PRINTERS 

8023 $499.00 

77 1 0/7730 $2399 00 

3510/3530 $1599 00 

MONITORS 

JB-1 260 $ 1 29 00 

JB-1201 $159.00 

JC-1201 $319 00 

JC-1 203 $729.00 



800-233-8950 



IN PA. CALL (71 7) 3B7-9575 
477 E. THIRD ST., WILLIAMBPOBT, PA. 1 7701 



east; 



Circle 107 on inquiry card. 



In-stock items shipped same day you call. No risk, no deposit on COD orders Pre-paid orders receive free shipping within the continental United States with no waiting period 
for certified checks or money orders Add 3% (minimum $3 00) shipping and handling on all COD and Credit Card orders NV and PA residents add sales tax All items subiect 
to availability and price change NOTEi We stock manufacturer's and third party software for most all computers on the market' Call today for our new catalogue 



Personal Computers 
in the Eighties 

A recent study shows the market potential 
for the next decade is enormous. 



Data-processing managers, 
manufacturers, and market analysts 
alike have raved in unison about the 
vast potential for personal com- 
puters. The diverse applications, the 
encouraging price/performance 
ratios, and the vast untapped market 
all promise big things for those small 
systems. But just how big will the 
future market be and what will it in- 
clude? 

According to a recent study by The 
Eastern Management Group, a firm 
specializing in market forecasts for 
the data-processing industry, the 
market potential over the next decade 
is enormous. The Eastern Manage- 
ment Group interviewed many of the 
major manufacturers and vendors of 
personal computers, some potential 
manufacturers of these computers, 
and more than 850 owners or 

About the Author 

Greggory S. Blundell is a market analyst 
with The Eastern Management Group, a New 
Jersey-based market-research firm. Mr. 
Blundell has participated in numerous studies 
on both the telecommunications and data- 
processing markets. He is currently involved in 
a study of the computer peripherals market. 



Greggory S. Blundell 

The Eastern Management Group 

520 Speedwell Ave. 

Morris Plains, NJ 07950 

operators of microcomputers. We 
weighed the information received 
from these interviews against several 
factors, including the present and 
projected economic climates, the key 
choices confronting the personal 
computer marketplace (such as that 
between 8- and 16-bit micropro- 
cessors), and the potential acceptance 

One of the principal 
forces contributing to 

the recent market 

growth has been the 

gradual acceptance of 

personal computers by 

corporate data- 
processing managers. 

of microcomputers in the home, 
business, and educational markets 
throughout the decade. Combining 
all of these factors, we were able to 
make several forecasts by ex- 
trapolating two different types of 
sales data: that concerning personal 
computers sold as replacements and 
that concerning computers sold as 



new systems or additions. We then 
collected the results of all this work 
into a report called 'The Ten Year 
Market for Personal Computers." 
Here I will present several findings 
from that report that may be of in- 
terest to BYTE readers. 

Growth of the Market 

It turns out that 1982 was a banner 
year for microcomputers. Approx- 
imately 1,440,000 personal com- 
puters were shipped around the 
world; more than 1 million were sold 
in the United States alone. That 
translates into a 70 percent leap over 
the previous year's shipments — and 
that in the midst of an ailing 
economy. And this looks to be only 
the beginning (see figure 1). 

Why has this happened? For one 
thing, personal computers are under- 
going a liberation from "basement 
toy" status. As this changeover accel- 
erates, more and more home users, 
who at one time merely contemplated 
the purchase of a personal computer, 
will now actually take the plunge and 
buy one. 

Furthermore, through the late 



166 January 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 



With Chart-Master; 

creating quality graphics is 

as easy as apple pie. 




No matter how you 
slice them, pie 
charts, bar charts and 
scatter diagrams are a lot 
easier to read and understand 
than rows and columns of numbers. 
Now you can create colorful business graphics any- 
time you need them, with an easy-to-use Chart- 
Master graphics software program. A program that 
works with Hewlett-Packard plotters and your IBM® 
or Apple® personal computer. 



iii 





Values printed at data points; both left and right Y-axis scales; floating 
legends & bars; both horizontal & vertical formats; exploded pie sections. 

Just enter your data, choose a chart format, 
preview the chart on your screen, and Chart-Master 
will automatically create a beautiful, presentation- 
quality chart. In seconds. 

There's more to Chart-Master than simplicity. 
Incredible power and sophistication. You can enter 



data manually or auto- 
matically from VisicalC 1 
and other programs. Print 
on either paper or acetate 
transparencies. Make your 
charts any size, anywhere on the page. 
Have your text appear in attractive print-quality 
type. Choose from sophisticated formats that in- 
clude percentage bars, stock price (High/Low/ 
Close) and area charts. 

Power and ease-of-use. That's why Chart- 
Master is in daily use at major corporations like GE, 
Eastman Kodak, Exxon, Union Carbide, GM, AT&T, 
DuPont, 3M, Citibank, Motorola, Proctor & Gamble 
and GTE. 

The retail price of Chart-Master is $375. For a 
complete information kit and name of your nearest 
dealer, contact Decision Resources, Inc., 21 Bridge 
Square, Westport, CT 06880. (203) 222-1974. 

DecisionResources 

Software Designed for Decision Makers 



Visicalc is a trademark of Visicorp. Apple is a trademark of Apple Computer Inc. 
IBM is a trademark of International Business Machines Corporation. 



Circle 144 on inquiry card. 






12 
11 
10 
9 
8 
7 
6 
5 
4 
3 
2 
1 



WORLDWIDE SHIPMENTS 





1 


■ 1 


f% 


wammm^mmrm i ■ i 


w^mmmmm i i i i 


^mmm^am i i i ■ i 


i ■ i i i i i 




■ i 


I I I I I I 




m 




M 


ill 




n i 


ill 


i i i i i i 



81 



82 83 



84 



85 86 87 
YEAR 



88 89 



90 91 



Figure 1: Predicted worldwide shipments of personal computers. 



1970s and early 1980s, a growing 
change in the structure of the labor 
force became evident. New managers 
entering the business community 
brought with them a keen awareness 
of computer systems gained from 
both college study and home use. 

Indeed, one of the principal forces 
contributing to the recent market 
growth has been the gradual accep- 
tance of personal computers by cor- 



porate data-processing (DP) 
managers. From 1975 to 1982, an ini- 
tial reluctance on the part of DP 
managers to use personal computers 
was slowly supplanted by a grudging 
admittance of the microcomputer's 
usefulness. In 1983, DP managers will 
play a commanding role in the pur- 
chase of personal computers. Not 
only will they be buying Apple lis, 
TRS-80s, etc., for themselves, but 



they will also be laying down 
guidelines as to what systems may be 
used by their employees. 

The change is significant. It in- 
dicates the emergence of a coor- 
dinated approach on the part of the 
business sector toward personal com- 
puters. In 1983, 45 percent of per- 
sonal computers brought into busi- 
nesses will be acquired through the 
decision-making policies of corporate 
data-processing managers; by 1985, 
the number will rise to 70 percent. 

Home users also will approach per- 
sonal computers deliberately and sys- 
tematically. These buyers will include 
not only experimenters and pioneers 
but also educated consumers who 
measure system excellence in terms of 
performance and productivity. 

The Business, Home, and 
Educational Markets 

During the 1980s, most of the per- 
sonal computer users will be in the 
business community. The primary 
users will continue to be white-collar 
managers, administrative personnel, 
scientists, and engineers. 

Many manufacturers realize this. 
IBM has followed Apple and Tandy 
into the business market. The 
latecomers, Digital Equipment Cor- 
poration (DEC) and Wang, will also 
focus on the business sector. By 1985, 
revenues will clearly indicate that for 
companies like IBM, DEC, and 



Need More Serial Ports ? 



• • « * 



Price 

$249.00 



!* Add a BTA smart multiport controller to your C.P.U. 
"*" The MODEL 524 expands a single RS232 port to four 
individual ports with port selection and baud rate 
controlled by user software. 

I *" Buffered inputs permit simultaneous operation in- 
creasing data exchange rate. 

I "H" 62K spooler model also available. 



Bay Technical Associates 

P. O. Box 387, Bay St. Louis, MS. 39520 
601 - 467-8231 



168 January 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 



Circle 51 on inquiry card. 



FOR $4995 YOU CAN NOW HAVE A COMPACT, COMPLETELY 

INTEGRATED SYSTEM WITH A 12 INCH DIAGONAL NON-GLARE 

HIGH RESOLUTION COLOR MONITOR, DUAL 400 KB DRIVES AND A 

DOT MATRIX 140 CPS BI-DIRECTIONAL PRINTER. 

THE ALL-IN-ONE EXECUTIVE DESK-TOP 

WORKSTATION 



BMC if 800 



Operating Systems 

8 BIT 

Standard: CP/M 

Optional: MP/M II 

with CP/NET* 

MP/M II with up to 4 users 

16 BIT CPU 

MS DOS* 

(IBM PC Compatible) 

CP/M* 86 

(CP/M, MP/M Compatible) 

and much more... 




Wide Variety of Software to choose 
from (also an 8/16 BIT System.) 



THE POWERFUL, VERSATILE, 
BEAUTIFUL, RELIABLE AND 
EASY TO USE BMC if 800 IS 
NOW EXCLUSIVELY 
DISTRIBUTED BY: 

•CP/M, MP/M and CP/NET are 
trademarks of Digital Research. 
Circle 61 on inquiry card. 



BMC SYSTEMS INC. 

1900 Avenue of the Stars 

Penthouse Suite 2840 

Century City, California 90067 

(213) 557-9002 

1-800-BMC-8003 



CANADA 
COMPUTER 

1285 Britannia Road, East 

Ontario, Canada L4W 1C7 

(416) 677-7972 

BYTE January 1983 169 



CP/M® Users: 

Access IBM 
with ReformaTTer™ 



ReformaTTer conversion software lets 
you read and write IBM 3740 disk- 
ettes* on your CP/M or MP/M system. 

ReformaTTer is ideal for CP/M users 
who want 

• Access to large system data bases 

• Distributed data processing 

• Offline program development 

• Database conversion 

With ReformaTTer, you have the 
ability to 

• Bidirectionally tranfer complete 
files between CP/M and IBM 

• Automatically handle ASCII/ 
EBCDIC code conversion 

• Display and alter IBM 3740 direc- 
tory and data 

Enjoy the same advantages of main- 
frame access that other ReformaTTer 
users have. Customers like Upjohn, 
M&M/Mars, The United Nations, 
Arthur Young & Co., Sandia Labs, 
FMC Corp., and Stanford University 
all use ReformaTTer. So can you. 

Other versions of ReformaTTer con- 
version software include 

CP/M ~DEC(RT 11) 

TRSDOS Mod. II - CP/M 

TRSDOS Mod. II - DEC (RT 11) 

Order ReformaTTer today for only 

$249. 

*IBM 3740 basic data exchange format. Refor- 
maTTer requires one 8" floppy drioe. 



PERSONAL COMPUTER 
SHIPMENTS IN THE U.S. 




(415) 324-9114 

TWX: 910-370-7457 

467 Hamilton Av., Suite 2, Palo Alto, CA 9430 1 
CP/M is a reg. trademark of Digital Research 



Please send complete information on the follow 
ing versions of ReformaTTer 



Please send ReformaTTer CP/M ~ IBM. My 
check for $249 (plus $5 shipping. Cal. 

Res. add 6'/2% sales tax). D Charge to my 

n VISA l i MasterCard. 

* exp. date 



Signature 

Name 

Company 

Street 

City 

State 



Zip 



Mail to MicroTech Exports, Inc. 

467 Hamilton Ave., Palo Alto, CA 94301 



CO 



o 




Figure 2: The predicted shipments of personal computers in the U.S. broken down into 
three market segments: businesses, homes, and educational institutions. Although a 
majority of personal computers will continue to end up in businesses, an increasingly 
larger portion will be purchased by home users and schools. 



Wang, the path to greatest success 
leads (as it always has) directly into 
the business market. 

Accordingly, DP managers and 
other business users can expect 
enhanced marketing and advertising 
campaigns directed at them, and 
more systems permitting a great 
variety of applications will be pro- 
moted in the marketplace with gusto. 

The reason for this enthusiasm is 
that the potential business market is 
huge. Approximately 55 million 
white-collar workers are employed in 
the U.S. alone. At the end of 1982, 
1,600,000 systems were spread 
among U.S. business establishments; 
thus only 1 out of every 34 white- 
collar workers could boast a personal 
computer. 

Throughout the 1980s many cor- 
porations that have not yet purchased 
a system will buy one. By 1991, ap- 



proximately 55 percent of all 
businesses owning one system will 
have invested in an additional per- 
sonal computer. The result will be a 
substantial number of new personal 
computers claimed by the business 
sector each year. In 1983, 1,026,000 
new systems will be shipped to U.S. 
companies, bringing the installed 
base (total units installed) of business 
personal computers up to 2,642,000. 
By 1988, about 12,500,000 will have 
been installed. As we embrace the 
1990s, U.S. business establishments 
will have accrued an installed base of 
more than 15 million personal com- 
puters (see figures 2 and 3). 

U.S. households will also begin 
buying personal computers at an in- 
creasing pace, although not as rapidly 
as domestic businesses. New low- 
priced systems such as the 
Timex/ Sinclair 1000 (for a review in 



170 January 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 



Circle 284 on Inquiry card. 



PERSONAL COMPUTERS 

TOTAL UNITS 
INSTALLED IN THE U.S. 



</> 



20 



15 



10 



/ 


BUSINESS / 


/ home yS 


^ 


1 1 1 1 


EDUCATION 
i i i 



81 82 83 84 85 



86 87 
YEAR 



88 89 90 91 



Figure 3: The predicted total number of personal computer units installed in the U.S., 
broken down by market segment. 



this issue, see page 364), the Com- 
modore VIC-20, and the Atari 400 
will appeal to finance-minded house- 
holds that once viewed personal com- 
puters as unjustified luxuries. Ag- 
gressive and clever advertising, such 
as that evidenced by Commodore, is 
aimed at the heart of the home mar- 
ket. Personal computer technology is 
becoming less a threatening concept 
and more a familiar acquaintance. 

Families with annual incomes of 
more than $25,000 will account for 
the overwhelming majority (90 per- 
cent) of households investing in a 
system. Such a system will be pur- 
chased with money set aside for 
recreation. These households will 
naturally have fairly large recreation 
funds to tap and, therefore, be willing 
to approach the personal computer 
marketplace. 

At present, 621,000 systems are 
scattered throughout U.S. 
households. One year from today, 
that number should jump to more 
than 1 million. According to our 
studies, five years from now, 4.2 



million systems will be located in 
U.S. homes; and as 1990 rounds the 
bend, U.S. home users should ac- 
count for 6.8 million systems (see 
figure 3). 

A third part of the personal com- 
puter market triad, the education seg- 
ment, will be slower to turn to per- 
sonal computers than the other two. 
Lack of response to date has been 
primarily due to the poor economic 
factors plaguing school districts and 
universities. Simply stated, school 
budgets at the local level have not 
grown at the same rate as expenses. 

Despite financial limitations, 
however, a change is in the offing. 
Computer training and literacy are on 
the rise at all levels of education. Us- 
ing personal computers as teaching 
aids, universities and colleges are of- 
fering many courses in computer 
science, while at the same time pro- 
viding easy access to the personal 
computer regardless of the student's 
field of study. 

Basic data-processing courses are 
springing up in high schools and even 



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Ohio: 216/464-6688 



January 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 171 



grammar schools. And, of course, 
there are those intriguing computer 
camps where children can attend one- 
to two-month courses in computer 
programming during their summer 
vacations. 

Educational institutions are grow- 
ing more receptive to computers each 
year. Their logic is simple: the invest- 
ment of often less than $300 per stu- 
dent to introduce him or her into the 
intricacies of data processing is an in- 
vestment well made. At this time, 
barely 250,000 systems exist in U.S. 
schools. By the beginning of 1990, 
that number will jump almost tenfold 
(see figure 3). 

8 Bits versus 16 Bits 

The proliferation of personal com- 
puters is not occurring in a vacuum. 
Several competitions are pulling and 
shaping the marketplace. One of 
these is the tacit yet intense battle be- 
tween 8-bit and 16-bit personal com- 
puters. 

Prior to 1981, very few 16-bit per- 
sonal computers existed. Data- 



processing managers and home users 
studied the market and generally 
came away with an Apple II, a 
TRS-80 Model II, or a Commodore 
PET— all 8-bit systems. 

But soon advances in semiconduc- 
tor technology permitted a reduction 
in prices, and affordable 16-bit 
microprocessors began appearing in 

The competition 

between 8-bit and 

1 6-bit systems means a 

far wider selection, 

especially for the 

business segment. 

personal computers. During 1982, a 
wave of personal computers carrying 
16-bit microprocessors washed over 
the marketplace. A majority of these 
systems were built around two 
microprocessors: Motorola's 68000 
chip and Intel's 8086 chip. (Indeed, 
within the 16-bit microprocessor 
ranks, there seems to be a contest to 



see who will be king of the hill, Intel 
or Motorola. In terms of numbers, In- 
tel holds an advantage. But, 
Motorola is coming on strong with its 
68000, which was chosen by Tandy 
for its Model 16.) 

As the number of systems carrying 
a 16-bit architecture increased, so too 
did the number of 16-bit operating 
systems. Currently, the two most 
popular 16-bit operating systems are 
Microsoft's MS-DOS and Digital 
Research's CP/M-86. But the com- 
petition here is also heating up, and 
more entrants, such as perhaps a 
16-bit Unix-like system, are sure to 
enter the fray. 

This competition between 8- and 
16-bit machines means a far wider 
selection of products to choose from, 
especially for the business segment. 
The various 16-bit systems now 
available — and you can bank on 
more appearing as the year pro- 
gresses—allow wider and more 
sophisticated applications. The upper 
echelon of the white-collar work 
force will turn to these 16-bit systems 



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172 January 1°83 © BYTE Publications Inc 



Circle 370 on Inquiry card. 



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BYTE January 1983 173 



Circle 132 on Inquiry card. 



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precisely because of their greater 
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So far, businesses have used per- 
sonal computers most often for client 
records and accounting purposes, text 
editing, mailing lists, and financial 
planning. Applications such as stock/ 
investment analysis and graphics do 
not appear to be as common. The 
power of the 16-bit systems will pro- 
mote more sophisticated applications 
by businesses. Because of their price 
tag — a typical system costs $5000 — 
these 16-bit personal computers will 
initially find their way into larger 
organizations. But that too will begin 
to change during the 1980s as 16-bit 
systems become less expensive. They 
will gradually supplant 8-bit systems 
within the business market segment. 

The home market segment, on the 
other hand, doesn't really have a need 
for a personal computer carrying a 
16-bit microprocessor. According to 
one of our surveys, the top four ap- 
plications in the home market seg- 
ment are, in descending order, games 
(entertainment), financial planning, 
education, and banking. The 8-bit 
machines on the market now can han- 
dle those applications as well as a 
16-bit machine. And in the case of 
games, some 8-bit machines are 
distinctly better. 

This does not mean 16-bit systems 
will not affect the home market. 
Quite the contrary, 16-bit personal 
computers such as the Fortune 32:16 
and the TRS-80 Model 16 will have 
great impact. Because of the extreme- 
ly competitive nature of 16-bit 
systems marketing, vendors of 8-bit 
systems will have to keep lowering 
their prices. And as prices are 
slashed, it is ultimately the home user 
who will benefit. 

The shift from 8-bit to 16-bit 
machines will also affect the software 
industry. For a long while, indepen- 
dent software vendors focused on the 
8-bit operating system called CP/M. 
But no longer are they concentrating 
solely on 8-bit software. Their efforts 
are more and more being directed 
toward the 16-bit world. For the 
business user this means a wider 
selection of enhanced software; and 
home users will find more software 
directed specifically toward them. 



174 January 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 



Be Wise. 
Be Thrifty. 









EfjjP 




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Photo 1: The Osborne 1 portable computer. 



Photo 2: The Compass portable computer by Grid Systems. 



In short, the division of the per- 
sonal computer marketplace into two 
segments, 8-bit and 16-bit systems, 
will mean a greater selection for users 
in terms of both price and perfor- 
mance. 

Portable Systems 

One of the biggest changes in the 
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ing the 1980s will be a marked in- 
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But sales personnel will not be the 
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Managers, professionals, and even 



people from the clerical ranks will be 
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Consider for a moment that, depend- 
ing on system sophistication, you can 
use portables for the following pur- 
poses: accounts receivable, mailing 
lists, financial planning, stock/in- 
vestment analysis, sales tracking, in- 
ventory, limited graphics, invoicing, 
general ledger, and more — all in a 
system that can be conveniently 
transported from one place to 
another. 

Indeed, next to processing power, 
probably the key factor is weight. 
Portable computers come in all 
shapes and sizes: The Osborne 1 
weighs about 24 pounds; the Otrona 
Attache, 19 pounds; Grid Systems' 
Compass, 9.25 pounds (see photo 2); 
and the list goes on. 

Other factors to consider are price, 
microprocessor size, and the amount 
of random-access read/write memory 
(RAM). These are good indicators of 
the operational scope of the portable 
system. Osborne, the company that 
virtually pioneered the portable com- 
puter market, is today the most 
popular. The computer's basic 
statistics are impressive even for a 
desktop unit: $1795, Z80A 8-bit pro- 
cessor, 64K bytes of RAM, two disk 
drives, and a small pile of software. 

As the 1980s mature, the dominant 
trend will be toward greater power in 
smaller size. To date, the most 
sophisticated portable personal com- 



puter, and not coincidentally the 
most expensive, is the Compass from 
Grid Systems Corporation. 

The Compass offers more than 
many desktop systems. At $8150, this 
system has 256K bytes of RAM plus 
256K bytes of nonvolatile bubble 
memory and a flat display screen. It 
is, in effect, the elite choice of the por- 
tables. Corporate executives and 
other high-ranking white-collar 
workers make up the target market. 
The prestige factor alone should en- 
sure its success. 

Like the rest of the personal com- 
puters, different portables will be 
assigned to either the low- or high- 
end markets. Consumers will be able 
to select from a range starting with an 
inexpensive basic processing tool, 
priced at less than $100, and moving 
up to a sophisticated multipurpose 
computer system with a cost that 
could easily approach $10,000. Some 
key players to watch in this relatively 
new game are Osborne, Grid, 
Otrona, and IBM. 

Each year, portable systems will 
account for a larger share of total 
personal computer shipments. By the 
end of 1983, 12 percent of all ship- 
ments will be portable; by 1990, the 
share will reach 25 percent (figure 4). 

Personal Computer Pricing 

Before we discuss prices, let's 
define exactly what we mean by per- 
sonal computer. In putting our study 



176 January 1'83 © BYTE Publications Inc 



Circle 388 on inquiry card. ■ 




Which Spreadsheet lets you: 

Use every cell (never see "out of memory") 
Consolidate multiple spreadsheets 
Split the screen as 
often as you want 

VisiCalc NO 

SuperCalc NO 

CalcStar NO 

Scratchpad 

The Ultimate Spreadsheet 




Scratchpad 
features include: 

■ Virtual Memory (never see "out of memory") 
Every cell on the spreadsheet can be used. 
Don't be misled, other spreadsheets tell you 
how "big" the matrix is, but you can only use 
a very small portion. With Scratchpad's virtual 
memory feature you can use EVERY CELL! 

■ Consolidation (not just merging but also 
combining spread-sheets) This makes 
Scratchpad almost three dimensional. 

■ Unlimited Screen Splitting 

■ If/Then 

■ Merge 

■ Unlimited Title Locking 

■ Long Strings Supported 

■ Help file 

■ Variable column width 

■ Built in financial functions 



■ Built in math functions 

■ Variable formats 

■ Automatic and selective recalc 

■ Interface to Stats-Graph graphic package 

■ More 

For virtually all CP/M, CP/M-86, and MS 
DOS compatible systems, including 
the IBM PC. 

Available from fine dealers everywhere, or 
directly from SuperSoft. 



Scratchpad: 



$295.00 



Japanese Distribution: 

ASR Corporation International 

3-23-8, Nishi-Shimbashi, Minato-Ku, 

Tokyo 105, Japan 

Tel, (03) 437-5371 

Telex. 0242-2723 

CP/M is a registered trademark of Digital Research. VisiCalc 
is a registered trademark of Visi-Corp. SuperCalc is a registered 
trademark of Sorcim. CalcStar is a registered trademark 
of Micropro. 



^A I ^ 









FIRST IN SOFTWARE TECHNOLOGY P.O.Box1628 Champaign, IL61820 (217)359-2112 Telex270365 



PORTABLE COMPUTERS 

PERCENT OF TOTAL WORLDWIDE 
PERSONAL COMPUTER SHIPMENTS 



8% 



25% 



© 



1982 




20% 



1985 




1990 



Figure 4: Because of a growing response from white-collar workers, portable personal 
computers will account each year for a greater percentage of personal computer 
shipments. 



3500 

3000 

2500 

W 2000 
< 

_i 

§ 1500 

1000 

500 


AVERAGE PERSONAL COMPUTER PRICES 






BUSINESS 


^ '"- 1 | _L_ 


















HOME 




i i i i i i I J 



82 



83 84 



85 



86 87 
YEAR 



88 



89 



90 91 



Figure 5: Over a 10-year period, the average price of a business desktop computer 
should decrease from $3275 to $2700. Home computer prices should drop from an 
average of $530 to $350. 



together, we placed a price ceiling of 
$10,000 on personal computers. 
Home personal computers are simply 
defined as any personal computers 
that are to be used mostly in the 
home. Home system prices may or 
may not include peripherals such as 
disk drives and printers, depending 
on the computer. 



What we considered to be the 
average price of a business system 
would cover the integral keyboard, 
monitor, and starting amount of 
RAM and only necessary peripherals, 
such as a low-cost dot-matrix printer 
and two floppy-disk drives. 

The last seven years of this decade 
will see system pricing for home and 



business users either drop or remain 
stable while products deliver more 
processing power and more RAM. 
Between 1982 and 1987, average 
system prices will drop 20 percent, 
while the average amount of RAM 
will increase over fivefold (48K bytes 
to 256K bytes). 

Beyond 1987 and into 1990, 
average prices will drop even more as 
home-user purchases of low-end 
models increase. In 1990, the average 
personal computer price, including 
basic peripherals and software, will 
be $2350, down from the early 1983 
mark of about $2600. 

Average pricing of the entire per- 
sonal computer industry, however, is 
somewhat deceptive. The crux of the 
matter is that the range of systems 
available to the buyer will be 
significantly larger in the next 10 
years than it was in 1980, 1981, and 
even 1982. 

The average price of a home per- 
sonal computer is currently about 
$530. These low-end systems are 
bought by both businesses and 
households, but their greatest poten- 
tial by far rests with the home user. 

With the exception of a few hobby 
kits, initial systems shipped in the 
home sector have for the most part 
fallen in the high-end range, i.e., 
generally $1000 or more. Until recent- 
ly, the prices of home personal com- 
puters often paralleled the prices of 
business personal computers. There 
seemed, for instance, to be almost as 
many Apple lis being set up in U.S. 
homes as there were in U.S. 
businesses. 

Last year more companies like 
Commodore and even Timex became 
aware of the home market. The key 
to their marketing tactics, which 
many other companies will follow, is 
aggressive marketing through low 
prices. They know that home users 
recoil from the idea of paying what in 
many instances is the price equivalent 
of a fine used car for what remains in 
many eyes to be an elaborate toy. 
Therefore, much of the potential 
home-user market has remained un- 
tapped. Low-cost systems with 
enough RAM and application poten- 
tial to be useful are what home users 
are now after. 



178 January 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 






iBm PC compatible produces Co rememoer. 



* r f "* *'# **>'$<* #*.#■■':* • * * * * * * » m 

* *i * * I '* * 1 -* * * * * "* ■* * * * • * ■ * * * * * * * 

* * S * * h* * ■'$ * * '• • * * * • * * * * * « * * * • 

* * !■'<* " «■« * £| ; » ■• ■* ■■« .» * * * * * *■ ■ *■ ■*■. * ■» » ■» # « 




256 KB 



i ill computer peripnerals uiiiiini 

1117 Venice Boulevard Los Pnqeies cr 90015 C213J 298-1297 Telex: 1945G1 LSR 

Circle 108 on inquiry card. 

IBM is a trademark of International Business Machines 
© 1982 Computer Peripherals Inc. 



Circle 325 on inquiry card. 



P&T CP/M @ 2 is 
GROWING a 




Start with a Model II floppy system and 
grow into a hard disk. Since all P&T 
CP/M 2 systems are fully compatible, 
you will have no conversion worries. 
Special note: P&T hard disk systems 
allow you the user to configure logical 
drive assignments to your specifications. 
Write for more details. 

Prepaid VISA, M/C. or COD orders accepted 
All prices FOB Goleta and subject to change. 
CP/M is a registered trademark of Digital 
Research. TRS-80 is a trademark of Tandy Corp 



PICKLES 
& TROUT 

P.O. BOX 1206 

GOLETA, CA 93 116 

(805) 685-4641 



YSoiff 



The home market, accordingly, 
will see the average cost of a low-end 
system fall from $530 in 1982/1983 to 
$370 by 1990 (figure 5). Home users 
can look forward to more personal 
computers breaking the $200 and 
$100 barriers as manufacturers gear 
up production and begin slashing 
prices to compete in what is rapidly 
becoming an overcrowded market. 

Although the typical cost of a per- 
sonal computer sold in the business 
segment has recently been substan- 
tially higher than the price of a 
typical home system, the average 
business system too will enjoy a 
reduction in cost. Between 1983 and 
1990, the cost of a typical business 
system will drop from $3300 to 
$2700. 

Probably the single factor carrying 
the greatest weight for business 
system pricing is the battle between 
8-bit and 16-bit systems. The new 
breed of personal computers, those 
built around 16-bit microprocessors, 
is generally priced at about $5000. A 
majority of 8-bit systems is ap- 
proximately half that amount. Fur- 
thermore, 8-bit systems, in order to 
compete in both home and business 
markets, will continue to undergo 
price reductions. Prices of personal 
computers for business will naturally 
follow suit. 

The final outcome of this price 
jockeying will be a truly complete 
range of personal computers. Dif- 
ferent systems boasting different 
characteristics and carrying vastly 
different price tags will be available. 

Companies on the Move 

As 1983 begins to roll, three prime 
contenders for the personal computer 
crown emerge: Apple, Tandy, and 
Commodore. No surprise there. The 
question is, with established 
behemoths like IBM, and dynamic 
newcomers like Sinclair, will the "Big 
Three" still retain that title as the 
decade comes to a close? 

What will ultimately determine the 
answer to that question is the market 
focus the various competitors adopt. 
Corporate market emphasis will vary 
depending on the structure of present 
strategies, and the unfolding develop- 
ments within each of the three market 



segments. For example, it is indis- 
putable that the biggest potential 
market is the home market. If the 
home segment were to live up to its 
potential, the company that could 
win the lion's share of that market 
(Timex/ Sinclair?) would steal away 
the personal computer crown. But, 
home consumers are for the most part 
still extremely wary about the 
relatively new personal computer 
technology. Although they will 
gradually open their doors to per- 
sonal computers, their purchases will 
not even come close to the number of 
systems absorbed by buyers from the 
business market, that is, at least not 
by 1990. 

The business market holds tb 
greatest immediate rewards for per- 
sonal computer vendors. Business 
users will pay higher prices, make 
multiple system purchases, and, 
guided by the data-processing 
manager, boldly explore all the 
diverse avenues in the personal com- 
puter terrain. All the major vendor: 
are aware of this. 

Through the 1980s, then, th 
greatest emphasis will be placed oi 
the business market. Apple, Tandy, 
and Commodore each have 
penetrated this market very nicely 
and established a good position. 

But IBM, DEC, Wang, Burroughs, 
and other data-processing and office- 
product companies are already be- 
sieging that position. And they have a 
background in the U.S. business 
marketplace that will help facilitate 
the entire sales process. 

Look at IBM. Big Blue shippei 
40,000 systems in the first fivi 
months of market participation. 
DEC, Wang, and several of the other 
larger contenders should run into lit- 
tle difficulty following suit. 

Accordingly, during the next seven 
years, the lead of the Big Three will 
erode. In 1983, Apple, Tandy, and 
Commodore will, between them- 
selves, record 54 percent of world- 
wide personal computer shipments 
totaling 2.2 million units (19.3 per- 
cent, 17.7 percent, and 17.0 percent, 
respectively). 

By 1990, the competition will have 
severely narrowed the gap. IBM will 
claim 11 percent of 1990 shipments, 



180 January 1983 © BYTE Publication! Inc 



«* 



^ 




»,..* 



Pi's. .■ si- J 

APTURE 



Completely Redesigned. 
Now, the Grappler + . 

The original Grappler was the 
first graphics interface to give 
you hi-res screen dumps from 
your keyboard. The new 
Grappler + with Dual Hi-Res 
Graphics adds flexibility with a 
side-by-side printout of page 1 
and page 2 graphics. 
Interfacing the Grappler + to a 
wide range of printers is easy 
as changing a dip switch. 4K of 
exclusive firmware makes the 
Grappler + the most intelligent, 
full-featured Apple® Printer 
Interface made. And, the 
Grappler + is Apple III compatible.' 

Up to 64K Buffer Option 

An optional Bufferboard can now 
be added to all existing Grappler 
and Grappler + interfaces. See 
your Apple Dealer for details. 

'Requires additional software driver. 
"Requires graphics upgrade. 

©Orange Micro, Inc. 1982 




ACTUAL APPLE II PRINTOUT USING GRAPPLER AND EPSON MX100 

_WithThe. 

Grappler + 

I Printer Interface 




CPM is a registered trademark of Digital Research, Inc. 
Apple is a registered trademark of Apple Computer, Inc. 



The Grappler + Features: 

• Dual Hi-Res Graphics • Printer 
Selector Dip Switch • Apple III 
Compatible* • Graphics Screen 
Dump • Inverse Graphics 

• Emphasized Graphics • Double Size 
Picture • 90° Rotation • Center 
Graphics • Chart Recorder 

Mode • Block Graphics • Belt 
Control • Skip-over-perf • Left and 
Right Margins • Variable Line 
Length • Text Screen Dumps. 

The Grappler + also works with 
Pascal and CPM. 

The Grappler + interfaces with 
the following printers: 

• Anadex • Centronics • Datasouth 

• Epson* * • NEC • Cltoh • Okidata* * 
The original Grappler is available for 
IDS 460, 560, Prism, Microprism. 

H Orange micro 

1400 North Lakeview 

Anaheim, California, 92B07 

U.S.A. 

(714) 630-3620 

Telex: 183511 CSMA 

Foreign Dealer Inquiries Welcome 



Circle 302 on inquiry card. 



Circle 167 on Inquiry card. 



CP/M 
GRAPHICS 
SOFTWARE 

PLOTWARE-z 































































































»a«( houses, ei 



On ALTOS, APPLE, 

OSBORNE, ZENITH, 

and most others. 

THE MOST COMPLETE: 

Use THREE ways: 

1. "MENU" GRAPHICS (easy, friendly) 

2. "COMMAND FILES" (powerful, flexible) 

3. "COMPILER LINKED" (Fortran, etc.) 
Use on: most CRT's, dot matrix printers, 
plotters, word processing printers 

THE MOST PROVEN: 

2 years in the field 

THE MOST IMPLEMENTED: 

1. 8 bit and 16 bit machines 

2. USER MODIFIABLE 

3. many applications programs 

$399 complete 
$35 manual only 

VISA, MC, COO., CHECK, M.O. 



THE ENERCOMP 
COMPANY 

P.O. Box 28014 

Lokewood, Colorado 80228 

(303) 988-1648 

Also Available Through 

WESTICO 

The Software Express Service 

25 Van Zant Sireel • Norwalk. Connecitcut 068S5 

(203)853-6880 • Telex 643788 

and selected dealers. 



THE CHANGING MARKET SHARE OF 
WORLDWIDE PERSONAL COMPUTER SHIPMENTS 



OTHER 
25% \ 



APPLE 
/21% 



OTHER 
44% 



TIMEX 




fck /—-TANDY 


SINCLAIR' 




^L/ 19% 


12% 


/^ 


\ 




IBM 


COMMODORE 




6% 


18% 




12% 



COMMODORE 



12% 



1982 

1.5 MILLION UNITS 
TOTAL 



1990 

9.8 MILLION UNITS 
TOTAL 



Figure 6: As the 80s progress, the top five contenders for the personal computer crown 
will be Apple, Tandy, Commodore, IBM, and Sinclair. But, although the market will 
expand, the present Big Three — Apple, Tandy, and Commodore — will lose much of 
their present market share. 



exceeding 9.8 million systems. At the 
same time, Apple will ship 11.6 per- 
cent; Tandy, 11.5 percent; and Com- 
modore, 11.9 percent (figure 6). 
Commodore, therefore, will even- 
tually assume a slim market lead in 
shipments, thanks to a strong 
worldwide presence, and an almost 
equally divided tapping of both the 
home and business market reservoirs. 
But close behind and nipping away at 
the lead will be companies like IBM, 
DEC, NEC, and, of course, Timex/ 
Sinclair. 

Users can also look forward to new 
systems from unfamiliar sources. Last 
year showed conclusively that there 
still is enough time for more last- 
minute entrants into the personal 
computer race. In 1982, at least 10 
new manufacturers announced plans 
to market a personal computer. But, 
although more will do likewise in 
1983, the number will not be quite as 
high. 

In the past three years, the influx 
rate of entrants into the personal 
computer marketplace has been 
nothing short of incredible. So far, 
the market has been open enough to 
support just about any and every in- 
terested vendor. But by 1990, too 
many personal computer vendors will 
be competing for a market that can 
no longer support them all. The in- 
evitable outcome, by 1990 or perhaps 
as early as 1988, is an industry 
shakeout. 

When looking back at the 1980s, 



future analysts will no doubt 
characterize it as a decade of transi- 
tion for the personal computer in- 
dustry. In this time frame, the per- 
sonal computer industry will achieve 
maturity. System capability will 
undergo a constant upgrading, ven- 
dors will widen product lines, and 
buyers from each segment will in- 
crease their spending. In 1990, 
worldwide personal computer 
revenues will exceed $23 billion; 
domestic revenues, $14 billion. 

Increases in memory storage, 
greater processing power in more 
compact sizes, and a general lowering 
of system prices will combine to effect 
an overall enhancement of the con- 
sumer's image of personal computers. 

In the final analysis, what has hap- 
pened in the early 1980s and will con- 
tinue throughout the mid and late 
1980s is the unfolding of a technolog- 
ical revolution. The advent of a more 
affordable, accessible, and versatile 
personal computer and its potential 
market acceptance have always 
promised to have enormous impact 
on U.S. businesses and homes. The 
coming-of-age of these small systems 
reflects not only a growing awareness 
on the part of industry of the needs of 
the mass market, but also a growing 
acceptance of personal computers in 
the minds of more and more con- 
sumers, who are now turning con- 
fidently to the personal computer 
marketplace, and who will continue 
to do so throughout the 1980s. ■ 



182 January 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 



HOW TO SELLMORE SOFTWARE 



eries of 
I software marketing bulletins 
from PromptDoc, Inc. 



THE PromptDoc 

Manual Maker 

You know better user manuals sell more software, but 
how do you make better user manuals? How do you 
identify just the right details to motivate prospective 



users to buy? How do you organize these details into a 
sequence that makes sense to first-time users while it 
provides ongoing reference to veterans? How do you 
format and package a manual so it's attractive enough to 
get attention yet clear enough to be readily understood? 
And, how do you do all this at a pace that keeps up 
with your product release schedule? The PromptDoc* 
Manual Maker is the answer. 



Introducing Computer-assisted Writing 

Imagine a software product that prompts you through 
the process of planning, outlining and writing a user 
manual and even supplies boilerplate introductory and 
transitional text. Envision reducing your user manual 
preparation process to this: 

1. Select boilerplate chapter files 

2. Edit chapter tables of contents 

3. Pause while computer builds a skeleton manual 
in Preformatted CP/M® text files 

4. Use your word processor to edit the skeleton 
manual into a working draft 

5. Tell computer to build a Table of Contents; 
publish review draft 

6. Revise, polish and publish manual as instructed 
by documentation 

Compared to your current process that may sound 
more like a software maker's dream than a real product. 
It's a dream all right— a dream come true called the 
PromptDoc® Manual Maker. It's the only product of its 
kind. 

Consider These Benefits 

Improved productivity— with PromptDoc® you can 
gain as much as 40% on typical manual writing jobs. 

Project control— with prestructured modular chapters, 
writing tasks can be segmented without losing continuity. 

Manual uniformity— by product, by product line, by 
company. 

Quality assurance— the boilerplate files help assure 
completeness and usability; the PromptDoc® Writer's 
Guide gives publishing instructions. 

Proven performance— based on the PromptDoc® 
methodology, the structures and outlines have been 
proved in myriad applications for the past four years; 
now we've tailored it specifically for the commercial 
software vendor. 

Reasonable Price 

$245 for software and two manuals, $45 for manuals 
only (add $5.00 for shipping and handling). This product 
will begin paying for itself the minute you start using it 
and continue making you money each time you publish 
a manual. What could be more reasonable? 

CP/M® Compatible;Uses Your Word Processor 

Now available for use with WordStar® and other word 
processors on the Apple® II with the Softcard® and on 
standard 8" CP/M® systems. 



See Your Dealer For a 
Demo or Use The Coupon 
Now 

You know a better way to 
make better manuals can 
enhance your competitive 
position. Why wait another 
minute? Seeyourdealerfor 
a demonstration or complete 
thecouponnowandmailitto 
PromptDoc®, 833 West 
Colorado Avenue, Colorado 
Springs, CO 80905. Or, if 
you'd rather not wait for the 

mail, call (303) 471 -9875. 




PramptOoc 



Prompt Doc is a registered trademark of Prompt-Doc, Inc. Apple and Apple 
1 1 are registered trademarks of Apple Computer Inc. Softcard is a registered 
trademark of Microsoft Corporation. CP/M is a registered trademark of 
Digital Research, Inc. WordStar is a registered trademark of MicroPro 
International Corporation. 



I need the Prompt Doc Manual Maker now! Send a copy to: 



Name 

Address. 



.Telephone ( )_ 



□ 8" CP/M 



Configuration: D Apple II CP/M 

□ Send manual only. 

□ My check is enclosed for $ 

□ You may charge my VISA 

Account # 

Amount $ Expiration Date 

Signature 



D UPS COD. 
Master Card 



□ I need more information. 
Dealer inquiries invited. 



Send it to the address above. 



Circle 335 on inquiry card. 



BYTE January 1983 183 



Fruitful Connections. 



There are more people in more 
places making more accessories 
and peripherals for Apples than 
for any other personal computer 
in the world. 

Thanks to those people — 
in hundreds of independent 
companies— you can make the 
humblest 1978 Apple II turn tricks 
that are still on IBM's Wish List 
for 1984. 

But now we're coming out with 
our very own line of peripherals 
and accessories for Apple® Personal 
Computers. 

For two very good reasons. 

First, compatibility. We've 
created a totally kluge-free family 
of products designed to take full 
advantage of all the advantages 
built into every Apple. 

Second, service and support. 




Now the same kindly dealer who 
keeps your Apple PC in the pink 
can do the same competent job 
for your Apple hard-disk and your 
Apple daisywheel printer. 

So if you're looking to expand 
the capabilities of your Apple II 
or III, remember: 

Now you can add Apples to 
Apples. 



Gutenberg would be proud 

Old Faithful Silentype® has now been joined by New Faithfuls, the 
Apple Dot Matrix Printer and the Apple Letter Quality Printer. 

So now, whatever your budget and your 
needs, you can hook your Apple to a printer 
that's specifically designed to take advan- 

V^ , tage of all the features built into your 

^^ > '****"lllfflllll Apple. With no compromises. 
^ |||liL. The 7x9 Apple Dot Matrix 
\__jfp"" — | Printer is redefining "correspondence 
.— -""^ quality" with exceptional legibility. 
With 144x160 dots per square inch, it can 
also create high resolution graphics. 

The Apple Letter Quality Printer, 
which gets the Words out about 33% 
faster than other daisywheel printers 
in its price range, also offers graphics 

t~^L agp^ capabilities. See your authorized 

i^^fl j>^^0^^ Apple dealer for more information and 

\ ^^0?^ demonstrations. Because, unfortunately, all 
^gt^""""^ the news fit to print simply doesn't fit. 

©1983 Apple Computer Inc. 




«"^**, 




A joy to behold. 

The new Apple Joystick II is 
the ultimate hand control device 
for the Apple II. 

Why is it such a joy to use? 

With two firing buttons, it's 
the first ambidextrous joystick - 
just as comfortable for lefties 
asrighties. 

Of course, it gives you 360° 
cursor control (not just 8-way like 
some game-oriented devices) and 
full X/Y coordinate control. 

And the Joystick II contains 
high-quality components and 
switches tested to over 1,000,000 
life cycles. 

Which makes it a thing of 
beauty. And a joystick forever. 



G 





the creek 
without 
i paddle? 



Or left in space? Or down in 
he dungeons? 

Whatever your games, you'll 
e happf to know that someone 
has findly come out with game 
paddlefbuilt to hold up under 
blistermg fire. Without giving you 
blisters! 

App|e Hand Controller II 
ame paddles were designed with 
ne recew discovery in mind: 
teopll|playing games get 
:ed ari<| can squeeze very, very 
ard. 
So we ftlade the cases extra 
rugged. Wejised switches tested 
to 3,000,00(|life cycles. We shaped 
them for hoping hands and placed 

e firing Mtton on the right rear 
side for maidmum comfort. 
So yogf 1 never miss a shot. 




A storehouse of knowledge. 



and reliability, you need only store 
one word of wisdom: 
Apple. 




If you work with so much data 
or so many programs that you find 
yourself shuffling diskettes con- 
stantly, you should take a look at 
Apples ProFile™ the personal 
mass storage system for 
the Apple III Personal 
Computer. 

This Winchester-based 
5-megabyte hard disk 
can handle as much data 
as 35 floppies. Even more 
important for some, it 
can access that data 
about 10-times faster • 
than a standard floppy 
drive. 

So now your Apple 
III can handle jobs once 
reserved for computers 
costing thousands 

As for quality ^0 



Launching pad for numeric data. 



Good tidings for crunchers of 
numerous numbers: 

Apple now offers a numeric 
keypad that's electronically and 
aesthetically compatibl 
with the Apple II 
Personal Computer. J 
So you can enter 
numeric data 
faster than -*• 

ever before. 

The AppL 
Numeric Key- 
pad II has 
a standard 
calculator- 
style layout. 
Appropriate, 




because unlike some other key- 
pads, it can actually function as a 
calculator. 

The four function keys to the 
left of the numeric pad should be 
of special interest 
, to people who use 

H. VisiCalc? Because 
|p j 1| they let you zip 
H | H around your 
' work sheet more 
easily than ever, 
adding and 
deleting entries. 

With one 
land tied be- 
hind your 
back. 

VisiCata is a registered trademark of VisiCorp. I 



Circle 29 on inquiry card. 



Meet You at the Fair 



High-tech meets an old tradition at the US Festival. 



Saturday, September 4, 1982, 8:30 
a.m. Glen Helen Regional Park, San 
Bernardino County, California. The 
desert sun hangs low, the air still clear 
of windblown dust, the surrounding 
mountains starkly etched brown and 
stone-white in the low morning light. 
A campground slowly stirring to 
life — 100,000 people camped in a 
sandy treeless desert wash — 100,000 
people who had been amazingly con- 
siderate and quiet the night before, 
despite media fears of mass orgies and 
punk-rock terror. The US (United in 
Song) Festival, Steve Wozniak's 
$12.5-million gamble on human 
nature, is into its second day. 

To the south, a perfect amphi- 
theater the size of 40 football fields 
has been created. A stage the size of 
an office building towers above with 



About the Author 

Philip A. Schrodt is an associate professor of 
political science who specializes in interna- 
tional relations, mathematical modeling, and 
applications of microcomputers to social 
science. He is also vice-president of Polymath 
Associates Software in Skokie, Illinois, a firm 
that develops Pascal statistical software. 



Philip A. Schrodt 

Department of Political Science 

Northwestern University 

Evanston, IL 60201 

500,000 digitally coordinated watts of 
perhaps the finest sound system ever 
assembled. The festival has its own 
interstate off-ramp and its own air- 
port control tower, deserves its own 
zip code, and, with a total attendance 
of about 250,000, is larger than any 
one of the 14 smallest members of the 
United Nations. It is Wozniak's folly 
or Wozniak's gift to the "US" genera- 
tion, depending on your perspective. 
And it is the first rock concert ever to 
feature a computer technology ex- 
hibit. 

The music doesn't start for at least 
two hours, but already a steady 
stream of people heads into the 
festival grounds. Joining the cattle 
drive through the entrance gate, pass- 
ing the innumerable booths selling 
soft drinks, food, and rock memora- 
bilia, I head down to the three large 
circus tents that house the computer 
exhibits. Wozniak (cofounder of Ap- 
ple Computer Inc.) thought you 
could mix rock music and computers. 
Friday was the trial run. And it's 
working. 

The exhibitors are feeling pleased. 
Yesterday was good, the traffic is 



coming through. In fact the exhibitors 
are feeling smug. They are the 
pioneers — they bet this thing would 
work and risked at least $1000 on 
renting and running a booth. They 
trusted Woz's latest crazy idea and 
feel it paid off, and they sound a note 
of contempt toward those in the trade 
who couldn't see how the rock crowd 
could benefit them. The exhibitors 
here feel vindicated — they knew this 
would work, they knew you could 
reach out to the masses. In short, they 
shared Woz's dream and participated, 
while the bulk of the industry stayed 
back. 

I wander about, people-watching, 
talking with exhibitors, checking out 
the displays. There's something oddly 
familiar about this — the heat, the 
tents, the music, the technology. Yet 
this is supposed to be a novel ex- 
perience . . . but wait, this deja vu is 
nothing more than recollections of 
sultry August days in rural Johnson 
County, Indiana. Woz has reinvented 
the county fair! 

Suppose an International Harvest- 
er, John Deere, or Funk Hybrid Seed 
dealer wanted to introduce his prod- 



186 January 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 



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uct to American farmers at the turn of 
the century. How would he do it? The 
county fair. He'd provide a good 
time, including a midway, horse 
races, beauty pageant, and country 
music. And he'd bring in his finest 
new tractor and combine and put 
them on display. The average farmer 
most likely couldn't afford the equip- 
ment, probably didn't even need it, 
but he'd look at it and admire it. So 
maybe he doesn't buy the combine, 
but he does buy the plow, and two 
years down the line when his 
neighbor is in the market for a trac- 
tor, he puts in a good word for the 
product he saw at the fair. And so 
gradually the fruits of the nineteenth- 
century industrial revolution reach 
out to the mass markets of the coun- 
tryside and life changes beyond 
recognition. 

Woz may have never been to a 
rural county fair, but he's got the idea 
down perfectly. With the county fair 
the fruits of the industrial revolution 
came to the rural masses; with the 
techno-rock concert the fruits of the 
information revolution can come to 



the urban and rural masses. 

The industry, however, was split 
on the efficacy of this approach. Ap- 
ple, Atari, and Mattel had large, pro- 
fessional exhibits. Commodore was 
well represented by its dealers, with 
VIC-20s much in evidence. The new 
portable computers, a la Osborne, 
could be found without difficulty in 
dealer displays. But the old-line elec- 
tronics firms — Texas Instruments, 
Hewlett-Packard, Xerox, Tandy, and 
needless to say IBM — were no-shows. 

Oh well, well have fun without 
them. 

The Exhibitors 

To see what Apple had accom- 
plished, you just have to look 
around. Not only at the concert 
financed with Wozniak's millions, but 
also at the displays. At least 80 per- 
cent of the machines in use are Apple 
lis, as impressive an advertisement as 
any. Apple's display is low key and 
confident — mostly hands-on demon- 
stration graphics programs, no 
games — effectively drawing the dis- 
tinction between a video game and a 



computer in a nonthreatening 
fashion. You can't walk by the dis- 
play without being handed a half 
dozen Apple logo stickers. At night, 
Apple's hot-air balloon towers in the 
sky like a giant lantern, and the 
Goodyear blimp floats overhead with 
the message "Thanks Woz." If Apple 
ever has problems making it as a cor- 
poration, it might consider applying 
for tax-exempt status as a religion. 

Atari has the largest computer ex- 
hibit, though it is concentrating on 
games and is pushing the Atari 400 
rather than the 800. Atari provides an 
interesting twist by having the 
presidents of five of the largest Atari 
users' groups present, explaining soft- 
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the computer revolution. 

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ultralow-resolution games. The 
display is just a larger version of what 
you'd find in a department store. Far 
and away the main attraction at Mat- 
tel is a new electronic drum set that 
consists of four pads about 3 inches in 
diameter, which simulates, rather im- 



188 January 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 




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pressively, a complete drum set. It is 
always mobbed. 

An assortment of dealers features 
business machines — usually either 
$10,000 hard-disk systems or $2500 
portables that resembled you-know- 
what with a larger screen. Yes, the 
Osborne 1 has clearly emerged as the 
small computer people love to hate, 
replacing the TRS-80 in that vaunted 
position. And speaking of the 
TRS-80, Tandy is conspicuously ab- 
sent from the Festival. 

The real fun is at the small exhibits. 
The small exhibitors see themselves 
collectively as "the industry." They 
have had the time to talk among 
themselves and have analyzed their 
audience. This is not the West Coast 
Computer Faire. The consensus is 
that the Festival goers are about 1 
percent people in the trade, maybe 9 
percent who have some acquaintance 
with computers, and the remaining 90 
percent no exposure at all, ever. So it 
is fun and a challenge presenting to 
people for the first time a technology 
that they've heard about, seen in the 
movie Tron, but never experienced 



firsthand. And the industry ex- 
hibitors are encouraging the viewers 
to sit down, relax, and chat a while, 
avoiding the pressure of the trade 
fairs. 

The fascination of it is you can't tell 
the programmers from the druggies 
(always a problem, admittedly). I 
talk with a Silicon Valley dealer for 
the lovely new Jonos Ltd. "Courier" 
portable (Z80A, 64K bytes of 
memory, 9-inch video display, 
3V2-inch Sony floppy disks, state of 
the art): "What kind of people do we 
get? All kinds. This tall guy comes 
along, strange looking, missing a cou- 
ple of teeth. Sits down and starts 
pounding away at the keyboard. I'm 
getting worried. Then he asks, 'Hey, 
how do you install Wordstar on this 
machine?' Gets into the operating 
system, pretty soon has everything 
switched around. And finally ex- 
claims, What are you guys doing 
with Apple II Wordstar in this 
machine?' Turns out he's a program- 
mer for Micropro. But he liked the 
machine and wants to help us 
upgrade the Micropro software for 



it. . . . Two other types of people are 
those who don't know the first thing 
about computing and those who 
stand here in front of the air condi- 
tioner." 

Behind the Scenes 

The Festival is organized by pro- 
moter Bill Graham's organization, 
and the computer people know a lot 
more about rock 'n' roll than Bill 
Graham knows about computers. 
When I unsuccessfully tried to get 
press credentials, they asked me how 
to spell BYTE, a somewhat discom- 
forting inquiry. Never heard of it, 
and my explanation that BYTE was 
the Rolling Stone of microcomputing 
didn't seem to impress anybody. 
Meanwhile several exhibitors were 
giving detailed critiques of the US 
Festival, Woodstock, and the final 
Stones tour, all based on personal ex- 
perience. 

However, the organization was not 
flawless. Take the case of Rana 
Systems, the disk-drive company. 
Rana had a disk problem — 10,000 
disks to be precise. Frisbee disks. 



January 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 189 



Mike Mock and I talked standing in 
front of a 3-foot-high pile of Rana 
Frisbees. "We've been planning this 
promo for months. Talked to Unuson 
[a corporation formed by Steve Woz- 
niak to fund this Festival and future 
Festivals] on the phone; they said 
Frisbees weren't on the prohibited list. 
Sounded great. We sent them the 
design so they could approve the US 
logo — no problem. So we show up 
here and now they tell us that Frisbees 
are prohibited at the Festival. ..." 
So? "Well, we're having people fill out 
these little cards . . . ," Mike pauses 
to stop some people from helping 
themselves to Frisbees, "and well 
distribute the Frisbees through local 
dealers. Probably work out better 
that way anyhow, for the dealers. 
And Unuson's beginning to talk about 
helping us pay postage." 

No Frisbees? At a rock concert? 
That's right — no wine, no coolers, no 
beach balls either, no Hare Krishnas, 
no Moonies, security everywhere. I 
suppose it's necessary — being 
smacked in the eye with a Frisbee is 
no fun — but Woodstock this ain't. 
Twenty years of organizing concerts 
and Graham's people have this to a 
science. Los Angeles Times rock critic 
Robert Hilburn called it "humane," 
which is accurate. It works — it is 
smooth, it is safe, but it is not spon- 
taneous. Can't be. The trains run on 
time, period — Benito Mussolini 
would have been proud. 

More Exhibitors 

You can see an assortment of stan- 
dard exhibits. Maxwell Corporation 
has the inevitable fake robot — body 
by Toys-R-Us and all the intelligence 
that could be programmed into 50 
flashlight bulbs and a CB transceiver. 
Ah, for the day when we will be deal- 
ing with real robots. All of the music 
and art exhibits are getting a lot of at- 
tention. The outer space exhibits — 
L-5 Society, Delta Vee, and an 
elaborate UFO exhibit— are not: this 
is definitely a low-tech crowd. 
Curiously, the banks of video games 
also attract little attention. Music is 
the priority here. 

And with a music crowd at this ex- 
hibition, the Syntauri Corporation, 
which produces a sophisticated syn- 



thesizer running on an Apple II, is in 
paradise. At the intersection of rock 
music and computers, with a framed 
letter of appreciation from some folks 
making a movie called Tron, and a 
booth right under the air-condition- 
ing vents, Syntauri couldn't have it 
better. 

Lenore Wolgelenter, sales director 
for Syntauri, explains the response 
they are getting. "The musicians are 
unfamiliar with this technology, but 
they are willing to learn. Show them 
that computers are something they 
can use, and they'll take the time to 
learn about them. It's only beginning. 
Only recently have we started getting 
calls from musicians who say, 'I want 
to do the following. . . . Can you tell 
me how to do it?' But that is the kind 
of thing we're hoping to encourage." 

They're so right. I pass the Syntauri 
booth and a couple of guys looking 
very much at home with a keyboard 
are trying one of the demos. They are 
still there a half hour later, ex- 
perimenting. Syntauri may have 
something: Rock music is in the ab- 
solute doldrums. Computers give 
composers an unparalleled creative 
tool. Maybe at the US Festival in 2001 
the computers will be on stage, and 
the tents will display electric guitars 
and mechanical drum sets. 

Outside of the music field, the 
response is harder to predict. For ex- 
ample, take the Stahler and Via Video 
exhibits. Stahler Company is a small 
San Jose firm that produces special- 
ized drill bits for preparing printed- 
circuit boards without etching. It is 
largely a family operation, and Mary 
Stahler, daughter of the company 
president, was happy to have the op- 
portunity to represent the firm at this 
fair for the same reason that her 
parents wanted to avoid it — the rock 
concert. Stahler is doing surprisingly 
well given the completely technical 
nature of the product — no Pac-Man 
here — and figured to about break 
even with the exposure as a bonus. 

In contrast, one of the most im- 
pressive displays is Via Video's 
animation system. With the sweep of 
a pen across a graphics tablet, it can 
do the day's work of a Disney artist, 
in color and displayed on a 5-foot 
monitor. But this isn't attracting 



much attention. Perhaps an audience 
who has never tried to do computer 
animation doesn't appreciate the ac- 
complishment. Magic is magic, after 
all. 

Out to the Music 

By midday, the exhibition tents are 
really getting crowded. Must be the 
heat. I'm getting tired of interviewing, 
and I've always wanted to hear San- 
tana live. So, after an invigorating 
lunch of nachos and Tecate, I wander 
into the brave new world of the con- 
cert amphitheater. 

Any collection of 200,000 people 
sitting in the desert sun is bound to be 
impressive. To take in the ambience 
of the place, one must appreciate two 
factors: skin and water. 

Skin: the Southern California tan. 
These are not people who spend 12 
hours a day in front of video dis- 
plays, unless those monitors have real 
ultraviolet leakage problems. All 
shades of tan: tanned Nordic Cauca- 
sian blending into Sudanese African 
without missing a shade. Exposed 
skin — lots and lots of it. Unlike 
Woodstock, there is very little nudity 
here, as changes in fashion have made 
that rather unnecessary. With the ad- 
vent of the string swimsuit, only a bit 
of imagination and a basic under- 
standing of human anatomy separate 
fashionable dress from nudity. 

Water: this site is desert — quite a 
beautiful bit of desert, dust-shrouded, 
sun-bleached mountains as fine as I've 
seen. But as in all deserts, the quest 
for water dominates. And so the 
"Ritual of the Spray Bottle," a new 
form of friendly social interaction, 
doubtlessly coded by the same seg- 
ment of DNA that causes chim- 
panzees to pick lice. Everybody has 
spray bottles and is spraying 
everybody else with water. Massive 
fire hoses are mounted on the sound 
towers, soaking the audience, who 
loves it (as does this writer). Outdoor 
showers — pure genius — a half-acre of 
spraying water, fabulous, lowers the 
temperature a good 20 degrees, an an- 
cient device, no self-respecting Per- 
sian or Islamic palace was without 
one. 

It is, however, a rather subdued 
crowd for a rock concert. Very few 



190 January 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 




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drugs — by rock concert standards 
that is, meaning I have been proposi- 
tioned to buy dope only about 20 
times and was there a good half hour 
before smelling marijuana. But the 
crowd isn't really lively, and the per- 
formers are clearly a bit uncomfort- 
able with this. The heat, the 
economy, the security, or maybe just 
the 1980s? 

Had any of the music fans been to 
the tech exhibits? Just look for the 
promotional material. Apple decals 
everywhere. But then, you couldn't 
drive down the main streets of Cairo, 
Egypt, last summer without seeing 
Apple logos everywhere, so that isn't 
surprising. But Syntauri stickers are 
seemingly on every third person. Link 
Systems is making a big hit with its 
(prohibited) Datafax visors, which 
read "Tame the Data Monster." Here 
are thousands of people who don't 
know what a database manager is, 
much less know Link from Stone- 
ware, but they've got those visors on. 

Computer nerds? Yes, I saw 
one — University of Arizona Depart- 
ment of Computer Science T-shirt, 
wire-rim glasses, white cords, pale 
complexion, looking like he was 
dreaming of a 32-bit microprocessor 
rather than taking in the music. 
Classic nerd. But I saw only one. 

Santana is fine, with a guest ap- 
pearance by Herbie Hancock, but 
time to get back to work. If you want 
a review of the music, check Rolling 
Stone. Besides, by now I'm a bit leery 
of the dust and heat. I had stayed out 
most of the day Friday, and around 
6:00 p.m. Friday evening, I returned 
to my tent with every expectation of 
suffering an agonizing demise via a 
combination of heatstroke and 
asthma, 

By midafternoon Saturday, most 
people have had their fill of the heat, 
and there is a general movement 
toward the tents as the temperature 
rises to the daytime maximum. The 
exhibition tents are air-conditioned, 
remember? So in the afternoon, they 
really start getting the traffic. How, 
the scoffers had asked, are you going 
to get a bunch of rock-crazed hippies 
wandering through these industry 
tents? Air-conditioning and 105 
degrees does it nicely. And the ex- 



hibitors just smile. . . . 

Still, not everybody was pleased 
with the turnout. Take the case of the 
new magazine for the IBM Personal 
Computer, PC. Its booth was aban- 
doned Saturday morning. As I heard 
the story from the folks at Softalk, 
who were doing a brisk business in 
giveaway posters, PC's publisher 
had given up late Friday. The pub- 
lisher's assessment: "Look at this 
crowd. Do you see anybody who can 
even afford an IBM PC?" 

Brilliant deduction, Sherlock! See 
that scuzzy looking guy standing 
there — filthy old jeans, a stupid felt 
hat that's been through too many 
rainstorms, idiotic T-shirt with a big 
fat raccoon on it? Well, friend, he's 
made the purchasing decisions on 
$20,000 worth of microcomputer 
equipment the past two years, in- 
fluenced the purchase of another 
$20,000, and he's got $5000 in a grant 
and is trying to decide between an 
Apple III and IBM PC. I know -he's 
me. Appearances don't mean much. 
That woman you were ogling in the 
bathing suit that contains slightly 
more material than an 8-inch floppy 
is president of a software consulting 
firm and those wizened old dudes 
with the gold dog tags that say "Woz 
Guest" in Epson expanded print aren't 
exactly tyros in this business. But if 
you'll talk only to those done up in 
three-piece suits, you won't find 
much business here. 

But protective camouflage aside, it 
makes good business sense to talk to 
that 90 percent who don't know a 
thing about computers. There you 
have Jane Six-Pack, out with her 
boyfriend listening to Tom Petty and 
the Heartbreakers. She can actually 
play with the graphics tablet on an 
Apple II and draw pictures with it 
and see computers in applications 
more sophisticated than a Space In- 
vaders machine. She can't afford an 
Apple, but that VIC-20 or Timex/ 
Sinclair 1000 is certainly inexpensive 
enough, and her child is going to be in 
school in a couple of years and the 
school board really should get a cou- 
ple Apple lis or Atari 800s. And hey, 
look at that, you touch this dot and 
the figure turns upside down; this is 
kind of cute. We are never going to 



192 January 19»3 © BYTE Publications Inc 



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get that audience into Computerland, 
and they are 80 percent of the con- 
sumer market. 

Have you ever considered just how 
intimidating the average computer 
store is? "Why yes sir, you would like 
to touch our new Wombat 128K 
Supermicro? Most certainly, sir. Just 
show us your American Express Gold 
Card, permit us access to your Swiss 
bank account so that we may check 
your net worth, and I'm afraid we 
must surgically remove your left arm 
for collateral, and then you are 
welcome to read the manual." I've 
been programming for 15 years, and I 
get intimidated by most computer 
stores. Furthermore, about 90 percent 
of computer sales personnel fall into 
two categories — ignorant and ar- 
rogant—with about two months ex- 
perience separating the two. 

To have a truly personal computer 
market — as opposed to an elite com- 
puter market, or a Space Invaders 
market — the industry is going to have 
to reach the masses. Not just the com- 
puter nerds, not just the Merrill- 
Lynch crowd, not just the college stu- 
dents. The mass market. And there is 
no better or more natural way than 
the rock concert and its analogs. It 
worked for John Deere and Interna- 
tional Harvester, it will work for 
Apple and Atari — and Syntauri and 
Link and Rana and Microflow and 
Stahler and dozens of other small 
firms that took the chance to exhibit 
here. 

Monday morning. Driving back 
north, California highway 101, soon 
to penetrate the heart of Silicon 
Valley but now in the rich agricultur- 
al Salinas Valley, John Steinbeck's 
country. Dodging trucks hauling 
cauliflower, tuned in to KNBR, a San 
Francisco soft-rock station, low-class 
stuff, for jerks like me who don't care 
enough about music to install an FM 
radio and will listen to anything that 
isn't disco. 'The next hour of music is 
brought to you by Osborne, the per- 
sonal business computer!" The 
Osborne 1, that aggravating micro- 
screen turnkey system, advertising on 
a rock 'ri roll station! And doubtless- 
ly laughing all the way to the bank. 
The personal computer revolution is 
only beginning. ■ 



194 January 1983 © BYTE Publications lnc 



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Public Key Cryptography 

An introduction to a powerful cryptographic system 
for use on microcomputers. 



Cryptography, the art of conceal- 
ing the meaning of messages, has 
been practiced for at least 3000 years. 
In the past few centuries, it has 
become an indispensable tool in the 
military affairs, diplomacy, and com- 
merce of most major nations. During 
that time there have been many in- 
novations, and cryptography has 
changed and grown to accommodate 
the increasingly complex needs of its 
users. Present techniques are very 
sophisticated and provide excellent 
message protection. Current develop- 
ments in computer technology and in- 
formation theory, however, are on 
the verge of revolutionizing cryp- 
tography. New kinds of cryptograph- 
ic systems are emerging that have in- 
credible properties, which appear to 
eliminate completely some problems 
that have plagued cryptography users 
for centuries. One of these new 
systems is public key cryptography. 

In public key systems, as in most 
forms of cryptography, a piece of in- 
formation called a key is used to 
transform a message into cryptic 
form. In conventional cryptography 
this key must be kept secret, for it can 
also be used to decrypt the message. 
In public key cryptography, how- 
ever, a message remains secure even if 
its encryption key is publicly re- 



John Smith 
21505 Evalyn Ave. 
Torrance, CA 90503 



vealed. This unique feature gives 
public key systems great advantages 
over conventional systems. 

This article deals with the theory 
and application of public key cryp- 
tography. It reviews the methods and 
problems of traditional cryptogra- 
phy and describes the remarkable 
concept and advantages of public 
keys. It also describes a real public 
key cryptosystem, showing examples 
of the encryption and decryption 
operations; and it attempts to clarify 
the concept of trap-door one-way 
functions, upon which public key 
systems are based. 

Computers are essential for im- 
plementing many modern cryptosys- 
tems, including the one described 
here. Several BASIC-language pro- 
grams (TRS-80) are included to il- 
lustrate algorithms used in this 
system. These can be used to experi- 
ment with the encryption, decryp- 
tion, and derivation of small keys. 

Conventional Cryptosystems 

A cryptosystem must have two 
methods for transforming messages: a 
method of encryption, which renders 
messages unintelligible; and a method 
of decryption, for restoring them to 
their original forms. For simplicity, 
normal message text shall be called 



plaintext, and the encrypted form, 
ciphertext. Ciphertext messages maj 
also be called cryptograms, or may 
just be called messages when it is clear 
that the encrypted form is meant. 

To appreciate the significance of a 
public key system, we need to know 
some of the methods and problems of 
conventional cryptosystems. In a 
conventional system (see figure 1), a 
plaintext message is converted to a 
cryptogram by an encryptor and 
sent over a communication channel. 
While in transit, the cryptogram may 
be intercepted by someone other than 
the intended recipient. If it is en- 
crypted well, it will be meaningless to 
the interceptor. At the receiving end, 
the cryptogram is converted back in- 
to plaintext by a decryptor. The en- 
cryptor and decryptor may be pro- 
cedures executed by people or com- 
puters or may be specially con- 
structed devices. In any case, they are 
both supplied with keys from a key 
source. 

Cryptographic keys are analogous 
to the house and car keys we carry in 
our daily lives and serve a similar 
purpose. In many modern systems, 
each key is a string of digits. For ex- 
ample, keys defined by the Data En- 
cryption Standard of the National 
Bureau of Standards consist of 64 



198 January 1983 © BYTE Publications lnc 



Circle 396 on inquiry card, i 





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MESSAGES 



II 



ENCRYPTOR 



^> 



CRYPTOGRAMS 



MESSAGES 



II 



DECRYPTOR 



"FS 



KEYS 



KEYS 



KEY 

SOURCE 







SECURE CHANNELS 



»«■ PUBLIC CHANNELS 

Figure 1: A conventional cryptographic system. Encrypted messages (cryptograms) are 
sent over a public communication channel, while the keys needed for encryption and 
decryption are sent over secure channels, for example, via courier. The key source may 
be located at the encryptor or decryptor, in which case one of the secure channels is 
very short. 



binary digits, 56 of which are signifi- 
cant. To encrypt a message, a key 
and the message are somehow in- 
serted into an encryptor, and the 
cryptogram that emerges is a jumble 
of characters that depends on both 
the message and the key. To decrypt 
the message, the correct key and the 
cryptogram are inserted into a 
decryptor, and the plaintext message 
emerges. In conventional systems, the 
correct key for decrypting a message 
is the same one used to encrypt it. 
Obviously, the keys used must be 
closely guarded secrets. 

In a good system the number of 
possible keys should be very large, 
and decryption of any cryptogram 
should be possible with only very few 
of the keys, often with only one. 
These conditions make it impractical 
to try decrypting a message with one 
key after another until the one that 
reveals plaintext is found. The Data 
Encryption Standard provides more 
than 7 X 10 16 keys (a 7 followed by 
16 zeros), and there is some con- 
troversy over whether this number is 
sufficient! 

The keys to be used are obtained 
from a key source, which selects 
them, perhaps randomly, from the 
large set of all usable keys. The key 
source may be located near the en- 



cryptor, near the decryptor, or 
elsewhere. But each key to be used 
must be made available to both the 
encryptor and the decryptor. Therein 
lies the most serious problem of con- 
ventional cryptosystems: some safe 
method must exist for distributing 
secret keys to the encryptor and the 
decryptor. 

This problem is illustrated with a 
simple example: let's say you want to 
communicate privately with a friend 
named Mary. Many communication 
channels are available to you, none of 
which may be completely private: 
telephone, mail, and computer net- 
works, for examples. You could send 
encrypted messages, but Mary could 
not read them without the keys. And 
you dare not send secret keys over 
these public channels. One of you 
must visit the other, so that you could 
agree on a key to use for future cor- 
respondence. But if your communica- 
tion need was for only one private 
message exchange, it could be trans- 
acted during the visit, rendering the 
conventional cryptosystem un- 
necessary. Or if your communication 
need were immediate, a personal visit 
could cause an unacceptable delay. 
And if you need to communicate with 
several people, all the necessary visits 
could entail considerable expense. 



Most conventional cryptosystems, in- 
cluding the Data Encryption Stan- 
dard system, have this problem. 
Public key cryptosystems, however, 
can avoid this problem entirely. 



Public Key Systems 

The concept of public keys may be 
one of the most significant crypto- 
graphic ideas of all time. A public key 
system has two kinds of keys: encryp- 
tion keys and decryption keys. It may 
seem that having two kinds would 
make the key distribution problem 
worse, or at least no better. These 
keys, however, have remarkable, 
almost magical, properties: 

• for each encryption key there is a 
decryption key, which is not the same 
as the encryption key 

• it is feasible to compute a pair of 
keys, consisting of an encryption key 
and a corresponding decryption key 

• it is not feasible to compute the 
decryption key from knowledge of 
the encryption key 

Because of these properties, Mary 
and you can use a public key system 
to communicate privately without 
transmitting any secret keys. To set it 
up, you generate a pair of keys, and 
send the encryption key to Mary by 
any convenient means. It need not be 
kept secret. It can only encrypt 
messages — not decrypt them. Reveal- 
ing it discloses nothing useful about 
the decryption key. Mary can use it 
to encrypt messages and send them to 
you. No one but you, however, can 
decrypt the messages (not even 
Mary!), as long as you do not reveal 
the decryption key. Figure 2 il- 
lustrates the flow of information in 
this situation, with Mary on the left 
and you on the right. To allow you to 
send private messages to her, Mary 
must similarly create a pair of keys, 
and send her encryption key to you. 
You can also go a step further. 
Since your encryption key need not 
be kept secret, you can make it 
public, for example, by placing it in a 
computer network public file. Once 
you have done so, anyone who wants 
to send you a private message can 
look up your public key and use it to 



200 January 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 



Circle 47 on Inquiry card. 



► 



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MESSAGES 



II 



ENCRYPTOR 



CRYPTOGRAMS 



MESSAGES 



II 



DECRYPTOR 



7^ 



ENCRYPTION! 
KEY, 







SECURE CHANNELS 



■PUBLIC CHANNELS 



DECRYPTION 
KEY 



KEY 
SOURCE 



Figure 2: A public key cryptographic system. Encryption keys can be safely sent over 
the ordinary communication channel because the information they contain cannot be 
used to decrypt messages. Decryption keys are created near the decryptor and are not 
sent anywhere else. Each person who expects to receive encrypted messages creates a 
key for encryption and a corresponding key for decryption and sends the encryption 
key to those who will originate the messages. 



Key Length 
(digits) 

50 
100 
150 
200 
250 



Factoring Time 

3.9 hours 
74 years 
1.0 million years 

3.8 billion years 

5.9 trillion years 



Table 1: The time required to break the 
RSA public key system by factoring 
the key, for several different key 
lengths. These factoring times assume 
one computer operation per microsec- 
ond. 



encrypt a message. Since you need 
not transmit the decryption key, and 
since it cannot be computed from 
your public key, the message is 
secure. Only you can decrypt it. 
Other people can place their encryp- 
tion keys in the same public file, 
which would thus become a directory 
of public keys. Any two people with 
directory entries could then com- 
municate privately, even if they had 
no previous contact. It would be 
necessary, however, to protect the 
keys in such a file so that no one 
could change someone else's encryp- 
tion key, for example, by substituting 
another encryption key. Fortunately, 
there is a way to protect the keys 
themselves with a public key crypto- 
system, but that is another topic. 



The RSA Cryptosystem 

Now that the general concepts of 
public key cryptography have been 
examined, the next problem is how to 
design an actual working system. In- 
deed, when Whitfield Diffie and Mar- 
tin Hellman conceived the basic prop- 
erties of this cryptosystem in 1976, no 
one knew how to make a system that 
could employ them. The situation 
was similar to that of space travel in 
1950. It was conceivable, but no one 
had accomplished it. In 1977, three 
researchers at the Massachusetts In- 
stitute of Technology, Ron Rivest, 



Adi Shamir, and Len Adleman, pub- 
lished an elegant method for creating 
and using public keys. 

In the Rivest-Shamir-Adleman (or 
RSA) cryptosystem, the keys are 
200-digit numbers. The encryption 
key is the product of two secret prime 
numbers, having approximately 100 
digits each, selected by the person 
creating the keys. The corresponding 
decryption key is computed from the 
same two prime numbers, using a 
nonsecret formula. 

Anyone who knows the secret 
prime numbers can compute the 
decryption key, but the primes are 
hidden because only their product, 
the encryption key, is revealed. Of 
course, the primes may be discovered 
by factoring the key, but factoring 
such a number is about as easy as 
traveling to Alpha Centauri, especial- 
ly if the person who constructs the 
number has done it in a way that 
discourages factoring. Rivest, 
Shamir, and Adleman estimated that 
a fast computer would require 3.8 
billion years (nearly the estimated age 
of the earth) to factor a 200-digit key. 
Estimates of the time required to fac- 
tor keys of several other lengths are 
shown in table 1. 

Before encryption, a message is 
converted into a string of numbers. 
This step is common in cryptosys- 
tems, as it is in computers and com- 
munication systems. Next, the 



message is subdivided into blocks, 
much as computer text files are sub- 
divided into records or sectors. Each 
block contains the same number of 
digits, and is treated as one large 
number during encryption. To en- 
crypt the message, an arithmetic 
operation involving the encryption 
key is performed on each block, 
resulting in a cryptogram containing 
as many blocks as the original 
message. The arithmetic operation, 
described below, is the same for all 
blocks. To decrypt, the inverse 
arithmetic operation, which requires 
the decryption key, is performed on 
each block of the cryptogram. The 
result is the original message in its 
numerical form. 

As you can imagine, it would be 
cumbersome to illustrate these opera- 
tions with 200-digit numbers, so the 
detailed descriptions below use small 
keys and messages; otherwise, the 
operations shown are the same as 
those used in a full-size RSA system. 
Also, the encryption method de- 
scribed here is actually a subset of the 
original RSA method. This modifica- 
tion, which is due to Donald Knuth 
(see reference 3), uses the basic RSA 
technique, while lessening somewhat 
the number of computations in- 
volved. (For more detailed informa- 
tion, the reader should refer to the 
original Rivest-Shamir-Adleman 
paper, shown as reference 5.) 



202 January 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 




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(505) 242-3333 



E\calibur 

TECHNOLOGIES CORPORATION 



Circle 171 on Inquiry card. 



BYTE January 1983 203 






Arithmetic with a Modulus 

The Rivest-Shamir-Adleman cryp- 
tography system uses arithmetic 
modulo n in encoding, decoding, and 
key selection. Because arithmetic 
modulo n is almost the same as or- 
dinary arithmetic, it is easy to use. 

To add or multiply modulo n, first 
add or multiply in the usual way. Then 
divide the result by n, and use the re- 
mainder for the final answer. For ex- 
ample, in arithmetic modulo 5, 
3 + 4=2, because 3 + 4 is ordinari- 
ly 7, and 7 divided by 5 leaves a re- 
mainder of 2. This equation is usually 
written 

(3 + 4) mod 5 = 2 

where the notation "mod 5" indicates 
that arithmetic modulo 5 is being per- 
formed. Using this notation: 

(4X4) mod 5 = 1 

since 4X4 = 16, and 16 divided by 5 
leaves a remainder of 1 . 

The number n is called the modulus, 
and may be any positive integer. All 
answers in arithmetic modulo n are 
smaller than n, but are never negative. 
For example, when n is 5, every correct 
answer is 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4. If the initial 
result of addition or multiplication is 
less than n, the division step is un- 
necessary. 

When performing a chain of opera- 




tions, such as 



(2X3X4) mod 5 = 4 

the division step may be performed 
after each operation or at the end. The 
answer will be the same. When per- 
forming a chain of multiplications, it is 
best to perform the division step after 
every multiplication to keep the in- 
termediate results from growing larger 
and larger. This is especially important 
where the intermediate results could 
overflow a computer's storage area. 

Several common devices inherently 
perform arithmetic with a modulus. 
For example, most automobile 
odometers use a modulus of 100,000. If 
such an odometer reads 99,987 at the 
start of a 45-mile trip, it will read 32 at 
the destination; in the notation of 
arithmetic modulo H: 

(99987 + 45) mod 100000 = 32 

Computers are easily programmed 
to perform arithmetic modulo n. In 
BASIC, one extra statement is required 
for each arithmetic operation. For ex- 
ample, to calculate (A XB) mod n: 

500 X = A*B 

510 X = X - INT(X/N)*N 

Many interpreters allow placing both 
statements on the same line. INT(X/N) 



is the quotient that would result from 
division ofXby N; INT(X/N)*N is the 
quotient times the divisor; and 
X - INT(X/N) *N is the remainder. 

In this article, an encryption opera- 
tion is described that requires that a 
number be cubed modulo n. This 
BASIC subroutine computes B =(A 3 ) 
mod n: 

500 REM COMPUTE B = (A*A*A) 

MODN 
510 B = A* A 
520 B = B - INT(B/N)*N: 

REM MODN 
530 B = B*A 

REM (A* A)* A 
.540 B = B - INT(B/N)*N: 

REM MOD N 
550 RETURN 

When multiplying integers, the 
number of digits in the result is usually 
the sum of the numbers of digits in the 
operands. If the result has more digits 
than the interpreter uses in its vari- 
ables, the computed result will not be 
exact. Use double-precision variables, 
if they are available. Exact results will 
be obtained if the number of digits in 
the modulus is no more than half the 
number of digits used by the inter- 
preter, and all operands are smaller 
than the modulus, which is usually the 



How to Encrypt 

While the encryption and decryp- 
tion operations are normally per- 
formed by a computer program, I will 
describe them as if you were perform- 
ing them by hand. Normally, the on- 
ly manual operation required is enter- 
ing the message to be encrypted. 

Suppose you wish to encrypt the 
message 

MARY HAD A LITTLE LAMB. 

Once entered into a computer, the 
message will be in numerical form, 
frequently in ASCII (American Stan- 
dard Code for Information Inter- 
change). In ASCII, this message is 

77 65 82 89 32 72 65 68 32 



65 32 76 73 84 84 76 69 32 
76 65 77 66 46 

This is not yet encrypted, of course. It 
is merely written as a computer might 
represent it (all the numbers in this ar- 
ticle are decimal). Group the message 
into blocks with six digits each: 

776582 893272 656832 653276 
738484 766932 766577 664600 

Each block except the last consists of 
three consecutive characters from the 
ASCII representation above. The last 
block consists of the last two charac- 
ters plus two zeros added at the right 
to make the final block as long as the 
rest. Digits added for this purpose 
may have any value. 



Suppose that the encryption key, 
usually called n, is 94815109. This is 
the product of two prime numbers. 
To encrypt the message, treat each 
block as a number, and cube it 
modulo n (see the text box 
'Arithmetic with a Modulus"). For 
example, to encrypt the first block of 
the message: 

(776582 X 776582 X 776582) 
mod 94815109 = 71611947 

Performing the cubing operation on 
all eight blocks produces the crypto- 
gram 

71611947 48484364 03944704 
03741778 61544362 35331577 
88278091 50439554 



204 January 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 




The Well-Tempered Cross-Assembler 



Before Johann Sebastian Bach developed 
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302-734-0151 



Circle 45 on inquiry card. 



BYTE January 1983 205 



Arithmetic modulo n is a fun- 
damental part of the RSA system. It is 
also used in decryption and creating 
keys. Most of us have used arithmetic 
modulo n, although perhaps we 
didn't call it that. For instance, 
arithmetic modulo 12 is frequently 
used in calculations related to keeping 
time. The text box "Arithmetic with a 
Modulus" reviews the mechanics. 

Almost any method may be used to 
convert the text to numbers. It would 
have worked just as well to use A = l, 
B=2, . . . Z = 26, but the ASCII code 
is already in wide use, and it includes 
numbers for spaces and punctuation. 
The block length should be almost 
equal to the key length, because mak- 
ing it long minimizes the number of 
blocks per message. When considered 
as a number, however, no block 
should be as large as the key. For the 
above key, no block should be larger 
than 94815108. Making the block 
length slightly less than the key length 
ensures that this requirement is met. 
Of course, with full-length keys, 
there will be about 100 characters per 
block. 

Listing 1 is a BASIC program that 
uses the above key to encrypt a line of 
text. Two lines of the program (670 
and 680) perform the encryption. The 
rest deal with input, formatting, and 
printing. If desired, the encryption 
key in line 220 may be changed; use a 
key with seven or eight digits, or 
reduce the number of characters per 
block (line 210). 

The programs in listings 1 through 
4 were written for the TRS-80 BASIC 
interpreter, which is capable of 
16-digit precision. They may be 
adapted for use with other inter- 
preters, and I have tried to structure 
and annotate them well enough to 
make them easy to modify. 

How to Decrypt 

Since the RSA system is a public 
key system, the decryption key, 
usually called d, differs from the 
public encryption key. For the above 
encryption key, d is 63196467. Know- 
ing the value of d, you can decrypt 
the message by raising each crypto- 
gram block to the power d, modulo 
n. That is, if a cryptogram block is C, 
you must compute (C d ) mod n. For 



example, to decrypt the first block of 
the above cryptogram: 

(71611947 63196467 ) mod 94815109 = 
776582 

converts this block back to the first 
three ASCII codes of the original 
message. Each of the remaining 
blocks is decrypted in the same way. 
Fortunately, raising a number to a 
large power does not require per- 
forming a comparable number of 
multiplications. One efficient algo- 
rithm is a variation of the "Russian 
Peasant Method" of multiplication 
(see reference 4). It computes 
M = (C) mod n, as follows: 



1. Let M = 1. 

2. If d is odd, let M = (MxC) mod 
n. 

3. Let C = (CXC) mod n. 

4. Let d = integer part of d/2. 

5. If d is not zero, repeat from step 2; 
otherwise, terminate with M as the 
answer. 

To raise a number to the power 
63196467, this algorithm executes its 
loop (steps 2 through 5) 26 times. It is 
employed as a subroutine in the 
BASIC-language decryption program 
of listing 2. Line 200 contains the 
keys, which may be changed, if 
desired. Lines 340 through 380 ex- 
ecute the algorithm. 

Text continued on page 210 



Listing 1: A program in BASIC (TRS-80) to demonstrate the encryption process de- 
scribed in the text. Lines 670-680 perform the encryption. When the program prompts 
you, type the text to be encrypted. The program will then print the text in numerical 
form, followed by the cryptogram. Use uppercase letters only. 



100 
110 
120 
130 
140 
150 
160 
170 
180 
190 
200 
210 
220 
230 
240 
250 
260 
270 
280 
2 90 
300 
310 
320 
330 
340 
350 
360 
370 
380 
390 
400 
410 
420 
430 
440 



ENCRYPT MESSAGES, USING A MINIATURE VERSION OF THE 
RIVEST-SHAMIR-ADLEMAN PUBLIC KEY CRYPTOSYSTEM . 

PROMPT FOR THE MESSAGE TO BE ENCRYPTED, PRINT THE 
NUMERIC FORM OF THE MESSAGE, AND PRINT THE CRYPTOGRAM. 



DEFINE PARAMETERS. 

DEFDBL C,M,N 
DIM M( 100 ) 
CHRS = 3 
N - 94815109 



C, M, AND N HAVE 16 DIGITS 
MESSAGE BLOCKS 
CHARACTERS PER BLOCK 
ENCRYPTION KEY, OR MODULUS 



GET THE MESSAGE FROM THE USER. 



PRINT : M$ - "" 
INPUT "MESSAGE"; M$ 
IF MS = "" THEN END 
PRINT 



MESSAGE FOR ENCRYPTION 
STOP IF NOTHING IS ENTERED 



' ADD ZEROS TO MESSAGE, IF NECESSARY, TO MAKE ITS LENGTH 
' A MULTIPLE OF THREE ( AN EVEN NUMBER OF BLOCKS ) . 

L - LEN( M$ ) ' LENGTH OF MESSAGE 

Q = INT( L/CHRS ) ' NUMBER OF COMPLETE BLOCKS 

R = L - Q * CHRS ' LENGTH OF PARTIAL BLOCK 

IF R > THEN M5 = M$ + CHR$(0) : GOTO 340 ' ADD A ZERO? 

' CONVERT THE MESSAGE TO NUMERIC FORM, AND PRINT IT. 

FOR 1=0 TO Q-l ' I IS THE BLOCK NUMBER 

M( I ) = ' CONVERT BLOCK I TO NUMERIC 

FOR J=l TO CHRS ' FOR EACH CHAR IN BLOCK 

A = ASC(MID5(M$,3*I+J,1)) ' CONVERT TO NUMBER 

Listing 1 continued on page 208 



206 January 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 



Osborne brings you the comparison 
IBM* and Apple don't want you to see. 



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A. The Osborne 1™ includes two built-in 100K byte floppy disk drives. The IBM® and APPLE II® drives provide approximately 160K bytes of 
storage. B. From the IBM Product Center Personal Computer Price Schedule. C. From the Apple Computer Suggested Retail Price List. 
D. The Osborne includes MBASIC® from Microsoft. E. The Osborne includes CBASIC®, a business-oriented BASIC language from Digital 
Research.™ F. The Osborne includes CP/M®, the industry-standard control program from Digital Research. The list of software packages 
which will run with CP/M is considerable. IBM offers CP/M 86 (a version of CP/M) at extra cost. There are optional hardware systems which 
allow the Apple II to run CP/M; the Apple II control program is highly comparable to CP/M. G. The Osborne includes WORDSTAR® word 
processing with MAILMERGE®— products of MicroPro™ International. H. The Osborne includes SUPERCALC™, the electronic spreadsheet 
system from Sorcim Corporation. I. Exact price comparisons cannot be presented, because the software and hardware options chosen to 
create the "equivalent" of the Osborne 1 Personal Business Computer vary in price. The range indicated was computed using price lists 
from IBM and Apple. Documentation of the computations are available on request from Osborne Computer Corporation. Trademarks: 
OSBORNE 1: Osborne Computer Corporation; SUPERCALC: Sorcim Corporation; Digital Research: Digital Research, Inc.; Registered Trade- 
marks: WORDSTAR, MAILMERGE: MicroPro International Corporation of San Rafael, CA; MBASIC: Microsoft; CBASIC, CP/M: Digital Research, 
Inc.; IBM: IBM Corporation; Apple, Apple II: Apple Computer Corporation. 



Circle 308 on inquiry card. 



BYTE January 1983 207 



Circle 384 on Inquiry card. 

StarLogic 

Announces Major 

Savings on 

Tandon Floppy 

Disk Drives 



We're overstocked on Tandon disk 
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Here are the industry-standard drives. Basic 

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TANDON TM100-1 $165.00 

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Apple and Apple II are registered trademarks of Apple Computer. Inc 

IBM and PC are trademarks df IBM Corporation. 

TRS-80 is a registered trademark of Tandy Corporation. 

Prices subiect td change without notice. 

Prices do ndt include shipping charges which will be added td 

MasterCard and Visa billing. 



Listing 1 continued: 



450 
460 
470 
480 
490 
500 
510 
520 
530 
540 
550 
560 
570 
580 
590 
600 
610 
620 
630 
6 40 
650 
660 
670 
680 
690 
700 



M( I ) = M( I ) * 100 
M(I) - M(I)+ A 
NEXT J 
PRINT M( I ) ; 
NEXT I 
PRINT : PRINT 



' SHIFT BLOCK LEFT 
' ADD THE CHARACTER 

PRINT THE BLOCK 
DO THE NEXT BLOCK 



' ENCRYPT THE 


MESSAGE, AND PRINT THE 


CRYPTOGRAM . 




PRINT "CRYPTOGRAM:" 


: PRINT 










FOR 1=0 TO Q-l 




I IS THE BLOCK NUMBER 


M = M( I ) 














GOSUB 670 






ENCRYPT 


THE 


BLOCK 




PRINT C; 






PRINT IT 






NEXT I 






DO THE 


NEXT 


ONE 




PRINT 

1 














GOTO 260 






RUN THE 


PROGRAM AGAIN 


' SUBROUTINE . 


ENCRYPT ONE MESSAGE BLOCK. 






• COMPUTE C = 


(M-3) 


MOD N. 










C = M * M : C 


= C - 


INT( C/N ) 


* N 


(M * M) MOD 


N 


C = C * M : C 


= C - 


INT( C/N ) 


* N 


(M * M * M) 


MOD N 


RETURN 















Listing 2: A program in BASIC (TRS-80) to demonstrate the decryption process de- 
scribed in the text. Lines 340-390 decrypt one block of a cryptogram by raising it to a 
power. The program asks for a cryptogram block to be decrypted. Several seconds 
later, it prints the decrypted characters in ASCII. If you enter 0, the program will ter- 
minate. 



100 
110 
120 
130 
140 
150 
160 
170 
180 
190 
200 
210 
220 
230 
240 
250 
260 
270 
280 
290 
300 
310 
320 
330 



DECRYPT MESSAGES, USING A MINIATURE VERSION OF THE 
RIVEST-SHAMIR-ADLEMAN PUBLIC KEY CRYPTOSYSTEM . 

PROMPT FOR THE CRYPTOGRAM BLOCK TO BE DECRYPTED, AND 
DECRYPT AND PRINT THE MESSAGE BLOCK, IN NUMERIC FORM. 



• DEFINE PARAMETERS. 

DEFDBL C,D,M,N 

N = 94815109 : D = 63196467 



DOUBLE PRECISION 
KEYS 



' MAIN PROGRAM LOOP. 

INPUT "CRYPTOGRAM BLOCK"; C 
IF C = THEN END 
GOSUB 340 
PRINT M 
GOTO 240 



USER ENTRY 
STOP IF NO ENTRY 
DECRYPT BLOCK 
MESSAGE BLOCK 
REPEAT 



SUBROUTINE. DECRYPT C, CRYPTOGRAM BLOCK. 

COMPUTE M = (C A D) MOD N. USE MODIFIED RUSSIAN PEASANT 

ALGORITHM (BYTE, OCTOBER 1981, PAGE 376). 

Listing 2 continued on page 210 



208 January 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 



Circle 499 on inquiry card. 



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Listing 2 continued: 

340 Dl - D : M - 1 

350 IF Dl/2 = INT(Dl/2) GOTO 370 

360 M = M * C : M=M- INT(M/N) * N 

370 C=C*C : C=C- INT(C/N) * N 

380 Dl = INT(Dl/2) : IF Dl > GOTO 350 

390 RETURN 



IF Dl IS EVEN, SKIP 
M = (M * C) MOD N 
C = (C * C) MOD N 



How to Derive Keys 

Earlier, I said that it is feasible to 
derive a pair of keys, n and d, for en- 
cryption and decryption, but not 
feasible to calculate d from n. That 
seems incredible, but experts believe 
it is true when n and d are constructed 
in the following way. 

The encryption key, n, is the prod- 
uct of two large prime numbers, p 
and q: 



pq 



(1) 



The decryption key, d, is calculated 
from p and q by 

d = [ 2(p-l)(q-l) + 1 1/3 (2) 

Although n is made public, p and q 
remain secret. If n is sufficiently 
large, say 200 digits, it is practically 
impossible for anyone to factor it and 
discover the values of p and q; and 
without knowing p and q, it is equal- 
ly difficult to compute d. 

For the encryption and decryption 
examples given earlier, the keys were 
constructed as follows: 



prime number, 
prime number, 
encryption key, 



p = 7151 
q = 13259 
n = 7151X13259 
= 94815109 
decryption key, d = (2X7150X 
13258 + l)/3 
= 63196467 

Because p and q may have 100 or 
more digits in an operational RSA 
system, their selection requires com- 
puter assistance. The following three 
restrictions apply to how they should 
be chosen. First, neither p — 1 nor 
q — 1 must be divisible by 3, or the 
decryption operation will not work 
correctly. Second, p—1 and q — 1 



should both contain at least one large 
prime factor. Third, the ratio p/q 
should not approximate a simple frac- 
tion, e.g., Vi, Vi, etc. These last two 
restrictions help ensure that n will be 
difficult to factor. Donald Knuth, in 
the second edition of his book (see 
reference 3), gives a detailed pro- 
cedure for selecting p and q, which 
ensures that these restrictions are 
met. While the procedure described is 
for constructing 250-digit keys, it is 
applicable to other key lengths. 

Enough keys are available for 
everyone. The number of 250-digit 
keys constructible with Knuth's pro- 
cedure is much greater than 10 200 . For 
comparison, the number of atoms in 
the known universe is about 10 80 . 

To create a different pair of seven- 
or eight-digit keys, find primes p and 
q such that neither p — 1 nor q — 1 is 
divisible by 3, and the product n = pq 
is a seven- or eight-digit number. 
Then calculate d from formula (2). 
Divisibility by 3 is easily checked by 
casting out 3s, and the BASIC pro- 
grams described below are helpful in 
finding prime numbers. 

How to Find Large 
Prime Numbers 

To find a large prime number, 
select a random odd number of the re- 
quired size and determine whether it 
is prime. If it is not, increase it (or 
decrease it) by 2 and try again, 
repeating until finding a prime. It is 
not necessary, however, to attempt to 
factor a number to determine whether 
it is prime. 

To test whether a number n is 
prime, select any number greater than 
1 and smaller than n, say x, and 
calculate 

y = (x"~ l ) mod n 



210 January 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 



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Circle 307 on inquiry card. 



BYTE January 1983 211 



If y is not equal to 1, n is not prime. 
But if y = 1, h may be prime, and 
further testing is required. Repeat the 
test using another value of x. If this 
test is performed with many different 
values of x, and if y = 1 for all the 
test cases, n is probably prime. 
Listing 3 is a BASIC program that 
uses 10 values of x to test a number 
for primality. If the program says the 
number is not prime, it is not prime. 
But if the program says the number is 
probably prime, there is a small 
chance that it is not. 

What is the probability that this 
program will make an error? I don't 
know, but it illustrates a class of pro- 
grams, some of which are very good. 
Knuth (reference 3, page 375) 
presents one that is slightly more 
complicated, for which the odds 
against an error are a million to one 
when 10 values of x are used for 
testing, and are a million million to 
one when 20 values are used. For 
serious work I would use the more 
complicated program, but the one 
presented here illustrates the process 
of testing without factoring — and it 
doesn't seem bad. It has not made an 
error in several hundred trials. 

Listing 4 is a BASIC program that 
searches for a prime number using the 
same test method as the previous pro- 
gram. The program will begin with 
the number you enter and search 
downward until it finds a probable 
prime, which it will identify. If you 
enter 99999999, it will find the largest 
eight-digit prime. This program helps 
to find primes for constructing small 
keys like the ones above. 

One-Way Functions 
and Trap-Doors 

Public key cryptosystems derive 
their unusual properties from mathe- 
matical functions called trap-door 
one-way functions, which are useful 
because they can act as ordinary 
functions or as one-way functions. 

One-way functions are like one- 
way streets. The ordinary cube func- 
tion, B = A 3 , resembles a one-way 
function in that it is easier to calculate 
B, given A, than it is to calculate A, 
given B. The latter calculation, the 
cube-root function, is called the in- 
verse of the cube function. The in- 



Listing 3: A program in BASIC (TRS-80) to test whether a number is prime. This pro- 
gram demonstrates a primality test that does not attempt to factor the number being 
tested. For very large numbers, it is much faster than factoring. 



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TEST WHETHER A NUMBER IS PRIME. 

USE PROBABILISTIC TEST BASED ON FERMAT ' S THEOREM. 

SEE KNUTH, "SEMI NUMERICAL ALGORITHMS". 

PROMPT FOR NUMBER, TEST IT, AND PRONOUNCE VERDICT. 



DEFINE PARAMETERS. 

DEFDBL N,P,X,Y 
K = 10 



DOUBLE PRECISION 
NUMBER OF TEST CASES 



GET A NUMBER TO BE TESTED. CHECK THE SIZE. 



PRINT 

INPUT "NUMBER"; N 

IF N < 3 THEN END 

IF N > 99999999 THEN PRINT "TOO BIG" 



GET A NUMBER TO TEST 
GOTO 2 40 



' DETERMINE WHETHER N IS PRIME. 

PRINT "TEST NUMBER: "; 

FOR 1=1 TO K ■ TEST CASES 

X = 2 + INT( (N-2 )*RND(0) ) ' TEST VALUE 

PRINT X; 

GOSUB 490 ' PERFORM TEST 

IF Y <> 1 GOTO 380 ' NOT PRIME? 

NEXT I 
PRINT : PRINT ' NOT PRIME IF Y <> 1 

' PRINT THE VERDICT. 

IF Y = 1 THEN PRINT N; "IS PROBABLY PRIME." 
IF Y <> 1 THEN PRINT N; "IS NOT PRIME." 









GOTO 240 



• RUN THE PROGRAM AGAIN 



SUBROUTINE. COMPUTE Y = [X"(N-1)] MOD N. 






Y = 1 : P = N-l • 

IF P/2 = INT(P/2) GOTO 520 

Y = Y*X:Y = Y- INT( Y/N ) * N 
X=X*X:X=X- INT(X/N) * N 
P = INT(P/2) : IF P > GOTO 500 
RETURN 



IF P IS EVEN, SKIP 
(Y * X) MOD N 
(X * X) MOD N 



verse of an automobile would convert 
smog to gasoline. A mathematical 
function is said to be one-way if it is 
much more difficult to compute the 
inverse than to compute the function 
itself. To qualify as a one-way func- 
tion, the inverse must be very dif- 
ficult to compute, even by machine. 



A function that could be computed in 
a few seconds, for which computing 
an inverse required thousands of 
years, would fit the definition. 

To create a public key cryptosys- 
tem, a trap-door one-way function is 
used. It is easy to compute an inverse 
of a trap-door one-way function, but 



212 January 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 





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Circle 378 on inquiry card. 



BYTE January 1983 213 



it can be very difficult to determine 
how. Computing an inverse can take 
millions of years because finding out 
how to do it can take that long. If the 
method is known, computing an in- 
verse may take only a few seconds. 
This is a completely different situa- 
tion than that created by a one-way 
function, for which there is no easy 
way to compute an inverse. When a 
trap-door one-way function is being 
constructed, the person constructing 
it has access to information, called 
trap-door information, that reveals 
how to compute inverses. Once the 
function is constructed, the trap-door 
information is hidden so well that it 
can take millions of years to find. 

The Knuth modification of the 
RSA system encryption function, 
cubing a number modulo n, is a trap- 
door one-way function. Its inverse 
function is the cube root modulo n. In 
arithmetic modulo n, "cube root" is 
defined as in ordinary arithmetic: if B 
is the cube of A, then A is the cube 
root of B. Notice that this definition 
does not say how to compute cube 
roots (in either kind of arithmetic). If 
you know how to compute cube roots 
modulo n, you know how to decrypt 
messages. In modulo n arithmetic, the 
cube root of B is computed by raising 
B to some power d, modulo n. But 
knowing this doesn't help unless you 
know the value of d. And d can be 
computed by formula (2) if n has two 
factors (p and q), and p— 1 and q — 1 
are not divisible by 3. If you con- 
struct the modulus, n, you know p 
and q, and can therefore calculate the 
value of d. Knowing d, you can com- 
pute cube roots; in other words, 
decrypt cryptograms. The values of p 
and q are hidden from other people 
by the difficulty of factoring n. They 
are deprived of the value of d, and 
therefore cannot compute cube roots. 
Hence, they cannot decrypt crypto- 
grams created by cubing modulo n. In 
the RSA system, the value of d is the 
trap-door information that reveals 
how to compute inverses (cube 
roots). You might think of p and q as 
comprising a trap-door through 
which the value of d is obtained. Fac- 
toring n is analogous to finding the 
trap-door, but it is very difficult to 
do. 



Listing 4: A program in BASIC (TRS-80) that searches for a prime number. It illustrates 
the search technique and may be used to help construct small keys for the public key 
cryptosystem described in the text. Enter any number of eight digits or fewer, and the 
program will find a prime number that does not exceed the number entered. 



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' FIND A PRIME NUMBER NO LARGER THAN THE NUMBER ENTERED. 
' USE PROBABILISTIC TEST BASED ON FERMAT ' S THEOREM. 
' SEE KNUTH, "SEMI NUMERICAL ALGORITHMS". 



' DEFINE PARAMETERS. 

DEFDBL N,P,X,Y 
K = 10 



DOUBLE PRECISION 
NUMBER OF TEST CASES 



' GET A NUMBER TO BE TESTED. CHECK THE SIZE. 

I 

PRINT 

INPUT "NUMBER" ; N ' GET A NUMBER TO TEST 

IF N < 3 THEN END " STOP IF SMALL NUMBER 

IF N > 99999999 THEN PRINT "TOO BIG" : GOTO 220 

I _____ _____ 

' DETERMINE WHETHER THE NUMBER ENTERED IS EVEN. 
• IF SO, SUBTRACT ONE. 



IF N/2 = INT(N/2) THEN N = N - 1 



PRINT N, THEN DETERMINE WHETHER IT IS PRIME. 



PRINT N; 
FOR 1=1 TO K 

X = 2 + INT( ( N-2 ) *RND( ) ) 

GOSUB 520 

IF Y <> 1 GOTO 400 
NEXT I 
REM 



' TEST CASES 
' TEST VALUE 
• PERFORM TEST 
■ NOT PRIME? 



' IF N IS PRIME, TERMINATE THE PROGRAM. OTHERWISE, 
' DECREASE IT BY TWO, AND TRY AGAIN. 

IF Y - 1 THEN PRINT "IS PROBABLY PRIME." : END 
PRINT "NO." : N = N - 2 : GOTO 340 



GOTO 220 



RUN THE PROGRAM AGAIN 



~ 



SUBROUTINE. COMPUTE Y = [X~(N-1)] MOD N. 



Y = 1 : P = N-l 

IF P/2 = INT(P/2) GOTO 550 

Y = Y*X : Y = Y- INT( Y/N ) * N 
X=X*X : X=X- INT(X/N) * N 
P = INT(P/2) : IF P > GOTO 530 
RETURN 



IF P IS EVEN, SKIP 
(Y * X) MOD N 
(X * X) MOD N 



Other trap-door one-way functions 
undoubtedly exist, and these could be 
the foundations for other public key 
cryptosy stems. For each of these 



systems, the same principles would 
apply. The creator of the system 
parameters would have access to cer- 
tain trap-door information, which 



214 January 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 




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Editor's Note: Recently, a software 
product became available that allows 
Z80 system owners to take advantage 
of the benefits offered by public key 
cryptography in their private cor- 
respondence. Called The Protector 
(from Standard Software of Randolph, 
Massachusetts; list price: $165), the 
new system uses a 77-digit key. On a 
4-MHz Z80 microcomputer running 
under the CP/M operating system, 
message encryption and decryption 
take about one minute plus the 
necessary disk access time. The time 
needed to generate the encryption and 
decryption keys ranges from 15 
minutes to 4 hours. The memory re- 



quirement is 38K bytes. 

Although the 77-digit key is much 
shorter than the 200-digit key pro- 
posed for the full-size Rivest-Shamir- 
Adleman system, the key may be more 
than adequate for most applications. 
The author of the system, Charles 
Merritt of PKS Inc., has received 
estimates of the time needed to break 
the system ranging from three uninter- 
rupted days on a Cray-1 to one year. 

When asked about the people who 
were using the system, Mr. Merritt 
replied that he had not heard from any 
of them. Apparently, they also want to 
keep their identities secret. . . .R. M. 



would reveal how to compute in- 
verses. For everyone else, the trap- 
door would be hidden, and for them 
the encryption function would be, in 
effect, a one-way function. 

Is the RSA System Unbreakable? 

Successfully analyzing a cryptosys- 
tem, and being able to read its crypto- 
grams without authorization, is 
called breaking the system. Theoreti- 
cally, the RSA system can be broken 
by a determined analyst. Factoring 
the encryption key, or modulus, 
would do the trick, for then the 
decryption key could be easily 
calculated from formula (2), after 
which any message could easily be 
decrypted. However, factoring a key 
of the recommended length and con- 
struction does not seem feasible. 
Knuth gives a procedure for con- 
structing a 250-digit key and con- 
siders it inconceivable at this time 
that such a key could be factored. Ex- 
perts acknowledge that a break- 
through in the art of factoring large 
numbers would render the RSA sys- 
tem worthless but consider such a 
breakthrough extremely unlikely. 
Apparently, factoring large numbers 
is not a new problem, but one that ex- 
pert mathematicians have attacked 
for centuries, and it is known to be 
very difficult. 

Another way to break the system is 
to determine the value of d without 
factoring n. Although you can ap- 
proach this problem in several ways, 



experts believe that none of them are 
likely to be fruitful. 

Yet another method of breaking the 
system is to learn how to compute 
cube roots modulo n without know- 
ing the value of d. Less seems to be 
known about the difficulty of doing 
this than is known about the difficul- 
ty of factoring n. At this time, no one 
knows how to compute such cube 
roots in a reasonable time without 
knowing d. 

Any new cryptosystem should be 
viewed with suspicion. The accepted 
method of demonstrating the ade- 
quacy of a new system is to subject it 
to prolonged, concerted attack by 
people with experience in breaking 
other systems. If the new system 
proves resistant to such an attack, it 
may tentatively be considered secure. 
The process of validation is continu- 
ing, but a fairly large number of 
preliminary studies done so far in- 
dicate that the system is quite secure. 

Digital Signatures 

Very closely related to public key 
cryptography is the concept of digital 
signatures. One problem with cor- 
responding electronically, such as via 
a computer network, is that messages 
can be easily forged — you usually 
cannot be certain that the sender of a 
received message is actually the per- 
son claimed in the message. A public 
key cryptosystem, however, can be 
used to provide positive identification 
of any sender who has a public key 



216 January 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 




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Late Developments 

Ron Rivest, one of the authors of the 
RSA public key cryptosystem, reports 
that it is presently finding commercial 
application in the transmission of keys 
for the U. S. Data Encryption Stan- 
dard, a conventional system that can 
process information at a much faster 
rate. He and the other authors of the 
system are now at work producing a 
single-chip implementation of the 
system that can be used on a micro- 
processor bus, which should be able to 
process about 150 characters per sec- 
ond. 



In a related item, Adi Shamir, 
another of the RSA authors, claims to 
have broken a rival public key system 
called the Knapsack System. Shamir's 
report, however, remains to be inter- 
preted, and some variations of the 
Knapsack technique may still be 
usable. This system, developed by 
Ralph Merkle and Martin Hellman, is 
based on a well-known problem of 
determining which numbers of a given 
set of numbers were added together to 
produce a given sum. 



on record. If, for example, Mary has 
filed a public key in some public ac- 
cess file, she can digitally sign a 
message to you by decrypting it with 
her private key before transmitting it. 
After receiving the message, you (or 
anyone else) can read the message by 
encrypting it with Mary's public en- 
cryption key. The process is essential- 
ly the reverse of the cryptosystem: 
the message is first decrypted and 
then encrypted, and anyone can 
reveal the message, but only Mary 
with her secret decryption key can 
create it. 

In addition, messages using digital 
signatures can be subsequently en- 
crypted with another key. After 
Mary decrypts her message to you 
with her secret decryption key, she 
can then encrypt it with your public 
encryption key. The result is a 
message that only Mary could have 
created, and only you can read! 



Messages with digital signatures 
have other interesting and useful 
properties and may be used to ad- 
vantage with other (non-PKC) cryp- 
tosystems. These properties and ap- 
plications might easily justify an arti- 
cle on digital signatures alone. 

Summary 

This article has described the prin- 
ciples of public key cryptosystems. 
One example has been given, the 
Rivest-Shamir-Adleman system. We 
have seen how keys are constructed 
and used, and have at our disposal 
four BASIC programs for further ex- 
perimentation. These programs may 
also be useful as models for assembly- 
language programs that could manip- 
ulate larger numbers and run faster. 
We have seen that the RSA crypto- 
system provides public keys in more 
than astronomical quantities and 
that it is believed to be unbreakable. 



Several questions come to mind: Is 
a personal computer powerful 
enough to run a full-size RSA system? 
How long would a small computer 
take to construct a 200-digit key? Or 
even a 100-digit key? How long 
would it take to decrypt a medium- 
length message? 

Regardless of the answers to these 
questions, the prospects are good for 
using public key systems with small 
computers. New computer models 
appear almost monthly, and their 
performance is improving rapidly. 
The theoretical work that gave birth 
to the RSA system is also proceeding 
at a rapid pace, and we can expect 
new and different public key systems 
to result from that work. Some of 
these may be suitable, perhaps even 
optimized, for small machines, and 
the prospects are exciting. ■ 



References 

Diffie, W. "Privacy and Authentication: An 
Introduction to Cryptography." Pro- 
ceedings of the IEEE, Vol. 67, March 
1979, pages 397-427. 
Diffie, W. and M. E. Hellman. "New Direc- 
tions in Cryptography." IEEE Transactions 
on Information Theory, Vol. IT-22, No. 6, 
November 1976, page 644. 
Knuth, Donald E. The Art of Computer Pro- 
gramming: Semi-Numerical Algorithms, 
Volume 2, 2nd ed. Reading, MA: Addison- 
Wesley, 1981, 

Nyberg, Jostein. "A Fast, Ancient Method 
for Multiplication." BYTE, October 1981, 
page 376. 

Rivest, R. L, A. Shamir, and L. Adleman. 
"A Method for Obtaining Digital 
Signatures and Public Key Cryp- 
tosystems." Communications of the 
Association for Computing Machinery, 
Vol. 21, No. 2, February 1978, page 120. 



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218 January 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 



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DBM Data Base Management w/report 196 

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System Notes 



Exploring 
the Commodore VIC-20 



Joel Swank 
12550 SW Colony #3 
Beaverton, OR 97005 



I was excited when I first obtained my Commodore 
VIC-20, and I spent several contented days playing with 
the new system. I soon realized, though, that it was 
capable of much more than simple games, so I decided to 
explore further. The nontechnical users manual offered 
little help; I would have to do my exploring on my own. 
Moreover, because the VIC has only CBM BASIC, deter- 
mining its internal workings would be difficult. 

The first step in unraveling the mysteries of the VIC is 
to find the location of the system functions (memory, in- 
put/output ports, and programs) in the memory space of 



RUN1 Hexadecimal dump of memory. Enter the starting and 
ending addresses when prompted. Memory is dumped 
4 bytes per line. 

RUN2 ASCII dump of memory. Enter the starting and ending 
addresses when prompted. Memory is displayed in 
ASCII, 8 bytes per line. 

RUN3 Hexadecimal to decimal conversion. Enter the hexa- 
decimal number; the decimal equivalent will be 
displayed. 

RUN4 Decimal to hexadecimal conversion. Enter the 

decimal number; the hexadecimal equivalent will be 
displayed. 

RUN5 Hexadecimal to binary conversion. Enter a hexa- 
decimal number up to four digits long; the binary 
equivalent will be displayed. 

RUN6 Jump to machine-language program. Enter the ad- 
dress of the program in hexadecimal. The SYS com- 
mand is used to execute the program. 

RUN7 Hexadecimal POKE. Enter the starting address in 

hexadecimal and then each byte in hexadecimal after 
its address is displayed. Type END to stop. 

Table 1: Memory Utility Program functions. When you enter 
the commands RUN1, RUN2, etc., the program will perform 
the corresponding functions. 



its 6502 microprocessor. All documentation for the 6502 
processor uses hexadecimal numbers to describe its fea- 
tures, but the VIC's BASIC uses decimal numbers only. 
Working with the 6502 requires using hexadecimal 
numbers. To solve this problem I wrote the VIC Memory 
Utility Program, a BASIC program that emulates a few of 
the capabilities of a monitor program (see listing 1). It has 
seven functions executed by typing RUNl, RUN2, RUN3, 
etc. (see table 1). The utility program allows you to dis- 
play memory in hexadecimal and ASCII (American Stan- 
dard Code for Information Interchange), alter memory in 
hexadecimal, convert hexadecimal to decimal and 
decimal to hexadecimal, convert hexadecimal to binary, 
and execute a machine-language program. The base con- 
version of numbers can be of great help to those un- 
familiar with hexadecimal and binary notations. Using 
the utility program, I was able to learn a great deal about 
the VIC's functions. 

Memory Locations 

Some of the locations of the VIC's functions are given 
in the users manual in decimal numbers. Using these as a 
start, I soon had mapped the entire 64K-byte memory 
space (see figure 1). The lower half of the address space is 
reserved for RAM (random-access read/write memory), 
while the upper half is for ROM (read-only memory) and 
I/O (input/output). The control program for the VIC is 
stored in ROM, and BASIC programs are stored in RAM. 
Some of the things that I found while exploring the VIC 
are described in the following paragraphs. All addresses 
are given in both hexadecimal and decimal. Hexadecimal 
numbers are preceded by a dollar sign ($); decimal 
numbers are in parentheses. 

The patterns for the VIC's character sets are contained 



222 January 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 



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Circle 49 for literature. 

Circle 50 to have representative call. 



Listing 1: Memory Utility Program. This operates much like a monitor program, enabling you to examine and modify the VIC-20's 
memory. 



e REM 

1 SOT 

2 SOT 

3 SOT 

4 GOT 

5 SOT 
S GOT 
7 SOT 

10 re 
lee p 

150 ' 
200 ' 

see 

4»e i 

450 

see : 
see i 

1600 

lies 

1200 
1300 
140S 
190B 
2000 
2100 
2990 
3000 
3220 
3230 
3300 
3320 
3330 
3500 
3990 
4000 
4030 
4050 
410© 
4150 
4200 
4300 
4400 
4500 
4600 
4700 
5©00 
5100 
5200 
5300 
5400 
5500 
5900 
6800 
6100 
6200 
6300 
6400 
6500 



VIC MEMORY 
100 

O4S00 

O10000 

O 1 100 

O 6 Ei 

000 

oi2eee 

M 

R INT "HE! 



UTILITV 
HEX DUMP 
ASC I I DUMP 
HEM TO DECIMAL 
DECIMAL TO HEX 
HEX TO BINARV 
JUMP TO SUBROUTINE 
HEX POKE 



DUMP" 
OSUB200e 
OSUB 3000 
= 1 

OR I=SSTOEN 
F..T= 1 THE NGO SUBS 000 
K=PEEK f I ) 
OSUB 9600 
PR INT" " ; 

J=J+1IF JC5 THEN1390 
PR INT : J=l 
NEXT 
END 

REM SETUP SUB 
HEX*="0123456789ABCDEF 
RETURN 

REM INPUT START 
INPUT "ENTER 
B00 



AND END 
START" ;S* 
IFTTC0THEN 3000 



"ENTER END" ; S* 

7000 : IFTT<6THEN33ee 



DUMP" 



SOSUB 
SS=TT 
INPUT 
GOSUB 
EN=TT 
RETURN 
REM 

PR INT"ASCI I 
SOSUB 3B88 
J=l SOSUB 2000 
FOR I=SS TO EN 
IF JrlTHENSOSUB 8000 
X = PEEK C I> 
IFX>191THENX=32 
PR INTCHRt <X> ; 
J=J+1 : IFJ=9THEN J=l 
NEXT 
END 

PRINT"JUMP TO ML 
SOSUB2000 
INPUT"ENTER 'TO ' 
GOSUB 7000 
SVS < TT> 
END 
REM 

PR I NT" HEX TO BINARY 
INPUT "ENTER HE 
IF LEN<S*)>4 
GOSUB 7000 : 
M=2tl5 ! J=0 
FOR I=1T016 



PR INT 



PROGRAM 
ADDRESS 



IFTT<0 THEN 



S* 
GOTO5200 



. S* 
THENGOSUB 7756 
IFTT<0THEN6100 



SOTO6100 



6600 
6700 
6800 
6900 
7000 
7050 
7100 
7150 
7200 
7250 
7300 
7350 
7400 
7450 
7500 
7550 
7600 
7650 
7700 
7750 
7800 
7900 
3000 
8100 
8200 
8300 
8400 

9500 

9600 

9700 

9800 

9900 

9950 

9960 

18000 

18130 

10200 

10300 

10400 

10900 

11000 
11100 

11150 
11200 
11300 
11400 
11500 
12888 
12180 
12200 
12300 
12400 
12580 
126 00 
12780 
12750 
12800 
12900 
READ 



J = J 

IF 

PR I 

M = M 

REM 

TT = 

T* 

IFT 

IFT 

J = V 

SOT 

FOR 

IFT 

NEX 

J = J 

TT = 

NEX 

RET 

TT = 

PR I 

RET 

REM 

x:< 

GOS 

XK 

GOS 

PR I 

RET 

REM 

vx 

■2.V. 
Tl* 
T2$ 
PR I 
RET 
PR 

IN 
GO 
PR 
EN 
RE 
PR 

IN 
SO 
PR 
GO 
GO 
EN 
PR 
SO 

IN 
GO 
AD 

1 = 

IF 
SO 

IF 
PO 
til' 



: IFJ 
-M> = 

"0" ; 

: NEX 
ONVE 
FOR 
D* C.S 
"0"T 
"9"T 
< T*> 
7550 
1T06 
MID$ 
GOT 



=5THENJ=1 : PR INT" "; 
0THENPRINT"1"; : TT=TT-M : SOT06 

T :END 

RT HEX TO DECIMAL SUB 

L=1T0 LEN<S») 

* ,L , 1> 

HEN 7700 

HEN7358 



< "ABCDEF" ,J,t) THEN7500 
O7700 



INVALID HEX H " 
N 

RINT I AS 4 HEX DIGITS 
T C I/256> 

9600 
TU-INK 1/256::' *256) 

9600 

N 

RINT XX AS 2 HEX DIGITS 

T <XX.-"16> 

-VX*16 

ID* (HEX* , V/S + l , 1> 

ID*(HEX* , zy.+l , 1> 

Tl* ; T2* ; 

N 

T"HEX TO DECIMAL" 

T "ENTER HEX" ; S* 

B 7000 : IFTT<0THEN10100 

TS* ; "=" ; TT 



DECIMAL TO HEX 
NT"DECIMAL TO HEX" 
UT "ENTER DECIMAL"; I 
UB2000 
NT I ; " = " ; 
UB2000 
UB 8088 



NT"HEX POKE" 

UB2000 

UT"ENTER START ADDRESS". S* 

UE7000 : IFTT<0THEN12280 

= TT 

DD : GOSIJB8008 : INPUTS* 

*=" END "THEN END 
SUB7000 IF TT<0THEN12500 
TT>255THENGOSUB7750 : GOTO12508 
KEADD , T T 
D = ADD + 1 : GO TO 12580 



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HEXADECIMAL DECIMAL 




400 



1000 



1E0O 



2000 



8000 



9000 



AOOO 



COOO 



FFFF 



1024 



4096 



7680 



8192 



32768 



36864 



40960 



49152 



66535 



IK BYTES OF RAM 



3K BYTES RAM EXPANSION 



4K BYTES OF RAM 



SCREEN BUFFER 



24K BYTES RAM EXPANSION 



CHARACTER SET PATTERNS 



INPUT/OUTPUT PORTS 



8K BYTES ROM EXPANSION 
(PR06RAM CARTRIDGE) 



16K BYTES VIC CONTROL PROGRAM 
AND CBM BASIC IN ROM 



Figure 1: The V1C-20 memory map shows the organization of 
the VIC's memory with starting addresses in both decimal and 
hexadecimal for each block. 



TV controller 

Horizontal position control 
Vertical position control 
Character set selection 
Sound control 
Screen/border color control 
First 6522 VIA; controls user 
port, joysticks, and light pen 
Second 6522 VIA; controls 
keyboard, printer, disk, and 
tape 



Table 2: Input and output addresses. The values at these 
memory locations control the video and sound output as 
well as the input and output from the keyboard and 
peripherals. 



$9000-$900F 


(36864-36879) 


$9000 


(36864) 


$9001 


(36865) 


$9005 


(36869) 


$900A-$900E 


(36874-36878) 


$900F 


(36879) 


$9110-$911F 


(37136-37151) 


$9120-$912F 


(37152-37167) 



in a 4K-byte ROM located at $8000 (32768). The pattern 
for each character requires 8 bytes of data. The bits of the 
first byte determine which dots of the top row of the 
character will be on, the second byte does the same for 
the second row, and so on. The order of the character 
patterns in the ROM is the same as the order in the table 
on page 141 of the users manual. There are actually four 
separate character sets contained in this ROM, each tak- 
ing IK bytes for the patterns of the 128 characters per set. 
The first set, located at $8000 (32768), is the standard 
VIC character set. The next, at $8400 (33792), is the 



reverse standard character set. At $8800 (34816) is the 
VIC alternate character set that includes lowercase letters 
in place of graphics. At $8C00 (35840) is the reverse of 
the alternate character set. The byte at $9005 (36869) 
determines which of these character sets is used. When 
the VIC is powered on, this location is set to F0 hexadeci- 
mal, which selects the standard character set. When the 
shift and Commodore keys are pressed together, the 
value in $9005 (36869) is changed to F2 hexadecimal. This 
selects the alternate character set at $8800 (34816). Press- 
ing the shift and Commodore keys a second time changes 
back to the standard set. The value in location 36869 can 
also be changed from the keyboard with a POKE com- 
mand or even from a BASIC program. 

The integrated circuit of the VIC's TV controller uses 
the value in location 36869 to determine which character 
set is currently in use. It always assumes that the reverse 
character set immediately follows the selected one in 
memory and uses that reverse character set to blink the 
cursor. The cursor flashes between the character and its 
counterpart in the succeeding character set. Location 
36869 can also be used to select other character sets. For 
instance, storing Fl hexadecimal in 36869 selects the 
reverse character set at $8400 (33792). This makes all nor- 
mal characters on the screen reverse. Because the TV con- 
troller selects the immediately following character set for 
reverse characters, the alternate character set at $8800 
becomes the reverse in this mode. That means that the 
cursor blinks between reversed uppercase and normal 
lowercase characters. 

The value of the byte at $9005 (36869) can select still 
more character sets. If FC hexadecimal is stored there, the 
RAM starting at $1000 (4096) is used for the character 
patterns. This allows you to design your own character 
sets. Character sets at $1400 (5120), $1800 (6144), and 
$1C00 (7168) can also be selected with values FD, FE, and 
FF hexadecimal respectively. In fact, the 4K-byte block of 
RAM at $1000 (4096) will completely replace the ROM at 
$8000 (32768), and all features mentioned above will 
work for the user-designed character sets. Of course, on 
the standard VIC this RAM area is used for the BASIC 
program buffer and therefore cannot be used entirely for 
your own character sets. Also, the screen buffer takes the 
top 512 bytes of this area. 

Input/Output 

The entire area from $9000 (36864) to $9FFF (40959) is 
reserved for I/O (see table 2). Locations $9000 (36864) to 
$900F (36879) are for the TV controller. The character 
sets, screen and border color selections, and sound con- 
trols are all located here. Locations $9000 (36864) and 
$9001 (36865) control the horizontal and vertical position 
of the VIC's screen within the border. I sometimes use my 
VIC with an ancient black-and-white television. Because 
the corners of the screen are rounded on this set, each 
corner of the VIC's display loses three characters off the 
edge of the screen. To circumvent this, I store an 8 
(instead of the normal 5) in location $9000 (36864). This 



226 January 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 



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BYTE January 1983 227 





Pointer for POKE and SYS commands 

Address of start of BASIC memory 

Address of start of BASIC variables 

Address of start of BASIC arrays 

Address of end of BASIC arrays 

Address of bottom of BASIC strings 

Address of end of BASIC memory 

Subroutine to load next BASIC text 

character 

Time of day clock in 60ths of a second 

since midnight 

Data pointer for SAVE and LOAD 

Tape buffer pointer 

Length of file name for SAVE, LOAD, 

and OPEN 

Device code 

File name pointer for SAVE, LOAD, and 

OPEN 

Current key down (if any) 

Key-input stack pointer 

Current cursor position in screen buffer 

Current cursor position in color buffer 



Table 3: Page memory locations. These addresses show the 
locations of the various functions of the VIC's operating 
system. 



$14 


(20) 


$2B,$2C (43,44) 


$2D,$2E 


(45,46) 


$2F,$30 


(47,48) 


$31, $32 


(49,50) 


$33,$34 


(51,52) 


$37, $38 


(55,56) 


$73 


(115) 


$A0-$A2 (160-162) 


$AE,$AF (174,175) 


$B2,$B3 


(178,179) 


$B7 


(183) 


$BA 


(186) 


$BB,$BC (187,188) 


$C5 


(197) 


$C6 


(198) 


$D1,$D2 (209,210) 


$F3,$F4 


(243,244) 



$200-$258 (512-600) 

$277-$27F (631-639) 

$286 (646) 

$28D (653) 

$300-$332 (768-818) 

$30C-$30F (780-783) 



Line input buffer 

Key-input stack 

Current color 

Shift-key-down flag (if any) 

User exit vectors 

Processor register save area for SYS 



$33C-$3FB (828-1019) Tape buffer 

Table 4: Page 2 and 3 memory locations. The VIC uses these 
addresses as a scratch-pad memory for the operating system. 



$300 


(768) 


BASIC error routine 


$302 


(770) 


BASIC warm start 


$304 


(772) 


Keyword-to-token conversion 


$306 


(774) 


LIST command 


$314 


(788) 


IRQ processor interrupt 


$316 


(790) 


BRK processor interrupt 


$318 


(792) 


NMI processor interrupt 


$31A 


(794) 


OPEN command 


$31C 


(796) 


CLOSE command 


$324 


(804) 


Input line from keyboard/screen 


$326 


(806) 


Output a character to screen 


$330 


(810) 


LOAD command 


$332 


(812) 


SAVE command 



Table 5: User exit vectors. You can access particular routines 
in the VIC's ROM programs by using these addresses. 



228 January 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 



Circle 326 on inquiry card. 




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moves the VIC's display to the right, allowing me to see 
all of the leftmost characters, but more characters are 
lost off the right side. Because the left side of the screen is 
used the most, this solution takes care of most situations. 
I can always use a POKE command to enter a 2 into loca- 
tion 36864 whenever I need to see all of the right side of 
the display. 

Locations $9110 (37136) through $912F (37167) are 
used to operate the VIC's two 6522 VIAs (versatile inter- 
face adapters). These VIAs provide 32 programmable 
external-control lines that the VIC uses for communica- 
tion with external devices such as tape, disk, or joysticks. 

At location $9400 (37888) are 512 bytes of RAM orga- 
nized as 1024 half-bytes, or nybbles. A nybble may con- 
tain any number between and 15. The nybbles from 
$9600 (38400) to $97FF (38911) are used for the screen 
color codes. There is one nybble for each character posi- 
tion in the screen buffer at $1E00 (7680). The color for a 
character is selected by using a POKE command to enter 
the color code (0-7) into the desired nybble. 

Memory Organization 

The RAM on the standard VIC is divided into two sec- 
tions, the 4K-byte block at $1000 (4096) to $1FFF (8191) 
and the lK-byte block at to $3FF (1023). All of the 
lK-byte block is reserved for special purposes. Page 
(0-$FF) is accessed in a special way by the 6502 
microprocessor; it contains much of the VIC's most im- 
portant data. Table 3 lists some of the data that is stored 
there. Page 1 ($100-$1FF) is reserved by the 6502 for the 
hardware stack and should not be used by any programs. 
The VIC uses pages 2 and 3 ($200-$3FF) for various data 
(see table 4). 

One of the VIC's most important features, found at 
locations $300-$332 (768-818), is the series of user exit 
vectors. The user vectors are pointers to locations in the 
VIC's ROM programs. The VIC uses these vectors as the 



addresses of important routines. This allows you to 
change the addresses of these routines by changing the 
addresses in the vectors. The concept of user vectors is 
common in larger computer systems, but it is just catch- 
ing on in the microcomputer world. User exits are signifi- 
cant because they make it easy for you or professional 
software developers to add new features and I/O devices 
to the VIC, increasing its flexibility (see table 5). 

The VIC's design also allows for memory expansion. 
The logical first step in such expansion is to fit 3K bytes 
of new RAM into the gap from $400 (1024) to $FFF 
(4095), between the two blocks of RAM on the standard 
VIC. This brings the total up to 8K bytes and allows user- 
designed character sets to be fully implemented. This new 
RAM also allows the VIC to create high-resolution 
graphics. 

Up to an additional 24K bytes of RAM may be 
added in the range from $2000 (8192) to $7FFF (32767), 
giving the VIC a maximum capability of 32K bytes of 
RAM. Locations $9800 (38912) through $9FFF (40959) are 
reserved for expansion of the VIC's I/O capability. Any 
of a wide variety of I/O devices could be added here (up 
to 2048 of them). Locations $A000 (40960) through $BFFF 
are reserved for ROM expansion. This is where the VIC's 
future hardware cartridges will reside. A routine in the 
VIC's initialization program checks this area for the 
presence of a cartridge during cold and warm starts. If a 
cartridge is present, it will be initialized instead of VIC 
BASIC, thus allowing the program in the cartridge to 
assume complete control of the VIC. 

Conclusion 

This article is not meant to be a comprehensive study 
of the VIC. Nonetheless, the information provided here, 
together with the VIC Memory Utility Program, should 
be enough to give you a good start on using your VIC-20 
to its fullest potential. ■ 



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230 January 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 




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Atari Player-Missile 
Graphics in BASIC 

The Atari computer offers a unique method to manipulate 

graphics in a BASIC program. 



If you have ever tried to move an 
object around on the screen using 
BASIC, you probably made the ob- 
ject look like it was jumping from one 
point to the next instead of moving 
along smoothly. One reason for this 
is that BASIC, which is an inter- 
pretive language, has a major draw- 
back — it is too slow. You may have 
resorted to a crash course in machine 
language to find a solution to this 
problem. But machine language, even 
with the aid of an assembler to form 
the code from assembly-language 
statements, takes longer to program 
and debug than BASIC. 

In addition to being slow, BASIC 
compounds the problem of moving 
the object. If it is more than one line 
high, computations must be made to 

Editor's Note: This article covers one of the 
methods for working with player-missile 
graphics. For details on working with playfield 
animation, see "The Atari Tutorial, Part 3: 
Player-Missile Graphics," BYTE, November 
1981, page 312. For an excellent overview of 
Atari BASIC, see "The Atari Tutorial, Part 6: 
Atari BASIC," BYTE, February 1982, page 
91. . . S. J. W. 



Paul S. Swanson 

97 Jackson St. 

Cambridge, MA 02140 



determine where each line will fall 
after the move. If the object is 5 dots 
high and 5 dots wide, you move 25 
dots using 5 calculations for deter- 
mining placement of the object. This 
does not include the fact that you 
must first erase the old image, which 
usually means drawing the shape in 

Consider the possibility 
of superimposing an 
object on the screen 

without disturbing the 
images already there. 

the old location using a background 
color. This doubles the time required 
from the amount required to draw 
it — first you "undraw" it in one loca- 
tion, then draw it in the next location. 
To complicate matters even fur- 
ther, consider the case where you 
want to move the object "in front" of 
some other images that you want on 
the screen. How do you calculate 
what colors to put back in the place 
of the old shape? If you don't put 



them back, the object will leave a 
path through the images on the screen 
in the color you are using to erase the 
object when you move it. 

The Atari Solution 

Consider the possibility of super- 
imposing an object on the screen 
without disturbing the images already 
there. The object will not be "on" the 
screen in memory. Therefore, it will 
not destroy any part of the images 
when it moves. Since the Atari com- 
puter has two-, four-, and five-color 
graphics modes, wouldn't it also be 
nice to use an extra, independent col- 
or for this object? That would add a 
third, fifth, or sixth (depending on the 
graphics mode) color to the display. 
As long as we have gone this far, how 
about having four of these objects, 
called players, all with independent 
colors and movements and all with 
different shapes? 

Player-missile graphics on the 
Atari can do all these things, plus a 
few other tricks. In addition, it also 
offers you four 1- or 2-byte-wide 
"missiles" that you can use. 



234 January 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 




COmPUTER WAREHOUSE 

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SINGLE-LINE 

RESOLUTION 



DOUBLE -LINE 
RESOLUTION 



Figure 1: A 5- by 5-dot X-shape can be 
defined with only 5 bytes of memory. 



The players are 8 dots wide. In ad- 
dition, the dots for the players and 
the missiles can be single, double, or 
quadruple width. The width defini- 
tion can be controlled for each 
player, but all missiles must have the 
same width. 

Player-missile graphics also solves 
another problem. The 5- by 5-dot ob- 
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quire only 5 bytes to describe its 
shape and the bytes are next to each 
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object. 



P/M BASE (MUST 
BE DIVISIBLE 
BY 2048) 



P/M 
BASE+ 768 

+ 1021 

+ 1280 

+ 1536 

+ 17 92 

+ 2048 









M3 


M2 


Ml 


MO 




PLAYER 








PLAYER 1 




PLAYER 2 








PLAYER 3 



P/M BASE (MUST 
BE DIVISIBLE 
BY 10241 



P/M BASE + 384 
+ 512 
+ 640 
+ 768 
+ 896 
+ 1024 







' 


M3 | M2 | Ml |M0 




PLAYER 




PLAYER 1 




PLAYER 2 




PLAYER 3 



Figure 2: Memory allocation for the player-missile graphics. Definitions for the shape 
and vertical position of both the players and missiles are kept in this area of memory. 



Controlling the players is a fairly 
simple task. You must describe to the 
computer the player's position, color, 
shape, and size. You must also 
specify what happens if another color 
is on the screen in the same position 
as part (or all) of the player. After a 
few initial steps required to set up the 
player-missile graphics mode, which 
is done once for all players and 
missiles, each of the players is con- 



trolled the same way. 

Each player occupies a 128-byte 
strip in memory. A player is one col- 
or and is shaped by using one byte in 
the strip for each horizontal line. 
Each of the 8 bits will turn on a dot of 
the player color if it is a 1 and turn off 
a dot if the bit is a 0. For example, a 
simple shape such as an X can be 
defined in a 5- by 5-dot grid (see 
figure 1), which is what you would do 



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236 January 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 



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if you wanted to PLOT the character 
on the screen. 

In figure 1, the values of the 5 bytes 
required to define it are computed 
using each horizontal row as 1 byte, 
taking empty squares as and full 
squares as 1. The value of the first 
row converted from binary to 
decimal is 17, the second row is 10, 
and the third row is 4. Rows five and 
six are the same as rows two and one, 
in that order. The shape may then be 
defined as a string of characters with 



the values 17, 10, 4, 10, and 17. (If the 
figure is not symmetrical, the first 
byte defines the top of the figure.) 
Using this method defines the 25-dot 
figure with only 5 bytes. 

Movement 

Player-missile graphics uses two 
different methods to move the player 
in horizontal and vertical directions. 
Horizontal motion is the easier. All 
you do is use the POKE command to 
enter the horizontal position (0-255) 



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into a memory location. Vertical mo- 
tion is a little harder. You must move 
the player up and down in the 
128-byte strip. 

As you may have suspected, there 
is one catch to using player-missile 
graphics. The player-missile area 
must be located in a certain position 
with respect to a IK- or 2K-byte 
boundary. The sample program (see 
listing 1) uses a double-line resolution 
player, which requires that the posi- 
tion be aligned with respect to a 
lK-byte boundary (see figure 2). A 
finer method of describing the player 
shape (single-line resolution) that re- 
quires that it be set up starting at a 
2K-byte boundary is also available. 
In that method, the player strips are 
256 bytes long. 

In the double-line resolution 
method (i.e., each horizontal line of 
the player is represented by two tele- 
vision scan lines), the missile area 
must start 384 bytes after a lK-byte 
boundary. The missile area is 128 
bytes long. After the missile area, at 
512 bytes after the lK-byte bound- 
ary, players through 3 take 128 
bytes each so that player 3's area ends 
on the next lK-byte boundary. 

The problem with this is that 
BASIC locates the string area in 
memory depending on the length of 
the program statements as rep- 
resented in memory. If you modify a 
program by adding a statement or 
two, the strings are started in a higher 
memory location. This makes it dif- 
ficult to guarantee that a string will 
start on the lK-byte boundary. 

One solution is to find the area 
above the memory that BASIC is 
using and place the player-missile 
areas there. Then you can use POKE 
to move the player vertically. This 
works, but vertical motion is very 
slow. If the player is moved with a 
FOR. . .NEXT loop, the vertical mo- 
tion distorts the shape of the player so 
that it looks like it is swimming up 
and down the screen. A loop is too 
slow. FOR. . .NEXT statements with 
a POKE in between are not the fastest 
way to do this. 

BASIC can move data around in 
strings at very high speeds. The 
POKE command is not too fast 
because it moves only 1 byte at a 



238 January 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 



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Listing 1: Sample program using player-missile graphics. The program requires a 
joystick. 



9 
10 

20 

29 

30 

39 

40 

49 

50 

58 

59 

60 

69 

70 

79 

80 

90 

:l. 

:L 1 

:l.20 

129 

130 

140 

15 

159 

160 

170 

180 

190 

20 

2.10 

22 

230 

24 

25 
260 
270 
230 
290 
299 
3 
309 
310 
319 
320 
329 
330 
339 
340 
349 
35 
359 



REM ** FIND START OF STRING SPACE: ** 

DIM X*(l> 

A=ADR(X*> 

REM ** GET FIRST IK BOUNDARY ****** 

B-INT < < A -5 12 ) /i 024+1 > *1 024 

REM ** FILL UP TO PLAYER AREA *** 

F*<B-A+511) 

** P0*. IS PLAYER ZERO AREA **** 

P0$(128) 



DIM 
REM 
DIM 
REM 
REM 
DIM 
REM 

S $=-":' 

REM 



HM AND VM ARE 
JOYSTICK ****** 



** S* IS SHAPE, 
, ♦ .USED TO READ 
S*<12) ,HM<15> ,VM<15> 
** DEFINE PLAYER ZERO SHAPE *** 
A**A" 

** READ JOYSTICK VALUES ******* 
15 



FOR 1*1 TO 

READ HP,VP 

HM<I>=HP 

VM( I)= VP 

NEXT I 

REM ** CLEAR 
P0*»CMR*<O> 
P0t<12B)*CHR'*<0> 
P0*<2>*P0* 
REM ** DRAW SCREEN 
GRAPHICS 4 
SET COLOR 0,0,10 
COLOR 1 
PLOT 45,18 
DRAWTO 45,12 

30,12 

30,24 

55,24 

55,6 

20,6 

20,30 

65,30 

65 , 

20,0 

SET PRIORITY 



PLAYER ZERO AREA **** 



BACKGROUND **** 



DRAWTO 

DRAWTO 

DRAWTO 

DRAWTO 

DRAWTO 

DRAWTO 

DRAWTO 

DRAWTO 

DRAWTO 

REM ** 

POKE 623,1 

REM ** GIVE 



*l Mrf W W Mr" Mr" W V/ Mr* *mf Mr' 
,1, ^v •*. m m m m Jr. /n /& m 



ANTIC P/M BASE PAGE ** 



P K E 5 4 279, 1. N T ( B / 2 5 6 ) 

REM ** SET TWO-LINE GRAPHICS ***** 

POKE 559,46 

REM ** ENABLE P/M GRAPHICS ******* 

POKE 53277,3 

REM ** COLOR :::: 2, LUM. » 4 ******* 

POKE 704,36 

REM ** HORIZ* POSITION * 110 ***** 

HP=11Q 

REM ** VERTi POSITION » 50 ******* 



240 January 1983 © BYTE Publication Inc 



Listing 1 continued on page 244 
Circle 358 on Inquiry card. «■— ♦• 




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Circle 517 on Inquiry card. 

244 Janunry 1983 © BYTE Publicatloni Inc 



36 
369 

37 
379 

38 
389 
390 
4 9 
410 
419 
420 
429 
43 
439 
440 
449 
45 
460 
47 
439 
49 
499 
500 
510 
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1 



VP=50 

REM ** SET HORIZONTAL POSITION *** 

POKE 53248, HP 

REM xx SET DOUBLE SIZE PLAYER mjkjk 

POKE 53256 ,1 

REM ** SET NO, BYTES IN PLAYER xxxx 

LS-LEN(S$) 

REM ** I NIT, COLLISION FLAG x***** 

HITC-0 

REM xx DISABLE CURSOR kxokjkmokxcxososoiok 

POKE 752 , 1 

REM xx CLEAR COLLISION RESIST ER xx 

POKE 53273*0 

REM xx PUT PLAYER IN AREA xjkxjkjkxx* 

P0$<VP,VP+LS)»=S$ 

REM xx WAIT UNTIL USER IS READY xx 

? "PRESS TRIGGER TO START" 

IF STRIG(0)=1 THEN 460 

? "V'tEEM CLEAR SCREEN 

REM xx INITIALIZE SCORE COUNTER xx 

COUNT =0 

REM xx PLAYER MOVE LOOP xxxx****** 

P0*(VP,VP+LS)=S* 

COUNT^ COUNT +0,1 

I F O O U N T =» I N T < C U N T ) T H E N S U N D J. ,20, 1 2 , 7 

HIT=PEEK< 53252) 

SOUND 1 ,0,0*0 

S=STICK<0> 

KP«HP+HM<8) 

VP=VP+VM(S) 

POKE 5 3243, HP 

POKE 53273,0 

IF HP<80 THEN 70 

? INT (COUNT) ;"" 

IF HIT-0 THEN HI TOO J SOTO 500 

IF HITOl THEN 50 

SOUND 0,20,12,7 

? t? "YOU HIT THE WALL ! !" 

? "THAT COSTS YOU 25 POINTS!!"?? 

COUNT "CQUNT+25 

? I N T ( U N T ) I " " ? R E M MOV E C U R S R U P 

SOUND 0,0,0, 

HIT C=l 

GOTO 50 

REM xx END OE CAME ROUTINE xx 

POKE 752,0 

? "::■"$ REM CLEAR SCREEN 

? "YOUR SCORE : "J COUNT 

? "PRESS RETURN TO PLAY AGAIN"? 

INPUT X* 

GOTO 130 

REM xx DATA FOR HMO VE , V MOVE xokxosok*: 

DATA , , , 0,0, , , , 1 , 1 , 1 , ~ 1 , 1 ,0,0,0, 

■••■ 1 , 1 , •••• 1 , -• 1 , ~- 1,0,0,0,0,1,0,-1,0,0 



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BYTE January 1983 245 



time. First, BASIC must read the 
command and interpret what to do. 
After all that "overhead," all you get 
is 1 byte transferred. Using LET 
statements between strings is a much 
more efficient method because you 
have the overhead of reading and in- 
terpreting only once. Then the state- 
ment can be one that moves as many 
bytes as you want. It is therefore very 
much to your advantage to use 
strings instead of POKE in player- 
missile graphics. 

Sample Game 

Listing 1 is included here to help 
describe how to implement player- 
missile graphics in BASIC using 
strings. It is a simple game using a 
background screen over which player 
can move. It uses the joystick to get 
the player out of a simple maze. 

Lines 10 through 50 set up and 
dimension P0$ for player 0, so that 
the starting location of the string is 
512 bytes above a lK-byte boundary. 
Lines 10 and 20 find where the string 
area starts. Line 30 sets B equal to the 
value of the lK-byte boundary that is 
within 512 bytes of the start of the 
string space. Player 0's area must 
begin 511 bytes above that location 
minus A. That is handled by placing a 
filler string (line 40) to move the 
pointer that will locate P0$ at the 
right spot. Line 50 dimensions P0$. 

This method will always place P0$ 
at 512 bytes above a lK-byte bound- 
ary, no matter how long the program 
is, until you run out of memory. To 
use players 1 through 3, you can 
simply add the strings Pl$, P2$, and 
P3$, each dimensioned to 128, onto 
the dimension statement (keep them 
in order). 

Now that the string has been set in 
the correct position, initialization of 
all the variables and other items can 
take place. The first part defines the 
player shape. The player in this game 
is a flattened X. The design is in figure 
3. Two zero bytes are used, one on 
each end of the player (vertically) so 
that it will erase the old image when 
you create the new image (the pro- 
gram allows the player to move only 
one vertical position at a time). The 
bytes from top to bottom are 0, 65, 
42, 28, 28, 42, 65, and 0. Line 70 




Figure 3: The modified X-shape as used in 
the program. 



defines the player using a control- 
comma for the zero bytes, capital A 
for 65, an asterisk for 42, and escape- 
control-hyphen for 28. The charac- 
ters to use for most values can be 
found in Appendix C of the Atari 
BASIC Reference Manual. If you are 
not that ambitious, you can substi- 
tute a FOR. . .NEXT loop. The fol- 
lowing loop will work in place of line 
70: 

70 FOR 1 = 1 TO 8 

72 READ S 

74 S$(I)=CHR$(S) 

76 NEXT I 

78 DATA 0,65,42,28,28,42,65,0 

The DATA statement in line 78 will 
not interfere with the operation of the 
next FOR. . .NEXT loop because the 
data for that will begin at line 1000. 

The loop starting at line 80 reads 
values into two arrays that will help 
decode the joystick movements into 
+ 1, 0, or —1 horizontally and ver- 
tically. The two arrays defined here 
will make the reading of the joystick 
much faster; speed is important in 
that loop. 

The next series of statements, start- 
ing at line 130, sets all bytes in P0$ to 
0. The only bits we want set are 
where the player is to be. All the 
others must be 0. 

Lines 160 through 290 draw the 
maze the player is to move through. 
This maze is actually a spiral-like 
series of lines at right angles, as you 
will see when you run the program. 
Any shape that the player can fit 
through will work. 



The next section of the program, 
starting at line 300, sets up the player- 
missile area. One part writes to 
special memory locations, called 
hardware registers. These are actually 
data lines to the graphics controller 
microprocessor, called ANTIC. It 
controls the screen display and all 
graphics commands go through it. 
ANTIC also superimposes the players 
and missiles over the screen image. 

You can't read what is in the hard- 
ware registers, but you can read and 
write to the shadow registers. The 
shadow registers are memory loca- 
tions, which in this case are below 
1024. The operating system reads the 
shadow registers and sends their 
values to the corresponding hardware 
registers. These values are sent when 
the screen is blanked-out before the 
scanner starts to trace the next video 
frame. Since ANTIC receives these 
values 60 times per second, the delay 
is minimal. 

Line 300 refers to one of these 
shadow registers. This sets up the 
priority of the players and missiles. 
Using the POKE command to enter a 
1 in this location causes the players 
and missiles to have priority, which 
makes them look as if they are mov- 
ing in front of the images on the 
screen. A value of 8 causes the 
players and missiles to appear to 
move behind the screen image. 

Line 310 tells ANTIC (directly— no 
shadow register) where to find the 
player-missiles. The value put in this 
location using POKE is the page 
number of the lK-byte boundary that 
is just below the player-missile area. 
It adds to this location (INT(B/256)) 
to find your images. 

Line 320 tells ANTIC through a 
shadow register that you want 
double-line resolution on the players. 
Other "legal" codes are at this loca- 
tion that will do different things. Be 
very careful what you put here with 
POKE. 

The color of player is set at line 
340. The value is the color number 
times 16 plus the luminance value. 
This location, which is a shadow reg- 
ister, controls the color of player 
and missile (the missiles are the 
same color as the player of the same 
number). You can set the colors for 



246 January 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 



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BYTE January 196)3 247 



oua&^ 



ALTERNATIVE 




System Highlights 

• Dual Processors 

• 64K or 128K RAM 

• Selectable 40 or 80 
column text 

• Color Graphics Resolution 
— 280h x 192v High 

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functions 

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players 1, 2, and 3 by adding lines to 
POKE values in registers 705, 706, 
and 707. 

Lines 350 and 360 set the variables 
that will be used by the program for 
the horizontal and vertical position 
values of the player. Line 370 tells 
ANTIC what the horizontal position 
of player is to be. Players 1, 2, and 3 
are in locations 53249, 53250, and 
53251. The horizontal positions for 
missiles through 3 are at locations 
53252 through 53255. 

Line 380 sets ANTIC to display the 
shape at double its horizontal size. 
Values of and 2 at this location set 
single size; a value of 3 sets quadruple 
size. This is read in binary and the 
last 2 bits are the only ones that are 
read by ANTIC. Therefore, a value 
of 4 will be interpreted as a 0, a 5 as a 
1, etc. Players 1, 2, and 3 use loca- 
tions 53257, 53258, and 53259. 

LS is set to the length of S$ in line 
390. The variable LS is used in mov- 
ing the player instead of LEN(S$) 
because it is faster. 

There is a provision for reading 
when players are in "conflict" with 
other players, screen colors, and 
missiles. Also, another provision 
detects a conflict between missiles 
and screen colors. Separate locations 
can be read to find out if such a con- 
flict has occurred, one of which is 
used in this program. HITC is used in 
the program (line 410) to store a flag 
of 1 if a conflict has taken place and 
has not been cleared. 

A constantly updated display will 
be in the text window that shows 
elapsed time. ■ Because the cursor 
would serve no purpose in it and 
would make the number harder to 
read, line 420 shuts it off. 

When a conflict has taken place, 
the corresponding location is set to 1. 
It is not reset when the player or 
missile is moved out of conflict. Loca- 
tion 53278 resets all the conflict in- 
dicators (Atari uses the term "colli- 
sion" instead of conflict). ANTIC sets 
the registers again a few milliseconds 
later if there is still a conflict. 

Line 440 places the player on the 
screen by putting the shape into the 
player area. This string statement can 
now be used because the player-area 
string is in the correct position. This 



248 January 1983 © BYTE Publication. Inc 



Circle 48 on Inquiry card. 



Multi-Reasons to Choose 
CompuPro's Multi-User 

System 816/C 




Run any mix of 8 or 16 bit software at any terminal. 

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Circle 97 on Inquiry card. 



Line 

Number Description 

500 Places the player image into the player area at vertical location VP. The first time 

through this has already been done, but the loop must always end by reposition- 
ing the player. It branches back to 500 to do this. 

510 Increments the counter by 0.1. This is incremented each time the loop is run and 

will have the effect of timing the game in arbitrary units. 

512 At each tenth increment, when COUNT is an integer, the computer will generate 

a click in the television speaker. The person playing can keep track of time 
without referring to a number that he or she hasn't got time to look at. 

520 Reads the collision register for player-to-playfield position. 

522 Shuts off the sound started in line 512. 

530 Reads the value of joystick 0. 

540-550 Updates the horizontal and vertical positions using the two arrays to interpret 
the joystick value returned. 

560 Tells ANTIC what the new horizontal position is. 

570 Clears the collision registers. ANTIC has plenty of time between this statement 

and the next read of the collision register (line 520) to update them several times. 

575 Detects the end of the game. 

580 Displays the current time value. 

590 Clears the HITC flag and returns to the beginning of the loop if there is no con- 

flict. 

600 Begins the routine that is used when the player hits the side of the maze. If the 

HITC flag is 1 , the hit was already counted. Therefore, this statement goes back 
to the beginning. 

610 Begins sound effect of hitting the wall. 

620-640 Displays message that the player hit the wall, adds a penalty to the timer, and 
redisplays the timer. 

650 Stops sound effect started at line 610. 

660 Sets HITC flag to indicate hit has been counted. 

670 Goes back to start next loop. 

700 Line 575 branches here if the player is moved beyond the left edge of the maze, 

which is assumed to end the game. Since a message will be printed followed by 
an INPUT statement, line 700 turns the cursor back on. 

710-740 Displays the full score (previous displays were the integer value) and waits for 
the RETURN key. 

750 Goes back for another game. 



Table 1: Description of the main section of the sample program. Lines previous to 
line 500 initialized the player-missile graphics. 



statement replaces, in this example, 8 
POKE statements, which would take 
much longer to execute. The state- 
ment in line 440, placed in a 
FOR. . .NEXT loop that goes from 1 
to 1000, takes 15 seconds. Using a 
corresponding POKE statement in a 
FOR. . .NEXT loop to place 8 bytes 
would have taken 2 minutes, 38 sec- 
onds in the same FOR. . .NEXT loop. 
Allowing 8.5 seconds for the 
FOR. . .NEXT loop, a simple divi- 
sion shows that line 440 is more than 
17 times faster than using a POKE 
statement. 

Lines 450 through 490 first wait for 
the person playing the game to press 
the trigger button and then set the 
scoring variable COUNT to 0. Note 
that the clear screen statements clear 
only the text window. 

Now that everything is initialized, 
we can use player-missile graphics in 



the game. Because of the concern for 
speed of execution, REM statements 
were minimized in the next portion of 
the program. The function of these 
statements is described in table 1. 



The program cannot 

check to see If you go 

"through" a wall when 

you hit It— It merely 

fines you 25 points. 



Error Checking 

This game does have a few faults 
(meaning that it is not idiot-proof). It 
has no checks if the player is moved 
off the screen and out of the player 
area. This will result in error 
messages. The program cannot check 
to see if you go "through" a wall 



when you hit it. It will fine you 25 
points when you hit the wall, but has 
no way of determining if you got out 
of the conflict on the correct side of 
the wall. Lastly, it tests for the "game 
over" condition by checking the 
horizontal position of the player. If it 
is low enough, it is assumed that the 
player left the maze at the correct 
point. 

The above faults can be eliminated 
by using extra statements in the loop 
(lines 500 through 670) to test the 
conditions. Testing if the player went 
through a wall instead of going back 
from where it came may be a little dif- 
ficult, but the range check is 
simple — just test that HP is between 
and 255 and that VP is between 1 and 
128-LS. You can refine the finish test 
by also testing that the vertical posi- 
tion is less than 18 (like the screen 
vertical positions, the player-missile 
vertical positions go from the 
top = 1 to the bottom = 128). 

The collision-detection register will 
not be 1 for a collision if you do not 
use, in this case, the COLOR 1 state- 
ment for the maze. The detection is 
bit-coded so that it may also tell you 
what you hit. Because the low-order 4 
bits are used, the value never exceeds 
15. The positions of the bits that are 
on correspond to the SETCOLOR 
numbers of the color bit. The register 
indicates 1 for color 0, 2 for color 1, 4 
for color 2, and 8 for color 3. The 
BASIC COLOR statement COLOR 1 
actually specifies the color from color 
register 0, which is why it returns a 
value of 1. If the maze were drawn 
with a COLOR 2 statement preceding 
it, the collision detection would 
return a 2 when there is a conflict. 
The program would have to be 
altered to compensate for this. 

Note one very important item in 
the use of strings for the player- 
missile graphics. The player positions 
will move when you go from deferred 
mode while the program is running to 
immediate mode. This is caused by 
BASIC moving things around when 
the program is not running. Any 
position tests you do on the player 
must be done during the time the pro- 
gram is running. Stopping the pro- 
gram with the Break key, then using 
CONT to resume, will also alter the 



250 January 19*3 © BYTE Publication! Inc 



position. The program should be 
RUN from the beginning to get an ac- 
curate position. 

You may also have noticed that, 
when you go to the second or subse- 
quent game by pressing Return at the 
end of one game, the player turns into 
a jittering stripe running vertically the 
full length of the screen. This happens 
when a player is on the screen during 
a GRAPHICS statement execution. 
This will destroy the position of the 
player, causing the line of garbage. In 
this program, the player-missile 
graphics is reinitialized completely, 
which puts the player back where it 
belongs. When writing the initializa- 
tion part of programs that use player- 
missile graphics, remember to execute 
the GRAPHICS statement before you 
set up the player-missile graphics. 
The stripe can be eliminated in this 
program by adding the line 

745 POKE 53248,0 

This moves the player off the left side 
of the screen. The vertical stripe still 



exists, but it occurs in the part of the 
video cycle where the scanner is 
turned off to go from the end of one 
line to the beginning of the next line. 
You can also move the player faster 
by making it increment twice in each 
loop. The fastest way to do this is to 
first add zero bytes at the beginning 
and ending of S$ so that it starts and 
ends with two zeros instead of one. 
Second, alter lines 540 and 550 to add 
HM(S)*2 and VM(S)*2 instead of 
HM(S) and VM(S). The player will 
not move quite as smoothly as 
before, but will still be vastly 
smoother than if you plotted it direct- 
ly on the screen. 

Conclusion 

This is only a brief introduction 
and one example of player-missile 
graphics. Atari can supply you with 
manuals that describe them in more 
detail. You can combine the informa- 
tion from Atari manuals with this 
method to create some very impres- 
sive graphics. The method of locating 
boundaries for setting the start of ar- 



rays can also be used to place alter- 
nate character sets for character 
graphics, screen displays, and display 
lists. 

This method of moving the players 
in BASIC opens up more uses for 
BASIC in graphics, but it is still a 
very slow way to execute graphics 
routines if they require smooth mo- 
tions around the screen. It can be 
used only if the computations and 
testing required in the loop are small 
in number. Remember that BASIC is 
running in milliseconds, not micro- 
seconds like machine language; it is 
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Problem Oriented Language 

Part 2: Writing a Module 



Mark Finger 
2439 Overlook Circle 
Lawrence, KS 66044 



In part 1 of this series (December 
1982 BYTE, page 314), the concept of 
a Problem Oriented Language (POL) 
was introduced. POL uses input that 
incorporates terms normally used in 
describing a particular problem. 
These terms are organized into 
phrases and sentences that resemble 
English sentences. The input is 
relatively free of the format restric- 
tions normally associated with 
question-and-answer or menu input. 
Much more information can be input 
with a single entry. A typical entry, 
such as, "Draw an XY graph, X from 
to 4, Y from -2 to 3, Title 'Contour 
Plot', Execute", would replace dozens 
of responses required for other types 
of input. POL-type programs are nor- 
mally used in technical or graphics 
applications where there are many 
possible parameters to change but 
only a few need to be set at any given 
time. 

The Problem Oriented Language 
Programming System (POL/PS) was 
introduced in order to provide micro- 
computers with the capability of 
handling POL, especially in terms of 
solving technical problems. The series 
of routines (POL-80) for handling 
POL input was presented and their 
capabilities were examined. 

Developing a Module 

One of the goals of POL/PS is to 
enable the user to write programs in a 



modular format. Programs can then 
be easily extended, and the modules 
can be used in other programs. 

POL-80 was developed from my 
experiences with a FORTRAN system 
called GRIP. One of the problems en- 
countered in the writing of GRIP- 
compatible modules (see part 1 for 
more background on GRIP) is the 
lack of proper program development. 
Frequently, GRIP programs have had 
input that is as awkward as the 
question-and-answer sessions they 
were designed to replace. In addition, 
there has been some resistance to the 



One of the goals of 
POL/PS is to enable the 
user to write programs 

in a modular format. 



use of GRIP because of the "diffi- 
culty" in understanding what it did 
and how it could be used. Rick Hilst 
(current developer of GRIP) and I 
have discussed at length how to 
simplify the learning process. Based 
on classroom experience, we have 
developed a series of eight steps that 
can be useful in the writing of most 
programs, but which must be used in 
writing POL programs. The steps 
must be followed faithfully. Using 
these steps can cut the learning time 



in half for POL/PS and can reduce 
program development time by 25 to 
50 percent. 

As a sample problem, we're going 
to develop a module to find the roots 
of polynomial equations by using five 
common methods. (The root of a 
polynomial equation, such as P(X), is 
a number A such that P(A)=0.) Al- 
though this module can be used by 
itself, it is best used as part of a larger 
numerical-methods program, or it 
can be used as a module in other pro- 
grams. Actually, this module is rather 
small and its application is somewhat 
trivial, but it is representative of the 
much more complex and powerful 
modules that would be part of an ap- 
plication package. Larger modules 
may have more statements, but the 
part of the module relating to the 
framework of POL/PS would not be 
any more complicated. Root finding 
was chosen because the actual com- 
putations are relatively simple. Thus, 
the user may be able to concentrate 
more on the input and other aspects 
of POL/PS. Larger, more complex 
modules will have a greater degree of 
difficulty in their mathematical com- 
putations, but the input should not be 
any more difficult. 

For those not familiar with 
numerical methods, root finding is 
done by making an initial estimate of 
one of the roots of an equation, 
checking the value obtained, and ad- 



254 January 1983 © BYTE Pubucations Inc 



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justing the estimate according to 
some formula. This trial-and-error 
method is continued until the root is 
found within some acceptable error 
criteria. 

Step by Step 

The first step in developing a POL 
program follows. 

1. Write a paragraph identifying the 
goals of the program or module. Be 
specific! The more careful you are 
now, the fewer problems there will be 
later. For the sample module, the 
goals are these: 

The module will find roots of 
equations using five methods: 
Newton's, Approximate Newton's, 
Secant, Interval-Halving, and 
Regula Falsi. Failure to find roots 
will be indicated, if necessary. 

This paragraph lists the main result 
desired and the standard algorithms 
(plans for step-by-step solutions) that 
will be used. A secondary goal (an 
additional or alternate output) is also 
indicated — a possible alternative to 
the main result. 

2. Define all the expected forms of 
output. Our sample module requires 
that (A) the numerical value of the 
root found will be output to the ter- 
minal, along with the number of 
evaluation attempts required, and (B) 



failure to find a root will be indicated 
by a message to the terminal listing 
the number of evaluations attempted. 
The specific form of each output is 
well defined, whereas it was only 
hinted at in step 1. Frequently, pro- 
grammers begin to plan the actual 
code at this point. This is unfortunate 
because both the output and the input 
must be defined before the program 
design can be done well. 
3. Identify the information required 
to produce the desired output. The in- 
formation inputs required for root 
finding include: 

• the method to be used 

• the equation to be solved 

• the derivative of Y with respect to X 
when Newton's method is used 

• initial estimates of the roots 

• the maximum number of evalua- 
tions permitted before declaring 
failure 

• the absolute value of Y that is the 
criterion for success 

Each of these inputs must be 
changeable because different situa- 
tions may require different values. It 
is also desirable to be able to change 
any of the inputs without leaving the 
program, especially when changing 
equations. 

At this point, we realize that we 
need the ability to verify that the 
starting values required for the regula 
falsi and interval-halving methods ac- 



tually trap a root between them. This 
means that one point gives a positive 
value for Y; the other gives a negative 
value. In verifying that the two start- 
ing points give proper Y values, we 
must add an additional output to step 
2: (C) output the value of Y of the 
equation for any given X. 

The inputs identified in step 3 are 
determined by steps 1 and 2, i.e., they 
are the ones required to meet the 
goals of step 1 and produce the out- 
put of step 2. Other input should not 
be required within this module. 

4. Choose the format of the input. 
We identified three input formats in 
part 1: question-and-answer, menu, 
and POL. POL will be our choice for 
several reasons: (A) the user of this 
module is expected to be familiar with 
numerical methods, and probably 
will use this module frequently 
enough to remain familiar with the 
keywords; (B) usually, several tests 
or trials will be run at one session 
with only minor changes in the 
parameters between trials; and (C) in 
a large numerical-methods package, 
the initial keyword can eliminate a 
question or a menu, and the whole in- 
put is much faster and easier. 

Not all problems are suited to the 
POL method, but technical problems, 
especially those requiring graphics, 
are easily adapted to this form of in- 
put. 

5. Design the input. Now is the time 




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256 January 19*3 © BYTE Publications Inc 



to actually choose the keywords used 
to enter the information. To identify 
this module, we will use the word 
"Roots." Command sequences for 
various types of input are then 
formed. These sequences should use 
terms that normally describe the type 
of problem involved. A sample input 
for this module might be this: 

Roots using secant, the equation is 
'Y = SIN(X)\ starting points are 2 
and 2.1, execute 

Many other possible lines could be 
shown, but this one will serve as an 
example. 

At this time, the number of 
characters to be matched within each 
keyword should be chosen. (I choose 
four unless I feel that I must have 
more.) Rewriting the input, capitaliz- 
ing the required letters of the key- 
words, results in 

ROOTs USINg SECAnt, the 

EQUAtion is 'Y = SIN(X)', 

STARting points are 2 and 2.1, 

EXECute 

Note that some words do not have 
a portion capitalized. These are 
"filler" words used to make the input 
more readable. However, the pro- 
gram must be able to recognize and 
skip over them. Some common fillers 
can always be omitted. The ones 



omitted for this module are 
"AN_", "THE_", "FOR_", 
"AND_", "OF_", "EQUAL_", 
"EQUALS_", "IS_", and "ARE_" 
(where the underscore represents a 
space). In addition, two characters 
will always be skipped — "," and " = ". 
The word "points" in the previous ex- 
ample is skipped on a location-by- 
location basis. 

6. Write the "tree" structure. As we 
write the input lines for the previous 
section, we should also arrange the 
keywords in a hierarchical structure. 
The simplest way to show this struc- 
ture is a "tree" diagram. Each branch 
should have only one meaning or 
function. Sometimes, several 
branches will use the same words and 
sections of the program, but internal 
flags can maintain the difference. 

The tree for this module is shown 
in listing 1. Sufficient keywords and 
options are available in it to perform 
all the actions listed under step 3. 

7. Write the "Help" routine. Now 
that keywords have been chosen for 
this problem, we should begin writing 
the exact functional definitions of 
each input term and how this term 
will help attain the desired goals. At 
this time, the following items should 
be considered: 

• What internal flags will be used to 
control routines? 

• What exact information is required 



Listing 1: Tree structure of keywords for 
the ROOTs program. The words are ar- 
ranged in hierarchical order. 



USINg 

NEWTon 

APPP.oximate NEW^on 

SECAnt 

INTErval HALving 

REGUla FALSi 
STARTing (points) ##.# (##.#) 
MAXImum (EVALuations) ## 
EPSIlon ##.# 

VALUe (at) ##.#,##.# 

EQUAtion 'Y=f unction of X' 
DYDX 'YPRIME=function of X' 
CLEAr 
EXECute 



to perform the action associated with 
each possible input? 
•What default values will be used if 
that information is not supplied? 

For example, a flag called 
METHOD % is used to keep track of 
which method is used. A second flag 
keeps track of the number of starting 
points currently entered. An error 
message would be printed if, for ex- 
ample, the interval-halving method 
were attempted using only one start- 
ing point. 

The full version of the functional 
definitions is used to assist in writing 
the program. A condensed text ver- 
sion, saved on the disk in a file called 

" ROOT", is used to assist the 

user (see listing 2). The blank in the 
filename is the prefix. This prefix 
consists of the first four letters of the 
major program name, NUMR in this 
case, because it is planned as part of a 



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numerical-analysis package. 

A list of errors should also be 
planned to catch mistakes and omis- 
sions in input. The list for the sample 
module is given in listing 3. It at- 
tempts to cover almost any input er- 
ror and also checks that necessary in- 
formation has been entered. Be sure 
to rewrite and revise the tree, the 
HELP list, and the error listing several 
times before starting to write the 
code. 

Before we proceed, note that in all 
the development done so far, very lit- 
tle time has been spent on planning 
the actual program code (other than 



choosing a few needed flags). All the 
steps so far have concentrated solely 
on the problem to be solved, not on 
the programming language to be 
used. Usually, the first seven steps 
will take about half of the develop- 
ment time for a module. The extra 
time spent on planning will save a lot 
of time later in changing program 
code and debugging. This emphasis 
on planning, on examining the prob- 
lem, and on using terms normally 
associated with the problem in a 
phrase or sentence structure is why 
this type of input is called Problem 
Oriented Language. 




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8. Write the program. During the 
discussion on writing the program, 
consult listing 4 and the variables in 
listing 5. The comments on POL-80 in 
listings 4 and 5 in part 1 of this series 
are also important for understanding 
the explanations below. 

Begin by writing the keyword 
recognition lines and the required ac- 
tion if a match is found. This consists 
of the following four actions: 

• Set the pattern to be matched in 
AM (line 3200). 

• Set the number of letters to be 
matched in NLET. This may include 
numbers and one space at the end of 
the entity. 

• Call the matching routine (GOSUB 
750). 

• Determine if the match was suc- 
cessful (FLAG = 1) and perform the 
required actions accordingly. 

Because "ROOTS" will be checked 
at a higher level (by the program that 
will call this module), the first 
keyword we are interested in is 
"USINg". Its line is 

3200 AM = "USING" 
:NLET = 4 
:GOSUB 750 
:IFFLAG = 1 

THEN GOTO 4000 

The first option at line 4000 is now 

4000 FCD = 1 

:AM = "NEWTON" 
: NLET = 4 
: GOSUB 750 
:IFFLAG = 1 

THENMETHOD%=l 
:GOTO 3200 
(Check for the next com- 
mand on the line) 

The remainder of the matches for 
words can be written in a similar 
manner. 

Organizing the Program 

The portions written so far can 
now be organized into a program for- 
mat. The highest level of matching is 
located at line 3200, immediately 
after the initializing statements. Each 

Text continued on page 268 



258 January 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 




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BYTE January 1983 259 



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Listing 2: These HELP messages will assist an inexperienced user in working with the 
ROOTs program. 

The ROOTS module is used to find the real roots of any equation. 

The following words are always skipped over at any place in the line: 

A 

AN 

THE 

FOR 

AND 

EQUALS 

EQUAL 

IS 

ARE 

OF 
Commas (,) and equivalence signs (=) are also skipped. 

The options of ROOTS are: 

USINg method 

where the methods are: 

NEWTon (Newton's method) 

APPRoximate NEWton (Approximate Newton's method) 

SECAnt (Secant Method) 

INTErval HALving (Interval Halving Method) 

REGUla FALSi (Regula Falsi Method) 

STARTing (points) ##.# (##.♦) 

sets the start points for the methods. 
Newton's method requires 1 point. 

Approximate Newton's method requires 2 points close together (4 .99 & 5) 
Secant Method requires 2 points. 

Interval Halving and Regula Falsi require 2 points that bracket the 
root between them. 

MAXImum (EVALuations) ## 

## is the maximum number of evaluations before reporting failure to 
meet convergence requirements. 

EPSIlon ##.# 

When ABS(Y)<##.#, the root is considered to be found. 
VALUe (at) ##.*,##.#, 

will give the value of the current equation at the values of X entered 

EQUAtion 'Y=function of X' 

used to enter the current equation in correct BASIC syntax. 

DYDX 'YPRIME=function of X' 

used to enter the derivative of X needed by Newton's Method, 
using correct BASIC syntax. 



used to set values of variables to their default values 
equivalent to the following commands 

USINg SECAnt 
STARting 1 
MAXImum EVALuations 20 
EPSIlon 0.1 
EQUAtion 'Y=X' 
DYDX 'YPRIME=1' 

EXECute 

causes the root to be found. 



Listing 3: Error messages for the ROOTs program. When developing an error-message 
list, try to anticipate all typical errors. 

1521 , "Unexpected entity after ROOTs" 

1522, "Unexpected name of method after USINg" 

1523, "Missing first number after STARt" 

1524, "Both starting numbers are equal" 

1525, "Expecting integer (between 2 and 10000) after MAXImum EVALuations" 

1526 , "Expecting real number (<10) after epsilon" 

1527 , "Expecting a number after VALUe" 

1533 , "Missing string after EQUAtion" 

1534,"Missi ng string after DYDX" 

1535 , "Missing 2 starting values when method requires 2" 

1536, "Did not redefine DYDX after changing EOUAtion" 

1541, "Failed to decode remainder of line" 

9999, "******Last entry in an error list must always be Line 9999*******" 



260 January 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 



THE FORTH SOURCE 



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MVP Forth is fig-FORTH modified by 100% ot the FORTH-79 Standard 
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LI ALL ABOUT FORTH by Haydon. MVP-FORTH reference, 
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F&79 $140 

D Apple ll/ll + , GraFORTH by 

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Point $1 00 

LJ 8087 Support 

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[ : APPLE User's Manual 

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I : TRS-80 User's Manual, 

MMSFORTH $19 

a METAFORTH by Cassady 
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code $30 

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D Invitation to FORTH $20 
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CROSS COMPILERS Allow extending, modifying and compiling for 

speed and memory savings, can also produce ROMable code. 'Requires 

FORTH disk. 

[J CP/M $200 LJ IBM- $300 

I ] H89/Z89 $200 [J 8086» $300 

I 1 TRS-80/I $200 1. 1 Z80» $300 

I I Northstar 9 -- $200 I I Apple ll/ll + $350 

I i fig-FORTH Programming Aids tor decompiling, callfinding, 
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INC.). VISA, MasterCard or COD'S accepted No billing or unpaid PCs California 
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BYTE January 1983 261 



Circle 193 on inquiry card. 




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262 January 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 



Listing 4: ROOTs program listing. ROOTs is designed to work with the POL-80 pro- 
gram. 

******************************************************************************** 

Module ROOTs 

******************************************************************************** 

3000 REM MODULE ROOTS (NUMRROOT) 

3001 REM COPYRIGHT MARK FINGER 1981 

3010 GOSUB 7100 **Stores return addresses and 

:FCD=0 initializes parameters 

3020 FART=1 

:AART(0)="A " 

:AART(1)="AN " 

:AART(2)="THE " 

;AART(3)="IS " 

:AART{4)="ARE " 

:AART(5)="EOUALS " 

:AART(6) ="EQUAL " 

:AART(7)="AND " 

:AART(8)="FOR " 

:AART(9)="OF " 

:NART=9 
3030 FCOM=l 

: ACOM ( ) « " , " 

:ACOM(l)="=" 

:NCOM=l 
******************************************************************************** 

Matching on the highest level of the tree structure below roots 

******************************************************************************** 
3200 AM="USING" 
:NLET=4 
: GOSUB 750 
:IF FLAG=1 

GOTO 4000 
3210 AM="START" 
:NLET=4 
: GOSUB 7 50 
:IF FLAG=1 

GOTO 4100 
3220 AM="MAXIMUM" 
;NLET=4 
: GOSUB 7 50 
:IF FLAG=1 

GOTO 4200 
3230 AM="EPSILON" 
:NLET=4 
: GOSUB 750 
:IF FLAG=1 

GOTO 4300 
3 240 AM= "VALUE" 
:NLET=4 
: GOSUB 750 
:IF FLAG=1 

THEN FVA=0 

:GOTO 4400 
3250 AM="E0UATTON" 
:NLET=4 
: GOSUB 7 50 
:IF FLAG=l 

GOTO 4600 
3260 AM="DYDX" 
:NLE' T '=4 
: GOSUB 7 50 
:IF FLAG=1 

GOTO 4700 
3270 AM="EXECUTE" 
:NLET=4 
: GOSUB 7 50 
:IF FLAG=1 

GOTO 5000 
3280 AM="CLEAR" 
:NLE , r'=4 
: GOSUB 7 50 
:IF FLAG=1 

GOTO 4800 

3290 IF FCD=0 

THEN NERP-15 21 

: GOSUB 1200 

3291 IF FGD=1 AND IEOC=0 

THEN NERR=1S41 

:GOSUB 1200 
3295 FERR=1 
3300 GOSUB 7000 

:CHAIN MERGE ARET, I RET , DELETE 3000-99Q9 

Matching for the method under USINg 

******************************************************************************** 

4000 FCD=1 

:AM=" NEWTON" 

:NLET=4 

: GOSUB 7 50 

:IF FLAG=1 

THEN ME'"HOD% = L 
:GOTO 3200 
4010 AM^'APPROXIKAT" 

:NLET=4 

; GOSUB 750 



Listing 4 continued on page 264 



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Listing 4 continued: 




:IF FLAG=1 






THEN AM=" NEWTON" 








NLET=4 
GOSUB 750 
METHOD%=2 




CALL 


:GOTO 3200 
40 20 AM=" SECANT" 
:NLET=4 




YOUR 


:GOSUB 750 
:IF FLAG=1 

THEN METHOD%=3 




LOCAL 


:GOTO 3200 
4030 AM=" INTERVAL" 
:NLET=4 




DYSAN 


: GOSUB 750 

:IF FLAG=1 

THEN AM="HALVING" 




OFFICE 




NLET=3 
GOSUB 750 




CA: Los Angeles 




METHOD%=4 




(213)907-1803 


:GOTO 3200 
4040 AM="REGULA" 




Orange County 


:NLET=4 




(714)851-9462 


: GOSUB 750 
:IF FLAG=1 

THEN AM=" FALSI" 




Sacramento 
(916)966-8037 


:NLET=4 

: GOSUB 750 

:METHOD%=5 




San Francisco/Sunnyvale 




(408) 727-9552 


:GOTO 3200 
4050 NERR=1522 




DC: Washington 


: GOSUB 1200 




(703)356-6441 


:GOTO 3295 






******************************************************************************** 




GA: Atlanta 

*(404) 952-0919 


Setting the number of STAPting POINts and their values 




IL: Chicago 


******************************************************************************** 




(312)882-8176 


4100 FCD=1 




:FT=1 




(800) 323-5609 


: GOSUB 950 
:IF FLAG=1 




MA: Boston 


THEN X1=DV 




(617)273-5955 


:FSP=1 
:GOTO 4150 




*(6 17) 229-2800 


4110 AM="POINT" 




Ml: Detroit 


:NLET=4 

: GOSUB 750 




(313)525-8240 


:IF FLAG=1 

GOTO 4100 




MN: Minneapolis 


4120 AM="AT " 




♦(612)814-7199 


:NLET=3 






: GOSUB 7 50 




MO: St. Louis 


:IF FLAG=1 




(314)434-4011 


GOTO 4100 






4140 NERR=1523 




NY: New York 


:GOSUB 1200 
:GOTO 3300 




(212)687-7122 


4150 FT=1 

: GOSUB 9 50 
: IF FLAG=0 




OH: Cleveland 

(216)333-3725 


GOTO 3200 






4160 X2=DV 




PA: Pittsburgh 


:FSP=2 




(412)261-0406 


:IF X2oXl 

GOTO 3200 




Philadelphia 


4170 FSP^l 




(609) 939-4762 


:NERR=1524 






:GOSUB 1200 




IX: Dallas/Ft. Worth 


:GOTO 3295 




*|817)261-53I2 

WA: Seattle 

(206) 455-4725 


******************************************************************************** 




Setting the number of MAXImum EVALuations 




******************************************************************************** 






4 200 FCD=1 
:FT=3 




♦Includes OEM Sales 


:BB1=2 
:BB2=10000 




Dysan Diskettes are also available 


: GOSUB 850 




from all ComputerLand Stores, 


:IF FLAG=1 




Sears Business Systems Centers, and 


THEN NUMEVAL=IV 
:GOTO 3200 




many independent computer outlets 


4210 NERR=1525 




nationwide. 


:GOSUB 1200 
•GOTO 3295 




For the location of the Dysan sales 


******************************************************************************** 




outlet nearest you, contact Dysan at: 
(408) 988-3472 


Setting the value of EPSIlon 




Toll Free: (800) 538-8 133 


******************************************************************************** 




Telex: 171551 DYSAN SNTA 


4 300 FCD=1 
: FT=3 




TWX: 9 10-338-2 144 


:BBl=lE-20 




0WH W~\. 


:BB2=10 




EuM m lim/~«fi 


: GOSUB 950 




mm f #V7\//## 


:IF FLAG=1 




Wm) l^fOlif 1 


THEN EPSILON=DV 




^/corporation 


:GOTO 3200 






4310 NERR=1526 






:GOSUB 1200 , , 






• GOTO 3295 Listing 4 continued on page 266 




264 January 1983 © byte Publication* inc Circle 154 on Inquiry card. 



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Listing 4 continued: 



Circle 394 on Inquiry card. 



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******************************************************************************** 

Returning the value (s) of Y at the requested Xfs) 

*********** ft ************ * * * **************************************************** * 
4400 FCD=1 
4430 AM="AT " 
:NLET=3 
: GOSUB 750 
:FT=1 

:GOSUB 950 
:IF FLAG=1 

THEN FVA=1 
:X=DV 

: GOSUB 9000 

:PRINT "The value at "rX;" is ";Y 
:GOTO 4430 
4440 IF FVA=1 

GOTO 3200 
4450 NERR=1527 

:GOSUB 1200 
:GOTO 3295 
******************************************************************************** 

Entering the EQUAtibn 

******************************************************************************** 
4600 FCD=1 

: GOSUB 800 

:IF FLAG=0 

THEN NERR=1533 
GOSUB 1200 
GOTO 3295 
4610 AEQ="9000 "+AB+" : RETURN" 

:FEXT=0 

:FDX=0 
4620 OPEN "O", #7, "EQUATION. BAS" 

:PRINT#7,AEQ 

: CLOSE* 7 

:CHAIN MERGE "EQUATION" , 4630 , ALL, DELETE 9000 
4630 GOSUB 1480 

:GOTO 3200 
******************************************************************************** 

Entering the derivative of the equation 
(required by Newton's method) 

******************************************************************************** 
4700 FCD=1 

: GOSUB 800 

:IF FLAG=0 

THEN NERR=1534 

:GOSUB 1200 
:GOTO 3295 
4710 AEQD="9001 "+AB+" :RETURN" 

:FDX=1 
4720 OPEN "O" ,#7, "EQUATION. BAS" 

:PRINT#7,AEQD 

: CLOSE* 7 

:CHAIN MERGE "EQUATION" , 4630 , ALL , DELETE 9001 
4730 GOSUB 1480 

:GOTO 3200 
******************************************************************************** 

CLEAring the parameters to default values 

******************************************************************************** 
4800 FCD=1 

:METHOD%=3 
:X1=0 
:X2=1 
!FSP=2 
:NUMEVAL=20 
:EPSILON=.l 

:AEQ="9000 Y=X: RETURN" 
:AEQD="9001 YPRIME=1 :RETURN" 
:FDX=1 
:GOTO 3200 
******************************************************************************** 

EXECution of root-finding 

******************************************************************************** 
5000 FCD=1 "Initial i zing values 

:X=X1 
:IF FSP=2 

THEN X=X2 

: GOSUB 9000 
:YLAST=Y 
:XLAST=X 
:X=X1 
5010 IF METH0D%<>1 AND FSP<>2 "Checking for 2 starting 

THEN NERR=1535 points for methods that 

:GOSUB 1200 require 2 

:GOTO 3295 
5020 IF METHOD%=l AND FDX=0 **Checktng for derivative 

THEN NERR=1536 update if Newton's method 

:GOSUB 1200 Is used 

:GOTO 3295 

Listing 4 continued on page 268 



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BYTE January 1983 267 



Listing 4 continued: 



5030 IF METHOD%=4 

THEN GOSUB 9000 
: XOTHER=X 
:YOTHER=Y 
5050 NUM=0 
5100 NUM=NUM+1 

:ON METHOD% GOSUB 6000,6200,6400,6600,6800 
5110 XCTHER=XLAST 
:YOTHER-YLAST 
: XLAST=X 
: YLAST=Y 
:X=XNEW 
:Y=0 
5200 IF NUM>NUMEVAL 

GOTO 5400 
5210 IF ABS(YLAST)>EPSILON 

GOTO 5100 
5220 PRINT "The root is ",XLAST 

:PRINT NUMj" Evaluations were required." 
5260 GOTO 3200 

5400 PRINT "The root was not found in ";NUMEVAL;" attempts." 
5410 PRINT "The last values were X =";XLAST;" and Y =";YLAST 
5420 GOTO 3200 
******************************************************************************** 

Methods Subroutines 

******************************************************************************** 



•♦Computation loop 

"Adjusting to maintain the 
points for the next time 
through the loop 



"Checking if too many 

evaluations 
"Checking if done 

**The desired root has been 
found 



"Newton's Method 



"Approximate Newton's Method 



"Secant Method 



"Interval Halving Method 



"Peguia Falsi Method 



6000 GOSUB 9001 

:GOSUB 9000 

:XNEW=X-Y/YPRIME 

: RETURN 
6200 XOTHER=X 

:X=X+(X2-X1) 

:GOSUB 9000 

:YLAST=Y 

:XLAST=X 

:X=XOTHER 

:GOSUB 9000 

:XNEW=X-Y/( (YLAST-Y) /(XLAST-X) ) 

: RETURN 
6400 GOSUB 9000 

:XNEW=X-Y/( (YLAST-Y) / (XT.AST-X) ) 

: RETURN 
6600 X=.5* (XLAST-XOTHER1+XOTHER 

:GOSUB 9000 

:IF Y*YLAST>0 

THEN XLAST^XOTHER 
:YLAST=YOTHEP 
6610 XNEW=X-Y/ ( (YLAST-Y) / (XLAST-X) ) 

: RETURN 
6800 GOSUB 9000 

:XNEW=X-Y/( (YLAST-Y) /(XLAST-X) ) 

:XLAST=XOTHER 

:YLAST=XOTHER 

: RETURN 
******************************************************************************** 

Subroutine for saving variables when leavinq 

******************************************************************************** 
7000 OPEN "O" ,#6,ADISK+"SAVEROOT" 

:KRITE*6,AE0 

:WRITE*6,AEQD 

:WRITE*6,EPSILON,FCD,FDX,FSP,FVA,METHOD%,NUMEVAT,,Xl,X2 

: CLOSE* 6 

:GOSUB 1400 

: RETURN 
******************************************************************************** 

Subroutine for restoring variables when returning 

******************************************************************************** 
7100 OPEN "I" ,#6,ADISK+"SAVEROOT" 

:INPUT#6,AE0 

:INPUT»6,AE0D 

: INPUT* 6 , EPSILON , FCD , FDX , FSLP , FVA , MFTHOD% ,NUMEVAI, , XI , X2 

: CLOSE* 6 
7110 OPEN "O" ,*7,"E0UATION.BAS" 

:PRINT*7,AE0 

:PRINT*7,AEQD 

: CLOSE* 7 

:CHAIN MERGE "EQUATION" ,7120 , ALL, DELETE 9000-9001 
7120 GOSUB 1450 

: RETURN 
******************************************************************************** 

Equation subroutines will be inserted here 

******************************************************************************** 

9000 REM 

9001 REM 
******************************************************************************** 

Remember — 

Line 9999 must be present in the module, even if only as a remark. 

******************************************************************************** 
9999 END 



Text continued from page 258: 

successful match, except for EX- 
ECute, directs the computer to a line 
in the 4000s for further processing on 
that branch. For example, lines 4000 
to 4050 handle matching for the 
methods and set a flag (METH- 
OD %) for internal use by the pro- 
gram. Each of the other keywords, at 
the same level in the tree as USINg, 
has its own sections for further pro- 
cessing. 

Error Trapping 

What happens if someone goofs 
and misspells a word or simply gets a 
wrong word? Line 3290 checks for 
this. A flag (FCD) is set to upon 
entering this module. A successful 
match on any of the acceptable words 
results in FCD being set to 1 (see lines 
4000, 4100, etc.). If line 3290 is 
reached, we may or may not have a 
problem. If the end of the current 
command has been reached, and we 
have already found at least one valid 
command (FCD = 1), we may return 
to the calling program. If no valid 
keyword has been found (FCD = 0), 
or if we have not reached the end of 
the current command, implying that 
there are more words to be processed, 
we have an error. 

One of the variables (FEOC) in the 
POL-80 program is set whenever an 
end-of -command is reached. It can be 
examined as needed. If an error is 
found, an error number is set, a 
message is printed (the subroutine at 
line 1200), the remainder of the cur- 
rent command line is ignored 
(FERR = 1), and control is returned to 
the calling module or main program 
(line 3300). Each error in the ROOTs 
program is handled similarly; line 
4050, for example, is reached if an ac- 
ceptable root-finding method is not 
chosen. 

Variations in Input 

Not all input is in words, however. 
Sometimes a number is required, for 
example, the maximum number of 
evaluations for MAXImum EVALua- 
tions. Line 4200 in ROOTs shows the 
steps required to extract a number. 
The type of number is set by FT. In 
this case FT is positive, implying that 
either an integer or a real value is ac- 



268 January 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 



Listing 5: Variables and their descriptions as used in the ROOTs program. 



AEO 

AEOD 
EPSILON 

FCD 
FDX 

FSP 
FVA 

METHOD% 
NUMEVAt, 

X 

XI 
X2 
Y 

YPRIME 

XOTHER 

YOTHER 

XLAST 

YLAST 

XNEW 



Tnternal equation containing the root Default is "Y=X" 
to be found 



Contains the derivative of AEO 

The value for determining success of 
finding root—success if 
ABS(Y)<=EPSILON 

Flag for checking command syntax 

Flag for making sure a new AEOD is 
entered if AEO is changed 
(required for Newton's Method) 

Number of starting points entered 

Flag for syntax after VALUe (AT) 

Flag for method to be used 

Maximum number of attempts (to find 
root) before failure is declared 

Independent variable in AEO and AEOD 

Starting point 1 

Starting point 2 

Dependent variable in AEO 

Dependent variable in AEOD 

A previous X value attempted 

Y value at XOTHER 

Another previous X value attempted 

Y value at XLAST 

X value for next attempt 



Default is "YPRIME=1" 
Default = .01 



Default = 2 



Default=3 (Secant) 
Default=20 



Default = 
Default = 1 



ceptable, but that it should be round- 
ed to the nearest integer. Acceptable 
values are between 2 and 1000. 
Because other values are not accept- 
able, FT is set to 3. An error is set if 
the number is not in the proper range. 
Lines 4100, 4300, and 4535 show 
other examples of extracting 
numbers. 

Sometimes strings are required. In 
ROOTs, strings may be required for 
the equation and its derivative (lines 
4600 to 4630 and 4700 to 4730, re- 
spectively). To get a string, GOSUB 
800 is called. If the current entity is a 
string, it returns FLAG = 1, and the 
string is stored in AB. Because the 
string .represents an equation we wish 
to use in the program, a line of 
BASIC code is built up as a subrou- 
tine by placing one of the reserved 
line numbers, 9000 or 9001, at the 
beginning of the string and a 
RETURN at the end. The line of code 
is stored in a BASIC program file. 
Then, that line is put into the current 
program using CHAIN MERGE, and 
the files are reset. 



Although it is not done in ROOTs, 
a match may be done on a specific 
character, if desired, by using 
GOSUB 750 as if a word that is one 
character long were being matched 
(NLET-1). 

The portions of the program 
discussed so far can be directly tied to 
the "tree" and the HELP listings. 
Because each keyword has very 
specific actions associated with it, the 
actual coding is relatively simple. 
Standard sequences for matching or 
extracting entities are used; normally, 
one or two flags or values are set, or 
an error may be set. Compare lines 
3200 to 5000 with the tree. What 
seems complex is actually simple 
when examined in detail. The difficult 
part of programming in POL is 
designing the input and writing the 
tree (steps 3 to 6 above). 

Lines 5000 to 7000 form the main 
computational section. Flags are first 
checked and appropriate actions 
taken, then the computational loop is 
started (lines 5100 to 5210). The two 
possible endings are handled in lines 



5220 to 5420. Lines 6000 to 7000 con- 
tain the subroutines for the five root- 
finding methods. 

Finally, initialization routines are 
required. Lines 3010 to 3030 and the 
subroutine at line 7100 do initializa- 
tion on a normal entry, while line 
3300 and the subroutine at line 7000 
handle return to the main program. 
The procedures in these lines are a 
minimum set for a simple module. 

Summary 

This part of the series has presented 
a step-by-step procedure for writing 
an individual module. In part 3, we 
will look at the relationship between 
modules, how to write the main pro- 
gram that links modules, and ways in 
which modules can be made more 
useful. I will also present a more flexi- 
ble and comprehensive method of en- 
tering and exiting modules. ■ 



The following items are available 
from the author: 

1. The POL/PS User's Manual and the 
ROOTs User's Manual for $20. These 
manuals generally supplement but do 
not duplicate the material presented 
here. Topics include detailed rules of 
input, theory and examples of opera- 
tion, and programming rules and 
hints. 

2. The two manuals above and a disk 
containing all the appropriate files for 
$30. 

3. The items listed above and the 
graphics package (which includes the 
contour plotter module) for $200. The 
ROOTs module in this package will 
have additional graphics capabilities, 
such as plotting the equation and 
graphically following the root-finder 
as it seeks the root. 

These items will be offered on 
several disk formats (CP/M 8-inch, 
Osborne, and others as I can make ar- 
rangements). A user's group will be set 
up, and I will sell software written by 
others for the POL/PS on a royalty 
basis. For more information, or to 
order items, contact: 

His Programs 
c/o Mark Finger 
2439 Overlook Circle 
Lawrence, KS 66044 



January 1983 © BYTE Publication Inc 



269 



WILL SOMEONE PLEASE TELL 



ACCOUNTING 



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Business Check Register and Budget 

Business Control System 

CPA. 

Client Accounting System 

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CPA Client Write-Up 

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Delivery Service Automation 

Depreciation Calculations and Reports 

Executive Accounting System 

Financial and Management Accounting 

Financial Parmer 

Fixed Asset Accounting 

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Fixed Assets/ Depreciation Schedules 

Fund Accounting System 

General Accounting 

General Accounting Package 

General Ledger 

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IRAP 

Ledger System Business Module 

Management - Financial Reporting 

MAXILEDGER 

Microaccountant Accounting System 

MICROLEDGER 

M)A Multi-journal Accounting 

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Peachtree General Ledger 

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TCS Accounting 

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TCS Total Ledger 

The Accountant Finance Data Base 

The Bookkeeper System 

The Boss Financial Accounting 

The Business Bookkeeping System 

The Controller 

The Depreciation Planner 

The Software Fitness Program 



AGRICULTURE 



Adjusted Weaning Weights 
BEEFUP-Herd Management 

Performance 
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Corn Harvest Losses 
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Farm Management 
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Fertilizer Formulation 
Field Population 
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Finishing Feeder Pigs 
Job Cost (Crop Cost) 
Least Cost Fertilizer Application 
Liming Soil 

Liquid Manure and Fertilizer 
Net Energy for Feedlot Cattle 
PEDIGREE-5 Generation Annotated 

Pedigree 
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Scientific Data Base 

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Systems Analyst 

Teacher Plus Teaching &. Reference Pkg 

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The Toolbox Programming Utilities 

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UCSD Pascal 

Unlock Development Tool 

V-COM Disassembler Package 

Z8000 Cross Assembler 

BUSINESS MANAGEMENT TOOLS ' 
Analyst -Business Productivity 
Apple Sack General Business Program 
Bookkeeper II-Sales Analysis 
Business Pac 100 
Business Planner 
Creative Financial Package 
Desktop/ Plan 

Execuplan Planning &. Forecast 
Financial Modeling System 
Financial Planning Series 
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Finplan/Financia! Planning 
EP2020 Financial Planner 
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Magic Worksheet 
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Milestone-Critical Path Network Analysis 
Optimiser 

PFS-Personal Filing System 
Personal Report System 
Plan 80-Financial Planning &. Analysis 
Project Boss-Mgr's Cost Control System 
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Retail Purchasing & Pricing 
Salary Planner 
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Supercalc-Electronic Spread Sheet 
Support Pkg for Real Estate Mgmt 
T/ Maker II-Visual Calculating Tool 
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Universal Business Machine Planning 

and Forecasting 
VisiCalc III 

VisiCalc Real Estate Template 

CAPITAL PROJECTS 
PLANNING Sl CONTROL 

Angle Project Scheduling 
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jobtrak-Project Tracking 
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COMMUNICATIONS 
Apple Access III 
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Class Data Recorder 
CM-900 Burroughs Network Services 
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DTS-3-Serial Data Transfer 
^Electronic Mail 
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IE/ Modem 

Intercom Communications 
METTY -Intelligent Terminal Package 
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Microlink-80-File Transfer Program 
Reformatter-CIYM IBM Data Transfer 
Remote Console Program 
Smarterm-Cr/M Terminal Program 
Term II-Computer Intercommunications 
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TTY -Communications With Other 

Computers i 

U-Net-Shared Resources Network 



Ultimate Transfer 

Visiterm-Communications Program 
VT-100 Emulator 
Western Union Interface 

DATA MANAGEMENT 

ANALYST 

CBS -Configurable Business System 

CCA Data Mgt System 

CM 2020 Configurable Manager 

Condor Series 20 

Data Management Program 

Data Manager 

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Data-View Electronic Filing Cabinet 

Database II 

Database Management 

Datafax 

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Disk-Edit-Screen Oriented Disk Editor 

DMS-Data Mgmt System 

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Fast Entry for Tabs Business Modules 

FINDAFYL-Reference Retrieval System 

FMS 80-Data Base Management System 

GBS Database 

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HDBS-Hierarchial Data Base 

IFO Database Manager 

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KTDS-Key to Disk, Data Entry 

Linkindex- Pascal Utility 

MAG/ Base-Data Base Management 

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MDBS DRS-Micro Database Mgt System 

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RADAR-Random Access Data Acquisition 

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Scientist-Data Base & Statistical Pkg 

Selector Ill-Data Base Processor 

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Selector V-Data Base Mgmt 

STATPRD-Integrated Database System 

Stoneware Utility Package 

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Random Access 
The Reprogrammable Data Base Program 
VisiDex-Data Base Mgt System 
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Whatsit ? -Conversational Query/ Retrieval 

DATA SECURITY SYSTEMS 

Absolute Security 

Encode/ Decode Security System 

DISTRIBUTION 
ABT Retail Manager 
Beer Distributor Management 
Inventory, Order Entry, Invoicing 
Oil jobber Management System 
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The Store Manager 
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EDUCATION - BUSINESS 
Accounting Tutor 
Comparative Buying 
Income Meets Expenses 
Interactive Typing Tutor 
Job Readiness-Assessment & 

Development 
Mastertype-Typing Instruction 
Money Mgmt Assessment 
Typing 
Typing Tutor 
You Can Bank On It-Bank Concepts 

EDUCATION - CHEM/PHYSICS 

Acid-Based Chemistry 

Atomic Structure 

Chem Lab Simulation 

Chemical Equilibrium 

Chemistry With A Computer 

Fundamental Skills for General Chemistry 

High School Chemistry 

High School/Jr. College C.A.I Biology 

High School/Jr. College CA.I. Physics 

Organic Nomenclature 

Physics 

EDUCATION -ENGLISH 

A Batch of Endings 
Agreement of Pronoun/ Antecedent 
Alphabetize 
Capitalization 
Catalog Cards 
Commas 
Compu-Read 
Compu-Spell 
Coordination 
End Marks 
Excess Words 
Faulty Coordination 
i Hearing the Homonyms 
Irregular Verbs 



Is It "ie or ei?" 

Language Drill 

Locate Books on the Shelf 

Magic Spells 

Misplaced Modifiers 

Parallel Structure 

Possessing the Possessives 

Prefixes & Suffixes 

Quotations 

Reading Level 

Readings In Literature 

Run On Sentences 

Scramble 

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Speedreader 

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Spelling Bee with Reading PrimeT 

Spelling Those Plurals 

Srill More Nasty Demons 

Subject/Verb Agreement 

Subordination 

The End of the Endings 

Those Nasty Demons 

Understand the Card Catalog 

Understand the Title Page 

Use an Index 

Use the Table of Contents 

Using Adjectives/ Ad verbs Correctly 

Word Scrambler ex Super Speller 

EDUCATION - MATH 
Addition & Subtraction 
Algebra I 
Basic Marh Skills 
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Compu-Math Decimals 
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Division Drill 
Drill II 

Elementary Math 
Fractions 
Geometry 

Geometry and Measurement Drill 
Lessons in Algebra 
Matching and Using Numbers 
Matching Geometric Figures 
Math-Addition & Subtraction 
Matrix Mathematics Package 
Measurements 
Multiplication ck Division 
Mumath-PO Symbolic Math 
New Subtraction 
Numerical Analysis Mathematics 
Problem Solving 

Problem Solving in Everyday Math 
Sets 

Sign Drill/ Typing 
Statistical Analysis I Mathematics 
Statistics 3-0 
Typing Fractions 

EDUCATION - M1SC 

2ES Courseware 
American History Through 

Biographies 
American Indians 
Antonyms 

Apple Sack 2 Home Education 
Approximate Measure 
Astronomy I Si II 
Concentration-Taxing 
Counting Calories 
Early Civilization 
Educational Package 
Educator's Disk 
Family Fun 

Farm and Farm Products 
HI -Res Life 
History 

Home Safe Home 
Insects 

Light Pen Quiz 
Literature 
Living Things 
Math. Sporrs, Etc. 
Middle Ages 
Money 
Moptown 

Mother Goose Rhymes 
Music/Art 
Our Bodies 

Poison Proof Your Home 
Questions & Answers in Biology 
Questions St Answers in History 
Quizstat 

Reverse/ Sampling 
School Days 
Sentence Beginning 
Shore Features 
Sound 
Supermap 
Synonyms 

Systems of the Body 
Teacher Create Series 
Teacher Plus 
Telling Time 
The Basic Teacher Pac 
The Earth and It's Composition 
The Professional-Teaching Program 



The Solar System 
Transportation History 
Typing 

United States 
Visual Perception Tests 
Weather Fronts 
Work Relationships 
World Desert Region 
World Polar Regions 



FINANCE-INVESTMENT & 

PORTFOLIO ANALYSIS 
Analysts 1-StockTrend Data Analysis 
Commoapx System 
Computicker 
Computrac File Reader 
Dow Jones News Sl 

Quotes Reporter 
Dow Jones Porrfolio Evaluator 
Dowlog-MC 

Electronic Stock Package 
Engineer's System For Trading 
Forecast I 
Forecast II 

Fotofolio-Visual Display w/Statistics 
Gann's Square of Nine Analysis 
Intelligent Investor 
Investment Analysis 
Market Charter-Technical Analysis 
Moneybee-Investment Analyst 
Options 80-Stock Options Analyzer 
Portfolio Master 
Quotecharter 
Quoteprocessor 
Ratortn- Investment Analysis 
Stock and Options Analysis 
Stock Forecasting 
Stock Market Management 
Stock Market Utility 
Stock Option Analysis 
Stock Tracker 
Stock Valuation Program 
Srocksheets 
Strategy M-Monitor Price Change 

Dynamics 
The Clover Method Trading System 
The Stock Portfolio Program 
Tickertec-Tickertape Program 
Wilers 6 Systems Analysis 

FOREIGN LANGUAGES 

Chinese Lessons 

Foreign Words and Phrases 

Greek Roots and Prefixes 

Japanese Lessons 

Latin Roots and Prefixes 

The French Hangman 

The Russian Disk 

The Spanish Hangman 

GAMES 



Adv. 

Alien Rain 

Alien Typhoon 

Almanac — The Time Machine 

Amaze 

Analiza 

Animal 

Anti-Baliistic Missile 

Apple Adventure 

Apple Bowl 

Apple Fun 

Apple Panic 

Apple Sack 3 — Adventure Pak 

Apple Sack 7 — Space Sack 

Apple Sack 8 - Game Sack 

Apple Sack 9 - Base Star 

Apple Stellar Invaders 

Apple-oids 

Asteron 

Astro-Scope 

Astrology 

Autobahn 

Backgammon 20 

Battle of Midway 

Beer Run 

Best of Muse 

Biorythms 

Blackjack 

Both Barrels 

Brands 

Bridge 2.0 

Bridge Tutor 

Bubbles, Planetoids and Burnout 

Cartels and Cutthroats 

Castle Wolfenstein 

Chambers of Xenobia 

Chebychev 1 

Chebychev 2 

Chronicles of Osgroth 

Civil War 

Compu-Math Arithmetic 

Compu-Math Decimals 

Compu-Math Fractions 

Computer Air Combar 

Computer Baseball 

Computer Bismark 

Computer Conflict 

Computer Napoleonics 

Computer Quarterback 

Cops and Robbers 

Cosmo Mission 



Counry Carnival 

Cyber Strike 

Disk Talker 

Dr. Chips 

Dragon Fire 

Dungeon 

Executive Fitness 

Falcons 

Fantasyland 2041 

Fastgammon 

Hight Simulator 

Galactic Attack 

Galactic Wars 

Galaxy Wars 

Games People Play 

Gamma Goblins 

Gobbler 

Golf/ Cross-Out 

Gorgon 

Hammurabi 

Head On Game 

Hellfire Warrior 

Hi-Res Football 

Hi-Res Soccer 

In The Army Now 

Into Ships 

Jet Fighter Pilot 

Klondike 2000 

Lost By Ship 

Mastermind 

Meteoroids in Space 

Micro Othello 

Mimic 

Mind Games Package 

Mission Asteroids 

Mystery House 

Need an Analyst 

Nominoes Jigsaw 

Oil Tycoon 

Olympic Decathlon 

Operation Apocalypse 

Orbitron 

Outpost 

Paddle Fun 

Pegasus II 

Perception 3.0 

Phantoms Five 

Planetoids 

Plot 3D 

Pokeno 

Poker Slot Machine 

Pool 1.5 

Pot 'O Gold I 

Pot O Gold 11 

President Elect 

Pro Football 

Pro Picks 

Project Omega 

Pulsar II 

Race for Midnighi 

Raster Blaster 

Red Baron 

Rendezvous 

Robot Wirs 

Sahara Warriors 

Sargon II (Chess) 

Satellite Irak 

Shell Games 

Shuffleboard 

Sky bombers 

Skybombers II 

Sneakers 

Snoggle 

Soft Porn 

Softside Publications 

Space Eggs 

Space Warrior 

Spellguard 

Spelling Bee 

Star Cruiser 

Star Dance 

Star Thief 

Startraders 

Startrek 

Stock 

Sub Attack 

Tawala's Last Redoubt 

Teacher's Pet 

Temple of Apshal 

Terrorist 

Tetrad 

The Strip 

The Asteroid Field 

The Great Escape 

The Horse Selector 11 

The Prisoner 

The Scorekeeper 

The Shattered Alliance 

The Warp Factor 

Three Mile Island 

Torpedo Fire 

Ultima 

Voyage of the Valkyrie 

War and Games 

War Games 

Warp Factor 

Watch Your Moves 

Win at the Races 

World's Greatest 
Blackjack 

Wumpus 

Xplode 



ME WHAT AN APPLE CAN DO? 



GRAPHICS/ 
COMPUTER-AIDED DESIGN 

3-D Surface Plotter Package 

A2-3D1 Graphics Family 

ABT Barwand Software 

Action Sounds & Hi-Res Scrolling 

Apple Plot 

AppleG raphics II 

Artist Designer 

Bar Chart (Histogram) Graphics 

Business Graphics III 

Circuit Designer Graphics 

Circuit Simulator 

Creativity Tool Box 

CURVFIT 

Data Plot 

E-Z DRAW 

FLGDZINE 

Graforth — Development Tool 

Graph -Fit 

Graph-Pak 

GRAPHPOWER 

Hi-Res Secrets 

Line Graphics 

MC Painting 

ORIFICE 

Pascal Animation Tools 

Pascal Graphics Editor 

Perspective Plot — 3-D Graphic 

PGE — Graphics Editing F 

PILOT Animation Toolkit 

Polar Coordinate Plot 

RGL Real Time Graphic System 

Screen Director 

Shape Table Generator 

Stats-graph 

Super Shape Draw & Animate 

Tablet Graphics 

The Coloring Board Program 

The Designer 

Topographic Mapping 

Ultra Plot 

Utopia Graphics Tabler System 

VACVESL - Vacuum Vessel Design 

VESDZINE - Design of Vessels 

V1SITREND/VISIPLOT 

X-Y Vector Plot Package 

HOME MANAGEMENT 

Address File 

Auto Records 

Checkbook Balancing 

Checking Account Management 

Chequemate 

Diet Analysis 

Financial Analyzer 

Five Minute Financial Check-Up 

Grocery List 

Home Finance 

Home Inventory File 

Home Money Minder 

Home Purchase Analysis 

Magazine File 

Mortgage Analysis 

Personal Accounting System I 

Personal Expense Record 

Personal Finance Manager 

Personal Financial Planning 

Programmed Exercise 

The Personal Check Manager 

INCOME TAX 
Dow Jones Portfolio Evaluator 
Individual Tax Planner 
Micro-Tax Individual Tax Package 
Micro-Tax Integrated State Income Tax 
Micro-Tax Partnership Package 
SHORTAX - Tax Planning Package 
Tax Planner 
Tax Preparer 
TRPS — Tax Return Preparation System 

INVENTORY CONTROL 

ARM-1000 - Rental Business 

Basic Business Inventory 

Bill of Marerials 

BPI Inventory Control 

Imotory Inventory System 

Inventory Accounting 

Inventory Control 

Inventory Management 

Inventory Management for Stock Control 

Inventory Pac 

Inventory System Business Module 

Manufacruring Inventory Control 

MATSTAT-Materials Tracking 

Order Entry/ Inventory Conrrol 

Peachtree Inventory System 

Point-Of-Sale Retail System 

Property Manager for Moveable 

Equipment 
Retail Inventory 

Rogis Stock Control for Components 
Stock Control 
Stock Recording 
Stockfile Inventory System 



Stockroom Inventory and Purchasing 
Srructured Systems Inventory Control 
TCS Inventory Management 
The Order Scheduler 

JOB & CONTRACT 
COST ACCOUNTING 
Billflow 

Bookkeeper II-Job Costing 
BPI job Costing 
Contract Billing 
Contractor Job Cost 
Cost Accountant 
Job Accounting System 
Job Control System 
Job Cost Accounting 
Project Cost Accounting for Architects 
Project Cost Accounting for Engineers 
The Software Fitness Job Cost Analyst 
Time Recording-Job Cost Analyst 
Timerec-Transaction Carry Forward 

MAILING LIST & 
LABEL PROCESSING 

Address Book Mailing List 

Apple III Mail List Manager 

Apple Mail Sack 

Appie Post 

Benchmark Mail List 

Commercial Mailer 

Mail List 

Mail80 Mailing List Software 

MAILER-Name &t Address Management 

System 
Mailing Address 
Mailing List Package 
Mailing System 
MAILMERGE 
MAILPRO 

Mailroom-Mailing List Management 
Master Mailing List 

NAD-Name & Address Selection System 
Name And Address 
Postmaster-Mail Management 
Professional Mailout 
School Mailer 

Small Business Mailing & Filing 
Super-M-List Mailing List Program 
Ultra Plot/ Mailing &. Filing System I 

MARKETING/ SALES ANALYSIS ~ 

EASYTRAK -Salesmen Monitoring Package 

Marketing Systems — Proposal Developer 

Office and Agent Productivity Package 

Sales Analysis 

Sales Pro Prospect Mgt Package 

Sales Tracker 

SALESLOG - Sales Mgt Program 

SNAP — Questionnaire Design and 

Printing 
TCD Life Insurance Computer System 

MISCELLANEOUS 
BILL - Building Energy Use 
Circuit Analysis 
Hand Holding BASIC 
Insulate 

Mini-Warehouse System 
Stepwise Multiple Regression 

MUSIC 
Alpha Syntauri Music Synthesizer 
Apple Music Theory 
Apple Sack Music &. Graphics 
Appleodion Music Synthesis System 
Music System 
Musicomp 
The Electric Duet 

ORDER ENTRY/ 
ACCOUNTS RECEIVABLE 

BPI Accounts Receivable Program 

Cash Receipts System 

Company Sales 

Invoice Compiler 

Invoicing 

Membership Billing 

M1CROREC 

Multi-Properry Accounts Receivable 

Open Item Accounts Receivable 

Order Entry 

Order Entry and Billing 

Order Entry and Invoicing 



Order Tracking System 

Peachtree Accounts Receivable 

Peachtree Sales Invoicing 

Progressive Billing 

Purchase Order System 

Receivables System Business Module 

Receiver 

Sales Invoicing 

Sales Ledger 

Sales Order Processing 

Software Fitness Program — A/R System 

Structured Systems Accounts Receivable 

T-SOP Sales Order Processing 

TCS Accounts Receivable Package 

TCS Total Receivables 

The Biller 

PAYROLL PROCESSING 
Advanced Payroll Package 
After-Trie -Fact- Pay roll — updates records 
Apple Payroll System 
Bookkeeper II-Payroll 
BPI Payroll 

Business Basic Payroll Sysrem 
Contractor Payroll 
Jobcost Payroll 
Micropayroll 
Passive Payroll 
Paymaster 

Paymaster-Payroll System 
Payrecord I 
Payroll 

Payroll Accounting Package 
Payroll Assistant 
Payroll I 



Piece Rate Payroll System 

Post Facto Payroll 

Print/ Paycheck Accounting System 

Run Time Payroll Program 

Sheltered Workshop Reporting 

Structured Systems Group Payroll 

TCS Payroll Package 

TCS Total Payroll 

Variable Worker's Compensation 

WH-347-Accessory program for Jobcost 

PERSONNEL MANAGEMENT 
AMI Post-Facto Payroll 
MICROPERS - Payroll & Personnel Mgmt 
Personnel Data Recorder 
Personnel Office — Federal Compliance 
Personnel Record 

Personnel Record/ Employee Records 
System 

PROFESSIONAL OFFICE SYSTEMS 

AMI Omegabyte Time &. Billing 
BETA - Stand Alone Time & Billing 

System 
Billkeeper — Professional Billing 
Client Billing System 
Client Record/ Bill Preparation 
Datalaw System 3-Law Office Mgmt 
DataTime 

Dental 80A-Dental Accting 6k Billing 
Dental Billing Package 
Dental Office Management 
DentalEase 

Dentistaid — Dentist Office Management 
Insyst (Insurance System) 
Legal Billing & Timekeeping System 
Legal Clerk — Office Management System 
Legal Time Accounting System 
Medicaid Day Treatment 
Medical Accounting and Billing 
Medical Clinic 

Medical II — Office Mgmt System 
Medical Office Management 
Medical Secretary 

Medical/ Dental Management System 
Medical/ Manager 
Medical Ease 
MedPak 

Medtips — Billing &. Insurance Forms 
PAS - 3 -Patient Billing & 

Accts Receivable 
Patient Accounting System 
PIP -Payroll/ Invoicing Program 
Professional Office Management 
Professional Time & Billing 
PTA — Professional Time Accounting Pkg 
Series 8000 Dental Mgmt 



Series 8000 Medical Mgmt 

Series 9000 Family Dental Management 

The Patient Scheduler 

Timeclok 

Timemaster — Time Accounting 

Timesaver Client Billing System 

PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES 
Ada Compiler 
APL/V80 Language 
Apple III Business Basic 
Apple III Pascal 
Apple FORTRAN 
Apple Logo 
Apple PILOT 
ASM 65 -Assembler 
BASIC A+ - Extended Business Basic 
BASIC Compiler 
BASIC- 80 

BASIC/ Z - Native Code Compiler 
BD Software "C" Compiler 
C Compiler 
CBASIC 2 Compiler 
CIS COBOL 
COBOL 80 
Cos Assembler 
Cos COBOL 

Focal 65 -High Level Programming 
Forth 86 

Forth-Language Compiler 
FORTRAN 80 
FORTRAN IV 
Hand Holding BASIC 
KBASIC - Microsoft Disk Extended 

BASIC 
Language System with Apple Pascal 
LISP -80 Compiler 
MAC 8080 Macro Assembler 
MULISP Compiler 
MULISP/MUSTAR80 
muMath/ muSimp 80-High Level 

Programming 
Nevada COBOL Compiler 
Pascal Compiler 
Pascal/ M86 

Pascal/ MY+With SPP-ISO Standard 
PL/l-80-Programming Language 
RATFOR - FORTRAN Language 
S- BASIC 

SSS FORTRAN Compiler 
Softronics 
Stiff Upper Lisp 
TCL Disk BASIC Interpreter 
TCL-Pascal 

TEC 65-Editing Language 
Tiny BASIC High-Level Language 
Tiny C 
Tiny Pascal 
Tiny-C-Two Compiler 
Transforth II 
UCSD Pascal 
Whitesmith's Compiler 
XPLO-Structured Language 
XY BASIC Interactive Process Control 

PROGRAMMING UTILITIES 
Apple Sak 4 — Utility Package 
Basic Utility Disk 
Disk Utilities 3 
Disk Utility Package 
Disk-o-Tape -Pascal 
DOS Tool Kit 
File Maintenance Package 
MAG/ Sam Keyed File Mgmt System 
MAG/ Sort-Record Sort J 
Masterdisk-disk Sector Editor 
MSORT - for COBOL 80 
Pascal Utility Library 
Pascal — Sort Program 
PSORT - Pascal File Sorting 
QSORT - Sort/ Merge Program 
SORT/B- Hybrid Sort 
Supersort 
Ultrasort 

PURCHASING/ ACCOUNTS PAYABLE 

Accounting Payable 

Accounts Payable Business Module 

Accounts Payable/ Purchase Order 

Bookkeeper II — Accounts Payable 

Cash Disbursements Posting System 

Check Wrirer 

Company Purchases 



Contractor Accounts Payable 

Disk-O-Check 

Micropay-Accounts Payable 

Print Check Accounting System 

Purchase Ledger 

Structured Systems Group Accts Payable 

T-POP — Purchase Order Processing 

REAL ESTATE 

American Software Property Management 

Apartment Building Investment Analysis 

Apartment Manager 

Commercial Property System 

Construction Cost/ Profit Analysis 

Cornwall Apartment Management 

Income Property Analysis 

Listings 

Multi-Property Accounting System 

Office/ Apartment Real Estate 

Management 
Property Analysis System 
Property Management 
Property Management System 
Property Mgmt — G/ L Tenant and 

Expenses 
Real Estate Analysis Program 
Real Estate Analyzer 
Realty Package 
Rent vs. Buy 
Rental Manager 

Residential Property Management 
Tax Deferred Exchange Model 
Tenant Processing Package 
The Landlord-Properry Mgmt System 
VisiCalc Real Estate Templates 

TIME MANAGEMENT 
& SCHEDULING 

Agenda Files 

APM — Project Scheduling 
Appointment Calendar 
Color Calendar Package 
Datebook Appointment Calendar 
Datebook Time Management System 
GUARDIAN — Computerized Scheduling 
Office Manager — Staff Appointments 
Personal Datebook 
Professional Secretary 
PROSCHED - Project Schedule 
Time Manager 

WORD PROCESSING 
Apple W>rld Oriented Text Editor 
Apple Writer II 
Apple Writer III 

Benchmark — Word Processing System 
Docuwriter Text Processor 
Easywriter W>rd Processing 
ED1TRIX 1.0 - Word Processing 
Form Letter Module 
Formulex — Business Form Design 
Goodspell 

Letter Master — Basic Word Processor 
Lerteright Correspondence Processing 
Letterite Word Processing System 
Magic Spell - 20,000 Word Dictionary 
Magic Wand — Phrase Insertion 
Magic W&nd — Word Processor 
Magic Wand V\brd Processing System 
Magic Window Word Processor 
MAIL-MERGE-Wordstar Enhancement 
Manuscripter — Word Processor 
Master Text Processor 
Memorite 111 Word Processing 
Microspell Spelling Corrector 
PALANTIR - Word Processing and 

Accounting 
Personal Text Processing 
Report Writer — Word Processing 
Script III 

Secretary — Ward Processing 
Spellbinder Word Processing 
Spellguard 

Super-Text Word Processing 
Supertext II 
TEXTWRITER III - Text Formatting 

Program 
The V\ford Spelling Checker 
VTS-80 CP/M Word Processing 
Wordlndex 

Word Master - Comprehensive Editor 
Ward Master Text Editor 
WordStar - Vvbrd Processing 



With these and thousands of other ready-to-use programs to choose from, 
including the vast array of CP/M" software, you can do more things with an 
Apple 15 than any other computer you can buy So over 1200 authorized Apple 
dealers have a question for you: j^j fL . 

What do you want it to do? m kCIOOiCH The personal computer. 

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Call 800-538-9696 for the location of the authorized Apple dealer nearest you, or for information regarding corporate purchases through our National Accounts Program. In California, (800) 662-9238. 
Or write: Apple Computer Inc., Advertising and Promotion Dept., 20525 Mariani Ave., Cupertino, CA 95014. Software products listings courtesy of SOFSEARCH™ Call 800-531-5955, (in Texas, call 512-340-8735) 

CP/M is a registered trademark of Digital Research, Inc Apple is a registered trademark of Apple Computer Inc. 



Circle 31 on inquiry card. 



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Book Reviews 



P.O. Box 8050 

Ann Arbor, Michigan 48107 

(313)973-8422 



Teletext and 
Videotex In the 
United States 

John Tydeman, Hubert 
Lipinski, Richard P. 
Adler, Michael Nyhan, 
and Laurence Zwimpfer 
Data Communications 
McGraw-Hill 
Publications Company 
New York, 1982 
314 pages, hardcover 
$30 

Reviewed by 
Rich Malloy 
Technical Editor 



Back in 1974, a British re- 
search engineer named Sam 
Fedida displayed a working 
model of a new telecommuni- 
cations system that he called 
viewdata. The basic idea of 
the system was to attach an 
inexpensive converter to a 
home television set and there- 
by enable viewers to access 
tremendous amounts of data 
stored on huge central com- 
puter systems. This system 
would enable people to 
retrieve information, send 
messages, make banking 
transactions, and calculate 
their income tax, all in the 
privacy of their homes. 

Fedida's effort resulted in 
the British telecommunica- 
tions system called Prestel, 
which was started in 1979 and 
now has 15,000 subscribers. 
The name viewdata has since 
been replaced by the generic 
term videotex, now defined as 
any two-way data communi- 
cations link between a host 
computer and a low-cost ter- 
minal (usually a home televi- 
sion with an attached decoder 
using telephone lines for com- 
munication). 

Shortly before Prestel was 
put into service, a videotex 
system was started by the 
Canadian government. This 
system, called Telidon, allows 



high-quality graphics because 
it has much sharper resolution 
than the British system, but it 
requires a more expensive de- 
coder. In 1980 several other 
countries, including France, 
West Germany, the Nether- 
lands, Austria, and Japan, 
began testing their own video- 
tex systems — usually slight 
variations of the British 
Prestel system. 

Meanwhile, a similar tech- 
nology called teletext was also 
developing. In teletext, home 
television sets can receive 
news and other data from a 
host computer via a one-way 
communications link — usual- 
ly part of a broadcast televi- 
sion channel. Because it re- 
quires a less expensive de- 
coder, teletext has become 
much more popular than 
videotex. Two British teletext 
systems, Ceefax and Oracle, 
have over 300,000 sub- 
scribers. 

But what about the United 
States? What is the present 
state of videotex and teletext 
development here? How will 
these new technologies work, 
and, perhaps more important, 
how much will they cost? 
Teletext and Videotex in the 
United States answers all of 
these questions and many 
more. 

From the authors we learn 
that AT&T has developed in 
the U.S. a new videotex and 
teletext protocol called North 
American Presentation Level 
Protocol (NAPLP), which is 
an expanded version of the 
Canadian Telidon system. 
The authors report that 
several experimental projects 
are being conducted through- 
out the U.S. using either the 
Prestel or the NAPLP system. 
Also, a rudimentary teletext 
service (National Captioning 
Institute closed captioning) 
now provides captioning for 
about 40,000 hearing-im- 
paired television viewers. 

Tydeman et al. have done a 
very thorough job of collect- 



272 January 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 



Circle 484 on inquiry card. 



ing almost all the information 
necessary to make informed 
decisions about videotex. 
Their book is aimed at "cor- 
porate, trade, consumer, and 
government decision makers," 
and a major portion of the 
book is indeed devoted to 
public policy issues. This may 
be the first time that the im- 
plications of a new technology 
have been so well examined so 
early in its development. 

The book contains many 
interesting facts not only on 
videotex but also on every 
technology associated with 
videotex, including com- 
puters, telephone networks, 
cable networks, and television 
broadcasting. For example, 
the authors note that different 
technological advances have 
been accepted at different 
rates. It took 70 years before 
even half of all U.S. house- 
holds had telephones, but tele- 
vision was in 75 percent of all 
households in just 11 years. 



One of the problems with 
videotex as it now stands is 
the tendency of its proponents 
to regard personal computers 
merely as hobbyists' devices. 
Tydeman et al. are more 
open-minded than most in 
that they treat personal com- 
puter networks such as The 
Source, CompuServe, and 
Dow Jones News Retrieval 
Service as bona fide videotex 



puters and videotex: (1) 
Whichever standard (Prestel 
or NAPLP) is adopted in the 
U.S., personal computer users 
will probably be able to use 
either one. (2) For the same 
price as a videotex decoder, a 
person could buy a personal 
computer that can do all that 
a videotex decoder can do 
plus much more. (3) Personal 
computer users will be able to 



The book contains many interesting 

facts on videotex and every 

technology associated with It. 



networks. Actually, the total 
number of subscribers to these 
services (77,000) is more than 
twice the number of videotex 
subscribers in the rest of the 
world combined. 

The book unfortunately 
does fail to explore three im- 
portant points about the 
potential of personal corn- 



generate, not just receive, 
videotex images. 

Another complaint about 
the book is that parts of it 
read as if it had been written 
by committee. Indeed, the 
book is the result of a study 
by a California group called 
the Institute of the Future and 
was sponsored by the Nation- 



al Science Foundation. Per- 
haps as a consequence of this, 
some of the sentences are a bit 
long-winded: 'The aim of the 
policy analysis is to provide a 
context for policymakers to 
assess their role in the emer- 
gence of teletext and videotex 
services." 

Overall, though, the book 
is a very valuable reference for 
anyone involved in communi- 
cations and, in one sense or 
another, that includes just 
about all of us. In fact, the 
book has been so popular that 
its first printing sold out in 
about two months. It's also 
extremely timely; the pub- 
lisher has done an excellent 
job getting the book out while 
the information is still current. 
If you're professionally in- 
volved with communication 
or just want to know what all 
the fuss is about, Teletext and 
Videotex in the United States 
should answer virtually all of 
your questions. ■ 



Lyco Computer Marketing & Consultants 



TO ORDER 

CALL US 



TOLL FREE 800-233-8760 



In PA 1-717-398-4079 



ATARI 
SPECIALS 



810 Disk Drive 
32K RAM 



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ASTEROIDS 

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EASTERN FRONT 1941 . . 

CX404 WORD PRO 

PILOT HOME 

PILOT EDUCATOR 

MONKEY WRENCH 

MACRO ASSEMBLER 
MICROSOFT BASIC . . 



Circle 237 on Inquiry card. 



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In PA 1-717-398-4079 
or send order to 
Lyco Computer 
P.O. Box 5088 

Jersey Shore, PA 17740 



January 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 273 




HEW PERSONAL 

COMPUTERS THAT 
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Book Reviews 



Structured 

Systems 

Programming 

Jim Welsh and 
R. Michael McKeag 
Prentice-Hall Inc. 
Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 
1980 

324 pages 
hardcover, S26 

Reviewed by 
David D. Clark 
246 South Fraser St. 
State College, PA 1 680 1 



Whether you're a hobbyist 
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craft to a profession. Because 
structured programming 
methods lead to reliable and 
understandable programs, the 
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sequence. 

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systems programming. For ex- 
ample, the language supports 
separate compilation through 
the use of a construct called an 
"envelope." Similar to the 
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public and private constants, 
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procedures and lets you ini- 
tialize and terminate them. 
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gramming is clearly and func- 
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guage. The authors were wise 
to illustrate the value of struc- 
tured programming tech- 
niques by applying them to a 
nontrivial program that could 
otherwise become a quagmire 
of patches and afterthoughts. 

The analysis of the problem 



276 January 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 



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BYTE January 1983 277 



Book Reviews 



begins with a precise specifica- 
tion of exactly how the com- 
pleted program should 
operate. Next, the authors 
define Mini-Pascal, the lan- 
guage the model compiler 
translates. The authors 
analyze the problem in a 
logical order, treating source 
handling, lexical analysis, syn- 
tax analysis, semantic 
analysis, and code generation 
in sequence. In each of these 
sections, the authors specify 
the problem and break it 
down into its various parts. 
At the end of each section, 
you have a working piece of 
program that fulfills the objec- 
tives it was designed to meet. 
Almost before you know it, 
you have been lead through 
the development of a working 
compiler for a simple language 
that runs on a hypothetical 
machine. 

The third and final section 
of the book details the pro- 
gramming methods you'll 



need to build a structured 
operating system. For two 
reasons, the operating system 
is more complicated than the 
compiler presented in the pre- 
vious section. First, the 
operating system must be able 
to handle system resources 



including the main store, pro- 
cessor, and several peripherals 
such as card readers, line 
printers, typewriters, and the 
file store. As in the preceding 
section, the authors use step- 
wise refinement to divide each 
task into smaller and simpler 



The operating system is more 

complicated than the compiler 

because it must be able to handle 

system resources concurrently and 

it has to interact more intimately 

with its hardware. 



concurrently. Second, the 
operating system has to inter- 
act more intimately with the 
hardware it runs on. Once 
again, the authors start with a 
program specification. The 
analysis proceeds with an ex- 
amination of the resources 
that the operating system 
makes accessible to the user, 



pieces, then they devise a 
method to handle each of 
these smaller tasks. Pieces of 
the working operating system 
are listed at the end of each 
chapter. 

The book has several strong 
points. It is both well written 
and well organized. The com- 
piler and the operating system 



have been implemented suc- 
cessfully, which eliminates the 
subtle errors that often appear 
in books when the programs 
they detail have not actually 
been tested. In terms of its 
underlying philosophy the 
book resembles Niklaus 
Wirth's Algorithms + Data 
Structures = Programs, ex- 
cept that Welsh and McKeag's 
presentation is more geared to 
an experienced programmer. 
My main criticism is that the 
authors might have discussed 
concurrent programming 
more thoroughly, because it is 
a topic that will be new to 
many programmers. 

The book's rather for- 
midable price of $26 (ap- 
parently the going rate for 
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ers, but its contents make it 
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Eratosthenes Revisited 

Once More through the Sieve 

A closer look at a benchmark prime-number program 
and various Pascal and C compilers. 



You can measure a computer 
system's performance in much the 
same way as you measure that of a 
racehorse: take out a stopwatch and 
measure how long it takes to go the 
distance. The "distance" for a com- 
puter, however, is often a set of 
benchmarks, programs that are 
designed to test the capabilities of a 
given system. 

In a previous article in BYTE (see 
"A High-Level Language Benchmark," 
September 1981 BYTE, page 180) we 
proposed a simple benchmark pro- 
gram for microcomputers and used 
this program to compare a number of 



Acknowledgments 

Thanks are due to the many readers who 
contributed timing data and other comments. 
Special thanks are also due to the software 
houses that provided their latest versions for 
testing and help when problems arose. 



About the Authors 

Jim Gilbreath is the head of the Computer 
Sciences and Simulation Department at the 
Naval Ocean Systems Center. Gary Gilbreath 
is a third-year student of electrical engineering 
and computer science at University of Califor- 
nia at San Diego and owner of his own soft- 
ware company. 



Jim Gilbreath and Gary Gilbreath 

7266 Courtney Dr. 

San Diego, CA 92111 

high-level languages on various com- 
puters. The particular program we 
used was a variant of the Sieve of 
Eratosthenes (pronounced Er-ah- 
TOS-the-neez), which finds all of the 
prime numbers between 3 and 16,381. 

It is probably presumptuous to dig- 
nify this effort with the term "bench- 
mark." A benchmark is usually very 
comprehensive and may require 
hours to run, even on a large main- 
frame computer. But the large 
volume of mail generated by our 
original article indicates that there is a 
significant interest in language testing 
and that many readers found the 
results to be useful as well as intrigu- 
ing. In fact, several compiler writers 
indicated a rekindled interest in better 
code generation and have improved 
their products as a result. But the pro- 
gram is, at best, just one point on a 
very long curve and should be used as 
only one of many considerations in 
picking a language or a system. 

In this article, we will take a closer 
look at this Sieve benchmark pro- 
gram, and we will pay particular at- 
tention to several Pascal and C com- 
pilers that have recently come onto 
the market. 



The Program 

A brief review of the program (list- 
ings 1 and 2 in Pascal and C, respec- 
tively) seems in order for the benefit 
of those who don't have ready access 
to the first article. The Sieve of 
Eratosthenes is a simple procedure for 
finding prime numbers, which was 
developed in the third century B.C. A 
prime number can be defined as a 
natural number that has two and only 
two distinct divisors (our thanks to 
James C. Fairfield for this definition). 
Thus 2 is the first prime, and all the 
rest are odd numbers. In the classic 
sieve procedure, you arrange all of 
the natural numbers in order and then 
cross out every second number after 
2, every third number after 3, and so 
on, crossing out every nth number 
after n. The numbers that are not 
crossed out, which "pass through the 
sieve," are prime numbers. 

Because all primes after 2 are odd, 
we start with the prime number 3 and 
"strike out" entries in an array of 
flags that represent odd numbers 
only. This array can now be only half 
as long as the largest prime we desire 
to calculate. 

One feature of the program is that 



January 1983 © BYTE PubUcatioiw Inc 283 



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Listing 1: The Sieve of Eratosthenes prime-number program in Pascal. 

(* Eratosthenes Sieve Prime Number Program in Pascal *) 

program prime; 

const 

size = 8190; 
var 

flags : array [0..size] of boolean; 
i, prime, k, count, iter : integer; 
begin 

writeln ('10 iterations') ; 
for iter := 1 to 10 do begin 
count := 0; 

to size do 
flags [i] := true; 
to size do 
if flags [i] then begin 

frime := i+i+3; 
writeln (prime) ;} 
k := i + prime; 



for i 
for i 



do program 10 times} 
prime counter} 

(set flags all true} 

found a prime} 
twice the index + 3} 



{first multiple to kill} 

while k <= size do begin 

flags [k] := false; {zero a non-prime} 
k := k + prime {next multiple} 

end; 

count := count + 1 {primes found) 



end; 



end; 

writeln (count,' primes') 
end. 



{primes found in 10th pass} 



Listing 2: The prime-number program in C. 

/* Eratosthenes Sieve Prime Number Program in C */ 
fdefine true 1 
tdefine false 
#define size 8190 

char flags [size + 1] ; 
main ( ) { 

int i,prime,k, count, iter; 



printf("10 iterations\n") ; 
for (iter = 1; iter <= 10; iter++) { 
count=0 ; 
for(i =0; i <= size; i++) 

flags [i] = true; 
for(i =0; i <= size; i++) { 
if (flags [i]) { 

prime = i + i + 3; 
printf ("\n%d", prime) ;/* 
for(k=i+prime; k<=size; k+=prime) 

flags [k] = false; /*kill all multiples*/ 

count++; /*primes found*/ 



/*do program 10 times*/ 
/*prime counter*/ 
/*set all flags true*/ 



/* found a prime*/ 
/*twice index + 3*/ 



Circle 310 on Inquiry card. 



} 



} 



} 



printf ("\n%d pr imes.", count) ; /*primes foundon 10th pass*/ 



it avoids multiplication and division 
because these operations are usually 
slow, especially on microcomputers 
that do not have native instructions 
for these operations. 

The first article listed several imple- 
mentations of the Sieve program in 
various languages, but some of these 



listings contained errors. In the 
FORTH program, the word PRIME 
on line 11 should have been FLAGS. 
The FORTRAN program used array 
subscripts beginning with (which is 
illegal for many compilers). And the 
COBOL program was not fully com- 
pliant with the ANSI (American Na- 




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Listing 3: The prime-number program in FORTH. 

( Eratosthenes Sieve Prime Number Program in FORTH ) 
(This program does ONLY ONE iteration) 
(Multiply times by 10 for comparison) 



8190 CONSTANT SIZE 
VARIABLE FLAGS 



SIZE ALLOT 



C! OVER + REPEAT 



DO-PRIME 

FLAGS SIZE 1 FILL ( SET ARRAY ) 
( COUNT ) SIZE 
DO FLAGS I + C@ 

IFIDUP + 3+DUPI + 
BEGIN DUP SIZE < 
WHILE OVER FLAGS 
DROP DROP 1+ 
THEN 
LOOP 
. ." PRIMES" ; 



Listing 4: The prime-number program in FORTRAN IV. 

C Sieve Program in "Structured" Fortran IV 
logical flags (8191) 
integer i,j,k, count, iter, prime 



100 



10 



C 
200 



60 
91 
92 

300 



write (1,100) 

formatC 10 iterations') 
do 92 iter =1,10 
count=0 
i=0 
do 10 i = 1,8191 

flags (i) = .true, 
do 91 i = 1,8191 

if (.not. flags(i)) go to 91 
prime = i + i + 1 
write (1,200) prime 
format (lx,i6) 
count = count + 1 
k = i + prime 
if (k .gt. 8191) go to 91 
do 60 j = k, 8191, prime 
flags (j) = .false, 
continue 
continue 

write (1,300) prime, count 

format (lx,i6,' is the largest of ',i6, *■■ primes' 
end 



Listing 5: The prime-number program in BASIC. 



5 DEFINT A-Z 




10 dim flags (8191) 




20 print "10 iterations" 




30 for m = 1 to 10 




40 count = 




50 for i = to 8190 




60 flags (i) = 1 




70 next i 




80 for i = to 8190 




90 if flags (i) = 


goto 170 


100 prime 


= i + i + 3 


105 REM print 


prime 


110 k = i 


+ prime 


120 while 


k <= 8190 


130 


flags (k) = 


140 


k = k + prime 


150 wend 




160 count 


= count + 1 


170 next i 




180 next m 




190 print count, "primes" 




200 end 




286 January 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 





tional Standards Institute) 74 stan- 
dard. Improved versions of these pro- 
grams are given in listings 3 through 6. 
Three other languages, Ada, 
Modula-2, and APL, are less common 
in the microcomputer world but are 
significant, especially Ada for the 
future. For the benefit of those who 
have access to compilers for Ada, 
Modula-2, and APL, we have in- 
cluded versions of the Sieve program, 
as contributed by readers, in listings 7 
through 9. 

The ratio of speed 

between the fastest 

and slowest execution 

times was more than 

700,000 to 1 . 

As you can see, in each version of 
the program there is a comment line 
to print out each prime when found. 
You can change this line to an actual 
program line and use it as a debug- 
ging aid, but it should be changed 
back to a comment for the actual tim- 
ing tests. 

Thanks to BYTE's Readers 

In response to our original article, 
many readers have contributed tim- 
ing results for several additional lan- 
guages and computers that were not 
included in that article. We did not 
verify these results, but they are sum- 
marized in tables 1 and 2. Table 1 (on 
pp. 292-300) is a list of all the results 
sorted by computer, while table 2 (on 
page 303) is a comparison of the 10 
fastest and slowest systems that were 
tested. Please note that all of the exe- 
cution times in both tables have been 
adjusted for an array size of 8191 and 
a total of 10 iterations. We had to run 
the algorithm through some of the 
fastest computers thousands of times 
to get an accurate timing, whereas 
some of the slower languages could 
be accurately timed in only one itera- 
tion. As in the original article, execu- 
tion time is defined as the time on a 
stopwatch between the beginning of 
the algorithm (signified by the ap- 
pearance of the words "10 iterations" 
on the display screen) and the end of 
the program (when the screen dis- 

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Listing 6: The prime-number program in COBOL. 

* Eratosthenes Sieve Prime Number Program in COBOL 
IDENTIFICATION DIVISION. 
PROGRAM-ID. PRIME. 
ENVIRONMENT DIVISION. 
CONFIGURATION SECTION. 
DATA DIVISION. 
WORKING-STORAGE SECTION. 
01 MISC. 

03 I 

03 K 



COMP. 
COMP. 



PIC 9(4) 
PIC 9(5) 
03 TOTAL-PRIME-COUNT PIC 9(4) COMP. 

03 PRIME PIC 9(5) CCMP. 
01 FLAG-AREA. 

04 FLAGS PIC 9 COMP OCCURS 8191 TIMES. 
PROCEDURE DIVISION. 

P. DISPLAY " 10 iterations'. 

PERFORM ITER-ROUTINE 10 TIMES. 

DISPLAY TOTAL-PRIME-COUNT * primes'. 

STOP RUN. 
ITER-ROUTINE. 

MOVE ZERO TO TOTAL-PRIME-COUNT. 
PERFORM TABLE-FILLER-ROUTrNE VARYING I FROM 1 BY 1 

UNTIL I > 8191. 
PERFORM DETAIL-COMPARE THRU D-C-EXIT VARYING I FROM 1 BY 

UNTIL I > 8191. 
TABLE-FILLER-ROUTINE . 

MOVE 1 TO FLAGS (I) . 
DETAIL-COMPARE. 

IF FLAGS (I) = GO TO D-C-EXIT. 

COMPUTE PRIME =1+1+1. 

COMPUTE K = I + PRIME. 

PERFORM STRIKOUT 
UNTIL K > 8191. 

ADD 1 TO TOTAL-PRIME-COUNT. 

DISPLAY 'FOUND PRIME = ' PRIME. 
D-C-EXIT. 

EXIT. 
STRIKOUT. 

MOVE TO FLAGS (K) . 

ADD PRIME TO K. 



Listing 7: The prime-number program in Ada. 

— Erathosthenes Sieve Prime Number Generator 

PRAGMA Rangecheck IS (off) ; 
PACKAGE BODY Sieve IS 

Size : CONSTANT := 8190; 

Flags : ARRAY (O..Size) OF BYTE; 

Y : BYTE := BYTE(l) ; 

N : BYTE := BYTE(0) ; 

Count : INTEGER; 

K : INTEGER; 

Prime : INTEGER; 
BEGIN 



Program in Ada 

— Faster execution 

— Largest index 

— Array of flags 



Number of primes found 
Index into flag array 
Prime number 



PUT ("10 


Iterations") ; 


— 


Type starting message 


NEW LINE; 


— 


Output end of line 


FOR Iter 


IN 1..10 LOOP 


— 


Do whole thing ten times 


Count := 0; 


— 


No primes yet 


FOR 


I IN .. Size LOOP 


— 


Set arrav of flags to 




Flags (I) := Y; 


— 


TRUE (Y) 


END 


LOOP; 






FOR 


I IN . . Size LOOP 


— 


Go through whole array 




IF Flags (I) = Y THEN 


— 


We have a prime 




Prime := I+I+3; 


— 


Value of prime 




K := I+Prime; 


— 


Index to multiple 




WHILE K<=Size LOOP 


— 


Loop to kill multiples 




Flags (K) := N; 


— 


Set non-primes to FALSE (N) 




K := K+Prime; 


— 


Next non-prime 




END LOOP; 


— 


End of kill multiples loop 




PUT(Prime) ; 


— 


Display prime 




NEW_LTNE; 


— 


Output end of line 




Count := Count+1; 


— 


Up count of primes 



Listing 7 continued on page 290 



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Listing 7 continued: 

END IF; 
END LOOP; 
END LOOP; 
POT (Count) ; 
PUT(" primes ") ; 
END Sieve; 



— End of found primes 

— End of loop through array 

— End of iteration loop 

— Output number of primes 

— found 



Listing 8: The prime-number program in Modula-2. 

(♦Eratosthenes Sieve Prime Number Program in MODULA-2 *) 
(* Info = Gunter Dotzel, Institut fur Informatik *) 
(* ETH-Zentrum CH-B092 Zuerich *) 
MODULE Prime (* $T-,$S- *) 

FROM INOut IMPORT Writeln, Writelnt, WriteString; 
CONST Size=8190 
VAR Flags: ARRAY[0. .Size] OF BOOLEAN; 

i,prime,k, count, iter: CARDINAL; 
BEGIN 

Writeln; WriteString ("10 iterations"); 
FOR iter:=l TO 100 DO 
count :=0; 

FOR i:=0 TO Size DO FLags[i] :=TRUE 
END; 

FOR i:=0 TO Size DO 
IF Flags [i] THEN 
prime :=i*2+3; 
k:=i+prime; 
WHILE k <= Size DO 
Flags [k] :=FALSE; 
INC (k, prime) ; 
END; 

INC (count) ; 
END; 
END; 
END; 

Writeln; Writeint(count,6) ; Wr i teStr ing ( ' primes'); 
END Prime. 



Listing 9: The prime-number program in APL. Because our machinery cannot handle 
some of the APL characters, Alpa K. Kehta of Telecompute Integrated Systems Inc. has 
kindly sent us this listing. 

V PRIME N 
[1] B«-I«-l»PTR-*-NpO 

[2] LI :->-(N<BxB«-PR[I«-I+l ] ) /END*PR*-(- 
[3] ST :-+LlHPTR-*-PTRv(BpO) , B + Np l<t>B-M 
[4] EMD:6 30pPR,180pO 
[5] V 



PTR)/iN 



plays "1899 primes"). Information re- 
garding compile time, the amount of 
code generated, and the amount of 
memory used is not shown because it 
was usually not provided by the con- 
tributors. It is interesting to note that 
the ratio of speed between the fastest 
and slowest is more than 700,000 to 
1. 

Later Versions of the Compilers 

Because we gathered most of the 
data for the first article somewhat in- 

290 January 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 



formally, many significant products 
were not tested. When we first pre- 
sented our results at a local computer 
society meeting prior to submitting 
them to BYTE, we used whatever lan- 
guages were accessible in computer 
stores or available from members of 
the San Diego Computer Society. 
Many of the latest and greatest ver- 
sions were not available for testing, 
which disappointed some software 
developers who felt they were com- 
pared unfairly with a competitor's 



later work. Unfortunately, this prob- 
lem will always be present to some 
extent because this field is continually 
blossoming with new implementa- 
tions. 

For this article we decided to con- 
centrate on the Pascal and C pro- 
gramming languages because of two 
recent events that have made these 
languages particularly noteworthy: 
the advent of a $29.95 Pascal com- 
piler from JRT Systems, and Ron 
Cain's generous gift to the world of 
the source code for a small C com- 
piler. This gift has spawned a number 
of low-cost and very useful versions 
of C, which are rapidly being imple- 
mented in just about every hardware 
environment. 

The 8-bit Pascal and C 
compilers were tested 
on a 4-MHz Z80 system 
with 8-inch double- 
density floppy-disk 
drives. 

To be sure that a comparison of 
these products would be reasonably 
current, BYTE's editors helped in ob- 
taining the latest versions of 6 Pascal 
compilers and 10 C compilers for the 
8080/Z80 and 8086 microprocessors. 

We tested the 8-bit Pascal and C 
compilers using a 4-MHz Z80 system 
with 8-inch double-density floppy- 
disk drives. The few 16-bit compilers 
available were tested on an 8-MHz 
8086 system with the same disk 
drives. Compiler options for in- 
creased speed, such as turning off ar- 
ray-bounds-checking and code-debug- 
ging capabilities, and so on, were 
used as available. The Pascal pro- 
gram was changed a bit from the 
original version (see 1981 BYTE arti- 
cle) to eliminate the use of the 
FILLCHAR keyword because not all 
Pascal systems support it. It was re- 
placed by a simple FOR loop, which 
may be a few percent slower but, at 
least, is the same for all. The results 
of these compilers on the prime- 
number program are given in table 3 
(on page 303). 

Improving the Execution Speed 

Some compilers (most of the C 
Text continued on page 300 



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Operating 




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8086 8 MHz 


CP/M-86 


C (Computer Innovations) 


7.2 


Authors 


8086 8 MHz 


MS-DOS 


C (Computer Innovations) 


7.2 


Authors 


8086 SBC 86/12 5 MHz 




PL/M 86 


8.8 


Fred Dunlap 


8086 5 MHz 




Pascal (Intel Pascal-86) 


9.05 


BYTE, Sept. 1981 


8086 


UCSD 


Pascal (Softech native) 


17 


John Tennant 


8086 SBC 86/12 5 MHz 




FORTH (Figforth 8086) 


64 


Fred Dunalp 


8088 5 MHz 




Assembly 


4.0 


Raymond Mannarelli* 


8088 5 MHz 


UCSD 


Pascal (Softech native) 


19.4 


John Tennant 


8088 5 MHz 




FORTH (Laboratory Microsystems) 


55 


Ray Duncan 


Apple II 




Pascal (Apple Pascal) 


160 


Daniel Moroz 


Apple II 




FORTH (Fullforth) 


190 


Raymond Mannarelli 


Apple II 




FORTH (Cap'n Software) 


198 


Raymond Mannarelli 


Apple II 




FORTH (Figforth 1 .0) 


208 


Guido Bettiol 


Apple II 




BASIC (On-line expediter) 


213 


James D. Childress 


Apple II 




Pascal (Mill-enhanced) 


273 


Raymond Mannarelli 


Apple II 




Sweet 16 


292 


Raymond Mannarelli 


Apple II 




FORTRAN (Mill-enhanced) 


333 


Raymond Mannarelli 


Table 1: Execution times of the Sieve 


of Eratosthenes p 


rime-number program as run on various computers, operating systems, and 


programming languages. The results 


are listed alphabetically or numerically according to 


computer name. The results were either 


taken from the original BYTE article (September 1981 


page 180), contributed by readers 


, or determined by the authors. We did 


not verify the results from contributors but simply printed them as we received them. That is why the 


number of significant digits 


varies. An asterisk (*) indicates a result that confirms a time listed in the original article. 


Execution time of the Sieve program, of 


course, should be regarded as only one of several considerations in choosing a particular language, 


system, or processor. 










Table 1 continued on page 294 


292 January 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 











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with 




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BYTE January 1983 293 




Table 1 continued: 




Operating 




Time 


Computer 


System 


Language 


(seconds) 


AprJe II 




Pascal (Apple) 


390 


Apple II 




FORTRAN (Apple) 


509 


Apple II 




UCSD Pascal 


516 


Apple II 




FORTH (Insoft Transforth) 


1080 


Apple II 




FORTH (Transforth) 


1150 


Apple II 




BASIC (Apple integer) 


1850 


Apple III 




BASIC 


1860 


Apple II 




BASIC (Applesoft) 


2806 


Atari 800 




Pascal (Atari) 


190 


CDC Cyber 760 




FORTRAN 


0.723 


CDC Cyber 170 Model 720 




BASIC 


9.5 


Cray-1 




FORTRAN 


0.110 


DEC-20 




BASIC 


7.7 


H-6000 




FORTRAN 


2.06 


Harris/6 




Assembly 


2.39 


Harris/6 




FORTRAN 77 


3.66 


Harris/6 




C 


4.89 


Honeywell 6080 




FORTRAN 


0.80 


HP-85 




Assembly 


21 


HP-85 




BASIC 


3084 


HP-1000F 




Assembly 


3.5 


HP-1000F 




FORTRAN 77 


4.6 


HP-1000F 




FORTRAN IV X 


5.3 


HP-1000F 




Pascal 1000 


5.8 


HP-1000F 




C 


6.6 


HP-1000F 




Algol 


23.2 


HP-3000 




FORTRAN 


10.0 


HP-3000 




RATFOR 


10.0 


HP-3000 




Pascal 


20.0 


HP-3000 




COBOL 


58.0 


HP-3000 




BASIC 


60.00 


H-89 




UCSD Pascal 


450 


H-89 




BASIC 


4100 


IBM 3033 




Assembly 


0.0078 


IBM 3033 




PL/I 


0.036 


IBM 3033 




COBOL 


0.0824 


IBM 3081 




PL/I 


0.034 


IBM 4341 


CMS 


PL/I 


0.135 


IBM 3033 AP 




FORTRAN H 


0.258 


IBM 3033 


CMS 


FORTRAN 


2.1 


IBM Series 1 4955 


EDX 


COBOL 


38.7 


IBM PC 


DOS 


C (Computer Innovations) 


22.1 


IBM PC 


CP/M-86 


C (Computer Innovations) 


22.1 


IBM PC 


DOS 


FORTH 


70 


IBM PC 


DOS 


BASIC (Integer) 


1950 


IBM PC 


DOS 


BASIC (Integer BASICA) 


1990 


IBM PC 


DOS 


BASIC (Floating BASICA) 


2400 


LSI-11/23 


Xenix Unix 


C (register variables) 


4.0 


LSI-11/23 


Xenix Unix 


C 


9.3 


LSI-11/23 


Xenix Unix 


RATFOR 


11.4 


LSI-11 Heath H-11 




UCSD Pascal 


221 


LSI-1 1 Heath H-1 1 




UCSD FORTRAN 


281 


LSI-1 1 (Terak) 




UCSD Pascal 


317 


Microengine 




UCSD Pascal 


63.0 


Modcomp Classic 7835 




FORTRAN 


4.56 


Modcomp II/26 




FORTRAN 


7.5 


Northstar Z80 




N* BASIC 


1580 


NOVA 3 




Assembly 


4.2 


NOVA 4 




Assembly 


3.1 


Pascal 100 


UCSD 


UCSD Pascal 


54.0 


PDP-11/03 




UCSD Pascal 


128 


PDP-11/15 




FORTRAN 


63 



Contributor 

Raymond Mannarelli 
Raymond Mannarelli 
Raymond Mannarelli 
Charles Wells 
Guido Bettiol 
BYTE, Sept. 1981 
R.W. Shore 
Raymond Mannarelli 

Raymond Mannarelli* 

Kerry Chesbro 
Terry J. Deveau 
Kerry Chesbro 

Peter Fallon 

Clark A. Calkins 
Peter M.B. Shames 
Peter M.B. Shames 
Peter M.B. Shames 
Richard Lane 
Ronald B. Johnson 
Ronald B. Johnson 
Rick Perins 
Rick Perins 
Rick Perins 
Rick Perins 
Rick Perins 
Rick Perins 
BYTE, Sept. 1981 
BYTE, Sept. 1981 
BYTE, Sept. 1981 
BYTE, Sept. 1981 
BYTE, Sept. 1981 
Desmond J. Charron 
Desmond J. Charron 

Andrew Wood 
James Gerber 
James C. Fairfield 
James Gerber 
James Gerber 
Richard Franke 
Richard Lane 
A. Ross Stewart 
Authors 
Authors 

Raymond Mannarelli 
Raymond Mannarelli 
Raymond Mannarelli 
Raymond Mannarelli 

John Wilson 
John Wilson 
John Wilson 
George Schreyer 
George Schreyer 
BYTE, Sept. 1981 

BYTE, Sept. 1981 
Bob Van Cleef 
Brad Boyce 

Warren Lambert 
Anne Anderson 
Anne Anderson 

BYTE, Sept. 1981 
Daniel Moroz 
Clark A. Calkins 

Table 1 continued on page 298 



294 January 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 



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BYTE January 1983 295 




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Circle 38 on inquiry card. 



Table 1 continued: 




Operating 




Time 




Computer 


System 


Language 


(seconds) 


Contributor 


PDP-11/23 




OMSI Pascal 


4.8 


Daniel Moroz 


PDP-11/23 




NBS Pascal 


7.5 


Gunter Dotzel 


PDP-11/23 




Modula-2 


8.8 


Gunter Dotzel 


PDP-11/23 




UCSD Pascal 


40 


Daniel Moroz 


PDP-11/34 




FORTRAN 


30 


Matti Kataja 


PDP-11/40 


Unix 


C (Unix, 6) 


6.10 


BYTE, Sept. 1981 


PDP- 11/60 


Unix 


NBS Pascal 


4.50 


BYTE, Sept. 1981 


PDP-11/70 


Unix 


C (Unix, 6) 


1.52 


BYTE, Sept. 1981 


PDP-11/70 


Unix 


NBS Pascal 


2.60 


BYTE, Sept. 1981 


PDP-11/70 




BASIC Plus 


8.1 


Sam Malenfant 


PDP-11/70 


Unix 


DECUS FORTH 


11.8 


BYTE, Sept. 1981 


PDP-11/70 


Unix 


FORTRAN 


15.8 


H.P. Smith 


PERQ-1 


POS 


Microcode 


0.239 


Gary Bickford 


PERQ-1 


Unix 


C 


5.8 


Gary Bickford 


PERQ-1 


POS 


Pascal 


8.5 


Gary Bickford 


PERQ-1 


POS 


FORTRAN 77 


15.1 


Gary Bickford 


PET 




BASIC (PET) 


3180 


Raymond Mannarelli 


Prime 300 


Primos 


FORTRAN 


0.78 


Richard L. Maurer 


Prime 300 


Primos 


TIL FORTH 


10.4 


Richard L. Maurer 


Prime 300 


Primos 


COBOL 


50.4 


Richard L. Maurer 


Prime 300 


Primos 


BASIC 


670 


Richard L. Maurer 


Prime 550 




FORTRAN 


2.13 


John L. Homer 


Prime 750 


Primos 


FORTRAN 


1.4 


Richard Lane 


Prime 750 


Primos 


PL/I 


2.5 


Richard Lane 


Superset PGM 




FORTRAN (Superset) 


12.0 


BYTE, Sept. 1981 


SWTPC 6809 1 MHz 


OS-9 


BASIC 09 


410 


Slim Cummings 


SWTPC 6809 1 MHz 


Flex 


TSC XBASIC 


1320 


Slim Cummings 


SWPTC 6809 2 kHz 


Uniflex 


TSC Pascal 


34 


Slim Cummings 


SWTPC 6809 2 MHz 


Flex 


TSC Pascal 


54 


Slim Cummings 


SWTPC 6809 2 MHz 


OS-9 


BASIC 09 


238 


Slim Cummings 


SWTPC 6809 2 MHz 


Flex 


Dynasoft Pascal 


309 


Slim Cummings 


SWTPC 6809 2 MHz 


Uniflex 


TSC XBASIC 


810 


Slim Cummings 


SWTPC 6809 2 MHz 


Flex 


TSC XBASIC 


840 


Slim Cummings 


Tl 99/4 




BASIC (TI-BASIC) 


3960 


Victor Dodier 


Tl 990/10 




FORTH (Polyforth) 


60.2 


BYTE, Sept. 1981 


TM 990/189 




Assembly 


14.8 


Robert D. Hardy 


TM-16 (bit slice) 




Assembly 


0.96 


Glenn A. Toennes 


TM-16 (bit slice) 




FORTH 


55 


Glenn A. Toennes 


TMS9900 3 MHz 




Assembly 


6.5 


Peter Butterworth 


TRS-80 Mod I 




MMSFORTH 1.9 


190 


Raymond Mannarelli 


TRS-80 Mod I 




Miller FORTH 


253 


BYTE, Sept. 1981 


TRS-80 Mod II 




UCSD Pascal 


274 


Raymond Mannarelli 


TRS-80 Mod II 




BASIC 


1430 


John L. Homer 


TRS-80 Mod II 


TRSDOS 


MBASIC 


2250 


Raymond Mannarelli* 


TRS-80 Mod III 




BASIC 


2880 


John L. Homer 


TRS-80 Mod III 


TRSDOS 


Disk BASIC 


4780 


Matt Ewing 


Univac 1100/82 


OS 1100 


FORTRAN 77 


0.668 


Tom Gruber 


Univac 1100/83 


OS 1100 


FORTRAN V 


0.76 


Desmond J. Charron 


Univac 1100/82 


OS 1100 


COBOL 


1.42 


Tom Gruber 


Univac V77-600 




POL (Taylor Instrument) 


10.84 


Patricia Farrell 


VAX- 11/780 


Unix 


C (UC Berkeley) 


1.42 


H. P. Smith 


VAX- 11/780 


VMS 2.3 


FORTRAN V2.3-53 


1.45 


Clark A. Calkins 


VAX-1 1/780 


VMS 


FORTRAN (DEC) 


1.55 


Pete Ridley 


VAX-1 1/780 


VMS 


C (DECUS) 


2.3 


Pete Ridley 


VAX-1 1/780 


VMS 2.3 


Pascal T1 .2-80 


2.31 


Clark A. Calkins 


VAX-1 1/780 


Unix 


FORTRAN 77 


2.34 


H. P. Smith 


VAX- 11/780 


VMS/ROS 


Pascal (Telesoft) 


4.94 


Craig Maudlin 


VAX- 11/780 


VMS/ROS 


Ada (Telesoft) 


5.6 


Craig Maudlin 


Xerox 820 Z80 


CP/M 


RMCOBOL 


5740 


J. Stevens Blanchard 


Z80 


CP/M 


Assembly 


6.8 


Raymond Mannarelli 


Z80 


CP/M 


Coral 


13.8 


John Wilson 


Z80 


CP/M 


FORTRAN (Microsoft V3.2) 


13.9 


Authors 


Z80 


CP/M 


PUI (Digital Research) 


14.0 


BYTE, Sept. 1981 


Z80 


CP/M 


C (BD Systems V1 .46) 


15.2 


Leor Zolman 










Table 1 continued on page 300 


298 January 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 











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BYTE January 1983 299 



Table 1 continued: 




Operating 




Time 




Computer 


System 


Language 


(seconds) 


Contributor 


Z80 


CP/M 


BASIC (Digital Research CB80) 


15.7 


Authors 


Z80 


CP/M 


RATFOR (TSW) 


16.5 


BYTE, Sept. 1981 


Z80 


CP/M 


FORTRAN (Microsoft) 


17.0 


BYTE, Sept. 1981 


Z80 


CP/M 


BASIC (Microsoft BASCOM) 


17.7 


Authors 


Z80 


CP/M 


ZSPL (V1 .58) 


18.0 


Pete Ridley 


Z80 


CP/M 


C (Interactive Systems ZC) 


18.5 


BYTE, Sept. 1981 


Z80 


CP/M 


ZSPL V1 .38 


18.5 


BYTE, Sept. 1981 


Z80 


CP/M 


BASIC (Microsoft BASCOM) 


18.6 


BYTE, Sept. 1981 


Z80 


CP/M 


Pascal (Pascal/MT + ) 


19.0 


BYTE, Sept. 1981 


Z80 


UCSD 


Pascal (Softech native) 


19.7 


John Tennant 


Z80 


CP/M 


PLMX (Syscon) 


22.5 


BYTE, Sept. 1981 


Z80 


CP/M 


Pascal (Pascal/MT+ V5.5) 


22.7 


Authors 


Z80 


CP/M 


C (Software Toolworks 2.0) 


25.4 


Authors 


Z80 


CP/M 


C (Whitesmiths 2.1) 


25.5 


Authors 


Z80 


CP/M 


C (Whitesmiths 2.0) 


25.7 


Authors 


Z80 


CP/M 


Ada (Janus 1 .0) 


27 


Pete Ridley 


Z80 


CP/M 


Pascal (Pascal/Z V4.0) 


31.4 


Authors 


Z80 


CP/M 


C (Manx Aztec C 1 .04) 


32.9 


Authors 


Z80 Apple II Softcard 


CP/M 


FORTRAN (Microsoft Card) 


34 


Raymond Mannarelli 


Z80 


CP/M 


C(Supersoft 1.1.0) 


34.1 


Authors 


Z80 


CP/M 


c(BD Systems V1.0) 


35.0 


BYTE, Sept. 1981 


Z80 


CP/M 


Ada (Janus 1.4.3) 


36 


Tom Lettington 


Z80 


CP/M 


C (Telecon) 


37.9 


Authors 


Z80 


CP/M 


C(BDS 1.46) 


39.9 


Authors 


Z80(Kaypro II 2.5 MHz) 


CP/M 


C (Software Toolworks 2.0) 


40.6 


Authors 


Z80 


CP/M 


C(Q/C 1.10) 


48.8 


Authors 


Z80 


CP/M 


C(BD Systems V1.32) 


49.5 


BYTE, Sept. 1981 


Z80 


CP/M 


C (Infosoft 2.03) 


50.8 


Authors 


Z80 


UCSD 


Pascal (Softech native) 


51.2 


Authors 


Z80 


CP/M 


C (Code Works 1 .0) 


53.2 


Authors 


Z80 


CP/M 


Pascal (Whitesmiths) 


63.0 


Jay Allen 


Z80 




FORTH (Timin release 3) 


75.9 


Mitchell E. Timin 


Z80 




FORTH (Laboratory Microsystems) 


78 


Ray Duncan 


Z80 




FORTH (Figforth) 


84 


Jonathan Sachs 


Z80 


CP/M 


Pascal (Pascal/Z V3.0) 


109 


BYTE, Sept. 1981 


Z80 




FORTH (JKL FORTH) 


112 


BYTE, Sept. 1981 


Z80 2 MHz Sorcerer 




FORTH (Laboratory Microsystems) 


150 


R.S. Neuman 


Z80 


UCSD 


Pascal (Softech IV.03) 


156 


John Tennant 


Z80 


UCSD 


UCSD Pascal 


239 


BYTE, Sept. 1981 


Z80 


CP/M 


Pascal (JRT V2.0) 


383 


Authors 


Z80 4 MHz 


CP/M 


Pascal (Pascal/M 4.02) 


416 


C. Clifton Smith 


Z80 


CP/M 


Ada (Supersoft 1 .20A) 


422 


Tom Lettington 


Z80 


CP/M 


Pascal (Pascal M) 


450 


BYTE, Sept. 1981 


Z80 


CP/M 


Pascal (jRT) 


470 


BYTE, Sept. 1981 


Z80 


CP/M 


CBASIC2 (integer) 


484 


BYTE, Sept. 1981 


Z80 


CP/M 


C (tiny-c 2 compiler) 


930 


BYTE, Sept. 1981 


Z80 


CP/M 


CBASIC2 (real) 


1430 


BYTE, Sept. 1981 


Z80 


CP/M 


MBASIC (Microsoft 5.2) 


1476 


Authors 


Z80 


CP/M 


MBASIC (Microsoft) 


1920 


BYTE, Sept. 1981 


Z80 




APL (Telecompute) 


3276 


Alpa K. Mehta 


Z80 


CP/M 


C (tiny-c) 


4720 


BYTE, Sept. 1981 


Z80 


CP/M 


COBOL (Microsoft V2.2) 


5115 


BYTE, Sept. 1981 


Z8000 Onyx 


Unix 


C (Onyx) 


3.20 


BYTE, Sept. 1981 


Z8000 Zilog Systems 8000-20 




C 


4.06 


Zilog Inc. 


Z8000 Z-Lab 


Zeus Unix 


C 


4.8 


John Wilson 


Z8000 (Zehntel SDM) 


Xenix Unix 


C (Microsoft) 


6.0 


Authors 


Z8001, 5.5 MHz 


Unix 


Assembly 


1.1 


Lawrence A. Leske 


Z8001, 5.5 MHz 


Unix 


C 


1.97 


Lawrence A Leske 


compilers, for example) provide alter- often at the expense of something else 


data into the global area, thus effec- 


native data storage methods that can such as 


recursion ability or memory 


tively making the data static (i.e., 


be optimized for some appl 


ications. size. We experimented with these 


keeping 


the data in memory rather 


Forcing variables to be 


register, things on all the C compilers to see 


than on a 


stack). Table 4 (on page 303) 


static, or global instead of automatic just how fast we could get each to run 


gives the results of the best speed we 


(stack-dwelling) can, with some com- the program. The most dramatic im- 


attained with each compiler, but there 


pilers, provide dramatic improve- provement was obtained with the BD 


may be 


room for improvement. We 


ments in execution speed, 


though Systems 


compiler by moving all the 


probably 


didn't find all the secrets. 

Text continued on page 306 


300 January 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 











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Link routines from library 

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Link subroutine 
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Operating 




System 


Language 




Assembly 




PL/I 




PL/I 




COBOL 




FORTRAN 


CMS 


PUI 


POS 


Microcode 




FORTRAN H 




Assembly 


OS 1100 


FORTRAN 77 




BASIC 




PET BASIC 




APL 




TI-BASIC 




BASIC 




BASIC 


CP/M 


C (tiny-c) 


TRSDOS 


BASIC 


CP/M 


COBOL Microsoft 


CP/M 


RMCOBOL 



Computer 

IBM 3033 

IBM 3081 

IBM 3033 

IBM 3033 

Cray-1 

IBM 4341 

PERQ-1 

IBM 3033 AP 

68000, 8 MHz 

Univac 1100/82 

HP-85 

PET 

Z80 

Tl 99/4 

H-89 2 MHz 

6809 

Z80 

TRS-80 Mod III 

Z80 

Xerox 820 

Table 2: The ten fastest and slowest systems of those tested with the Sieve of Eratosthenes prime-number program as listed in table 
1. Again, execution time of the Sieve program should be regarded as only one of several considerations in choosing a particular 
language, operating system, or processor. 



Time 




(Seconds) 


Contributor 


0.0078 


Andrew Wood 


0.034 


James Gerber 


0.036 


James Gerber 


0.082 


James C. Fairfield 


0.110 


Kerry Chesbro 


0.135 


James Gerber 


0.239 


Gary Bickford 


0.258 


Richard Franke 


0.49 


Andrew Wood 


0.67 


Tom Gruber 


3084 


Ronald B. Johnson 


3180 


Raymond Mannarelli 


3276 


Alpa K. Mehta 


3960 


Victor Dodier 


4100 


Desmond J. Charron 


4303 


BYTE, Sept. 1981 


4720 


BYTE, Sept. 1981 


4780 


Matt Ewing 


5115 


BYTE, Sept. 1981 


5740 


J. Stevens Blanchard 



Pascal Compilers 

UCSD Pascal, Softech, IV.03 with Z80 Native-Code Generator 

Pascal/MT+ , Digital Research, V5.5 

Pascal/Z, Ithaca Intersystems, V4.0 

UCSD Pascal, Softech, IV.03 

JRT Pascal, JRT Systems, V2.0 

Pascal/MT + 86, Digital Research (8-MHz 8086) 

C Compilers 

C/80, Software Toolworks, V2.0 

C, Whitesmiths Ltd., V2.1 

Aztec C, Manx Software, V1.04 

C, Supersoft Inc., V1.1.0 

C, Telecon Systems 

BDS C, BD Software, V1.46 

(with -e and -o options) 

Q/C, Quality Computer Systems, V2.0b 

C, Infosoft Systems, V2.03 

CW/C, The Code Works, V1.0 

C86, Computer Innovations, V1 .29B (8-MHz 8086) 

Table 3: Performance of the Sieve of Eratosthenes prime-number program on several new Pascal and C compilers. Compilers are 
listed in order of execution speed. Memory used does not include the 8191-byte array but does include necessary library routines 
and p-code interpreters. 





Memory 


Compile 


Execution 


ompiled 


Used 


Plus Load 


Time 


Bytes 


(bytes) 


(seconds) 


(seconds) 


442 


18,874 


87.9 


19.7 


344 


3816 


50.8 


22.7 


687 


3645 


75.0 


31.4 


237 


18,669 


46.7 


156 


224 


22,008 


34.5 


383 


301 


11,129 


50.2 


4.76 


279 


3106 


37.2 


25.4 


332 


12,018 


310 


25.5 


355 


8515 


86.2 


32.9 


394 


17,729 


84.7 


34.1 


382 


5751 


201 


37.9 


311 


3701 


20.7 


39.9 


354 


3839 


20.9 


24.7 


361 


3310 


49 


48.8 


410 


8655 


96 


50.8 


399 


1833 


71 


53.2 


250 


4097 


58 


7.2 



C Compilers 

BDS C, BD Software, V1.46 

C, Whitesmiths Ltd., V2.1 

Aztec C, Manx Software, V1.04 

C/80, Software Toolworks, V2.0 

Q/C, Quality Computer Systems, V2.0b 

C, Telecon Systems 

C, Infosoft Systems, V2.03 

CW/C, The Code Works, V1.0 

C, Supersoft Inc., V1.1.0 

C86, Computer Innovations, V1 .29B (8-MHz 8086) 

Table 4: Performance of the Sieve of Eratosthenes prime-number program on various C compilers using optimized data allocation. 
As in table 3, compilers are listed in order of execution speed, and memory used does not include the 8191-byte array but does in- 
clude the necessary library routines. 





Memory 


Compile 


Execution 


Compiled 


Used 


Plus Load 


Time 


Bytes 


(bytes) 


(seconds) 


(seconds) 


240 


3664 


20.7 


15.2 


227 


11,913 


310 


15.9 


219 


8379 


86.2 


20.5 


239 


3066 


37.2 


25.5 


253 


3208 


49 


26.1 


253 


5622 


201 


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January 1983 © BYTE Publication. Inc 303 



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Listing 10: The improved prime-number program in C. 

/* Improved Sieve Program in C */ 
♦define true 1 
♦define false 
♦define size 8190 
#def ine maxi 127 

/* maxi is sqrt(2*size) */ 
char flags [size + 1] ; 
int i,k, prime, count, iter, strikout; 
main() 
{ 

printf("10 iterations\n") ; 
for (iter = 1; iter <= 10; iter ++) { 
strikout = true; 
count=0 ; 

for(i =0; i <= size; i++) flags [i] = true; 
for(i =0; i <= size; i++) { 
if(flagstil) { 

prime = i + i + 3; 
/* printf(" %d", prime); */ 

count ++; 
if(strikout) { 

if (prime > maxi) 

strikout = false; 
else 

for(k = i + prime; k <= size; k += prime) 
flags [k] = false; 



} 



} 



} 



} 

printf("\n%d is largest of %d pr imes.", prime, count) ; 



Listing 11: A further improved Sieve program in C. This program saves time by blank- 
ing out multiples of primes starting at the square of the prime rather than at the prime 
times 3. Unlike the other programs, this program uses multiplication. 

/* A C version of the Sieve program as suggested by KNUTH */ 

/* (uses a multiply, though) */ 

♦define true 1 

♦define false 

♦define size 8190 

char flags [size + 1]; 

int i,k, prime, count, iter , strikout; 



main() 



pr intf ( " 10 iterations\n" ) ; 
for (iter = 1; iter <= 10; iter ++) { 
strikout = true; 
count=0 ; 

for(i =0; i <= size; i++) flags [i] = true; 
for(i = 1; i <= size; i++) { 
if ( flags [i]) { 

prime = i + i + 1; 

printf(" %d", prime); */ 

count++; 

if (strikout) { 

if((k = ((prime*prime)-l) » 1) < size) 
for(; k <= size; k += prime) 
flags [k] = false; 
else { 

strikout = false; 
continue; 



} 



} 



} 



} 



printf("\n%d is largest of %d pr imes.", prime, count) ; 



A Better Algorithm 

Two readers, Charles Marcus and 
Dwight Divine III, have pointed out 
to us that the algorithm used in the 
first article can be improved a bit. By 
the time the program has looped 63 
times (producing the prime number 
127) all of the nonprime numbers less 
than 16,381 will have been flagged at 
least once, and the remaining loops 
will redundantly flag nonprimes yet 
again. Listing 10 gives a program in C 
that avoids this problem by setting a 
flag after reaching 127 so that non- 
prime flagging is not done after this 
time. It runs about 26 percent faster 
for an array size of 8191 and would 
be even faster with larger arrays. 

Can we do better yet? Definitely! 
Marcus also noted that although 
Eratosthenes was recognized by his 
contemporaries as a man of great dis- 
tinction in all branches of knowledge, 
in each subject he fell just short of the 
highest place. And so it is that Pro- 
fessor Donald E. Knuth suggests to 
his students in an exercise in volume 
two of The Art of Computer Pro- 
gramming (see references) that the 
blanking of nonprimes begin with the 
square of the prime rather than prime 
times 3. The C program in listing 11 
provides this optimization but uses 
multiplication. This algorithm runs in 
15.2 seconds in BDS C. A similar pro- 
gram in Microsoft FORTRAN re- 
quires 11.9 seconds. It can also be 
done without multiplication, as 
shown in a program (in FORTRAN) 
contributed by Mr. Marcus (listing 
12). This algorithm runs in 12.9 
seconds in both BDS C and Microsoft 
FORTRAN. 

Can we improve it further? Marcus 
points out that a great deal of work 
has been done in devising linear algo- 
rithms for the sieve problem whereby 
each nonprime is removed only once. 
If this can be done without multipli- 
cation, significant improvement in 
execution time could be achieved. If 
you find a way, let us know. 

Machine Code versus P-Code 

It should be noted that two of the 
Pascal compilers we concentrated on 
produce object code and two pro- 
duce p-code (pseudocode), which is 
then interpreted, usually at a slower 



306 January 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 



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Listing 12: An improved Sieve program in FORTRAN written by Charles Marcus. This 
program saves time by blanking out multiples of primes starting at the square of the 
prime and does not use multiplication. 

C Charles Marcus' Fortran version without multiplication 
integer size, prime, count 
logical flags (8191) , last 
data size /8191/ 

write (1,10) 

10 format (' 100 iterations') 
do 20 iter =1, 100 

count = 
do 30 i = 1, size 
30 flags (i) = .true, 

k = 4 

last = .false, 
do 40 i = 1, size 

if (.not. flags (i)) go to 50 
prime = i + i + 1 
count = count + 1 
C write(l,ll) prime 

11 formal (lx,i6) 

if (last) go to 40 

do 60 j = k, size, prime 
60 flags (j) = .false. 

50 if (last) go to 40 

k = k + i + i+i + i + 4 
if (k .gt. size) last = .true. 
40 continue 

20 continue 

write(l,12) count 

12 format (lx, i6, ' primes') 
end 



speed for this type of program. Both 
techniques have their place. P-code 
allows sophisticated features such as 
true dynamic storage, unrestricted 
recursion,, and easier implementation 
on a variety of hardware but at the 
expense of speed for most problems. 
Softech Microsystems' Z80 Native 
Code Generator attempts a marriage 
of both methods. It processes a 
.CODE file from the p-code compiler, 
producing a second .CODE file that 
contains Z80 machine code wherever 
feasible. It increased the execution 
speed for the prime program by a fac- 
tor of nearly eight if range checking 
was turned off. 

Another Benchmark 

Since the Eratosthenes Sieve pro- 
gram does a lot of looping and array 
subscripting and is thus biased 
strongly toward machine-code com- 
pilers, we decided to compare the 
Pascal and C compilers on another 
program that does a lot of file reading 
and writing and simple string process- 
ing. This second program is an ele- 
mentary wire-list program, which we 




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Call or write 

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c/o BYTE, 70 Main Street, 

Peterborough, NH 03458 (603) 924-9281. 




308 January 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 



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310 BYTE January 1983 



Circle 301 on inquiry card. 



originally presented in an article in 
Microsystems (Jan/Feb 1982, page 
66), titled "Use Your Computer to 
Build a Computer." 

The purpose of this program is to 
prepare a list of wires to connect the 
pins of the integrated circuit chips 
and components of a given circuit. To 
do this, the program takes as input a 
list of the pin numbers and corre- 
sponding signal names for each com- 
ponent of the circuit. The program's 
output, after it is sorted, is a list in 
which all of the pins with the same 
signal name are grouped together. 
This grouping makes it very easy for 
a technician to connect these pins, 
whether by wire-wrap or printed- 
circuit board. 

Listings 13 and 14 present the pro- 
gram in Pascal and C. The input file 
used for the comparisons is the coded 
schematic for a Z80 processor board. 
(A copy of the input file is available 
from the authors on 8-inch CP/M 
disk for $5 in case you need it for 
comparisons with other languages or 
hardware.) 

Performance of this program de- 
pends very much on the specific im- 
plementation of the run-time inter- 
face to the operating system. Buffer 
sizes and blocking procedure are 
strong influences, and so is any exist- 
ing fragmentation of the file system. 
We ran each test on a "clean" disk so 
that seek-time differences would be 
minimal. Some changes from the list- 
ings had to be made for some of the 
compilers. Transporting the program 
to the different C environments was 
relatively easy. Implementing the 
Pascal program was considerably 
more difficult because of differences 
in string abilities and the widely dif- 
fering file input/output (I/O) pro- 
cedures. We have probably not taken 
best advantage of every language's 
I/O possibilities, and we did not at- 
tempt to write the Pascal program in 
adherence to "standard" Pascal, 
which has no strings, because all the 
compilers tested have some type of 
strings available. The results of our 
testing are given in table 5 (on page 
323). 

Opinions and Impressions 

This article is not intended to be a 

Text continued on page 320 



Listing 13: The wire-list program in Pascal. 



program wirelist; 



Program to process a CP/M file in the form: 

•SOCKET =ICTYPE 

PIN-NO SIGNAL, PIN-NO SIGNAL, 
PIN-NO SIGNAL, ETC 

The program asks the input file name. It then asks for an outout 
base file name, and produces 3 output files, named BASE. ERR, 
BASE.IC, and BASE. PAR, containing error messages, parts list, and 
parsed signal-pin list, respectively, the .PAR file, when sorted 
into alphabetical order, becomes a network list which is useful 
for wire-wrap, PC layout, error checking, and documentation. 



var 




error : 


boolean; 


result 


integer ; 


inname, 




outname 


: string; 


infile 


text; 


errfile 


: text; 


icfile 


text; 


parsefile : text; 


linenum 


: integer; 


term : char; 


word : string; 


socket, 




1CS, 




pinname 


: string; 



file } 



ask for output file ] 



file of input data } 

base file name for output info } 

where data comes from ] 

where errors go } 

where parts list goes } 

where parsed output goes } 

keeps track of line numbers on input 

what terminated each word } 

where getword puts the word it got I 

where socket name goes } 

string to save socket and ic type } 

so it is } 

procedure initfiles; 
var 

dummy : string; 
begin 

write ('Input file name? *) ; 

readln( inname) ; 

assign(infile, inname) ; 

reset (infile) ; 

writeln; 

write('Base name of output files: ') ; 

readlri (outname) ; 

assign(errf ile,concat (outname, '.ERR') ) ; 

rewrite (errf j.le) ; 

assign(icfile,concat(outname,'.IC') ) ; 

rewrite (icfile) ; 

assign(parsefile,concat(outname,'.PAR') ) ; 

rewrite (parsefile) ; 
end; 

procedure check_for_eoln; 
begin 

if eoln( infile) then 
linenum := linenum + 1; 
end; 

function start_of_word(c:char) :boolean; 
begin 

if (c = chr(13)) or (c = chr(9)) or (c = ' ') then 

start_of_word := false { not start of word } 

else 

start_of_word := true; { it is start of word ] 

end; 

function end_of_word(c:char) :boolean; 
begin 

if (c = chr(13)) or (c = ' ') or (c = chr(9)) or (c = ',') then 

end_of_word := true { it is end of word } 

else 

end_of_word := false; { not end of word } 

end; 

{ gets next word into global string word } 

function getword :char; 

var 

i : integer; 
begin 

while (not start_of_word ( infile~) ) and (not eof( infile)) do 

begin Listing 13 continued on page 314 

January 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 311 



Uommitment : ltd pi 

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Listing 13 continued: 

check_f or_eoln ; 
get(infile) ; 
end; 
if eof(infile) then 
getword := chr(0) 
else 
begin 
i := 1; 
repeat 

word[i] := infile"; 
i := i + 1; 
get(infile) ; 
checkf or_eoln ; 
until (end_of_word( infile")) or (eof (infile) ) ; 
if eof (infile) then 
getword := chr (0) 
else if eoln( infile) then 

getword := chr (13) f return c/r for end of line 



{ pass by spaces, tabs } 

{ return end-of-file } 

{ assemble the word now } 
{ build string } 

"i 



else 

getword := infile" 
get (infile) ; 
word[0] := chr(i-l) ; 
end; 



else return termination character 
set string length } 



{ ignore any word beginning with $ } 
{ if not end-of-file } 

' "') then 



end; 

procedure process_pin; 
begin 

if word[l] = '$' then 

term := getword; 
if term <> chr(0) then 
begin 

if (term = chr (9)) or (term = chr (13)) or (term 
begin 

pinname := word; { save pin name ] 

term := getword; { read signal name } 

if (term = *,*) or (term = chr(13)) or (term = chr(0)) then 
{ output completed line of signal, socket, pin } 
writeln(parsefile,word,' ', socket,' ', pinname) 
else 

error := true { signal name must end in comma or c/r } 
end 
else 

error := true 
end; 
end; 



{ pin didn't end in tab, space or c/r 



begin (* main program *) 
linenum := 1; 
initfiles; 
term ;= chr(l) ; 
error := FALSE; 
while term <> chr(0) do 
begin 
repeat 

term := getword; 
until word[l] = '.'; 
socket := word; 
ics := word; 
term := getword; 

while (not error) and (term <> chr(0)) do 
begin 

if wordfl] = '=' then 

ics := concat( ics, word) 
else if word[l] = '.' then 
begin 

socket := word; 
writeln(icfile,ics) ; 
ics ;= word; 
end 
else 

process_pin; 
if term <> chr(0) then term 
end; 

if error then begin 
writeln ('Error on line ', linenum) ; 
writeln(errfile, 'Error on line ', linenum); 
error := false; { set back to norma] for next try } 
end; 
en< 3; Listing 13 continued on page 316 



{ assign non-zero value to term 



get next word into word 1 

save IC socket name } 
also in another string } 
read pin name, probably 1 



add IC type to socket string 
new socket name } 

save new socket name } 

save it here too 1 



getword; 



314 January 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 




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Listing 13 continued: 



writeln(icfile,ics) ; { write last of: carts list I 
close Unfile, result) ; 
close (errfile, result) ; 
close (icfile, result) ; 
close (parsefile, result) ; 
writeln('Finished') ; 
end. 



Listing 14: The wire-list program in C. 

/* Program to process a CP/M file in the form: 
.SOCKET =ICTYPE 

PIN-NO SIGNAL, PIN-NO SIGNAL, 
PIN-NO SIGNAL, etc 

If not supplied on the command line, the program asks for the 
input file name. It then asks for an output base file name, and 
produces 3 output files, named BASE. ERR, BASE.IC, and BASE. PAR, 
containing error messages, parts list, and parsed signal-pin list, 
respectively. The .PAR file, when sorted into alphabetical order, 
becomes a network list which is useful for wire-wrap, PC layout, 
error checking, and documentation. 
V 

#def ine YES 1 
♦define NO 
♦define NULL 



char error; 



char 



FILE 



int 

char 

char 



mainO 



inname[20] , 
outname[20] j 
*infile, 
*errfile, 
*icfile, 
♦parsefile; 
linenum; 
term; 
word [40] , 
socket [40], 
ics[40] , 
pinname[40] ; 



error = NO; 
linenum = 1; 
InitFilesO; 
while (1) ( 
do 



/* name of input file */ 

/* base name of output files */ 

/* channel number of input file */ 

/* channel number of error file */ 

/* channel number of ic file */ 

/* channel number of parse file */ 

keeps track of line numbers on input file */ 

what terminated each word */ 

where getword puts the word it got */ 

where socket name goes */ 

string to save socket and ic type */ 

so it is */ 



/* open output files */ 



/> 

/* 
/* 
/* 
/* 
/* 



term = GetWbrd ( ) ; 
while (*word != '.'); 
strcpy( socket, word) ; 
strcpy(ics, word); / 

do { 

term = GetWbrd () ; / 
if (*word = '=') / 
strcat(ics,word) ; 
else if (*word =='.') { 

strcpy( socket, word) ; 
fprintf ( icfile, "%s\n" , 
strcpy(ics, word); 



/* get next word into word */ 
/* find first period */ 
/* save ic socket name */ 
/* also in ic string */ 



read pin name */ 

add ic type to */ 

/* socket string */ 
/* new socket */ 
/* save socket */ 
ics) ; 



/* process pin/signal pr */ 



else 

ProcessPinO ; 
} while (lerror); 

printf ("Error on line %d\n", linenum); 

fprintf (errfile, "Error on line %d\n", linenum); 

error = NO; /* reset for next try */ 



/* ProcessPin - process next pin/signal pair 
ProcessPinO 



Listing 14 continued on page 318 






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Listing 14 continued: 



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if (*word = '$') /* ignore any word */ 

term = GetWordO ; /** starting with $ */ 
switch (term) { 
case ' ': 
case '\t': 
case '\n': 

strcpyfpinname, word) ; /* save pin name */ 
term = GetWordO ; /* read signal name */ 
switch (term) { 
case ',': 
case An': 

fprintf (parsefile,"%s %s %s\n", word, socket, pinname) ; 
break; 
default: 

error = YES; 
break ; 



default: 



break; 

error = YES; 
break ; 



/* InitFiles - open all the output files */ 

InitFilesO 

{ 

char filename[20] ; 

printf ("Name of input file — >") ; 

gets(inname) ; 

if ((infile = fopen(inname, "r")) = NOLL) { 

printf ("Can't open %s\n", inname) ; 

exit(); 

} 

printf ("Base name of output files — >") ; 

gets (outname) ; 

strcpy(filename, outname) ; 

strcat(filename,".IC"); /* make .IC file */ 

if ((icfile = fopen( filename, "w")) = NULL) \ 

printf ("Couldn't open %s\n", filename); 

exitO; 



} 

strcpy( filename, outname); 

strcat(filename,".ERR") ; 



/* make .ERR file */ 



if ((errfile = f open (filename, "w")) = NULL) \ 
printf ("Couldn't open %s\n", filename); 
exit(); 

} 

strcpy( filename, outname) ; 

strcat( filename, ".PAR"); /* make .PAR file */ 

if ((parsefile = fopen( filename, "w")) = NULL) { 

printf ("Couldn't open %s\n", filename); 

exit(); 



/* GetWord - gets next word into global string word */ 
GetWordO 

{ 

int i; 
int c; 

c = getc ( infile) ; /* get character from input file */ 
while (!StartOfWOrd(c) && c != EOF) \ /* pass by white space */ 

ChkForNewLine(c) ; 

c = getc (infile) ; 



} 



if (c = 


= EOF) 
HandleEOFO; 


i = 0; 


/* assemb 


do { 

} while 
word[i] 


word[i++] = c; 
c = getc (infile) ; 
ChkForNewLine (c) ; 
(!EndOfWord(c)) ; 
= '\0'; 



/* build string */ 

/* tack on end of string char */ 

Listing 14 continued on page 320 

Circle 500 on inquiry card. * 



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Listing 14 continued: 

return (c) ; 



/* return termination character */ 



/* ChkForNewLine - see if character is a newline. bump line counter */ 
ChkForNewLine (c) 
char c; 



if (c == '\n') 

linenum++; 



/* if new line character */ 
/* bump line counter */ 



/* HandleEOF - take care of end of file condition */ 
HandleBOFO 

{ 

fprintf (iofile,"%s\n",ics) • /* write out last of parts list 

fclose(inf ile) ; /* close input file */ 

fclose(icfile) ; /* close .IC file */ 

fclose(errfile) ; /* close .ERR file */ 

fclose(parsef ile) ; /* close .PAR file */ 

printf ("\nFinished\n") ; 

exit(); /* go back to operatinq system */ 

/* StartOfWbrd - see if c is a start of word character */ 
StartOfWbrd (c) 
char c; 

t 

switch (c) 1 

case '\n': 

case '\t': 

case * ': 

return (NO) • 

break; 
default: 

return (YES) ; 

break ; 
} 



*/ 



/* not start of word char */ 

/* it IS a start of word char */ 



/* EndOfWbrd - see if c is an end of word character */ 

EndOfWbrd(c) 

char c; 



{ 



switch (c) { 
case *\n*: 
case '\t': 
case * ': 
case * , * : 

return (YES) ; /* it IS an end of word char */ 

break ; 
default: 

return (NO) ; /* not an end of word char */ 

break; 



gets(s) 
char s [ ] ; 



int c; 

while ((c = getcharO) != EOF && c != '\n') 

*s++ = c; 
*s = '\0'; 



review of these languages and com- 
pilers. However, in the course of the 
many long hours of fussing with these 
products trying to get them all to run 
the programs, we developed some 
likes and dislikes, which you may be 
interested in knowing. They should 
be regarded merely as opinions. 

First, some observations about the 
Pascal compilers. During the process 



of getting these two programs (espe- 
cially the wire-list program) to run on 
the Pascal compilers, our previous 
enthusiasm for Pascal has diminished 
a bit. It is not as portable as we ex- 
pected. The language itself is basical- 
ly standard, but of the four types of 
Pascal compilers tested, no two of 
them handled file I/O in the same 
manner. Pascal file I/O is clumsy at 



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Pascal/Z, Ithaca Intersystems, V4.0 
Pascal/MT + , Digital Research, V5.5 
JRT Pascal, JRT Systems, V2.0 
UCSD Pascal, Softech, IV.03 

UCSD Pascal, Softech, IV. 1 with Z80 Native-Code Generator 
Pascal/MT + 86, 8-MHz 8086, Digital Research (floppy disk) 

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C Compilers 

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C/80, The Software Toolworks, V2.0 

CW/C, The Code Works, V1.0 

BDSC, BD Software, V1.46 

C, Supersoft, V1.1.0 

Q/C, Quality Computer Systems, V2.0b 

Aztec C, Manx Software, V1.04 

C, Whitesmiths Ltd., V2.1 

C, Infosoft Systems, V2.03 

C86, Computer Innovations, V1.29B (8-MHz 8086) 

•Failed to close output file. Estimated time. 

Table 5: Performance of the Pascal and C compilers running a wire-list program that required file reading and writing and simple 
string processing. Memory used includes necessary library routines and p-code interpreters. 





Memory 


Compile 


Execution 


Compiled 


Used 


Plus Load 


Time 


Bytes 


(bytes) 


(seconds) 


(seconds) 


2276 


8052 


141 


34.0 


1637 


11,511 


86 


52.0 


1410 


24,194 


70 


171 


2373 


20,805 


67 


288 


3398 


21,830 


185 


287 


2491 


14,192 


58.5 


51.9 


2491 


14,192 


50.2 


15.1 


1392 


6948 


169 


22.8 


1127 


4434 


67 


24.2 


1439 


5393 


125 


24.2 


1640 


7132 


37 


26.5 


1115 


21,338 


124 


28.0 


1068 


8731 


89 


30.5 


1279 


4604 


122 


30.1 


1366 


21,813 


296 


40.1* 


1518 


10,918 


176 


54.0 


1271 


14,464 


79 


21.8 



best, and that's one reason why the 
Modula-2 language may catch on. 

The Pascal documentation we re- 
ceived was generally complete but 
overwhelmingly voluminous and, in 
some cases, difficult to read with 
100-plus loose-leaf pages. But then 
Pascal is a big language. Softech's 
four manuals were typeset and nicely 
bound. The Pascal/MT+ and 
Pascal/Z manuals had invaluable in- 
dexes, which we used a lot. 

We had few problems in getting the 
wire-list program to run with either 
Pascal/MT + or Pascal/Z. On the 
other hand, we had a great deal of 
trouble with both JRT Pascal and 
UCSD Pascal. We could not get the 
text files in JRT Pascal to work and 
finally had to resort to Binary files 
and checking for end of file (EOF) and 
end of line (EOLN) directly. Both 
Pascal/MT 4- and Pascal/Z provided 
a convenient means to set the length 
of a string arbitrarily whereas neither 
of the other two did (it cannot be 
done in JRT Pascal, and in order to 
do it in UCSD Pascal, you must turn 
range checking off first). Though ar- 
bitrarily setting the length of a string 
is not something you need to do a lot, 
it was absolutely necessary in order 
for this program to work. 

We liked the C compilers much bet- 
ter. The file I/O was handled pretty 



much the same with all compilers. 
The only differences were in the 
"getc" and "putc" functions. CP/M 
unfortunately uses a two-character 
sequence (CR-LF) to indicate end of 
line, and Unix uses the single charac- 
ter newline (LF). Because you might 

The degree of 
compatibility among 

the C compilers is 

remarkable in that no 

C standard exists. 



occasionally need to fiddle with a 
binary file, having "getc" and "putc" 
ignore all CR bytes (hex 0D) is in- 
tolerable. To get around this, you can 
do one of three things: (1) provide 
two separate "getc" and "putc" 
routines, (2) open the file in optional 
Binary or Text mode and have the 
routines remember which mode they 
were in; or (3) consider all files to be 
in the Binary mode. 

None of the compilers support the 
entire Unix Version 7 C language, but 
that would be expecting a lot. The 
degree of compatibility that does exist 
is remarkable since there is no C stan- 
dard. All the compilers support 
"argc" and "argv" and file redirection 
in some way. The Aztec C compiler 



supports "long," "float," and 
"double" types very nicely. Only 
Whitesmiths supports bit fields. 

The libraries included with the 
Supersoft, BD Systems, and Aztec 
compilers were the most complete 
(Supersoft had just about all the func- 
tions one could want, including all 
the various "printf" and "scanf" 
variations). Infosoft and BD Systems 
provided "long" and "float" opera- 
tions but only as function calls (no ex- 
pressions or data types). The Q/C 
compiler was the only one not to sup- 
port structures (a collection of 
variables grouped together under one 
name). 

The fastest compiler was the BD 
Systems C compiler. (Most other 
compilers were still chugging away 
when this one had already gone 
through two compile passes and a 
link and was beginning execution.) 

Turnaround Time 

The complete production cycle 
(compile, test, edit, and compile 
again) is an important consideration 
for programming productivity, and 
we think the compile-plus-load times 
are significant, especially in a profit- 
oriented environment. Hardware im- 
provements such as hard disks and 
disk-simulating memory can in- 
fluence this profoundly. But so can 



Circle 524 on inquiry card. 



January 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 323 



the software environment. Sof tech's 
UCSD Pascal system and Digital Re- 
search's Speed Programming Package 
for Pascal/MT + both offer a well- 
integrated environment for program 
editing, which is tied closely with the 
compiler and/or fast syntax checker. 

Compiler Output 

Most of the C compilers produce 
assembly language, which means an- 
other step is required to produce ma- 
chine language. Usually, this extra 
step is a nuisance, but it is an advan- 
tage for incorporating machine-level 
code. This is probably the reason 
why C is experiencing such a growth 
in popularity and portability because 
it is relatively easy to change code- 
generation tables for another type of 
assembly language. Most of the C 
compilers can produce assembly lan- 
guage acceptable to the Microsoft 
M80 assembler, which means there is 
compatibility at the de facto industry- 
standard .REL level (.REL is the 
CP/M file extension for relocatable 



code files). The BDS compiler is fast 
and generates relocatable code direct- 
ly, thus avoiding the assembly-lan- 
guage level entirely. But its output is 
not .REL-compatible. 'Tis a pity! 

JRT Pascal has a remarkably low 
price at $29.95. Whether or not that is 
a bargain depends on the application. 



Programming in C is 

fun, like driving a small 

car: it feels zippy, but 

beware of taking 
corners on two wheels! 



Because it is a p-code interpreter, it is 
slow, but that may not matter for 
many applications. For those who 
want to learn Pascal with a minimum 
investment, it is an excellent value. If 
speed is important, we think you 
should look to a well-supported 
object-code compiler. 



Frustrations and Kudos 

We found Softech's UCSD P-sys- 
tem (p-code) difficult to bring up for 
the first time via a CP/M bootstrap. 
The delivery system is evidently not 
intended for the end user, but rather 
for original equipment manufacturers 
who will have a lot of customizing to 
do anyway. Support from Softech's 
staff was truly outstanding, however. 

We didn't find as much to complain 
about with the C compilers, except 
we couldn't get Whitesmiths' version 
2.1 to close the wire-list files proper- 
ly. In fact, the execution time for 
Whitesmiths C in table 5 had to be 
estimated. The Whitesmiths people 
were notified of the problem, but 
they declined to send us a revised ver- 
sion of their compiler for testing. The 
Whitesmiths compiler is very com- 
plete and provides a lot of flexibility 
at each step in the compilation and 
link process. But this process requires 
five separate programs to go from 
source code to executable code. Its 
robustness seems to make it very 



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324 January 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 



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BYTE January 1983 325 



large and slow (which may not be a 
problem with a hard-disk system). It's 
a professional's tool, like a Mack 
truck. It takes a long time to get it 
moving and to stop, but it can carry 
the freight. The language itself is 
essentially standard, but unfortunate- 
ly the function names in the library 
are quite atypical. For example, the 
command "printf" is missing, though 
"putfmt" is similar but with different 
conversion specs, as in the following: 

putfmt ("%i %p", x, str) 

instead of 

printf ("%d %s", x, str) 

This kind of thing makes portability 
to and from other C systems more 
difficult, especially to Unix-like 
systems. Code generation, however, 
looked good. 

The Aztec C compiler has virtually 
everything except bit fields and in- 
cludes all the extended data types 



such as unsigned, long, float, and 
double, which are missing from most 
of the others. It also has full macro 
substitution in the preprocessor, and 
we found it to have good source com- 
patibility with other C systems except 
for the "getc/putc" problem with 
CP/M mentioned before (use "agetc" 
instead). 

C/80 has unsigned numbers, type 
casts, good debugging aids, and good 
portability of source code to other 
systems and is an all-around solid 
product and good deal at $49. We 
especially appreciated the trace and 
execution-time-profiling utilities that 
came with C/80. With utility pro- 
gram CPROF you can see just how 
your execution time is distributed and 
where the greatest potential is for im- 
provement. 

Q/C has the advantage of coming 
with the source code for the compiler 
(written in C of course), so you can 
see what makes it tick and, in the pro- 
cess, really learn C. 

We had available for test only two 



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16-bit compilers (both for the 8086): 
Pascal/MT + 86 from Digital Re- 
search and C86 from Computer In- 
novations. Both ran the programs 
without any changes on the first at- 
tempt. C86 seems to have all of the 
features of Aztec C and is claimed to 
be entirely source-level compatible. If 
so, C86 and Aztec C form a nice soft- 
ware bridge between the 8080 world 
and the 8086 world. This is also true 
for Pascal/MT + , by the way. 

Computer Innovations has a code 
optimizer in the works, and Digital 
Research has a C compiler cooking. 
By the time you read this, several 
more exciting products will surely be 
available, especially for the C lan- 
guage, since this field is bursting with 
the labors of love of some very 
talented people who work with C all 
day, then go home at night and work 
with it for fun. 

The Joy of C 

We're not knocking Pascal; its 
place in the world as a versatile and 
safe language is quite secure. But C 
was more fun to work with. Pro- 
gramming in C is a bit like driving a 
small car: it gets the job done quick- 
ly, briefly, and with a minimum of re- 
strictions. It feels zippy and maneu- 
verable. But you can get into a jam if 
you take too many corners on two 
wheels! When it won't run right it can 
be puzzling until you see your 
blunder, a blunder that Pascal might 
have warned you about. It is quite 
possible to write clever, innovative 
code that you may not understand six 
months later. It is equally possible, 
however, to write clear, structured, 
well-documented code that is a 
delight to produce and read. Please 
do so, by all means. ■ 



References 

Gilbreath, Jim. "A High-Level Language 
Benchmark." BYTE, September 1981, 
page 180. 

Gilbreath, Jim and Gary Gilbreath. "Use 
Your Computer to Build a Computer," 
Microsystems, January/February 1982, 
page 66. 

Knuth, Donald E. The Art of Computer Pro- 
gramming: Semi-Numerical Algorithms, 
Vol. 2 Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley, 1969. 



326 January ISM © BYTE Publications Inc 



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Software Review 



Whitesmiths C Compiler 



Larry Reid and Andrew P. McKinlay 

Datatec Computer Systems Ltd. 

344 Second Ave. S 

Saskatoon, Saskatchewan 

S7K 1L1, Canada 



C is a high-level structured language that offers a con- 
cise and regular syntax, along with great flexibility. A 
general-purpose language, C's consistency makes it easy 
to use and remember. Its flexibility allows programmers 
to get very close to machine level when necessary, yet it 



At a Glance 

Name 

Whitesmiths C compiler 

Type 

Compiler for the C programming language 

Manufacturer 

Whitesmiths Ltd. 
Building B 
Parkway Towers 
485 U. S. Route I S 
Iselin. NJ 08830 
(201) 750-9000 

Price 

$700, plus $50 media charge 

Format 

RK05 hard-disk packs. 9-track tape, RX0I 8-inch floppy-disks, and 
CP/M single-density single-sided 8-inch floppy disks 

Computer 

Versions of the compiler are available for the following operating 
systems and processors: CP/M and derivatives (for Intel's 8080 and 
8085, Zilog's Z80). Unix, Idris, RSX-1 1, RTI 1, RSTS, IAS (LSI- 1 1, 
PDP-I I), VMS (VAX-1 1), and Versados (Motorola 68000). The 
CP/M version requires at least 60K bytes of memory. 

Documentation 

Two manuals 

Audience 

Serious programmers 



still retains the features of a high-level language. It en- 
courages programmers to write modular programs, not 
by restricting them to certain language features but rather 
by making modular programs a natural result of thinking 
in C. Its modularity helps programmers when writing 
large applications programs, while its ability to get close 
to the machine level also makes it an excellent systems- 
programming language. Listing 1 gives an example of a 
program written in Whitesmiths' flavor of C. 

The definitive description of C is The C Programming 
Language by Brian Kernighan and Dennis Ritchie (see 
reference 2). This book contains a tutorial on C, the C 
reference manual, and many examples that demonstrate 
both the C language and a good programming style. The 
reference manual is the definition of the C language. You 
should have some knowledge of programming before you 
read this book. A good review of the C language ap- 
peared in Electronics magazine (see reference 3). 

We have evaluated the Whitesmiths C compiler package 
using the following criteria: amount of language sup- 
ported, portability of the compiler and compiled 
programs, ease of use of the compiler and compiled pro- 
grams, efficiency of the compiler and compiled programs, 
the support offered by Whitesmiths, and the cost of the 
package. (To prevent you from getting lost in the maze of 
jargon, we have included a glossary of compiler terms — 
see the text box on page 334.) 

Contents of the Package 

Whitesmiths' products are available on RK05 hard-disk 
packs, 9-track tape, RX01 8-inch floppy disks, and CP/M 
single-density single-sided 8-inch floppy disks. (We re- 
viewed the CP/M-disk version.) The documentation con- 
sists of two printed manuals, bound with plastic rings in- 
side a plastic cover. 

The software itself comes in relocatable form, with an 



330 January 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 



Circle 366 on inquiry card. > 



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Listing 1: A sample C program that totals the number of lines, words, and characters that are input. 



/* count lines, words, and chars, in input */ 

^include <std.h> 

#define NEWLINE «\n' 
#define BLANK ' • 
//define TAB '\t' 



main( ) 



{ 

TEXT c; 

COUNT nl, nw, nc ; 

BOOL inword = NO; 

nl = nw = nc = ; 
while(E0F != (c = getch())){ 
++nc ; 
if(c == NEWLINE) 

++nl ; 
if(c == BLANK ! ! c == NEWLINE | | c == TAB) 

inword = NO ; 
else if(inword == NO ) { 
inword = YES; 
++nw ; 
} 
} 
putfmt ( n %± lines, % i words, % i chars. \n", nl, nw, nc ) ; 
} 



executable version of the linker. Before you can use any 
part of the package, you must link the relocatable 
modules with routines from the various libraries. This is 
a nuisance, but only a minor one, especially because it 
allows you to make changes to some aspects of White- 
smiths' programs relatively easily. Whitesmiths supplies 
some submit files (i.e., files of CP/M commands) with 
the CP/M version to do most of the work of linking the 
programs. 

Whitesmiths' C compiler package for CP/M systems 
contains: 

•pp, pi, and p2: the three passes of the compiler 
•an: a-natural assembler 

• anat: a-natural translator 

• ld80: CP/M link editor 

• lib: a librarian program 

• rel: a program for inspecting relocatable files 

• clib: a portable subroutine library 

• mlib: a machine-dependent subroutine library 

• documentation 

The Preprocessor pp 

The first pass of the compiler is a macro processor 
(known as the preprocessor), called pp. It interprets cer- 
tain lines in a file as commands. These commands permit 

332 January 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 



definitions of symbols as other symbols (constants), 
definitions of parametized macroinstructions, condition 
al acceptance or rejection of lines in the input file, and in 
elusion of other files in a file. 

From the C programmer's standpoint, these facilities 
are most useful. The definition of symbolic constants 
makes programs more readable and more easily modifi- 
able. For example, suppose the value —1 means end-of- 
file in some program. If you have to change the end-of- 
file value, you must recode each —1 individually to en- 
sure that you convert only —Is that mean end-of-file. 
This process is tedious and error prone. If, however, you 
could define the symbol EOF to mean —1, then to change 
the end-of-file value you need only rewrite the line defin- 
ing EOF as —1. 

Macroinstructions can be used to implement sub- 
routines that do not have to worry about the type (i.e., 
integer, long integer, floating point) of their arguments. It 
is often convenient to put commonly used symbol and 
macro definitions in one file and to use the preprocessor 
to include them with each C source file. For this purpose, 
Whitesmiths supplies a standard header file, called std.h. 
(See listing 1 for examples using some of the preprocessor 
features.) 

Because the preprocessor can evaluate simple condi- 
tions, lines may or may not be compiled, based on condi- 



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tions existing at compile time. This is a convenient way of 
turning on (or off) debugging output or of compiling 
several slightly different versions of the same program, 
pp is also useful by itself as a general macro processor for 
an assembler because none of its operations are inherent- 
ly dependent on C. It could be used, for example, as a 
macro processor for an assembler. 

The Parser pi 

The C parser, pi, analyzes a program syntactically, 
reports any errors, and passes flow graphs and parse trees 
to the code generator. Whitesmiths' parser accepts the 
full set of C commands; including long integers (usually 4 
bytes), floating-point numbers, and structures. 

The Code Generator p2 

An assembly-code generator that creates an assembly- 
language program for the target machine, p2 is the only 
target-machine-dependent program in the compiler itself. 
The CP/M version produces a-natural assembly code; 
a-natural is an assembly language for 8080-type pro- 
cessors. 

Using assembly language as an intermediate form has 
several advantages. The compiler-writer has a simpler 
interface to many operating systems, because most 
systems have an assembler. You can inspect, or even 
modify, the assembly-language program. This optimiza- 
tion of code after compilation is a good way of obtaining 
programs that are both fast and small. You let the com- 
piler do most of the work, and you can then do what op- 
timization is necessary. 



The a-Natural Assembler an 

The a-natural assembler for the 8080, an, was 
developed by Whitesmiths. For an assembly language, 
a-natural has a rather unique syntax. This syntax is sup- 
posed to make a-natural easier to read and write than or- 
dinary assembly language. (One of the authors, who has 
no experience with 8080 assembly languages, finds 
a-natural easy to read, although we both fear that no 
assembly-language experience can make writing 8080 
code less than frustrating. See listing 2 for a comparison 
of a-natural and standard assembly language.) The out- 
put of an is a relocatable object file, so an can be used as 
an assembler by itself. 

The a-Natural Translator anat 

anat translates a-natural assembly language to stan- 
dard assembly language that is accepted by either the 
ISIS-II asm80 or the Microsoft Macro-80 assembler. It is 
useful for interfacing C or a-natural programs to existing 
8080 code. 

The 8080 Link Editor ld80 

Relocatable object modules produced by an are linked 
by ld80. It also produces an executable machine-language 
program. The input routines may be from several files. C 
supports (or rather, does not prevent) separate compila- 
tion of routines in one program. The linker loads 
modules from any library, if they are needed. By default, 
the CP/M version loads programs starting at location 
hexadecimal 100 in memory. The user can specify a dif- 
ferent starting address and separate loading addresses for 



A Glossary of Compiler Terms 

Compiler writing has become a science. In developing this science, compiler authors have coined many terms or have given old 
terms new meaning. Here is a glossary of some common compiler terms. Nonitalicized words are cross-referenced to other entries 
in this glossary. 



Code generator: The last pass of the compiler. It produces 
either an assembly-language or relocatable machine-code 
version of the high-level program. 

Compiler: A program or series of programs that takes a pro- 
gram written in a high-level language (e.g., C, PL/ I, 
ALGOL) and translates it into a low-level language. This 
low-level language is usually, but not always, the assembly 
or machine language of the host computer. 

Compiler-compiler: A program to help write compilers. It 
takes a grammar for a language and generates a parser for a 
compiler. 

Cross-compiler: A compiler that generates machine- or 
assembly-language programs for a computer other than the 
host computer (e.g., a compiler running on a PDP-11 that 
produces machine code for an 8080). 



Data Type: The logical class of a data item (variable). Some 
data types are string, integer, and floating point. 

Executable: An executable program is a program completely 
ready to run on a computer. 

Flow Graph: A description of some properties of a program. 

Grammar: A high-level description of the syntax, or con- 
struction rules, of a language. 

Library: A special file that contains many useful, and usually 
related, modules or subfiles. The built-in subroutines of a 
language are commonly stored in a library. 



Link Editor: See linker. 



Glossary continued on page 338 



334 January 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 



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Glossary continued: 



Linker: Also known as loader or link-editor. A program that 
takes relocatable modules, combines them with any needed 
routines from available libraries, and produces an executable 
program. 

Loader: See linker. 

Macroinstruction: A macroinstruction (or simply a macro) is 
a predefined piece of text that may be inserted as a block into 
some other text. Frequently used pieces of code are often 
made into macros; instead of writing out the code each time, 
the programmer only has to name the macro. Macros may 
have arguments much like subroutines; however, a macro is 
not the same as a subroutine. Many general assembly- 
language books discuss macros. 

Module: A piece of code. Usually refers to a block of 
machine code. 

Object Module: A module of machine code. The code is 
usually in relocatable form. 



Parser: The first or second pass, or program (see 
preprocessor,), of a compiler. It produces flow graphs and 
parse trees: to be passed on to the code generator. 

Parse Trees: A description of some properties of a program. 

Preprocessor: // present, it is the first pass of the compiler. 
Typical duties of the preprocessor include macro expansion, 
textual substitution, and passing or not passing lines to the 
output depending on some conditions. 

Relocatable Module: A relocatable module is an object module 
where one or more memory references have not been defined 
(e.g., the destination of a jump or the address of a variable 
hasn't been defined). Using a linker, a relocatable module can 
be made into an executable module that can run anywhere in 
free memory. 

Semantics: The meaning of a program. 

Syntax: The structure of a language. 



instructions and data (useful for programs that will be 
put into read-only memory). 

The Librarian lib 

The lib program maintains files, known as libraries, 
that contain many other files. The user can create, add 
to, and delete from libraries and can extract names and 
copies of modules in the library. Its primary use is in 
maintaining libraries of compiled subroutines that may 
be connected by the linker. 

The Portable Library clib 

Whitesmiths standard subroutine library, clib, con- 
tains subroutines callable from C and a-natural routines. 
In clib are various routines to do I/O (input/output), 
string handling, memory management, number-to-text 
and text-to-number conversions, and a convenient sort- 
ing routine. The CP/M-dependent clib has a routine to 
allow direct CP/M system calls from C programs. Table 
1 lists some of the routines found in clib. 

The Machine Library mlib 

The machine-dependent mlib library of routines boosts 
the power of the 8080. Most of these routines do arith- 
metic on various types of numbers such as integer, long 
integer, and floating point. 

Documentation 

A set of manuals comes with the compiler. These 
manuals cover all the programs and routines in the pack- 
age. They do not cover the C language itself in any detail. 
Kernighan and Ritchie's The C Programming Language is 
not included in the package but is available from White- 
smiths. You should also be able to find the book at your 
local computer shop or at a university bookstore. 



Use 

Each program compiled with Whitesmiths C can be 
run under CP/M by simply typing its name. You may 
give additional strings on the command line to be passed 
to the program as arguments. The program may interpret 
these arguments as flags or file names. Flags specify op- 
tional actions or values for the program. For example, the 
flag most commonly used by CP/M users directs the 
nontext output of some of the programs to a file other 
than the default. In all cases, the program supplies a 
reasonable default value. 

Most of Whitesmiths' programs, and all programs nor- 
mally compiled under it, support the notion of com- 
mand-line I/O redirection. This is an incredibly simple 
and powerful tool that allows most normal programs to 
read and write disk files, I/O devices, or the terminal in 
the same manner and without changing the program at 
all. (See the accompanying text box about I/O redirec- 
tion on page 342.) 

A CP/M submit file (command file) for operating the 
compiler is part of the package. This submit file runs each 
pass of the compiler and assembles and links a single C 
source file. C permits, and even encourages, separate 
compilation of each file that makes up a program; how- 
ever, this submit file is inadequate. Also, each pass of the 
compiler can take some flag values from the command 
line to specify optional actions for that pass. The submit- 
file mechanism does not allow the user to conveniently 
set these flags. (We wrote a program to drive the various 
passes of the compiler, the assembler, the librarian, and 
the linker so that a one-line command can perform a large 
number of operations, with a clean, concise, and consis- 
tent syntax. This driver program makes using the com- 
piler much easier.) 



338 January 1983 © BYTE Publications lnc 



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Listing 2: A comparison ofa-natural with assembly language. In 
this example, both programs are a code sequence for subtracting 
two 16-bit integers, one at location x, and the other at location 
4 + de. 

a-natural 

a = «(bc=&X) - «(hl=4+de) -> «bc = 

«(bc+1) - A *(hl+1) -> «bc 



assembly language 
LXI B,X 

LDAX B 

LXI H,4 

DAD D 

SUB M 

STAX B 



INX B 
LDAX B 
INX H 
SBB M 
STAX B 



Library of Subroutines 

alloc allocate space on the heap 

cmpstr compare two strings for equality 

cpm do CP/M and CDOS system calls 

cpystr copy multiple strings 

decode convert arguments to text under format control 

encode convert text to arguments under format control 

errfmt format output to error file 

exit terminate program execution 

fill propagate fill character in buffer 

free free space on the heap 

frelst free a list of allocated cells 

getfiles collect files from command line 

getflags collect flags from command line 

getfmt format input from standard input 

instr find first occurrence in string of characters in set 

isalpha test for alphabetic character 

isdigit test for digit 

islower test for lowercase character 

isupper test for uppercase character 

iswhite test for whitespace character 

lenstr find length of string 

lower convert characters in buffer to lowercase 

max find maximum of two numbers 

min find minimum of two numbers 

notstr find first occurrence of character not in set 

onexit call function on program exit 

prefix test if one string is a prefix of the other 

putfmt format arguments to standard output 

putstr copy multiple strings to file 

remove remove a file 

scnstr scan string for character 

sort sort items in memory 

squeeze delete character from buffer and compress 

tolower convert character to lowercase if necessary 

toupper convert character to uppercase if necessary 

uname create a unique file name 



Table 1: Some of the routines supplied by Whitesmiths in the 
subroutine library clib. 



Language Completeness 

Whitesmiths' compiler compiles the full standard C 
languages as defined in Kernighan and Ritchie's book. 
We found only a few very minor syntactic differences, 
and Whitesmiths' compiler recognizes a few extensions to 
the standard. Anyone who has used or is using Unix ver- 
sion 7 C will probably notice no difference at all. 

Portability 

Whitesmiths' compilers run on a number of operating 
systems and processors (see At a Glance text box). Within 
this family of compilers, a few possible portability prob- 
lems remain: 

1. The processor influences the size of an integer for 
each compiler. The 8080-family processors (i.e., the 
LSI-11, the PDP-11, and the MC68000) have 16-bit 
integers; the VAX machine has a 32-bit integer. 

2. The host operating system influences the length of, 
and legal characters in, external identifiers (i.e., sub- 
routine names and global variables). 

3. The 8080 does not necessarily compare 16-bit quanti- 
ties correctly. Therefore, the results of a comparison 
can differ between an 8080 and a PDP-11. (We have 
yet to encounter this problem in actual use.) 

Of course, if you insist on writing programs that use 
absolute memory locations, operating system calls, or 
other machine-dependent features, expect portability to 
suffer. Whitesmiths' documentation has a section full of 
hints to help you write more portable programs. 

Ease of Use 

The submit file supplied by Whitesmiths to drive the 
compiler is adequate for most small programs, but it's in- 
flexible and inadequate for larger programs. Were White- 
smiths' programs not so easy to use individually, it would 
have been very difficult to build the driver program men- 
tioned earlier. (This is a good illustration of the idea of 
software tools. That is, the idea is to write programs so 
that they communicate with other programs in a stan- 
dard way. For further information, see reference 1.) 

Programs compiled by Whitesmiths' compiler are easy 
to use because the command-line arguments and I/O re- 
direction facilities encourage the programmer to write 
programs with an intelligent interface to the user. The 
subroutine library contains some very useful routines 
that can make the programmer's task quite a bit easier, 
depending on the application. (See table 1.) 

While explaining the ease of use of the C language itself 
is beyond the scope of this article, we will make the bold 
statement (without giving any support for our position) 
that C is the best general-purpose programming lan- 
guage. The portable library also contains many other 
useful routines. We make extensive use of it. 

Efficiency 

We'll discuss the classic definitions of efficiency: speed 
and object-code size. The compiler, assembler, and linker 



340 January 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 



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BYTE January 1983 341 



I/O Redirection 



To some degree or another, all C programs operate with 
certain I/O conventions. The primary notion is the concept 
of standard I/O locations. Most C programs write their out- 
put to "the standard output," which, by default, is the ter- 
minal. However, with a little hit of wizardry on the com- 
mand line, this output can be sent to a disk file, device, or 
I/O port. Similarly, most C programs will read from "the 
standard input." This too is, by default, the terminal 
keyboard. Again, this can be redirected at run time, so that a 
program that normally reads from the terminal can also read 
from a disk file or device. 

How to Redirect 

The wizardry is the command-line notation. The > 
(greater-than symbol) means "send the output to whatever is 
named next on the command line. " The < (less-than symbol) 
means "take input from whatever is named next on the com- 
mand line." For example, pr, a program to print source 
listings, writes its output to the standard output. To send its 
output to a printer on a CP/M system: 

pr filel.c filel.c >lst: 

while to send it to a disk file: 

pr filel.c filel.c >b:files.out 

We liked this feature; it allows you to string several pro- 
grams together to perform complex tasks. A more esoteric, 
but perhaps more powerful, use of this feature is the follow- 
ing case: suppose you have to do the same series of editor 
commands on several files. Simply create a file, let's call it 




script, that contains the editor commands for each file. This 
is often easier to do than typing each command because most 
editors have a copy facility. When this is done, type: 

ed < script 

and go get a cup of coffee. All the editing is done auto- 
matically for you. 

There is abo a standard place where error messages are 
written. It is always the terminal and is not redirectable . In 
this way, a program may write error messages even if the 
bulk of the output is being redirected. 



Why Redirect? 

Redirectable output is a very powerful tool. It means that 
the same program can write to a file, a device such as a 
printer, or to the terminal with no change to the program 
itself. It encourages programmers to write well-defined pro- 
grams with clean interfaces. Simple programs with simple 
interfaces may be strung together by having one program 
write its output to a file, and then having another program 
use that file as input, and so on. Users of the Unix operating 
system can create pipelines like this without intermediate 
holding files. You can save a lot of time and money by doing 
new things with old programs instead of writing new pro- 
grams that work in only one specific case. 

The definitive work on the subject of software tools is the 
book Software Tools by Kemighan and Plauger. (See 
reference 1.) They discuss the concept of stringing together 
programs in depth, and they present many programs that 
have proved themselves to be good building blocks. 



are quite large on the 8080— between 30K bytes and 50K 
bytes. A full 64K-byte CP/M system is almost a require- 
ment to run the compiler. For CP/M users, you almost 
certainly need two 5Vi-inch double-density drives or an 
8-inch drive. The compiler itself runs relatively fast: a 
large C file (200 lines) can be compiled and assembled in a 
minute or two on a 4-MHz Z80A. The link times, how- 
ever, are another story. Most C programs take 2 to 5 
minutes to link; really large ones approach 10 minutes of 
link time. It's great for catching up on your reading, but, 
more often than not, it's annoying. 

The compiled programs are fast. The figures in table 2 
were given in The C Letter (see reference 5) for a bubble 
sort of a 256-integer descending-order vector, into 
ascending order on a Texas Instruments 3-MHz 
TMS-9900 processor. As table 2 illustrates, C's reputa- 
tion for speed is not unsupported. 

The object-code size of a normal C program under 
CP/M is relatively large. This is because so much (i.e., 
I/O redirection, argument passing, etc.) must be done in 
each program. There is no free lunch: if you want these 
facilities, the code for them has to be somewhere. All is 
not lost, however. If you do not want or need I/O 



redirection or command-line arguments, the processing 
can be bypassed relatively easily by using a method 
described in Whitesmiths' documentation. This may save 
you about 4K bytes of object code, depending on the 
library routines your program uses. For example, the 
following program is 6K bytes long: 

main( ) 
{ 
} 

This program is 2K bytes and does no argument handling 
or I/O redirection: 

main( ) 



A rewriting of the assembler output by an experienced 
assembler programmer can usually result in a 15-percent 
decrease in code size; a careful rearrangement and rewrit- 
ing of the whole program from scratch by the same pro- 
grammer may save another 15 percent. (Note this does 



342 January 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 



TIME SPECTRUM 

AN INNOVATIVE CONCEPT IN MODULAR EXPANSION 

Only the new TIME SPECTRUM brings you a galaxy of 
expansion options for your IBM-PC°...with VERSAPAK®. 



VERSAPAK SERIAL 
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MODULE - Adds two standalone serial 
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VERSAPAK MEMORY 
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with optional second 
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with RAMP AK 




Watch for new VERSAPAK modules to be introduced soon. 



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IBM-PC is a trademark of International Business Machines Corp. 
"Copyright Personnel Systems Technology, Inc. 1982 



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Language 

Pascal P4 

Pascal Birch-Hansen 

BASIC Interpreter 

BASIC Compiler 

fig-FORTH 

PUI 

Whitesmiths C 

Whitesmiths C (using pointers) 



Time (Seconds) 

29 
29 
240 
12 
25 

3 

3 

2 



Table 2: The results of a bubble sort of a 256-integer 
descending-order vector into ascending order show the speed 
of Whitesmiths C. 



not imply that an assembler programmer will always win 
by 30 percent.) Compilers, unlike humans, do not get 
tired and do not usually make mistakes. With the cost of 
programmers going up and the cost of memory going 
down, the savings of writing in C can only increase. 

Support 

The support we have received from Whitesmiths has 
been good. The company has patiently and courteously 
listened to us and allowed us to speak our piece. The C 
Letter, produced three times a year, is a good forum for 
users of Whitesmiths C products. A users group is also 
being formed. 

The documentation is excellent. The manuals offer a 
clear and concise description of their subject matter. 
They're well organized, so it's relatively easy to find what 
you're looking for. We have found only a few bugs in the 
documentation. Our sole complaint about it is the bind- 
ing. The two manuals are bound in plastic rings with a 
plastic cover. This type of binding is relatively cheap and 
clumsy, and we immediately put one copy of the docu- 
mentation into loose-leaf binders. This is still not ideal 
because the holes for the original binding do not line up 
with a loose-leaf binder and, as a result, the pages tear 



and come loose. It is somewhat annoying that otherwise 
excellent documentation is packaged in a relatively un- 
usable form, especially when so much impractical docu- 
mentation is packaged very smartly. 

Price 

This compiler is expensive. The cost is currently about 
$700. Why pay so much? One must weigh the costs and 
benefits. The salaries of two people for one week almost 
make the difference between Whitesmiths C and another 
leading C compiler and more than cover the difference 
between Whitesmiths C and most Pascals. We feel we 
easily saved that one week's pay in the first month we 
had the compiler. 

Conclusions 

Whitesmiths' C compiler compiles the full standard C 
language and is highly portable, as are the programs writ- 
ten under it. It is easy to use and supports command-line 
I/O redirection. The linker is slow, but most compiled C 
programs are quite fast. The support available and the 
documentation are good. The complete Whitesmiths C 
compiler package is quite expensive, but we feel that it is 
a wise investment for any serious programmer or pro- 
gramming shop.* 



References 

1. Kernighan, Brian W. and P.J. Plauger. Software Tools. 
Addison-Wesley, 1976. 

2. Kernighan, Brian W. and Dennis M. Ritchie. The C Program- 
ming Language. Prentice-Hall, 1978. 

3. Krieger, M. S. and P. J. Plauger. "C Language's Grip on Hard- 
ware Makes Sense for Small Computers." Electronics, May 
1980, page 129. 

4. Thompson, K. L. "The Unix Timesharing System." CACM, July 
1974, page 365. 

5. Whitesmiths Ltd. The C Letter. April 1981, volume 2, number 2. 




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344 January 1°83 © BYTE Publications Inc 



Inte\talker 



A new 



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INTEX-TALKER offers an efficient, expandable design 
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Applications 

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*Based on frequency weighted average 



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Software Review 



Analyst and Qsort 
by Structured Systems Group 



Jack L. Abbott 

8525 North 104 Ave. 

Peoria, AZ 85345 



Structured Systems Group of Oakland, California, has 
developed a database/report writer program called 
Analyst and a general-purpose sort/merge utility called 
Qsort. Although the two programs are marketed sepa- 
rately, they are designed to be used together to provide a 
full database management system (DBMS). 

A few words on the system: a DBMS is a program that 
accepts data in a format that you define, processes it as 
you request, and then outputs the data in the report for- 
mat of your choice. Reports may take such forms as 
tables, checks, receipts, invoices, and appointment lists. 

Structured Systems Group states that Analyst is de- 
signed to "keep customer and employee records, sales 
statistics, inventory lists, stock portfolios, schedules, 
name and address lists, student grades, class enrollment 
records, book and record collections, plus many more." 
For many limited tasks of this kind, Analyst alone would 
be adequate. For most applications, however, you will 
need both Analyst and Qsort. 



Documentation 

Two users manuals accompany Analyst. The first, 66 
pages long, offers a clear and detailed description of how 
to generate a program to record the activities of five 
salespeople. It includes computations of commissions, 
subtotals, and totals as well as the formulation and print- 
ing of a tabular report. Each required keyboard entry 
command is listed, along with the video-terminal display 
it produces. A second Analyst manual containing 149 
pages presents information that supplements the first. 
Both manuals give detailed instructions for using the 
CP/M operating system commands that are required to 
support Analyst. 

Structured Systems' outstanding documentation makes 
learning to use the program relatively easy. Even the 



complex section on report generation is intelligible. (In- 
cidentally, of the six DBMS programs I have reviewed in 
recent months, only this documentation is relatively free 
of typographical errors.) 

To turn to Qsort for a moment, most of the instruc- 
tions for its use appear in the larger Analyst manual, but 
a separate 22-page manual offers additional details about 
using Qsort to sort files that were not produced by 
Analyst. 

Unfortunately, the three manuals lack indexes, which 
would facilitate finding and reviewing descriptions of any 
program function covered in more than one 
manual. (Unless otherwise noted, "Analyst" or "DBMS" 
will refer to the combination of Analyst and Qsort for the 
remainder of this review.) 

Operation 

Analyst is written in CBASIC, a compiler and inter- 
preter from Digital Research. The CBASIC compiler con- 
verts a programmer's high-level statements (source code) 
to nonexecutable intermediate code. When the program 
is run, the compiler translates the intermediate code into 
executable form. Because the Analyst package includes 
both the intermediate code for the program and the 
CBASIC interpreter, you don't need to purchase CBASIC 
or compile the program. 

Analyst runs under CP/M version 1.4 or 2.xx and re- 
quires 48K bytes of RAM (random-access read/write 
memory) and at least one disk drive that can store 300K 
bytes. The parameter file can be modified so the program 
will run on microcomputers with less than 48K bytes of 
RAM, but a dealer should do this for you before you buy 
the package. 

You will need a display of at least 16 lines by 64 col- 
umns, but a 24 by 80 format will improve operation. A 
printer with a formfeed and 80-column print capability is 



346 January 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 




COMPUTER 
SYSTEMS 



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Stocking dealers with retail showrooms and mail order facilities include: 

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16 colors 

Non-glare screen 

Sharp looking — matches IBM 



SCALL 



BUSINESS 
TAX MANAGER 

256K VISICALC 

VISITREND/VISIPLOT 

VISiDEX 

EASY EFFECTIVE 
ACCOUNTING SYSTEM 

SUPERCALC 

SUPERWRITER 



IBM SOFTWARE 

ENTERTAINMENT 

$199 GALACTIC ATTACK $26 

$189 ZORK I $89 

$239 ZORK II $29 

$189 DEADLINE $39 

CALL FOR NEW GAMES 
$389 AT UNBEATABLE PRICES 
$219 T and G JOYSTICKS . .. $44.95 

$289 ADAM AND 

EVE PADDLES . . . $29 95 



CALL FOR SOFTWARE NOT LISTED 



MAYNARD ELECTRONICS 

Floppy Disk Controller/wrih parallel $229 

Floppy Disk Controller/with serial $259 



THE ULTIMATE IBM® 
PERIPHERALS 

Five Function 
Memory/Serial/Parallel/Clock/Joystick 

Monte Carlo™ card 



• Up to 1 Megabyte expandable memory 

• Full IBM Compatible RS-232 Serial Port 

• Full IBM Compatible Centronic Parallel Port 

• Real-time clock with built-in alarm features 

• Full dual Joystick Port 



SCALL 



And the Sensational 
on a chip 

l-C-MAGIC™ 

GRAPHIC MED/HI RES. SCREEN DUMP 

PRINT SPOOLING UP TO 64K 

TERMINAL EMULATION 

$CALL 

PGS — Princeton Graphics Systems 
Hi-resolution, RGB Color Monitor 



5Vi" Half Height 'Slimline' drives 

put two floppies in a single slot! $CALL 

DAVONG 5- 10- 15M byte , *...,._. 

Hard Disk Systems from $1 595 

M Trademarks of Microcomputer Business Industries Corp. (MBI) 




Peripherals For All Computers 



PRINTERS 

NEC 

Spinwrlter 7710 7730 

8023A 

EPSON (Graflrax Plus) 

MX-80 

MX-80FT 

MX-100 

OKIDATA 

80 no tractor 

80 with tractor . 

82A no tractor 

82A with tractor 

83A 

84A parallel 

84A serial 

2K Butler with serial current loop board 
Graphics 82A. 83A 



SCALL 
$CALL 
$CALL 

$ 339 
$ 399 
$ 439 
$ 479 
$ 689 
$1029 
$1139 
$ 139 
$ 79 



SMITH CORONA TPI 

Daisy wheel/ Letter Quality 
NOW ONLY $589 



C-ITOH 
F10 Word Quality Printer 

• 40 CPS Printing 

• Letter quality excellence 

Now Only $1395 

Prowritor I 120cps (Parallel) ... 
Prowriler I 120cps (Parallel/Serial) 
Prowrlter It (136 column) Parallel 
Prowrrter II (136 column) Parallel/Serial ...$749 

C-ITOH F10 55 CPS $1795 

INTEGRAL DATA SYSTEMS 

PRISM 132 Color printer with all options 

• 200 cps Sprint Mode 

• 4-co!or printing 

• Friction Tractor teed . $' 595 



$ 469 
$ 619 
$ 699 




MONITORS 

Zenith ZVM-121 Phosphor, 15 MHZ $ 119 

NEC 1201 Phosphor, 20 MHZ $ 179 

NEC 1201 Composite, Color $ 335 

NEC 1201 RGB Color $ 899 

Amdek 300 Phosphor $ 179 

Amdek Composite, Color $ 349 

Amdek IBM Compabible Color $ 749 

BMC Green $ 89 



Princeton Graphic RGB Color SCALL 

For IBM 

Electrohome RGB $ 749 

Electrohome IBM Cable $ 49 



MODEMS 

Hayes Smartmodem, 300 baud $219 

Hayes Smartmodem, 1200 baud $539 

Hayes Chronograph $1 89 

Novation Cat $145 

Novation D-Cat $165 

Novation Auto Cat $209 

CERMETEK SCALL 

1 200 baud modem 



DISKETTES (5 1 A inch) 

SCOTCH WITH PLASTIC LIBRARY CASES (Boxes ol 

(48 Track single-sided, double density) $26. 

VERBATIM DATALIFE SS/DD (Boxes of 10) ... $24.9! 

VERBATIM DATALIFE DS/DD (Boxes of 10) $44.95 

ELEPHANT DISKETTES SS/DD (Boxes of 10) $23.95 

ELEPHANT DISKETTES DS/DD (Boxes of 10) $39.95 



NEC PERSONAL 
COMPUTER PRODUCTS 

51 A Keyboard and processor unit, including 32K Ram, 

24KB n Basic Rom, cassette tape recorder interface 
parallel printer interface, display interlace 

I2A Modular expansion unit, including I O bus extension, 

diskette adaptor, 32KB Ram, real-time clock, 8 priority interrupt levels, 
6 slots tor additional boards W 



NEC General Accounting System 
NEC Accounts Receivable System 
NEC Inventory Control System 
NEC Payroll System . 
NEC Job Cost System ... 
NEC Benchmark Word Processing 
NEC CP'M Operating System 
NEC Report Manager . - 






NEW YEAR SPECIALS 

THE BEST PRICES IN THE NATION 
ON APPLE PERIPHERALS! 




FORTH DIMENSION 

APPLE COMPATIBLE DRIVES 

PLUS ONE BOX OF ELEPHANT DISKETTES 



$289 



FORTH DIMENSION 

DRIVE WITH CONTROLLER 

(including the Apple DOS Master and manual) 

PLUS ONE BOX OF ELEPHANT DISKETTES 



$379 



Call for prices on RANA and MICROSCI drives 
All MICROTEK printer cards slashed to clear— $CALL 

Mountain Hardware CPS Multifunction Card $129 



MBI APPLETIME CARD 

WORKS WITH DB MASTER AND VISIDEX 
MOUNTAIN HARDWARE COMPATIBLE . . 



$89 



MBI VIP CARD 

THE BEST GRAPHICS CARD 

AVAILABLE WITH AN ADDITIONAL SERIAL PORT 

(For Modem or 2nd printer) 



$129 



80 COLUMN CARDS FOR APPLE 

Wesper 80 Card $259 

Vision 80 Card (Vista) $269 

Videx 80 Card $249 



RAM CARDS 

Davong 16K Card, Microtek, 
and Microsoft 16K Card ALL at . . 



$ 79 



T AND G PRODUCTS 

Game Paddles $ 29 

Joy Stick $ 44 

Selecta-port Expander $ 49 



APPLE WORD PROCESSING 
Screenwriter II On line's Sensational! $ 89 

Silicon Valley Associates 

Word Handler II $159 

List Handler $ 79 

Call for Continental. Dakin 5, Broderbund, Automated Simula- 
tions. Avant-Garde Edu-Ware. Denver, Howard, Sirius Sensible, 
Synergistic Software, etc 



BUSINESS SOFTWARE 




VISICORP, INC. 






Desktop Plan III $229 


Visidex 


$189 


Desktop Plan II $189 


Visiterm 


. $ 79 


Visifiles $189 


Visicalc 3-3 


$189 


Visiplot $159 


Visipak . 


$539 


Visitrend Visiplot $229 






STONEWARE 






DB Master 


$169 




DB Utility Pack 


$ 69 





CALIFORNIA 
COMPUTER SYSTEMS 



7710 Async Serial tnt 
7490 GPIB'IEEE-488) Int. 
7470 Ana. to Dig. Converter 

7711 Async. Serial (Term) 

7712 Sync Serial Int. 
7721 Apple Parallel Int. . . 
CalendarClock Module . 
Programable Timer 



$135 
$239 
$ 99 

$135 
$149 
$109 
$ 99 
$ 99 



MOUNTAIN 
HARDWARE 

CPS Multi-Function Card 

The Clock 

Superta'ker 

Music System 

Expansion Chassis 

Romwriter 

Bam Plus 



$129 
$229 

$159 
$319 
$599 
$139 
$149 



MODEMS FOR APPLE 

Hayes Micromodem II $269 

Novation Apple Cat II $299 

212 Apple Full Duplex {for Apple Cat II) $329 

21 2 Apple Cat $629 

212 Stand Alone Auto Cat $599 



Visiterm . , 
Transend II 
ASCII Express 



MODEM SOFTWARE 



$ 79 
$119 
$ 95 



CPM FOR APPLE 

Microsoft Z80 Sottcard 



$269 



MISCELLANEOUS APPLE PRODUCTS 

Enhancer II $119.00 

Sup R Mod . $ 27 95 

System Saver ...... $ 79.00 

Videx Function Strip $ 69.00 



I 




CALL "THE COMPUTER-LINE" 

(303) 279-2727 

(303) 279-2848 

1-(800)-525-7877 

THE COMPUTERLINE, INC. 

1019 8TH STREET. GOLDEN, COLORADO. USA 80401 

All prices reflect a 2.9°o cash discouri All goods acknowledged faulty on receipt by trie customer will be repaired or replaced at our discretion Customers must call lor an RMA n 

any goods This facilitates our quick attendance to faulty goods We reserve the right to repair or return to the manufacturer tor repair all goods becoming faulty within the specified warranty period" 
Any goods (hardware or software) returned for restocking are sub|ecl to a '0°o restocking fee at our discretion No returns on game software We accept no responsibility for any false claims made 
bv manufacturers Prices quoted for stock on hand and subject to change without notice Specialists in APO and international deliveries "lease add 2°= (minimum S3 00) for shipping APO add to all 
prices 5°=. tor shipping (minimum $5 00) Please allow 10 working days plus mail time (if an order is mailed in for receipt of an UPS delivered goods All goods (other than APO or international) delivered 
UPS ground 



SHOWROOM: 

1136 S. COLORADO BLVD. 
DENVER, CO 80222 



Circle 116 on inquiry card. 




At a Glance 

Name 

Analyst and Qsort 

Type 

Database management system (DBMS) 

Manufacturer 

Structured Systems Group Inc. 
5204 Claremont Ave. 
Oakland. CA 94618 
(415) 547-1567 

Price 

Analyst: $250; Qsort: $100 
Total: $350 

Format 

IBM soft-sector 8-inch single-density floppy disk; 5'/4-inch 
Micropolis double-density, North Star DD, Zerox, Toshiba, Sharp, 
HP-125. Some other formats through dealers. 



Software Required 

CP/M operating system, version 1.4 or 2.xx. Analyst and Qsort 
are furnished in compiled intermediate code accompanied by a 
run-time interpreter. 

Language 

CBASIC 

Computer System 

Any microcomputer with at least 48K bytes of RAM and at least 
one 300K-byte disk drive. A 16-line by 64-column display; 24 lines 
by 80 columns improves operation. Printer required, preferably 
with 132-column print capability. 

Documentation 

Three manuals: one 149 pages, one 66 pages (Analyst); one 22 
pages (Qsort) 

Audience 

Anyone who owns a microcomputer 



essential. Because many program printouts require it, a 
132-column printer is desirable. 

At the start of Analyst, you designate the appropriate 
CBASIC run-time interpreter (for CP/M version 1.4 or 
2.xx) and then specify either a 24-line by 80-column or 
16-line by 64-column display. The program retains these 
selections, and you don't have to reenter them unless you 
make changes in your computer system. Next, the pro- 



* Celebrate 
With Us 




Have a prosperous 
New Year with Software from CMA 

APPLE II - APPLE /// - TRS-80 - IBM 



"Iflk. 



Micro Computer Division 

55722 Santa Fe Trail 

Yucca Valley, CA 92284 

(619) 365-9718 



gram asks for the date, and you have the option of enter- 
ing it or hitting a carriage return to save time. 

A Sample Application 

I developed a stock-market record-keeping program as 
a learning exercise and so that I could demonstrate some 
of the program's functions. The program, called STOCK, 
computes stock rates of return and provides information 
the Internal Revenue Service requires for income-tax re- 
porting. The stock-market file consists of five records, 
each including all the descriptive items (called fields) of 
information about one stock. Listing 1 shows the specifi- 
cation for the stock-market record file that I developed 
for STOCK. Analyst records can have up to 50 fields, but 
record length is limited to 255 characters (bytes). The 
total number of records possible is determined by the 
storage available on the system disks. 

The first step in developing the stock-record program is 
defining the input data format. To do this, select the com- 
mand DEFINE A DATA FILE from the menu. Analyst 
asks for the total number of fields in one record and then 
brings up each number field in sequence. Each number is 
accompanied by a program prompt asking the user to 
specify the length and data type of each field. Fields may 
be designated as numeric, integer, alphanumeric, or date. 
Alphanumeric fields can be up to 132 characters (num- 
bers, letters, or spaces) in length. Numeric fields (decimal 
numbers) and integer fields (whole numbers) can be up to 
14 characters (bytes) in length. Dates are stored as 6 
characters. 

To edit the file specification, you enter information se- 
quentially in each field in the record and then go back to 
the beginning and display each field again to make any 
corrections. In other words, Analyst lacks a full-screen 
editing capability. After you complete the file specifica- 
tion, Analyst will print it, but you must have a 132- col- 
umn printer. If you are using an 80-column printer, all 
characters in excess of 80 will overprint at the beginning 
of the line. 



350 January 1983 © BYTE Publicaeions Inc 



Circle 241 on inquiry card. 



If a man 
answers, don't 
hangup. 

It's us. 

Software Distributors. 

We know, we know— 
you don't think of us for fun 
and games. 

You think we're the distributor 
that can ship you more different 
kinds of CP/M business and util- 
ity software than anybody else. 

That has software for the new- 
est computers, like the IBM PC, 
almost before they're announced. 

That delivers more different 
formats, everything from Apple 
to Zenith, so that you don't have 
to turn down a sale. 

That gives you the healthy 
discounts and rapid delivery you 
need to make a decent profit. 

It's all true— we are, have, 
can, and do. 




But somehow some of you are 
over looking the fact that we 
can help make things just as easy 
and profitable for you on com- 
puter games. 

We know that games are 
serious business, and that if you 
don't have them, you can't sell 
them. So we've filled our shelves 
with games for Apple, Atari, the 
TRS-80 and more. Games from 
Avalon Hill, Broderbund, Gebelli, 
Microsoft, On Line, Sirius, who- 
ever—just name it and it's yours. 



All with the 
same deep dis- 
counts, the same 
great delivery and 
the same friendly 
service as we're giving 
you on your CP/M software. 
So if you're ready for your first 
really good time with 
a distributor, give 
us a call. 

Software Distribu- 
tors, 10023 Jefferson 
Boulevard, Culver City, CA 90230. 
We're not just fooling around. 

SOFTWARE 
DISTRIBUTORS 

213-204-6620 • 800-252-4025 (CA) 
Telex 182362 ATT: Soft USA Culv 
800-421-0814 

CP/M is a registered trademark of Digital Research 




Circle 374 on inquiry card. 



BYTE January 1983 351 



Listing 1: A completed file specification under the Analyst program. The uppermost section contains general features including file 
name, record descriptions (in this case, information about stocks), the number of data items (fields) in the record, and the total length 
of each record (all the fields together pertaining to one stock). The bottom section gives a number and name for each field, its position 
in the record (number of bytes into the record to where the field begins), its length, and its type. 

ANALYST FILE SPECIFICATION 



FILE DEFINITION FILE NAME: 


STOCK. FIL 


DATA FILE NAME: 


ST0CK.DAT 


DATA FILE DRIVE: 


B 


DATA FILE DESCRIPTION: 


STOCK RECORDS 


NUMBER OF ITEMS: 


14 


RECORD LENGTH 


94 



RECORD SPECIFICATIONS 



ITEM NO ITEM NAME 



ITEM POSITION ITEM LENGTH ITEM TYPE 



1 


DATE PURCHASED 


2 


COMPANY 


3 


NUMBER OF SHARES 


4 


DIVIDEND 


5 


COST PER SHARE 


6 


NET COST 


7 


COMMISSION 


8 


TOTAL COST 


9 


PER CENT RETURN 


10 


DATE SOLD 


11 


GROSS SALE PRICE 


12 


COMMISSION 


13 


NET SALE PRICE 


14 


NET GAIN OR LOSS 



1 


6 


DATE 


7 


8 


ALPHA 


15 


6 


INTEGER 


21 


6 


NUMERIC 


27 


6 


NUMERIC 


33 


7 


NUMERIC 


40 


6 


NUMERIC 


46 


7 


NUMERIC 


53 


6 


NUMERIC 


59 


6 


DATE 


65 


7 


NUMERIC 


72 


6 


NUMERIC 


78 


7 


NUMERIC 


85 


7 


NUMERIC 



2 DIGITS TO RIGHT OF DECIMAL 
2 DIGITS TO RIGHT OF DECIMAL 
2 DIGITS TO RIGHT OF DECIMAL 
2 DIGITS TO RIGHT OF DECIMAL 
2 DIGITS TO RIGHT OF DECIMAL 
2 DIGITS TO RIGHT OF DECIMAL 

2 DIGITS TO RIGHT OF DECIMAL 
2 DIGITS TO RIGHT OF DECIMAL 
2 DIGITS TO RIGHT OF DECIMAL 
2 DIGITS TO RIGHT OF DECIMAL 



Next, you enter the data for each stock-market transac- 
tion. To do so, select from the menu the command 
CREATE OR MODIFY A DATA FILE. Analyst sequen- 
tially brings up each data-field label as you earlier 
specified it. Then you type in the descriptive items (field 
data) for each stock purchase. Again, Analyst does not 
have full-screen editing capability, so you must return to 
the beginning of the record and display each field sequen- 
tially, making corrections as you go. 

Analyst assigns a record number to each record as it is 
entered. When you are in the EXTRACT mode, you can 
retrieve and display records by specifying the number of 
the desired record. You can also sort the file using a key 
field of your choice and then retrieve a record by entering 
the value of the key field in the desired record. For exam- 
ple, I sorted the STOCK files in ascending alphabetical 
order on the COMPANY field. After selecting the EX- 
TRACT mode from Analyst's menu, I entered EAL 
(Eastern Air Lines), and Analyst found and displayed all 
fields of the first record that had EAL in the COMPANY 
field. I could have continued and displayed the next 
record in the file by hitting the Return key. 

Listing 2 is a sample report produced by Analyst from 
data in the STOCK data file. The best way to establish a 



report format is to use graph paper. You can specify the 
locations of the headings and the field data that go in the 
body of the report by entering the line number and the 
number of columns from the left margin for each heading 
and data item. There may be as many as five rows for 
each record. This allows you to generate mailing labels, 
which will be printed in a format that is one column wide 
(unfortunately, this is not as fast or inexpensive as print- 
ing multiple-column labels). 

As many as five fields of one record may be designated 
"accumulators." You can use two other fields to perform 
mathematical operations ( + , — , /, *), and the result will 
be deposited in the accumulator. In the STOCK example, 
field 9 (% RETURN) and field 14 (NET GAIN OR LOSS) 
are designated accumulators. Whenever the STOCK 
report is requested, the amount in the DIVIDEND field is 
divided by the amount in COST /SHARE and the quo- 
tient is printed in the % RETURN location. The TOTAL 
COST is subtracted from the NET SALE PRICE, and the 
difference is printed in the GAIN OR LOSS position. 

You can designate additional accumulators to add data 
for subtotals or totals desired. For example, the field data 
in the two IBM stock records NET G OR LS could have 

Text continued on page 358 



352 January 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 



New from NRI... 

Industrial Electronics 



with color computer. 



Get a head start in the 
emerging technologies with 
practical training in control 
systems, instrumentation, 
robotics, optoelectronics, 
and lasers. Exclusive 
computer-aided instruction! 

Here's the training that gets you into 
the heart of American industry's rebirth. 
Over $5 billion a year will be spent in 
automation alone. . . $2.3 billion in com- 
puterized control systems. . . $600 million in 
industrial robots and robotics is only just 
getting underway! lb help meet the soaring 
demand for people to operate, maintain, 
repair, and design these control systems, 
NRI has created the only complete training 
in Industrial Electronics for Instrumenta- 
tion and Control Technicians. 




Your training Includes the TRS-80 color 
computer, the NRI Discovery Lab, interfac- 
ing breadboard, digital multimeter, fre- 
quency counter, computer-assisted training 
programs, audio Instruction tape, and 46 
profusely illustrated lessons. 



(TRS-80 Is a trademark of the Radio Shack division of Tandy Corp.) 



Learn on Your Own 
Computer 

NRI training is more than lessons. . . 
it's experiences. You learn by doing, 
using the TRS-80™ color computer to learn 
about control systems, programming, and 
troubleshooting. It comes with special 
computer-aided instruction programs to 
speed learning, is expandable for business 
and personal computing, and is yours to 
keep. And that's just the beginning. 

NRI's exclusive Discovery Lab® is de- 
signed to interface with your computer and 
special breadboarding card so you build 
demonstration circuitry, "see" inside your 
computer, and follow its operation. You also 
get professional quality instruments, in- 
cluding your own digital multimeter and 
CMOS frequency counter. You'll use them 
during your hands-on training, keep them 
to use in your work. 

No Experience Needed 

Your NRI training is thorough and 
complete. Starts you with the fundamentals, 
builds step- by-step up to the most advanced 
concepts. You learn about automatic con- 
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numerical control systems, lasers and 
optoelectronics, robotics, microprocessors, 
instrumentation, computer peripherals, 
and much more. NRI keeps you up with 
technology to make the most of the big 
demand for control and instrumentation 
technicians. 

Send for Free Catalog 

Send the postage-paid card for NRI's 
big electronic careers catalog. There's no 
cost or obligation, and no salesman will 
call. In it, you'll find complete lesson plans, 
equipment descriptions, and career oppor- 
tunities in this exciting field. You'll also get 
information on almost a dozen other elec- 
tronic courses including Microcomputers, 
Electronic Design, TV/Audio/Video Servic- 
ing, Digital Electronics, and more. Act today 
and get on with your future. If card has been 
used, write to us. 

NRI Schools 

McGraw-Hill Continuing 
Education Center 
, 3939 Wisconsin Ave. 

in I washin § ton ' dc - 2o ° 16 

We'll give you tomorrow. 

BYTE Juiuiry 19» 353 



compuShack /where Special Prices Are Really special! 



Data Drive™ for Apple II, 100% Apple compatible; runs 
DOS 3.3, Pascal, CP/M, etc. 15% more storage by using 
enhancer diskette. 300% faster track-to-track speed. 




$279.00 

SUCCESCED RETAIL PRICE $429.00 

Drive with controller card . . $359 



Space Saver™ slim line drive for Apple II, 
100% Apple compatible $399 

APPLE II + Complete System. 

Apple II + Computer, disk drive and 

controller, 12" monitor, green screen $1599 

APPLE II plus 64K, Z80 card, 80 column card, 

controller, disk drive 163K, green monitor— 

$1950 

FRANKLIN ACE 1000 COMPUTER— 

Complete System Franklin Ace 1000, 

Apple compatible, 64K, upper and 

Lower Case Typewriter Style Keyboard, 

12-Key numeric pad, Alpha lock keys, 

Visicalc keys, 50 watt power supply 

and a built-in fan $1599 

Additional Drive for only $100 (only with 

system purchase) 
8" Drive, controller, power supply, cables, 

cabinet and software $1595 



OTHER PRODUCTS FOR APPLE II 




VERSAcard-multifunction board $169 

BSR Transducer $19 

Applications/Demo Disk $25 

Parallel Printer Card $69 

PRT-1 with cable $75 

PRT-1 with EPSON 80/100 screen graphics 
dump with cable-Craffitti card $99 

PRT-1 With NEC 8023 Or C.ITOH PROWRITER 

screen Dump Graphics $99 

16K ram card $89 

32K ram card $175 

64K ram card including DOS 3.3 disk 

emulator $279 

128K ram card including DOS 3.3 disk 

emulator $369 

PASCAL disk emulator '< $39 

DOS 3.3 disk emulator $39 

Crappler Interface Card $99 

Bubble Memory pseudo disk, 128K $799 

51 2K arrive soon 

Super Fan and one outlet $59.95 

Joy Stick $29.95 



Visicalc Expand Program $59 

VERSAbox Spooler/buffer 16K Centronics 

input/Output $199 

VERSAbox Spooler/buffer 16K Centronics 

and RS232C $239 

VERSAbox Real Time Clock/Display option $129 

16K Memory Modules for VERSAbox $39 

Standard 6' Centronics Parallel Cable 

for EPSON, C-ITOH, NEC, ANADEX, and others $22 

Standard 6' Paper Tiger or Prism Printer cable, 

Parallel Centronics Male DB25 $26 

Miscellaneous cables for various printers. 

Please specify for Qume, Diable, Votrax, 

NEC Spinwriter or other $26 

80 Column card $169 

Z80 card (no CP/M software included) $149 

Controller for Apple II including hardware 

diagnostics $115 

ATARI PERSONAL COMPUTER SYSTEM 

Model 800 $659.00 

Model 400 $299.00 

Paddle Controller $15.95 

Numeric Key Pad $99.99 

Disk Drive $459.00 

80 Column Printer $575.00 

OSBORNE COMPUTER SYSTEM— 

includes CRT, 64K, Dual floppy disks, 
RS-232 port, IEEE-488 interface, Wordstar 
Mailmerge, Supercalc, Mbasic and CP/M Call 

EPSON COMPUTERS 

QX-10, Z80 CPU with 64K Ram Video Graphics 
Processor, 12" Monitor and many more 
features $2195.00 

HX-20 Notebook Computer $699.00 

MODEMS 

Micro Modem II $299.95 

Smart Modem 1200 Baud Full Duplex $529.95 

Micro Modem II Manual/Diskette $15.00 

Game Paddles $29.95 

Select-a-Part $95.95 

ALTOS 

Computer 8000-1 5 $3999 

EAGLE 

Computer System 

Eagle II $2699 

Eagle III $3333 Eagle IV $4999 

ADDS VIDEO MONITORS 

View Point A1 $560 View Point A2 $499 

TELEVIDEO 

910C $599 912C $759 

CORVUS 

5 MB Winchester $2999 

10 MB $4399 20 MB $5299 

KAY PRO COMP II COMPUTER 

z-80 Based CPU-64K ram 9" display, 80 
columns, x24 rams CP/M 2.2, MA-Basic; 
Selectword included $1699 



354 BYTE January 1983 



Circle 330 on inquiry card. 



SPECIAL OF THE MONTH 

ibmpc 64K, Floppy Controller, 
Color Card & 2 Drives $2750.00 

Taxan umPer Monitor 
High Resolution $149.00 



DISK DRIVES 

TANDON FLOPPY DISK DRIVES 

TM 100-1 SS/DD $189 

TM 100-2 DS/DD $249 

TM 100-4 96 TPI DS/DD $379 

DEVONC and CORONA HARD DISK 

Systems for Apple II and IBM PC 

5MB Complete Subsystem $1595 

10MB Complete Subsystem $1995 

SHUCART: 

SA400 $215 

SA 450 $281 

SIEMENS: 

FDD 100-5 $189 

FDD 200-5 $259 

OUME: 

DT-5 



SA 800/801 $379 

SA 850/851 $535 

FDD 100-8 $349 

FDD 200-8 $449 



$279 DT-8 $469 

TEAC: 

FD50A $189 FD55A $199 

FD50B $269 FD55B $279 

FD50E $269 FD55E $279 

FD50F $389 FD55F $399 

MONITORS & PRINTERS 

C.ITOH Prowriter parallel $499 

C.ITOH Prowriter serial $599 

C.ITOH Prowriter 15" carriage. ..Parallel $699 

FlODaisywheel letter quality $1395 

OKIDATA 

82A $459 83A $730 

84AP $999 84AS $1099 

EPSON 

MX-80 

MX-80 FT 

AMDEK VIDEO MONITORS 

Video-100 $95 

video-300 $169 

colon $345 

NEC 

12" green screen $169 

RGB Color Monitor $959 

Spinwriter 3510 $1799 

NEC Letter quality printer 771 5 $2399 

PC 8001 Call PC 8031A Call 

PC 8012A Call PC 8023A $479 

PC 8033A Call 

CABINETS /POWER SUPPLY 

Dual 8" disk drive cabinet/ps $249 

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Circle 330 on Inquiry card. 



BYTE January 1983 355 



Listing 2: A report generated by Analyst. Following instructions from the user, Analyst extracted this data from records of stock 
transactions. See listing 1 for specifications of the stock records. 



COMMON STOCK BALANCE SHEET 



DATE PUR-COMPANY # SHARES — DIVIDEND — COST/SHARE — NET COST — COMMIS — 

TOTAL COST — % RET DATE SLD- GROSS SP COMMIS NET SP NET G OR LS 



12/17/30 EAL 



100. $ 1.00 $ 12.00 $1,200.00 $ 50.00 



$1,250.00 8.33 % 08/04/81 $1,092.00 



.0.00 



$1,042.00 $ -208.00 



03/05/79 EXON # 100. $ 3.30 $ 27.50 $2,750.00 $ 76.00 

$2,816.00 12.00 % 03/04/81 $4,300.00 $ 76.00 $4,224.00 $ 1,408.00 

12/17/80 FORD MTR # 100. $ 1.25 $ 18.62 $1,862.20 $ 49.00 

$1,911.20 6.71 % 03/16/81 $2,225.98 $ 49.00 $2,176.98 $ 265.78 

11/P8/79 IBM fl 20. $ 8.50 $150.00 $3,000.00 $ 45.00 

$3,045.00 5.67 % 03/07/81 $2,850.00 $ 45.00 $2,805.00 $ -240.00 

01/10/81 IBM | 50. $ 8.50 $145.00 $7,250.00 $ 99.00 

$7,349.00 5.86 % 05/06/81 $8,250.00 $ 99.00 $8,151.00 $ 802.00 




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356 January 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 



Circle 354 on inquiry card. 



IBM, APPLE and ATARI USERS 



CompuShack announces 



M SOFTWARE FOR YOUR IBM PC 
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Oatamost - Write On / Word Processor $109.95 
Denver Software - 
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Circle 331 on inquiry card. 



BYTE January 1983 357 



Listing 3: Completed file specification for the CBASE file used to time the performance of Analyst. The file specification follows the 
same general rules explained in the caption for listing 1. The data in the file, consisting of 2000 records, was generated by a CBASIC 
program. The STOCK NUMBER field contains random integers in the range 10,001 to 99,999. TYPE contains integers in the range 
4000 to 8000, stepped by 2. QUANTITY also has random integers, this time ranging from 20,000 to 30,000. BASE METAL holds 
mixed alphanumeric data. The file exceeds 40K bytes. 



ANALYST FILE SPECIFICATION 



FILE DEFINITION FILE NAME: 
DATA FILE NAME: 
DATA FILE DRIVE: 
DATA FILE DESCRIPTION: 
NUMBER OF ITEMS: 
RECORD LENGTH 



CBASE. FIL 
CBASE. I NP 
B 

CONVERTED CBASIC FILE 
4 
20 



RECORD SPECIFICATIONS 



ITEM NO ITEM NAME 



ITEM POSITION ITEM LEN6TH ITEM TYPE 



1 STOCK NUMBER 

2 TYPE 

3 QUANTITY 

4 BASE METAL 

Text continued from page 352: 

been subtotaled, then all the NET G OR LS data totaled 
after each page. The results of mathematical operations 
appear only on the printed report and do not modify 
stored field data. To change stored data one record at a 
time, you use the edit function. To modify fields globally 
(all or selected fields of all records in the entire file) you 
can "extract" field data from the STOCK data file, pro- 
cess it, and deposit it in a new file. The new file is 
generated in the same manner as the STOCK illustration, 
but it is assigned a different file name. You can make 
logical selections (extractions) by choosing one of the 
following: 

• RANGE — Does the field value fall within a range of 
alphanumeric or numeric values? 

• MATCH — Does the field value equal the value you 
specify? 

• NOT RANGE— Does the field value fall outside a range 
of values? 

• NOT MATCH— Field data not equal. 

In the case of the STOCK file, you can, for example, re- 
quest Analyst to MATCH COMPANY to EAL within a 
DATE PURCHASED RANGE of 01/01/80 to 01/01/81 
and in the COST/SHARE NOT RANGE from $15 to 
$1000. Because all these comparisons are true for the EAL 
stock in our example, the EAL stock will be selected. Us- 
ing the same approach, you can then write this or any 
other selected stock(s) to a new file. Analyst lets you use 
as many as 10 selection screens in one command string. 
After selection, the stock's field data can be 



1 
6 
10 



INTEGER 
INTEGER 
INTEGER 
ALPHA 



mathematically manipulated before it is deposited in the 
new file. You can use the same technique to select groups 
of records for display. With the CP/M command Control 
P (holding down the Control key and simultaneously 
depressing P), you can print selected records. 

To assess Analyst's performance a second time, I used 
a file called CBASE, which contains 2000 records (see 
listing 3 for a program listing of the CBASE file specifica- 
tions). Files generated by CBASIC can be transferred to 
Analyst data files and vice versa. 

STOCK NUMBER contains random integers from 
10,001 to 99,999. TYPE contains integers from 4000 to 
8000, stepped by two (4000, 4002, etc.). QUANTITY has 
random integers from 20,000 to 30,000. BASE METAL is 
mixed alphanumeric data. Containing more than 40K 
bytes, this file is large enough to provide an indication of 
how this DBMS performs with files of moderate size, but 
the tests are not comprehensive enough to be considered 
benchmarks. I ran timing tests on a Dynabyte 8/2 micro- 
computer. Table 1 shows the results. 

The times in table 1 show that Analyst is very fast for 
some functions. Single-record find and display times are 
outstanding. Program module load and run times are just 
acceptable but are long enough to mandate entering or 
retrieving "batch" data (a number of records at one time) 
to minimize the effect of the wait periods between dif- 
ferent program functions. 

Summary 

Although load times for the program modules are 
slower than machine-language programs, this is not a 



358 January 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 



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1983 359 



This Year Make A New 
Year's Resolution 
You Can Keep! 



Put yourself and your future in a new climate of optimism in dynamic 
Research Triangle Park near Raleigh, North Carolina. With our rapid 
expansion to meet new demand for our digital switching systems and 
recent internal promotions, we are projecting the need in early '83 for 
Engineering Professionals specializing in the following areas. 

SOFTWARE ENGINEERS- Various level openings for 
Engineers with BSEE/BSCS or equivalent and experience in soft- 
ware engineering with real-time systems. Computer Architecture, 
R2 Signaling, and Telephony experience preferred. The successful 
candidates will be responsible for developing high level software 
and/or microprocessor software. (1830) 

HARDWARE DESIGN ENGINEER -bsee/msee 

or equivalent with a minimum of 5 years experience in telecom- 
munications product design. Knowledge of digital switching and 
signaling protocols desired. In addition to the development of detail- 
ed design specifications, responsiblities will include participation in 
the systems definition and requirements for new products and 
features. (1820) 

PRODUCT DESIGN ENGINEERS -Positions re 

quire BSEE or equivalent with 1-3 years analog or digital PCB 
design experience in telecommunications. Responsibilities will 
include development of network circuits and international analog 
interface design. (1820) 

VERIFICATION ENGINEERS - Positions require 
BSEE/BSCS or equivalent with minimum 3 years telephony hard- 
ware/software verification experience. Will be responsible, with 
minimum supervision, for the verification of major design projects 
and for providing project status reports and technical assistance 
to hardware and software design groups. (1860) 

SOFTWARE SUPPORT ENGINEERS- Requirements 

include BSCS/BSEE with Computer Science minor or equivalent and 
minimum 5 years experience in IBM 370 Architecture using VM. 
Knowledge of Assembly, PL1, Fortran, CAD Software and micropro- 
cessor skills required. Project management experience is desirable. 
Responsibilities will include the modification and enhancement of 
software processes for engineering in support of software, hardware, 
and support services for the digital switching systems. (1842) 

TECHNICAL SUPPORT ENGINEERS- Positions 

require BSEE/BSCS or equivalent and 1-3 years experience in 
troubleshooting digital switching hardware/software. Will be 
responsible for problem interpretation and analysis; and, with 
technical accuracy, resolving customer and intra-company inquir- 
ies pertinent to operational malfunctions. (3301 ) 

Make a resolution now to be a part of all that awaits us in this excit- 
ing field and new year! 



Northern Telecom Inc. offers a comprehensive benefits package 
including relocation and outstanding opportunities for you to advance 
professionally. For confidential consideration, please send your 
resume or a letter outlining your education, salary, experience and 
career goals to: 

Tom Lawrence 
Professional Staffing Section 

Northern Telecom Inc. 

P.O. Box 13010 

4001 E. Chapel Hill-Nelson Hwy. 

Research Triangle Park. N.C. 27709 

NO PHONE CALLS PLEASE 

An equal opportunity employer m/f/h 



o 



WE HIRE TALENT 




Analyst Program Modules 

Load Analyst until main menu appears 

(CP/M previously loaded) 
Go from main menu to start of 

report printing 
Go from main menu to data entry 
Return to main menu from data entry 
Enter 50 new CBASE records 
Sort 2050-record CBASE on one field 
Find single record by key search 
Find single record by record 
Search 2050-record file for logical selections 

If desired records at start of file 

If desired records at end of file 
Print a report 

Load Analyst to main menu 

Select REPORT on menu until ready to print 
(plus actual print time; depends on 
speed of printer and size of report) 
Return to main menu after printing 



Time 
(in seconds) 

35 

25 

15 

15 

As fast as you can type 

130 

3 

3 



4 
300 

35 
25 



15 



Table 1: Timings of Analyst in use. Analyst was running on 
a Dynabyte 8/2 microcomputer. The data processed came 
from the CBASE file specified in listing 3. That file contains 
more than 40K bytes of data. These tests, while they give a 
rough idea of Analyst's performance, are not comprehensive 
enough to be considered benchmarks. 



360 January 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 



limiting factor for many applications. The program can 
select and display or print records from the database very 
quickly and so compares favorably with DBMS pro- 
grams that cost two to three times more than Analyst. 
Newcomers to computing will have no difficulty 
generating programs to perform these functions. 

Designing formatted tabular reports with Analyst is 
tedious and, at first, complex. 

Analyst's documentation is excellent, and anyone with 
a reasonable amount of programming experience will 
have little difficulty. Beginners, however, will need help. 

A minor annoyance is Analyst's output of a formfeed 
(advancing the paper to the top of the next sheet) at the 
beginning of every printed report or program listing. (If I 
need to go to the top of a form I like to hit the formfeed, 
or two or three linefeeds, rather than have the program 
put what usually turns out to be a full blank sheet of 
paper between printed pages.) Another drawback is that 
mailing-list printouts may only be one column wide, 
which is inefficient if you plan to print many labels. 

The report outputs are limited to five lines for one 
record. As a result, the program as presently designed 
will not readily print invoices, checks, or other report 
forms. 

Structured Systems Group's Analyst and Qsort is one 
of the most reasonably priced CP/M packages on the 
market today. For many applications, it will be as 
satisfactory as DBMS programs that cost much more. If 
you're in the market for a DBMS, this one may meet your 
requirements. ■ 



m 



THE TRUMP CARD FOR IBM PC 

PDS UNIVERSAL introduces TRUMP CARD IBM-X- compatible, contains 
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The Price $499.00 




256K RAM 

A 64K to 256K 
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GAME I/O 

Interface consisting 
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A standard GAME I/O 
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GOLD IBM 
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Gold connectors as 
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ASYNCHRONOUS 
COMMUNICATION 

A RS232 and 20Ma 
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Modem and serial 
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Telex 1 8-351 1 answer back CSMA 



Dealers Programs Available. 
-a-IBM is a trademark of IBM Corp. 



Circle 333 on inquiry card. 



BYTE January 1983 361 





cmm «iax> xasm amim sot* bkluks -. 

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Hardware Review 



The Timex/ Sinclair 1000 



Billy Garrett 

POB 18806 

Greensboro, NC 27419-8806 



Many BYTE readers own a personal computer, just as I 
do. And like many readers, I justify the cost of the com- 
puter by using it for word processing, mathematical pro- 
grams, job-related applications, and even games. But if 
you're as addicted to computers as I am, you will even- 
tually do something that you may never be able to ex- 
plain — buy another one. 

Sure, I could easily explain such a purchase if my old 
computer was too slow or unable to do the things that the 
new one could, but that's not the case at all. That excuse 
is reserved for some 16- or 32-bit processor that isn't on 
the market yet. The fact is I suddenly found myself buy- 
ing a Timex/Sinclair 1000. And what's worse, I already 
own a Sinclair ZX80! Clearly, this was going to take 
some creative explaining. 

At first, I thought I could convince people that I 
bought it for experimentation, but that argument is a lit- 
tle shaky. I concluded that the only way to justify the 
purchase was to write a review of it. 

As most of you know, the Timex/Sinclair 1000 is 
essentially the same as the Sinclair ZX81. What you 
might not know is that all along Timex has been building 
the ZX81 for Sinclair. Under either name, the Sinclair 
people seem to have outdone themselves in designing it. 
It is similar to the older ZX80, and ZX80 users can 
upgrade their computers to the full capabilities of a T/S 
1000. 

In this review, I will first give you a general idea of 
what the unit is like. I'll then take you on a trip through 
the inner workings of the hardware. Finally, I'll try to 
compare the BASIC interpreter against some known stan- 
dards. When I'm finished, I hope you'll see why the T/S 
1000 fascinated me, and why I bought one. 

General Characteristics 

The T/S 1000 comes completely assembled and tested 
for $99.95. At one time, if you wanted to save $20 and 



spend a few hours assembling a computer, you could 
have ordered the Sinclair ZX81 kit. But Sinclair has now 
stopped selling the ZX81 and has allowed Timex an ex- 
clusive market in the United States. You can expect the 
new Sinclair Spectrum color computer to be handled in 
the same way. Sinclair will sell them exclusively for a 
while, and Timex will then take over the marketing. 

The basic T/S 1000 package consists of the unit shown 
in photo 1 plus patch cords for a recorder, a connection 
wire and switch box for your TV, a manual, and a 
transformer. An optional 16K-byte RAM (random-access 
read/ write memory) pack is also shown in photo 1. 

The computer is easy to set up and use. Clear instruc- 
tions show you what to do, and practically anyone 
should be able to set the computer up quickly. The ac- 
companying manual is well written. Although it is not 
too simplistic, people with no knowledge of computers 
will be able to read it. 

The T/S 1000 must of course be hooked up to a televi- 
sion set to be useful. The display, made up of black 
characters on a white background, has 24 lines with 32 
characters per line. The two bottom lines, however, are 
used by the BASIC interpreter. Therefore, you really 
have only 22 lines. Within the character set are several 
graphics characters that are useful for games and charts. 
The cursor on the screen acts as a prompt and appears as 
a reverse video K, L, F, G, or S, which shows how the 
computer is going to interpret the next key entered. It will 
be interpreted as either a keyword, a letter (or number or 
symbol), a function, a graphics symbol, or a letter to cor- 
rect a syntax error (if you make one, that isl). 

The cassette interface is simple and reliable. You can 
name programs when you save them, and have the com- 
puter search through the tape and find a specific one, or 
just load the next one found. 

The most restricting thing about the computer is the 
keyboard. I am used to typing, and it is impossible to 



364 Jinuary 1983 © BYTE Publication! Inc 



Photo 1: The Timex/ Sinclair 1000 computer with the optional 16K-byte RAM pack, which attaches to a connector on the right rear of 
the computer. The basic unit powers the RAM pack. (Photo courtesy of Timex Computer Corporation.) 



type on a keyboard as small as this one. Also, each key 
can signify up to four things (a letter, a BASIC keyword, 
a function, or a graphics symbol). Although the keys are 
well marked, it is hard to remember which key does 
what. Some of the keywords, like Delete and Edit, are in 
awkward places. The keys themselves provide almost no 
tactile feedback and are closely spaced; you constantly 
have to look at the screen to see if you have pressed the 
right key. 

Also, although it's hard to use the keyboard as you 
would a typewriter, it is not very easy to use as a 
calculator either. Most calculators have a Function key 
that accesses a function written above certain keys. With 
a calculator, you just press the Function key and then the 
key you want. The Shift key on the T/S 1000 serves the 
same purpose, but you must hold it down while you press 
the key you want. This means you have to use two 
hands. It would be easier if the Shift key could be used as 
on a calculator. 

T/S 1000 BASIC is fairly easy to use. BASIC keywords 
can be entered with just one keystroke, but that's the only 
way these keywords can be entered. Line numbers from 1 
to 9999 can be used. Multiple statements per line are not 
allowed. Error codes and program lines start on the 
bottom two lines of the display and work their way up 
the screen. Because the error codes are displayed as 
numbers, you will have to look them up in the manual to 
see which error occurred. 



A nice feature is that the names of most variables can 
be any length. LONGNAME and LONGNAME2 are dif- 
ferent and distinct variables. The T/S 1000's string- 
handling capabilities are nonstandard, as will be ex- 
plained later. All things considered though/ T/S 1000 
BASIC is powerful. 

Finally, the T/S 1000 has a 90-day warranty, which 
should help most users if they find out that their com- 
puter is actually a lemon. Timex also offers a one-year 
extended warranty for $12. This offer is good only for 
people whose warranty hasn't run out, or those who have 
just had their unit in for repair. Timex even provides a 
computer club, open to all T/S 1000 owners, that will 
keep them up to date on any new developments, hard- 
ware and software products, and special offers. One last 
thing, because the T/S 1000 is being marketed every- 
where, a good shopper can probably find it for a bit less 
than $99.95. I haven't even looked hard and I've seen it 
for $87. 



The Insides: The Less, The Better 

The T/S 1000 uses state-of-the-art circuitry. Only four 
ICs (integrated circuit chips) are inside the small 
enclosure, as is shown in photo 2. These four ICs, along 
with an IC voltage regulator; two transistors; several 
diodes, resistors, and capacitors; a video modulator; and 
the membrane keyboard, make up the entire unit. One 



January 1983 © BYTE Publications lnc 365 



Video modulator 



Voltage regulator 



SCL (workhorse) 




CPU (control and arithmetic) 



RAM (note pad) 



ROM (operaJMffg system) 



Photo 2: The small circuit board inside the Timex/ Sinclair 1000. Note that in this photo some of the chips have been put in backward so 
that you could read what's on top. The silver plate on the bottom left side is the heat sink. The connector in the right rear is for expan- 
sion. The three jacks on the left side are for power, tape in, and tape out. The two small connectors that are part of the right front of the 
board are where the keyboard is connected. The other parts are clearly labeled. (Photo courtesy of Timex Computer Corporation.) 



big change between the ZX80 and the T/S 1000 (ZX81) is 
a custom 40-pin IC made by Ferranti (a large British 
semiconductor manufacturer), which replaces 18 ICs that 
were in the ZX80 and adds additional logic circuitry. This 
chip is called the SCL (Sinclair Computer Logic). The 
new logic circuitry inside the SCL allows the T/S 1000 to 
display a picture continuously on the TV, even when the 
computer is executing a program. This is a big improve- 
ment over the older ZX80 that couldn't display a picture 
while executing a program; the screen would go blank 
every time a program was run or any time you pressed a 
key. 

The Microace company sells a modification for the 
ZX80 that allows a ZX80 owner to have the equivalent of 
a T/S 1000. Unfortunately, although the additional logic 
board is small and contains only seven ICs, the board 
won't fit inside the ZX80's case. But if you really want the 
continuous display, the upgrade is only $29.95 from 
Microace (see table 1). It works fairly well, but the board 
is not made by Sinclair, and I had problems with it. 
Microace was prompt in responding to my request for 
help, but its response was that I must have assembled 
something wrong or that something wasn't working 
properly. The latter turned out to be the case. After I re- 
placed a 74LS00 chip, the modification board worked 
fine. 



The basic T/S 1000 unit comes with 2K bytes of static 
RAM (random-access read/write memory). This is the 
only difference between it and the Sinclair ZX81; the 
ZX81 had only IK bytes. In either case, this is hardly 
enough to do any serious programming because the 
display shares this RAM with the program. A program 
that fills the TV screen will quickly run out of display 
room when the program is run. The BASIC interpreter 
uses 124 bytes of the RAM for its own internal process- 
ing, and the display can occupy a maximum of 727 bytes 
of memory. That leaves 173 bytes for a program in the 
ZX81 and 1197 bytes in the T/S 1000. Of course, because 
the display is not hard-mapped to one location in 
memory, it occupies only as much memory as it really re- 
quires. 

In addition to the RAM, there is an 8K-byte ROM 
(read-only memory) chip in which the character 
generator for the display and the BASIC interpreter 
reside. The character generator occupies about 512 bytes 
of the ROM; the rest is used for the BASIC interpreter 
and the I/O (input/ output) procedures. 

The central processing unit not only has to execute the 
BASIC interpreter, but also must handle the TV display. 
This is accomplished through a clever arrangement. After 
each instruction is fetched from memory and executed, 
the display circuitry accesses the ROM and loads the bits 



366 January 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 



Information on the flicker-free board for the Sinclair ZX80: 
Microace 
1348 East Edinger 
Santa Ana, CA 92705 
(714) 547-2526 

Monthly newsletter: 
Syntax 

The Harvard Group 
RR 2, Box 457 
Harvard, MA 01451 
(617) 456-3661 

Bimonthly magazine: 

SYNC (Published by Creative Computing) 
39 East Hanover Ave. 
Morris Plains, NJ 07950 
(201) 540-0445 

Schematics, etc.: 

Heuristics 
25 Shute Path 
Newton, MA 02159 



Table 1: The addresses of some companies that might be of 
interest to owners of the Timex/ Sinclair 1000 or the Sinclair 
ZX81. 



of the character to be displayed on the screen. The bits 
are then serialized and sent to the TV with that custom- 
made 40-pin logic chip. The processor must coordinate 
this activity, which requires a lot of its time. Because of 
this, the T/S 1000 offers two modes of operation 
available to the user: SLOW and FAST. When the unit is 
turned on or when a NEW command is executed, the' 
display enters the SLOW mode. This means that the 
display is on continuously, even during the execution of a 
program. If you do not need to have the display on all the 
time, you can use the FAST mode. In this mode, the 
display is on only when a program has finished running 
or when the unit is awaiting input. The manual states that 
the difference in execution speed of the two modes is a 
factor of about four, but in every test that I have run the 
difference is almost a factor of six. I haven't run any 
benchmark programs, but even in the FAST mode this is 
about the slowest BASIC interpreter I have ever used. 

The design of the circuit board is interesting. The cur- 
rent revision has provisions for different types of RAM 
chips to be plugged into the board. The ZX81s came with 
two 2114 chips, for a total of IK bytes. The T/S 1000 uses 
a single 2K-byte RAM chip. When you need more 
memory, you can buy the 16K-byte RAM pack for 
$49.95. 

One of the most exciting things about the T/S 1000 cir- 
cuit is that the ROM socket was designed so that larger- 
capacity ROM chips could be plugged in. If you are 
familiar with the standard ROM pin arrangements, you 
know that with a 24-pin package the maximum size of a 
standard, nonmultiplexed, byte-wide ROM chip is 8K 



At A Glance 



Name 


Display Used 


Timex/Sinclair 1000 


Standard television set (RF 




modulator included); 32 


Manufacturer 


black-and-white characters 


Timex Computer 


per line, 24 lines: the user 


Corporation 


cannot use the bottom two 


POB 2655 


lines, which are reserved for 


Waterbury, CT 06725 


the BASIC interpreter's use 


(203) 574-3331 






Other Features 


Price 


Membrane keyboard; built-in 


S99.95 


modulator (for TV); includes 




all cables and transformer 



Dimensions 

6% inches wide by 7 inches 
long by I '/ 2 inches high 
(16.8 by 17.7 by 3.9 cm) 

Processor 

Z80A, 8-bit, 3.25-MHz clock 
frequency 

Memory 

2K-byte RAM standard; 
16K-byte RAM optional 
($49.95); 8K-byte ROM 
included 

Mass Storage 

Cassette I/O, only program 
storage and loading; no 
BASIC controlled I/O 



Documentation 

1 54 pages, spiral-bound 
manual 

Software Included 

BASIC in ROM 

Software Options 

Various application programs 
available on cassette 

Hardware Options 

16K-byte RAM ($49.95); 
electrostatic printer ($99.95); 
telephone modem ($99.95) 

Audience 

Students, businesspeople, or 
anyone else interested in 
learning about computers for 
a very low cost 



bytes. Well, Sinclair has already wired the board for a 
28-pin package, which would allow a 16K-byte ROM 
chip. Although Sinclair has not commented on the 
possibility of a 16K-byte ROM for the T/S 1000 or its 
successor, you can be sure that someone is thinking about 
it. A 16K-byte ROM would increase the capabilities of 
the T/S 1000 greatly, but it may be a while before we 
hear anything about that possibility. 

Unlike the keyboard in the ZX80, the T/S 1000 
keyboard is not an integral part of the main circuit board. 
It thus can be easily replaced, and Sinclair could design a 
more conventional "full-travel" keyboard and offer it as a 
replacement. I, for one, would like a better keyboard; 
and with more than 200,000 T/S 1000s and ZX81s in ex- 
istence, Sinclair stands to make lots of money on any 
good accessories. Current plans, however, include only a 
printer and a modem. 

T/S 1000 BASIC 

The new 8K-byte BASIC included in the T/S 1000 is 
remarkably powerful for being just 7.5K bytes long 
(remember that the character generator occupies 512 
bytes of ROM). Tables 2 through 5 list all the available 
commands, while table 6 includes some commands that 
are common for BASIC but not implemented in this ver- 
sion. 



January 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 367 



Function 

ABS 
ACS 

AND 

ASN 

ATN 
CHR$ 

CODE 



COS 
EXP 
INKEYS 



INT 

LEN 

LN 

NOT 

OR 

PEEK 



PI 
RND 



SGN 

SIN 

SQR 
STR$ 

TAN 
USR 



VAL 



Type of 
Operand (x) 

number 

number 

(-1 <= x <= 1) 

binary operation 

AND 

number 

(-1 < = x < = 1) 

number 

number (0 to 255) 

string 



number (in radians) 

number 

none 



number 

string 

number (x > = 0) 

number 

binary operation 

number 

(0 < = x < = 65535) 

none 
none 



number 

number (in radians) 
number (x = > 0) 
number 

number (in radians) 

number 

(0 = < x = < 65535) 



string 
number 



Result 



Absolute magnitude 
Arc cosine in radians 

A AND B = A (if B <> 0) 

= (if B = 0) 
Arc sine in radians 

Arc tangent in radians 

The character associated 
with a given code 

The code of the first 
character in string (or 
if x is the empty string) 

Cosine 

Exponential function (e*) 

Scans the keyboard once 
and returns the 
character if a key is 
pressed or returns the 
empty string if no key is 
pressed 

Integer part (always 
rounds down) 

Length of string 

Natural logarithm 

NOT x = (if x <> 0) 
= 1 (if x = 0) 

A OR B = 1 (if B <> 0) 
= A (if B = 0) 

The value of the byte in 
memory whose address 
is x 

3.14159265 

The next number in a 
pseudorandom sequence 
of 65,535 numbers 

Sign of the number 
(-1,0,1) 

Sine 

Square root of x 

The number x returned as 
a string 

Tangent 

Calls the machine-code 
subroutine whose start 
address is x; on return, 
the result is the contents 
of the BC register pair 

Evaluates the string as a 
numerical expression 

Negation 



Table 2: Some of the functions found in T/S 1000 BASIC. 



Symbol 


Operation 


+ 


addition 


- 


subtraction 


* 


multiplication 


/ 


division 


* * 


raising to a power 


= 


equals 


> 


greater than 


< 


less than 


< = 


less than or equal 


> = 


greater than or equal 


<> 


not equal 


Table 3: The binary operations included in T/S 1000 BASIC. 



The manual does a good job explaining the language, 
and it is interesting to note how this manual was 
developed. First, there was a British version for the 
Sinclair ZX81, which naturally tended to use British 
colloquial expressions. That manual was much more in- 
teresting than the subsequent American Sinclair or Timex 
versions, although all are equally informative. For exam- 
ple, at one point the author of the British version refers to 
photo 2 and writes, "As you can see, everything has a 
three letter abbreviation (TLA)." I thought this was a 
rather amusing comment, and most of the examples are 
humorous also. This is a good way of making the novice 
feel a little more relaxed while he or she is trying to learn 
what all those darn abbreviations are for. Unfortunately, 
the humor was carefully excised from the American 
manuals, even though the manuals are exactly the same 
in content and number of examples. Any one of these 
manuals, however, is an excellent introduction to 
BASIC. The many examples and exercises should make it 
easy and fun to learn. 

The manual is mostly devoted to BASIC, but it also 
covers some rather intricate details of the BASIC inter- 
preter. One interesting point about the manual is that it 
not only tells you which bytes in memory are used, but 
also what they are used for. This documentation is 
helpful if you are going to write any machine-language 
routines. This is a useful piece of information for them to 
include, something that many other companies can't or 
won't do because of their agreements with the authors of 
their BASIC interpreter. 

T/S 1000 BASIC does differ substantially from the 
Microsoft variety that many of us are acquainted with. 
This BASIC was apparently written by a group of Cam- 
bridge (England) mathematicians. The biggest improve- 
ment that this 8K-byte ROM has over the 4K-byte ROM 
that was standard in the ZX80 is that this version handles 
floating-point numbers. Also included are the usual func- 
tions, such as SIN, COS, and LN, that are standard with 
most BASICs. This version, however, suffers from one 
really bad problem — string irregularities. 

Most people who have used BASIC are accustomed to 
string functions like LEFTS, RIGHTS, MID$, or other 
functions like these. For example, LEFT$(NAME$) allows 
you to examine the first letter of a name. But the T/S 
1000 uses what they call slicing notation. A few examples 
will clarify this immediately: 



LET A$ = "SINCLAIR" 

PRINT A$(l TO 8) 
would print: SINCLAIR 

PRINT A$(3 TO ) 
would print: NCLAIR 

PRINT A$(l TO 1) + "ILLY" 
would print: SILLY 



368 January 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 



Command Function 

AT Used in a PRINT statement to specify the 

position of the cursor. 
CLEAR Deletes all variables, freeing the space they 

occupied. 
CLS Clears the display file. 

CONT Continues if the program has any executable 

lines left. 
COPY Copies the contents of the screen to the 

printer. The COPY command will not change 

the display. 
DIM Reserves enough memory for an array of the 

given dimension and deletes any arrays 

already set up with that name. 
FAST Increases execution speed by turning the 

display off when a program is running. 
FOR a = x Executes a FOR/NEXT loop and deletes any 
TO y other variable that will conflict with the loop 

STEP z variable a; will count from x to y by in- 

crements of z. 
GOSUB Pushes the line number of the GOSUB 

statement on a stack and calls the BASIC 

code starting at that line number. 
GOTO Jumps to the specified line or the next one 

after that number. 
IF exp If exp is true, then s is executed, and s must 

THEN s be a statement. 

INPUT v Stops and waits for the user to input an 

expression. 
LET The variable assignment statement. 

LIST Lists the program on the screen. 

LLIST Same as LIST, except that it goes to the 

printer. 
LOAD f Loads a program called f. 

Loads the first program if f is null. 
LPRINT Same as print, except routed to the printer. 



Table 4: T/S 1000 BASIC commands. 



Command Function 

NEW Deletes any program lines and variables, 

setting aside all memory up to the top of 
available RAM or to the system variable 
RAMTOP, whichever is lower. 
Also enters the SLOW mode. 

NEXT Ends a FOR loop. 

PAUSE n Stops computing and displays the display file 

for n frames (at 60 frames per second) or 
until a key is pressed. 

PLOT x,y Blacks in pixel x,y and moves the print position 

one space to the right of that pixel (resolu- 
tion: 64 by 44). 

POKE m,n Replaces byte at location m in memory with 

byte n. 

PRINT Prints whatever you specify in the print state- 

ment on the screen. 

RAND Seeds the random-number generator. 

REM Makes that line a comment statement, which 

is ignored by the computer. This is useful for 
placing machine-language subroutines in 
REM statements since they don't move 
about in memory. 

RETURN Pops the number from the GOSUB stack and 

returns to the line after it. 

RUN Runs a program beginning with the line you 

specify, or the beginning if you don't. 

SAVE Saves the program, variables, and other 

system information on tape. 

SCROLL Scrolls the display file up one line, replacing 

the bottom line with a NEWLINE character. 

SLOW Leaves the display on all the time, even during 

the program execution. The computer 
powers up in this mode and returns to the 
SLOW mode whenever a NEW command is 
executed. 

TAB Prints at this position. Must be used in a PRINT 

statement. 

UNPLOTx.y Whitens out the pixel x,y. 



As you can see, the slicing notation takes the number of 
characters that you specify in the range given in paren- 
theses and prints them. If the first or last number is left 
off, it assumes the beginning or the end of the string 
respectively. This is not at all hard to get used to, but it is 
nonstandard. 

One really good feature is that the strings can be any 
length, but string names are limited to one letter followed 
by the string symbol "$". You can get more than 26 
strings, though, by dimensioning them. When you do so, 
however, you must specify how many characters are go- 
ing to be in each string. For example, if you type DIM 
X$(2,20), you get two strings each with a length of 20 
characters. This too is nonstandard for BASIC. 

One bad point about the T/S 1000 is its lack of com- 
patibility with the old ZX80 programs (written using the 
4K-byte ROM). The programs will run, of course, but the 
user must make some minor modifications, type them in 
again, and save them on cassette tape. 

As a cassette-based machine, the T/S 1000 has certain 
limitations. For example, this BASIC does not allow you 
to save values of some of the variables without saving all 
the variables and the program too. In fact, the entire state 



of the machine is saved when you execute a SAVE com- 
mand, so that you can get right back where you were 
after loading the program and typing CONT. This limita- 
tion of the SAVE command makes the T/S 1000 difficult 
to use with programs that require saving data, but it is 
convenient for the novice. One limitation is that the 
SAVE command must not be nested inside a GOSUB. 
Another limitation is that cassette I/O is slow, and the 
T/S 1000 is not a likely candidate for a floppy-disk inter- 
face mainly because of the expense. Certainly, a floppy 
disk could increase the capabilities of the T/S 1000, but 
who would buy a controller and disk for $400 when the 
basic computer was only $100? But we don't know what 
Clive Sinclair will be up to next ... a microfloppy for 
$100? 

The actual process of entering a program is easy for the 
novice but exasperating for the experienced computer 
user, because BASIC keywords can be entered only by 
using a one-key abbreviation. If you want to enter RUN, 
you just press the R key and then the NEWLINE key, in- 
stead of pressing R, U, N, and then NEWLINE. It will 
take a while to learn the location of each keyword. Some 
are in awkward places. The RUBOUT (delete) key is a 



January 1983 © BYTE Publications lnc 369 



Command Function 

EDIT Edits the current line. 

Up arrow Moves the current line back one. 

Down arrow Moves the current line forward. 

Right arrow Moves the cursor forward. 

Left arrow Moves the cursor backward. 

BREAK Stops execution of a program. 

NEWLINE Terminates every line. 

RUBOUT Deletes the last character or keyword. 

GRAPHICS The next keys pressed will be interpreted as 
graphics symbols. 

FUNCTION The next key pressed will be the function writ- 
ten below the key. 



Table 5: Editing commands found in T/S 1000 BASIC. 



AUTO 


LINEINPUT 


DATA 


MEM 


DEFSTR 


MID$ 


DEFINT 


ON ERROR 


DEFSNG 


ON x GOTO 


DEFDBL 


PRINT # (to cassette) 


ELSE 


READ 


FNDEF 


RESTORE 


INPUT* 


RIGHTS 


LEFTS 


USING 



Table 6: Some common BASIC commands missing from T/S 
1000 BASIC. 



shifted 0. Frequently, I forget to press the Shift key before 
I press the key. 

Like the ZX80, the T/S 1000 has 40 keys. The 
keyboard can be accessed in a BASIC program either 
through an INPUT statement or through the INKEY$ 
function. 

One more nonstandard feature is that the character 
code set is totally unique to the T/S 1000; it's not ASCII 
(American Standard Code for Information Interchange). 
For example, in ASCII the letter "A" is represented by 41 
(hexadecimal); the T/S 1000 refers to the same letter as 26 
(hexadecimal). Making this unit into a terminal would 
take a little hardware and a considerable programming 
effort. 

If you want more information on the T/S 1000, 
ZX80/ZX81, or the Microace computer (no longer 
made), see table 1 for addresses of these companies. Also, 
two other articles on these computers have appeared in 
BYTE. They are "The MicroAce Computer" by Delmar 
Searls, April 1981, page 46, and "The Sinclair Research 



ZX80" by John C. McCallum, January 1981, page 94. 

Conclusions 

Although T/S 1000 BASIC is different, it is powerful 
for such a small, low-priced computer. I think that 
anyone who buys it won't be disappointed. It does, 
however, suffer from its lack of standardization and 
omission of powerful BASIC functions. 

The TV interface works very well, and the display can 
easily be read on almost any TV. 

The membrane keyboard makes the computer difficult 
to work with for long periods of time. 

The cassette is easy to use for simple program storage, 
but it is limited and will hamper many application pro- 
grams. 

The major use for this computer will probably be for 
learning about BASIC or computers in general. The com- 
puter itself has limited expansion capabilities, and the 
keyboard is too small and cramped for any serious 
work.H 



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Circle 346 on Inquiry card, 



Vector Graphics for the TRS-80 

Incorporate machine-language graphics 
into your BASIC programs. 



Radio Shack has given the TRS-80 
Model I and III user a flexible alter- 
native to memory-gobbling high-res- 
olution graphics and functionally 
limited low-resolution graphics 
— namely, the SET and RESET graph- 
ics commands. Unfortunately, due to 
the size limitations of the BASIC 
ROM (read-only memory), Radio 
Shack was unable to include any 
vector-graphics functions. BASIC has 
no command for drawing lines on the 
video monitor. 

Radio Shack has, however, pro- 
vided excellent tools for interfacing 
machine-language code to a BASIC 
program -the VARPTR and USR 
functions. Using these tools, it is 
possible to program graphics with 
fast, machine-language software 
while enjoying all the benefits of 
BASIC programming. 

KWIKLINE is a fast line-drawing 
program (see listing 1). Using the 
VARPTR and USR machine-language 
functions as "hooks," it draws lines 
composed of either pixels (picture ele- 
ments) or ASCII (American Standard 
Code for Information Interchange) 
characters. This article describes how 



Dan Rollins 

134 Olive St. 

Glendale, CA 91206 



to place a machine-language routine 
in a BASIC program line, how 
KWIKLINE works, and how to use 
vector graphics with BASIC. 

Machine Language 
in a BASIC String 

To summarize the operation of 
these functions, a USR function will 
execute a previously prepared 
machine-language routine, passing 

Using the VARPTR and 

USR machine-language 

functions as "hooks," 

it draws lines 

composed of pixels 

or ASCII characters. 

the 2-byte expression as the single 
argument. The VARPTR function 
returns an address from BASIC'S vari- 
ables table. This address may be used 
as a pointer to the actual storage loca- 
tion of the variable. 

Variables created during program 
execution, e.g., A$ in the following 
line: 



100 A$ = CHR$(191) + CHR$(128) 

are stored in high memory within the 
area reserved by the CLEAR com- 
mand. But string variables such as A$ 
in the line 

100 A$ = 'THIS IS A LITERAL" 

remain in program memory. Using 
the VARPTR function with A$ would 
return the address value of the char- 
acter on the program line directly 
after the first quotation mark. 

The Level II BASIC Reference 
Manual explains how to concatenate 
a string variable from DATA line 
values and use the VARPTR value of 
the string as the starting address of 
the USR routine. Going one step fur- 
ther, it is possible to create a 
"dummy" string on a program line, 
find the location of its first byte using 
VARPTR, use READ and POKE to 
place values into the string, and use 
this string variable as a machine- 
language USR routine. The DATA 
lines containing the Z80 op-code 
values and the lines that contain the 
POKE commands may then be 

Text continued on page 375 



January 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 371 















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Listing 2 continued: 

130 POKE ADDR,M*16+L *.ADDR=ADDR+1 

140 GOTO 80 

150 IF CS = 3217 THEN PRINT "RUN UAS SUCCESSFUL "i 
ELSE PRINT "** BAD DATA **" '.STOP 

160 

DELETE 60-1140 ' ** Kill all unnecessary lines ** 

999 ' 

The hexadecimal format of these codes allows for entry 
vis SUPERZAP or other disK or ir.emory monitor. 



1000 
101 
1020 
103 O 
1035 
1040 

105 O 

106 O 

107 O 
1075 
1080 
109 O 
llOO 
1110 
1115 
1120 
1130 
1140 
1997 



DATA CDf7F,0Ar23,5E»23f56. 1B.D5.DD.E1 .DD.66.03.DB.6E 
DATA 04,E5»DD.56.01»DD,5E,02,n5,7C,26,01,92»30»04.26 
DATA FF, ED » 44 > 47. 7D. 2E » 01. 93. 30. 04. 2E, FF.ED.44.4F.il 
DATA FF.FF.13.B8.38.03»48.47,EB.BD.74.Q1.DB,73»02.DD 

DATA 72»03,DD.75»04.6S,61.43»CB.39.04.Bl.Ii5.E5.C5.DD 
DATA 7E.05.FE,02»33.1A,63»6A»CB.25.CB.25.CB.2C.CB,1B 
DATA CB,2C,CB,1D,47»7C,E6,03.F6.3C.67.78.13.37.18,9B 
DATA 26.FF.7B»24.D6»03.30»FB.C6.03.47»6A»CB»25,CB»2C 

DATA CB,in,CB.2C.CB.lD,CB,10»04»7C,E6,03,F6,3C,67.AF 
DATA 37.8F. 10. FD,CB»7E» 20.02.36.30.DD.CB.05.46.28.03 
DATA B6. 18. 02. 2F » A6. 77, C 1. E 1.7A.DD. 36 .01. 57. 7B.DD. 86 
DATA 02,5F.79.84.4F.BD.38.0C.95»4F,7A.DD»86»03.57.7B 

DATA DD,86,04,5F»10.87.D1»DD.72.01»DD,73.02.E1,DD.74 
DATA 03 . DD . 75 . 04 , DD , 7E , 06 . FE , 26 . CO . 1 1 . 06 , 01 , 15 , DD . 19 
DATA 1B.8C.END 

This is a single test of KWIKLINE 



20OO CLS 

2010 INPUT "STARTING POINT CX1.Y1) "JX1.Y1 

202O INPUT "ENDING POINT <X2»Y2> "JX2,Y2 

203O INPUT "SET, RESET, OR CHARACTER MODE (S,R,C) "5M4 

204O IF h$="C" THEN INPUT "CHARACTER VALUE (ASCII) "JC 

205O IF M$="S" THEN C = 1 

206O IF M$="R' : THEN C = 

207O A*=CHR*( XI )+CHRt< Yl >+CHR$'; X2 )+CHR*( Y2)+ CHR$( C > +' 

2080 UU=USR( VARPTR'. A* )) '* draw the line 

2090 GOTO 2010 



deleted from the program — leaving 
only the machine-language code in a 
BASIC program line. The advantages 
of this "packing" of the code directly 
within a BASIC program are: 

1. The machine-language code is 
saved and loaded efficiently with 
your program. 

2. High memory need not be re- 
served at power-up. 

3. Since the location of the string will 
not change, the USR-routine entry 
point doesn't need to be redefined. 

4. The routine will not interfere with 
other machine-language pro- 
grams, such as keyboard- 
debounce routines or printer 
drivers. 

5. The format is compatible with 
DOS (disk operating system) and 
BASIC for both Models I and III of 
any size memory. 

The limitations of this format are 



mainly those encountered by the 
routine's original programmer. The 
program must: 

•be fully relocatable, using no ab- 
solute jumps or calls to locations 
within the program 
•contain no bytes with values of 00 or 
22 hexadecimal, as these are BASIC 
line and string delimiters 
•use no look-up tables within the pro- 
gram—the table's starting point will 
vary with the routine's location 
•be less than 241 bytes in length —the 
size of BASIC'S program-line input 
buffer 

List a program line containing such a 
packed string, and you'll see an odd 
collection of BASIC tokens and print- 
ing control characters. It will look 
like a bad load from cassette tape. 
This minor irritation is caused by 
BASIC'S LIST processor's misinter- 
pretation of the machine-language 



bytes. The effect is harmless. 

Listing 2 is the program that uses 
POKE commands to place the 
KWIKLINE op codes into the dummy 
string. Line 10 reserves a block of 
memory for string storage and 
manipulation. BASIC must encounter 
this CLEAR command before the LN$ 
definition or its location will be 
unknown and the VARPTR function 
in line 30 will cause an error. Lines 
30-50 determine the location of LN$ 
and set up the USR entry address. 
The same address is used in line 60 for 
the reference position to begin the 
POKEs. Then the DATA lines are 
read, converted from hexadecimal 
strings to decimal integers, and in- 
serted into the dummy string. Line 
110 calculates a checksum to avoid 
the possibility of a typo causing the 
program to bomb. 

Once all the codes have been 
placed in the string, the unneeded 
lines are deleted from the program, 
leaving the base lines required for any 
access of KWIKLINE. Cassette-based 
system users should save this portion 
with CSAVE and use it as the starting 
kernel for experimentation. Disk- 
based system users must follow the 
instructions on line 50 and remember 
that the kernel program will not be 
correctly saved with the ASCII op- 
tion. Instead, save any application 
programs with the command SAVE 
"DEMOl/BAS",A and merge that 
file with the result obtained from ex- 
ecuting listing 2. 

Lines 2000-2090 in listing 2 perform 
a simple test of the new graphics 
capability. Input some sample points 
at the prompts to verify that every- 
thing is working correctly. 

KWIKLINE Operations 

KWIKLINE, based on the DDA 
(digital differential analyzer) algo- 
rithm described by Mike Higgins (see 
"Fast Line-Drawing Technique," 
BYTE, August 1981, page 414), is 
very fast — the longest line requires 45 
milliseconds to be drawn on an un- 
modified TRS-80 Model I. The 
routine uses only integer arithmetic 
and avoids redundant calculations. 

Listing 1 is the assembly-language 
coding of KWIKLINE, showing the 
algorithm and the control loops that 



January 1983 © BYTE Publications lnc 375 




a uy the POLYGON program. The figure took approximate- 
ly two seconds to draw by using the KWIKLINE program. 



Figure 1: Hexagon produced by 



implement it. Note that there are two 
nested loops. The inner loop plots the 
points along a line defined by the 
parameter string. The outer loop 
checks the extension character and 
loops back for further lines if neces- 
sary. 

The first lines initialize the IX index 
register to point to the parameter 
string. The address supplied by the 
VARPTR function points to the vari- 
ables-table byte that defines the 
length of the string. Since KWIKLINE 
does not use this byte, it is simply ig- 
nored. The following 2 bytes are the 
desired address in normal Z80 reverse 
order — LSB (least significant byte) 
followed by MSB (most significant 
byte). 

Next, the line parameters are read 
and saved on the stack — their storage 
addresses will be temporarily used by 
the program. Increments and offsets 
for points along the line are cal- 
culated by lines 920-1130 and placed 
in the temporary storage area by lines 
1160-1190. 

The SET, RESET, and CHARAC- 
TER screen-address conversion 
routines are the heart of the program. 



Lines 1540-1680 find the screen ad- 
dress needed to place a byte in 
CHARACTER mode. Lines 1840- 
2170 convert an X,Y coordinate pair 
to the screen position and bit number 
that defines a certain pixel. The cor- 
rect SET and RESET action is per- 
formed according to the fifth argu- 
ment of the parameter string. This 
routine is exceptionally fast, interac- 
tive with BASIC, and relocatable. 

Once a point has been plotted, the 
KWIKLINE routine adds offsets to 
registers D and E, which contain the 
current X and Y values, respectively. 
The B register, initialized to the 
length of the longest axis, is decre- 
mented and the rest of the line is plot- 
ted. When B goes to 0, lines 
2520-2570 restore the original values 
to the parameter string. This is done 
to avoid having to redefine the string. 

The EXTENSION character is then 
tested and, if it's not an ampersand 
character (&), control passes back to 
the BASIC interpreter; otherwise, the 
IX register is bumped to point to the 
next series of bytes, and a jump is 
made to the start of the outer loop. 

One problem I encountered while 



writing KWIKLINE is that the dis- 
tance between the start and end of the 
outer loop is greater than the 127 
bytes maximum allowed a relative 
jump. Since KWIKLINE is written to 
be position-independent, the jump 
must be made via the "bridge" at line 
1720. Another abnormality seen in 
the listing is the avoidance of bytes 
with a value of 00. After the code is 
placed into a BASIC program line, a 
zero byte would be interpreted as the 
End Of Line delimiter. The 2 bytes 
following the zero byte would be mis- 
taken for a Next Line Pointer and the 
next 2 bytes as the line number, etc. 
To avoid this mess, special steps 
must be taken. For example, it is nec- 
essary in line 2610 to load the DE reg- 
ister pair with the value 6 as an offset 
for the next set of line parameters. 
The op code 



LD 



DE,6 



would ordinarily be assembled as 
11 06 00, with the zero byte being 
unacceptable. Instead, the value is 
loaded in two steps: 



LD 
DEC 



DE,0106H 
D 



The assembled code is 11 06 01 15, 
avoiding the zero byte. The end result 
is the same, but the code takes a little 
more time and memory. The trade- 
offs of a slight loss in speed and size 
for relocatability and BASIC line 
compatibility are, nevertheless, a 
great bargain. 

Drawing Lines from BASIC 

KWIKLINE requires six 1-byte 
arguments — a starting coordinate 
(XI, Yl); an ending coordinate 
(X2,Y2); a SET, RESET, and CHAR- 
ACTER mode byte; and an EXTEN- 
SION character — for each line drawn 
(see figure 1). Since BASIC allows the 
passing of only a single-integer argu- 
ment to a USR routine, the arguments 
are concatenated into a string 
variable, and the storage address of 
this variable (VARPTR) is sent as a 
pointer to the arguments. 

The starting and ending points may 

be anywhere on the screen and may 

define the same point. However, 

Text continued on page 379 



376 January 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 



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378 January 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 





































i 12 



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CLOCK-80I 11 » 



18 



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I 7 



I I D I I 



Figure 2: Screen dump of the CLOCK-80 program. Each new position of the hands is 
determined by the KWIKLINE program. 



these values must agree with the 
mode byte. If incorrect parameters 
are passed, lines may be drawn at in- 
determinate screen locations (they 
generally "wrap around" the 
screen) — but the program will write 
only to video RAM (random-access 
read /write memory). 

Two Modes 

Two types of lines may be drawn 
using KWIKLINE. The SET/RESET 



mode uses the TRS-80 graphics pixel 
as the display medium. This mode re- 
quires the fifth byte of the argument 
string to be either a CHR$(0) for 
RESET, or CHR$(1) for SET. Argu- 
ments one through four, in this mode, 
must be in the order XI, Yl, X2, Y2, 
with the X values: < = X = < 127 
and the Y values: < = Y = < 47. 
The fifth byte of the parameter string 
in the alternate mode, CHARAC- 
TER, will have a value > =2. The 



character in this position will be 
repeated along a line defined by the 
X,Y coordinate pairs, where < = X 
< = 63 and < = Y < = 15. 

The sixth byte of the parameter 
string defines whether or not another 
set of line parameters follows the 
first. This byte must be an ampersand 
character (&), CHR$(38) for EXTEN- 
SION. Any other value forces a 
return to the calling BASIC program. 
When this byte is an ampersand, 
KWIKLINE expects six more parame- 
ter characters in the correct format in 
adjacent memory locations. The 
value of this function becomes ap- 
parent when a series of lines must be 
drawn consecutively. So much over- 
head is involved, in compiling the 
parameter string and calling 
KWIKLINE from BASIC that op- 
timum speed will not, otherwise, be 
obtained. 

This function allows the program- 
mer to define a parameter string of 
values for multiple lines, say four 
lines for a box, or two lines, one SET 
and the next RESET, for a phasor zap 
or bolt of lightning. 

Listings 3, 4, and 5 demonstrate 
some techniques for compiling the 
strings for drawing the desired lines. 
Listing 3 draws a polygon with all 
vertices connected (see figure 1). The 
effect can appear very three-dimen- 
sional. This program uses the 
simplest form of parameter passing. 
The endpoints of the line are deter- 
mined—note the scaling done to keep 
the figure symmetrical. Then, a 
GOSUB to line 2000 draws the line. 

Listing 4 produces a simulation of 



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January 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 379 



FOR 

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ONLY. 




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an analog clock — digital-clock simu- 
lations being passe (see figure 2). It 
uses a more advanced technique for 
maximum speed. An array of strings 
is compiled from the lines to be 
drawn. The lines define points be- 
tween the center of the screen and 
points along the circumference of one 
of three concentric circles. The outer- 
most circle is for the sweep-second 
hand, the middle one for the minute 
hand, and the inner circle defines the 
arc of the hour hand. 

Once the array is compiled, disk 
BASIC'S real-time clock is monitored 
and the screen is updated according- 
ly. The time is not determined from 
the TIMES function, as manipulating 
this as a string would cause the delays 
associated with string reorganization. 
Instead, the clock's storage memory is 
examined using a PEEK command, 
and this numeric value is used as a 
pointer into the array of line 
parameter strings. So much string 
space is used by the program that 
almost any use of string-manipula- 
tion commands within this loop will 
eventually invoke the "garbage collec- 
tor," in effect stopping time. 

This clock program also demon- 
strates a drawback of KWIKLINE. 
Extensive string manipulation is re- 
quired in defining each hand in every 
position on the face of the clock. 
Compiling all these strings takes 
about two minutes, a lengthy wait for 
a supposedly fast program! But the 
result, after the wait, is an example of 
the TRS-80 doing something that 
would seem beyond the capacity of a 
normal BASIC program. It is possible 
to eliminate this initialization phase 
by writing the string arrays to disk 
after the first compilation, and then 
reading the file upon subsequent 
runs. 

Listing 5 produces demonstrations 
of the CHARACTER mode of KWIK- 
LINE. These eye-catchers could be 
used in framing a company logo or 
luring an unsuspecting passerby into 
buying a product. 

Portability, speed, and flexibility 
make KWIKLINE a valuable addition 
to the BASIC library. Learn to use 
this tool effectively, then stand back 
and watch as your graphics programs 
come alive !■ 



380 January 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 



Circle 414 on inquiry card. 



System Notes 



Autograph: a Plotting Subroutine 
in TRS-80 Level II BASIC 



No one who remembers character 
graphics would deny that the ability 
to represent data graphically is an ex- 
tremely attractive feature of many 
microcomputer systems. Yet some 
programmers still shy away from 
using graphics because writing pro- 
grams for them can be tedious. And if 
you must include several formats or 
ranges of data values, graphics pro- 
grams can get excessive. 

My solution to such unwieldy pro- 
grams is a subroutine I call Auto- 
graph. This program module auto- 
matically scales, titles, and plots data 
that is conducive to graphic treat- 
ment. When called, it displays a fixed 
chart border, automatically scales the 
y (vertical) graph axis to include any 
arbitrary data range, and positions 
and displays arbitrary titling strings. 
The latter includes the main title 
along the top of the display, the low 
title positioned along the bottom, and 
the vertical title positioned on the left 
side. In addition, the program labels 
the y-axis scale to match the data 
range. 

The routine has no horizontal scale 
values as such. It does, however, 
allow any arbitrary number of x 
(horizontal) axis positions up to 104. 
Each position may correspond to a 



Patrick McGuire 

102 Duncan Circle 

Lafayette, LA 70503 



day, a week, a year, or any incremen- 
tal value or event. The data for these 
positions can be automatically pre- 
sented as points, ranges, or in bar- 
graph (histogram) form. 

For each horizontal 

position, Autograph 

plots y-axis data in 

three forms: point 

data, data ranges, and 

histograms (bar 

graphs). 

I wrote Autograph in TRS-80 
Microsoft BASIC. Before discussing 
the program in detail, however, a 
brief description of the TRS-80 Model 
I graphics system is in order. Such an 
explanation may help orient those 
who are interested in modifying the 
subroutine to use on other machines. 

TRS-80 Graphics and 
Print-Character Positioning 

Graphics for this popular micro- 
computer are implemented in the 
common rectangular format of cells. 
The cells on the video screen consist 
of rectangular elements that are 
oriented vertically and arranged in an 



array that is 128 cells wide and 48 
cells high. 

The programmer addresses the ele- 
ments of this array in BASIC accord- 
ing to coordinates x and y. For exam- 
ple: cell (0,0) is located in the extreme 
upper left-hand corner; cell (0,2) ap- 
pears two cells to the right. Following 
this pattern, cell (1,2) is immediately 
beneath (0,2). Cell (47,127) lies at the 
extreme lower right-hand position. 

The BASIC statement SET(X,Y) 
turns on any particular graphics ele- 
ment. Similarly, RESET(X,Y) turns 
off any element. 

This version of BASIC supports 
normal PRINT statements and makes 
alphanumeric character positioning 
easier by providing the statement 
PRINT®. The TRS-80 has a 
1024-character display that is ar- 
ranged in a format of 16 lines by 64 
characters. The character (print) posi- 
tions are numbered from to 1023 for 
use in the PRINT® statement. Posi- 
tion is the first character in the top 
line of the display. Position 63 is the 
last character in this line. Position 
1023 is the last character in the bot- 
tom line of the display. 

Autograph uses the PRINT® n 
statement and the string-handling 
operations LEN and MID$ to position 



January 1M) © BYTE Publications Inc 381 




input to test the 



Figure 1: An illustration of the screen layout of Autograph. Note the three automatic 
data-display modes. 



Listing 1: The complete Autograph program, including a test section (lines 80-120). 
The program is in TRS-80 Level II BASIC. To use Autograph as a subroutine, delete the 
test section and the remarks at lines 50930-50950. Change line 50920 to RETURN. 



10 •' RUTOGRRPH 

26 'By: Patrick E. McGuire 

36 'Lafayette, LR — 1980 

40 'R program module for automatic draphina 

5@ 'of data versus, time. 

66 'Test Section: This section allow; 

70 'autograph routine. 

30 CLS: CLEAR 1000: DIM PLT< 104, 2) 

90 INPUT"DRTfl POINTS'" ;HDRT 

180 FOR J=l TO HDRT: PRINT J 

110 I NPUT PLT < .J , 1 ) , PLT < J , 2 > : NEXT J 

120 INPUT"MTT*"J!MTT*: INPUT"LTT*" ;LTT$: INPUT "UTT*" iUTT* 

130 'End Test section 

1 40 ■' 

50QO0 "'Besiiri Subroutine "Ruto^raph" 

5001O 'This section establishes the data maximum ''Ml':> 

58820 "and data minimum Q_0>. 

50030 H I =PLT C 1 , 1 ::• : LO=PLT < 1 , 2 > 

50O40 FOR 1=1 TO HDRT 

50050 I F PLT< 1,1) >H I THEN HI =PLT < 1 , 1 > 

50060 IF PLT<I,2XL0 THEN L0=PLT<I,2> 

50O7O NEXT I 

50OSO "End "HI-LO" section 

50O90 '" 

50100 -'This section establishes the required number of 



50 1 1 "' V-ax i s d i u i s i ons 

50120 DIU~l: COM- 11 

5013O IF ''HI-LOX=COM GOTO 50150 



Listing 1 continued on page 383 



and print its titling strings. The 
LEVEL II BASIC Reference Manual 
and numerous other publications 
offer additional information about 
graphics on the TRS-80. 

Autograph Layout 

The chart borders in Autograph are 
fixed. The vertical border occupies a 
column of two adjacent cells with 
coordinates that begin at (22,3) and 
(23,3) and reach down to the two ad- 
jacent cells (22,41) and (23,41). The 
horizontal border is one cell high and 
extends from (22,42) through (127,42). 
The program reserves the space 
above and below the graph area for 
the main title and the low title, 
respectively. The space to the left of 
the graph area is for the y-scale labels 
and the vertical title. Figure 1 illu- 
strates some features of the Auto- 
graph screen layout; 4000, 5000, and 
6000 represent y-scale labels. Auto- 
graph divides the horizontal chart 
border into fixed increments of four 
plotting positions. This is easy to 
change, as I will explain later. 

Figure 1 also illustrates Auto- 
graph's ability to plot data in three 
different modes. For each horizontal 
position, Autograph plots y-axis data 
in three forms: point data, data 
ranges, and histograms (bar graphs). 
The kind of plot it chooses depends 
on the data you give it. The method 
for giving data to Autograph is a sort 
of brute-force version of parameter- 
passing from the main program to the 
subroutine. I will explain later how to 
set up the main program to pass the 
data values to Autograph. 

Using Autograph 

To use Autograph, first enter 
listing 1 in its entirety and save it on 
disk or cassette tape. Listing 1 con- 
tains the Autograph subroutine, a test 
section (lines 80-120), and some 
remarks. To use the subroutine with a 
BASIC program, strip listing 1 of its 
test section and remarks (to save 
space) and then change the last line of 
listing 1 to RETURN. Save the result- 
ing shorter version of Autograph on 
disk or cassette tape, too. When you 
start writing a new program that will 
use Autograph, you can first load this 
shorter version, the true subroutine. 



382 January 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 



Of course, your program will have to 
supply data for Autograph. We'll get 
to that in a moment. 

The calling program must supply 
the following as assignment state- 
ments: 

• NDAT: the number of horizontal 
increments for which data is to be 
plotted. The maximum is 104. 

• MTT$: any string of up to 64 char- 
acters that will comprise the main 
title. This will be displayed along the 
top of the chart. 

• LTT$: any string of up to 52 charac- 
ters to make up the low title displayed 
below the chart. 

• VTT$: a string of up to 13 charac- 
ters that forms the vertical title. This 
will be displayed to the left of the 
chart's vertical border and scale 
labels. 

These titling strings must be defined 
but may be empty (null). 

Of course, you also have to supply 
the actual information to be plotted. 
The calling program does this by fill- 
ing the array PLT(NDAT,2) with the 
information to be displayed. Data for 
the first horizontal position is inserted 
in PLT(1,1) and PLT(1,2). The process 
continues through the last data pair 
PLT(NDAT,1) and PLT(NDAT,2). 
Listing 2 shows how a program might 
supply data. 

Supplying two data values for each 
plot position implements the auto- 
matic display of point data, ranges, 
or histograms. If a single point were 
to be plotted at position X, both 
PLT(X,1) and PLT(X,2) would be 
loaded with the same value. If a data 
range must be shown as a vertical 
stripe at the position, the program 
must load PLT(X,1) with the highest 
value of the range and PLT(X,2) with 
the lowest. To form a histogram with 
a base (bottom) value of V, PLT(X,1) 
would contain the data for position X 
and all PLT(X,2) array entries would 
beV. 

In short, the entries in column 1 of 
PLT(NDAT,2) are the highest values 
to be plotted at a particular horizon- 
tal position, while the entries in the 
second column are the lowest. 

Once all the data is set up, the pro- 
gram can call the subroutine. 



Listing 1 continued: 

56140 DIU=DIU*10: C0M=C0M*18: GOTO 50138 

58 1 58 MRX= I NT '' H I -D I U > *0 1 U+D I U 

58 1 60 M I N== I NT < LO-'D I U > +D I U 

59170 DELTR=MRX-MIN: FRCT=:. 1 

581 90 FRCT=FRCT+18 

58198 IF DELTR <= FRCT THEN SOI ELSE GOTO 582 18 

50280 GOTO 50348 

58218 TF DELTR < = '::2*FRCT> THEN SC«2 ELSE GOTO 58238 

58220 GOTO 50348 

58238 IF DELTA < = <3+FRCT:> THEN SC=3 ELSE GOTO 58258 

58248 GOTO 50340 

58258 IF DELTR < = <4+FRCT> THEN SC=4 ELSE GOTO 58278 

58268 GOTO 58348 

58278 IF DELTR <= <6+FRCT:5 THEN SC=6 ELSE GOTO 58298 

58298 GOTO 58348 

58298 IF DELTA <= a2+FACT> THEN SC=12 ELSE GOTO 58198 

58388 'End V-axis division section. 

583 1 8 •' 

58328 'This section establishes the maximum and minimum 

58338 'chart, values. 

58348 IF SC<6 THEN GOTO 58398 

58358 BTM=r1IN: 

58368 HSC=MAX+INT<SC-IHT< 'r.MRX-BTMX'FACT::' :>+FRCT 

58378 GOTO 58398 

58398 HSC=MRX 

58398 SKIP=768.-SC: LHS=SC 

58488 IF SC=1 LNS=4 

58418 'End chart, max— min section 

58428 '' 

58438 'This section displays the chart- borders. 

58448 CLS 

50450 FOR V=3 TO 41 : SET < 22, ';>:> : SET<:23, V) : NEXT V 

50468 FOR X=22 TO 127: SET<X, 42 > : NEXT X 

58478 FOR X=27 TO 127 STEP 4: RESET >:>'., 42 > : NEXT X 

50490 'End chart border section 

58498 •' 

58588 'This section labels the V-axis scale. 

585 1 8 USC^HSC+F RCT 

58528 FOR V=69 TO 337 STEP SKIP 

58538 USC-USC-FRCT 

58548 PRINT £V, USC; 

58558 NEXT V 

58568 'End V-axis labelling. 

58578 •' 

58588 'This section divides the chart vertically with 

58598 'periods <•>. 

58600 PS=76 : CK=- 1 

58610 PRINTSPS, ; 

58620 FOR PT=1 TO 52: PRINT".";: NEXT PT 

58638 PS=PS+<12-'LNS>+64: CK=CK+1 

58648 IF CK=LNS GOTO 58698 

58658 GOTO 58618 

58668 ''End vertical division section. 

58678 •' 

58688 'This section prints titles. 

58698 TL=LEN < MTT* > : LFT= I NT >'. < 64-TL > ^2 > 

58788 PR I NTSLFT , NTT* ; 

58718 HGT=LENO,iTT*:> 

58728 IF HGTM3 THEN HGT=13 

58738 PC- 1 28+64+ 1 NT < < 1 2-HGT > .-'2 > 

58748 F8R S=l TO HGT 

58758 P*=M I D* •'. UTT* , S , 1 > 

58768 PR I NT «P€ , P* i 

58778 PC=PC+64 

58788 NEXT S 

58798 TL=LEN < LTT* > : LFT=97 1 + 1 NT < < 52-TL :> .-2 ) 

58888 PR I NT3LFT , LTT* ; 

58818 'End title printing. 

58828 ■' 

Listing 1 continued on page 384 



January 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 383 



Listing 1 continued: 

58830 "This section actually Graphs the data. 

50848 X=23 

50850 FOR 1=1 TO NDRT 

50860 X=X+ 1 

5O870 DH= I NT < >', < HSC-PLT < 1 , 1 J > •" < HSC-M I N ) > +36 > +5 

50880 DL= INTX < < HSC-PLT < 1 , 2> ) -■' < HSC-M I N > > +36 > +4 

58890 FOR V=DH TO DL: SET':X,V> 

58900 NEXT V 

5891.8 NEXT I 

58920 GOTO 50928 

58938 "'End of module. Change line 58920 to -'RETURN-' and 

58948 "delete test section lines after debua^ind 

58958 'keyboard program entry. 



Listing 2: A routine that illustrates how to make a program pass data to the Autograph 
subroutine. NDAT is the number of horizontal points to plot, PTS is a variable repre- 
senting points to plot, and MTT$, LTT$, and VTT$ are strings to be printed on the 
graph as titles. 

130 NDAT =35 

140 FOR PTS=1 TO NDAT 

150 PLT(PTS,1)=WTEMP(PTS,2) 

160 PLT(PTS,2)=WTEMP(PTS,1) 

170 NEXT PTS 

180 MTT$= "TURTLE RUN, PA - TEMP." 

190 LTT$= "WEEKLY DATA" 

200 VTT$= "DEGREES, F." 



An Example 

The manipulation required prior to 
entering into the subroutine is best 
described by an example. 

Assume that data representing the 
weekly temperature range for a small 
town in Pennsylvania is stored in 
a main program array called 
WTEMP(35,2). This would represent 
35 weeks of data. Assume that the 
first row of the array contains the 
lowest temperature and the second 
row contains the highest, exactly the 
opposite order required by Auto- 
graph. One possible program se- 
quence to set up the data for use in 
the subroutine appears in listing 2. 
This routine results in the display of 
data ranges. 

To plot only the weekly high tem- 
peratures, you could replace line 160 
in listing 2 with 

160 PLT(PTS,2) = PLT(PTS,1) 



If, on the other hand, you wanted a 
zero-based histogram of weekly low 
temperature, you could change lines 
150 and 160 to 

150 PLT(PTS,1) = WTEMP(PTS,1) 
160 PLT(PTS,2) = 

Note that the limits for the order of 
magnitude of data are about 0.1 to 
8999. Data outside these limits can be 
conditioned to fall within the bounds 
when you set up the subroutine. For 
example, you could show five-figure 
dollar amounts as thousands of 
dollars. The titling strings, of course, 
should reflect such a change. These 
limits are imposed not by the pro- 
gram algorithms but by the space 
allocated for labeling the y axis. 

How Autograph Works 

Listing 1 shows the Autograph pro- 
gram itself. The first section, lines 



80-120, forms a short testing routine. 
Here you are asked to supply the 
number of data points (NDAT). This 
continues with data entry of the high 
and low values, in order, for each 
point. Finally the test routine asks for 
the titling strings. As I mentioned 
before, these lines would be deleted to 
use Autograph as a subroutine. This 
section simply tests the data to deter- 
mine the highest and lowest values. 
Lines 50030-50070 begin the actual 
Autograph subroutine. 

The program section from lines 
50120 to 50290 determines the number 
of major y-axis divisions needed to 
display the data. Given the layout of 
Autograph, the maximum number of 
divisions is 12 (1 is the minimum). 
You can use intermediate divisions of 
2, 3, 4, and 6 to spread the data over 
most of the screen area set aside. 

The first part of this section nor- 
malizes the difference between the 
data high and low to a range less than 
11. DIV is the variable that does this. 
The value of DIV is set by the number 
of loops through the sequence 
50130-50140. Each loop through the 
sequence multiplies DIV and the 
variable COM by 10. If HI-LO is less 
than the generated value of COM, 
then DIV is the correct divisor to 
form MAX and MIN. For example, if 
your data range were 80-105, MAX 
and MIN would end up 110 and 80. 
Thus the minimum scale range re- 
quired to display the data would be 
MIN to MAX. The section consisting 
of lines 50170-50290 establishes the 
actual number of divisions that will 
be used on the y axis. This is also a 
normalization sequence that acts on 
the value of MAX-MIN. It determines 
which of the six allowed division in- 
crements is the smallest that will fit 
the data range. This number is passed 
on to the rest of the program as the 
variable SC. 

Lines 50340-50400 use data gener- 
ated in the previous program section 
to determine the value of HSC. This 
is the label for the maximum y-axis 
division. HSC and SKIP will later 
establish all the major division labels. 
The y axis is also subsequently 
divided by horizontal rows of 
periods. The number of rows is set 
equal to the number of labeled divi- 



384 January 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 



Circle 488 on inquiry card. 



sions except when SC is 1. In that 
case, the scale will be divided into 
quarters by additional lines of 
periods. LNS is the variable that con- 
trols period row-generation. 

The sequence of lines 50430-50470 
is a simple graphics routine that sets 
the chart borders. Note that line 
50470 is a FOR. . .NEXT loop to divide 
the horizontal axis into increments of 
four plotting positions. You can 
change this by altering the step size of 
the loop. For example, if you were 
displaying daily data, a more appro- 
priate step size might be 7, which 
would correspond to one week of 
data. If you wanted to, you could 
make the step size a variable that is 
set by the calling program. 

The next section of listing 1, lines 
50471-50550, labels the y-axis scale. 
The variable y is initialized at 69 to 
define the print position immediately 
to the left of the top scale line. This 
value is sequenced through print posi- 
tion 837, which is adjacent to the bot- 
tom of the y axis. The variable SKIP 
was generated earlier and is directly 
related to the number of major divi- 
sions fixed for the data being plotted. 

The next sequence of lines, through 
50650, prints periods at the major 
divisions to make the chart easier to 
read. 

Next, a string-manipulating routine 
beginning with line number 50680 
centers the titling strings and displays 
them. 

The final section, beginning with 
line number 50840, plots the data. 
The algebraic manipulations in this 
section proportion the data within the 
total range of plot positions, which 
results in cell addresses for the highest 
and lowest range to be plotted at par- 
ticular horizontal positions. A FOR. . . 
NEXT loop then turns on the appro- 
priate graphics cell or cells. 

Final Remarks 

Using Autograph will let you incor- 
porate graphics displays into pro- 
grams comparatively painlessly. The 
only thing you sacrifice for not using 
a custom routine in every case is 
speed. The information on Auto- 
graph's operation should help you to 
develop a customized version if speed 
is a problem in your applications. ■ 



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pages of text can be transmitted to a DATABIN 
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The typewriter will print automatically from 
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• computers are not printer bound 

• DATABIN equipped typewriters will 
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DATABIN is also versatile. It has switch 

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Cable and Telegram messages directly 
from your CP/M computer. MicroTLX 
provides automatic dialing, auto- 
matic answer, unattended opera- 
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MicroTLX is an easy to under- 
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Circle 8 on inquiry card. 



January 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 385 



Book Review's 



Silent Witness: 
A Novel of 
Computer Crime 



Ed Yourdon 
Yourdon Press 
New York, 1982 
177 pages, 
hardcover, SI 2.95 



Reviewed by 

Nancy Hayes 

c/o BYTE Publications 

POB 372 

Hancock, NH 03449 



As its jacket copy testifies, 
Silent Witness is a story of 
"computer crime, a missing 
person, love, dashed dreams, 
and a chance to start over." If 
you think that sounds like a 
cross between "Hill Street 
Blues" and Love's Tender 
Fury, high-technology style, 
you're not far wrong. 

The premise of Ed Your- 
don's first novel is predictable 
enough. Tony and Max, a 
computer operator and a pro- 
grammer, devise a get-rich- 
quick scheme that involves 
embezzling $3 million from 
Max's employer, a bank by 
the unlikely name of Metri- 
polidollar. To put the plan in 
motion, Max creates 30 
bogus corporations, autho- 
rizes them to borrow up to 
$100,000 without collateral, 
opens 600 personal accounts 
at different branches (are you 
getting all this down?), and 
then proceeds to withdraw 
the maximum from each ac- 
count. Presto: $3 million. 
That's where the second half 
of the plan comes in: they'll 
parlay the cash into multiple 
millions and cover their 
tracks before anyone's the 
wiser. What happens when 
the plan goes awry, as of 
course if does, is the subject 
of Silent Witness. 



Enter a cast of characters of 
the stock variety. In addition 
to streetwise Tony and para- 
noid Max, we have Andrea, 
the (what else) beautiful 
rookie cop; Bernie Kaplan, 
super schlemiel; Hogie, 
rough-hewn programming 
genius; Cooper Harrison, 
detective extraordinaire; and 
a few extras with names that 
would have made Damon 
Runyon proud. The entire 
cast, naturally, has a per- 
sonal or professional stake in 
the final resting place of the 
aforementioned $3 million. 

The telling of the tale is 
more engaging. Silent Wit- 
ness is a series of entries, 
stamped with the date and 
time, that are told from the 
perspective of different char- 
acters. Consequently, we 
have a bird's eye view of the 
agonies and the ecstasies (I'll 
get to computer love in a mo- 
ment) of criminal, investiga- 
tor, and innocent bystander 
alike. In between these 
scenes, an omniscient narra- 
tor keeps us up to date on the 
other characters' movements 
in and around Manhattan, 
the scene of the crime. 

Because each segment fo- 
cuses on only a few hours — 
the action takes place in 23 
days — the story moves swift- 
ly, gathering momentum 
along the way. Yourdon has 
managed to sustain the ele- 
ment of suspense throughout; 
at times I distinctly heard a 
clock ticking dramatically in 
the background. 

Yourdon has clearly drawn 
on his background as a data 
processing consultant, and 
his technical expertise lends 
the dialogue and plot its ring 
of truth. Unfortunately, the 
author just can't keep the 
consultant down, which re- 
sults in passages straight out 
of Computer Science 101: 
"Application programmers 
write English-like statements 
such as y = x + 1, which are 



translated by the compilers 
into assembly language. ..." 
Such explanations are in- 
structive, perhaps, but they 
are tedious here. 

Yourdon also uses Silent 
Witness to vent his views on 
the hierarchy of the computer 
science establishment. Osten- 
sibly for the benefit of the 
uninitiated, his chapters are 
laced with lines such as these: 

Computer professionals can 
tell a lot about each other by 
looking at the way they dress 
and at the formats of the pro- 
grams they read. One who 
wears a suit, and who gets his 
hair cut regularly, is prob- 
ably an application program- 
mer or maybe a systems 
analyst. A data-processing 
expert in baggy pants and a 
wrinkled shirt, or sporting a 
beard and sandals, is likely to 
be a systems programmer, or 
possibly a computer oper- 
ator . . . in the computer 
field, though, operators are 
regarded as mechanics . . . 
they rank at the bottom of 
the pecking order. 

One passage that I found 
instructive and entertaining 
illustrates how a team of in- 
vestigators might use data- 
bases to track down a crimi- 
nal. The question in this case 
is, "Can a new millionaire's 
seemingly petty purchases be- 
tray him?" Databases may be 
old hat to a seasoned profes- 
sional, but Yourdon's de- 
scription of them is the sort of 
graphic example a novice can 
appreciate. 

If believability is one 
criterion of good fiction, 
Silent Witness succeeds only 
half the time. While most of 
the details of the crime and 
the ensuing investigation are 
plausible, the ending is pure 
"Fantasy Island." The re- 
quisite love scene that Your- 
don included is just as embar- 



rassing. A case in point: "She 
felt herself burst into flames 
feeling his tongue flicker 
against hers." Lines like that 
give fiction a bad name. 

In spite of its obvious 
lapses, Silent Witness is a 
fairly engaging behind-the- 
scenes look at the world ac- 
cording to computer profes- 
sionals. Because it illustrates 
the extent to which com- 
puters pervade our culture 
and explains certain fun- 
damental principles as well, 
the book may be particularly 
appealing to anyone just 
discovering the world of 
computers. This may be the 
perfect opportunity to in- 
troduce your technophobic 
friends to the mysteries of the 
science. ■ 



BYTE's Bits 



IBM PC Products 
Database 

Sapana Micro Software is 
developing a database of 
hardware and software for 
the IBM Personal Computer. 
The listing will be divided in- 
to separate hardware and 
software sections, indexed by 
title and source, and include 
the product's name, config- 
uration required, available 
form, distribution details, 
and other pertinent data. 
Two monthly listings will be 
produced, one covering new 
additions to the market and 
the other listing products 
available to date. 

Interested parties develop- 
ing hardware and software 
for the IBM Personal Com- 
puter and individuals seeking 
such items are invited to con- 
tact Sapana Micro Software, 
POB 748, Quincy, IL 62301. ■ 



386 January 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 



Programming Quickies 



Another Binary to BCD 
Conversion Routine 



Pat Coghlan and George White 

Computer Science Department 

University of Ottawa 

Ottawa, Ontario KIN 9B4 Canada 



While trying to transport the multibyte binary to 
binary-coded-decimal (BCD) routine described by 
Michael McQuade in the February 1980 BYTE (page 106) 
to a 6502-based computer, we discovered that the 
flowchart on page 112 would not work. As given, this 
flowchart yields the proper results only if the value of the 
binary field is 0. Inspecting the last small loop of the 
flowchart will reveal the reason for this quirk. 

Suppose the BCD field is large compared to the binary 
field. The carry bit will be a upon entry to the loop. The 
least significant byte of the BCD field is then added to 
itself along with the carry (which is 0), and eventually the 
RETURN box is entered. Since the least significant byte is 
always added to itself, the resulting number will always 
be even. 

Having one too many loops in a routine is a common 
problem that, once identified, is easily fixed. In this case, 
two changes are necessary. The bit counter should be ini- 
tialized to 8 X D - 1 rather than 8 X D, and the final 
carry should be added to the BCD field without also add- 
ing the byte to itself. Figure 1 shows the repaired 
flowchart. Our version uses two subroutines to enhance 
the modularity and improve the understanding of the 
algorithm. Although we made this change at the expense 
of some run-time efficiency, we feel the trade-off is 
definitely worthwhile. 

Listing 1 is the conversion routine implemented in 6502 
assembly language. It has been tested on an Apple II but 
should work on any 6502-based machine, such as a 
KIM-1 or a PET. 

Finally, rotation of the entire binary field is not strictly 
necessary. A left shift of this field would do just as well. 
Implementing such an operation may best be done with 
several 9-bit rotations involving the carry bit.H 

Listing 1 is on pages 388-390 





( START J 








BCD'O 










X = (8* N)-l 




," 










ROTATE BINARY 
NUMBER 










ADD CARRY 
TO BCD 










ADD BCD TO 

ITSELF 










X = X-1 


N 


£/x = 


s 



YES 



ROTATE BINARY 
NUMBER 



ADD CARRY 
TO BCD 



f RETURN J 



Figure 1: Flowchart of the binary to binary-coded-decimal 
(BCD) routine given in listing 1. 



January 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 387 



Programming 

Listing 1: The 6502 ass 












embly -language implementation of the binary to binary-coded-decimal routine. Written on an Apple II, 


it can 


easily be modified to run on any 6502-based machine. 














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REPLACE BYTE 

Listing 1 continued on page 390 
January 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 389 





Programming Quickies. 



Listing 1 continued: 












9889- 


90 B2 


2i2 


h 


3CC RET 


i 


8332~ 


1 8 i- 6 


2 i 5 


$ 


BF'L FDD 




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RETi 


R 


13 




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BCNT 


90o2 


DCNT 


00-J-J 




BIN 


ti w...j (5 


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CFiL L 


08O0 




BFLD 


03 1 C 


DFLD 


0822: 


8NC0 


iJC'rZ '"' 




ZizRu 


FlC'-'<*+ 


Zc.Lt- 


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SETC 


053F, 




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FROF 


QS43 


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084C 




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5'riIF 


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&BF? 


FDD 


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RET i 


0334 



RE i URN Ir NO NORb UHRRYl 




Farewell to 
the Florida panther. 







• *?&■*&-&•'•&&■'■'••&&£&:&'• •'*.?:. •";.*•'• 'v'TK 














^^^^••;-:3^W 






rjv.'-.-..X5il»Cj>v.:- 



••*/■■: 



;r 



'■' -- .•■'.^.-••••■. ? o"" 



No one knows how many 
Florida panthers are still 
alive. Perhaps fewer than 
TOO. If these mountain 
lions die, another creature 
will be gone from the earth 
forever . . . the victim, first, 
of predator elimination pro- 
grams, and more recently, 
of ever-shrinking habitat. 
•■•.-.,.. But we don't have to bid fare- 

•"•-.: : ..' ''•'•-.-. well to the Florida panther, 
s... '''"' The National Wildlife Federation 
has awarded a grant to researchers 
*'^>* '••;, -to study the panther and its future . . . 
•'■'" aYid to draw up a plan for saving it. That's 

just one small example of how the National Wildlife 
Federation is working to save endangered species^ 
from extinction. You can be a part of the effort. 
Join the National Wildlife Federation, Department , 
108, 1412 16th Street, NW, Washington, DC 20036. ^ JW, 





390 January 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 



BYTE's Bugs 



Heuristic Tree Search Not Admissible 



A design error in the main program associated with Gregg 
Williams's article 'Tree Searching" ("Part 1, Basic Techniques," 
September 1981 BYTE, page 72 and "Part 2, Heuristic Tech- 
niques," October 1981 BYTE, page 195) resulted in a program that 
works but is theoretically incorrect. For a heuristic search to be 
admissible (i.e., finding an optimal solution), nodes of the search 
tree must be evaluated by the function: 

/(n) = g(n) + fa) 

An oversight on the part of the author resulted in the BASIC pro- 
gram in part 1, listing la (page 80), evaluating the above equation 
without the g(n) term. (The g(n) represents the estimate of the 
shortest path from the start node to the current node n. Since we 
are dealing with trees, which have only one such path to any 
node, the g(n) value is also a g(n) value, where g(n) is, theoretical- 
ly, the shortest path from the start node to node n.) 

Although the program still solves the puzzles given to it, the 
lack of admissibility does not guarantee a solution under all cir- 



cumstances, nor does it guarantee the shortest possible solution. 
The changes shown in the listing below, when added to listing la, 
correct the program to include the g(n) term. The format of a 
node stored in the string array 0$ is altered to be as follows: 

0$(3) = "001U12345. 786001" 
~*7 



I g value of node, 08 digits long 

row-major layout of board, R9*R9 digits long 

move code to get from parent to current node 

parent node number, 08 digits long 



In an unrelated item, it should be pointed out that the program 
can be expanded to deal with larger problems simply by expand- 
ing the dimensions of the O, 0$, and R$ arrays in line 100 of 
listing la. 

Finally, the author would like to thank Dr. Henry W. Davis, 
Associate Professor of Computer Science at Wright State Univer- 
sity (Dayton, Ohio), for pointing out this error. ■ 



Listing 1 
3LIST 244-245 

244 REM — B9 IS G-HAT VALUE FROM STRING O* 

245 69 = VAL < MID* (O* (Nl ) , H2, 08) ) 



3LIST 402-405 



402 REM — G-HAT VALUE OF SUCCESSOR — G9+1- 

403 REM IN Rl TO GIVE TRUE F-HAT VALUE 
405 Rl = (G9 + 1) + Rl 



IS ADDED TO H-HAT VALUE 



3LIST 9301-9303 



9301 REM — PUT G-HAT AT END OF STRING 

9302 N9 = Nl: GOSUB 9400: Z9* = Q*:N1 = G9 * 

9303 A*<A9) = Z9* + MID* <D*,S1,1) + F* + 



1: 
Q* 



GOSUB 9400:N1 



N9 



3 LI ST 9523 
952; 



REM PUT 'Q2*="< STARTING PATTERN >": GOTO 9535' HERE TO BYPASS INPU 

T OF PUZZLE EACH TIME PROGRAM IS RUN 

Listing 1 continued on page 392 



January 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 391 



BYTE's Bugs 



Listing 1 continued: 



DLIST 9551-9553 



9551 REM — ADD G-HAT VALUE TO END OF STRING 

9552 Nl = 1: GOSUB 9400: Z9* = Q* 

9553 Nl = OS GOSUB 9400:0*(1) = Z9* + "B" + Q2* 



+ Q*:N1 = 1 



DLIST 9576-9577 

9576 REM — H2=FIRST CHAR. OF 6-HAT VALUE WITHIN STRING O* 

9577 H2 = 08 + L2 + 2 



3LIST 9514-9615 



9614 REM — 04* IS BOARD IN STRING FORM 

9615 Q4* = MID* <A*(M1),H1 + 1,L2) 



; COMPARE TO GOAL STRING, Q3* 



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392 January 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 



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Circle 192 on inquiry card. 



Simulation of Simple Digital 

Logic through a 

Computer-Aided Design System 

Home-computer logic designers now can have 

a computer-aided design system comparable to professional 

systems in all aspects but speed. 



Computer-aided design is not 
something one normally considers for 
home use — professional CAD (com- 
puter-aided design) systems cost half 
a million dollars and require memory 
capacity measured in megabytes. But 
after my son outgrew his "150-in-l 
Electronics Experiments" kit, CAD 
seemed like the next logical step for a 
tinkerer on a budget. 

With the power of home computers 
approaching that of the large com- 
puters of past decades, CAD for hob- 
by applications has become feasible. 
One of the basic CAD programs suit- 
able for such implementation is a 
logic simulator, a software-based 
breadboard that allows simulation of 
a digital circuit with no investment in 
parts. 

A large portion of the code and 
storage requirements of a profes- 
sional logic simulator deals with so- 
phisticated processing to reduce run 
times and with the ability to handle 
chips containing 100,000 or more 
logic gates. With the availability of 



About the Author 

Robert M. McDermott is the manager of 
CAD Software Engineering at International 
Telephone and Telegraph's LSI Technology 
Center. He teaches computer science at Bridge- 
port Engineering Institute and has a B.E.E., an 
M.S. in computer science, and an M.S. in 
systems analysis. 



Robert McDermott 

33 Dora Circle 

Bridgeport, CT 06604 



"free" computer time at home, and 
the expectation that hobby designs 
would be small (fewer than 100 
gates), I felt that a logic simulator 
could be squeezed into a typical 
16K-byte computer. 

After completing the project, I was 
amazed to find that such a system 
could be programmed with fewer 
than 200 BASIC statements! My son 
can now experiment freely, satisfying 

Using a software-based 

"breadboard," you 

code a proposed design 

into the computer as 

an interconnection of 

various types of logic 

gates. 

his curiosity and expanding his 
understanding of logic design, and 
my budget is still intact. I believe the 
availability of this and other such 
CAD systems (circuit simulators, 
etc.) will assist experimenters as well 
as provide excellent and inexpensive 
teaching tools. As more designers use 
CAD, the availability of CAD at high 
school and college levels will in- 
crease, and students will receive im- 
portant exposure and experience in 
computer-aided design. The follow- 
ing discussion, flowchart, examples, 



and program listing are provided to 
foster expanded CAD use. 

Using a Logic Simulator 

You use a logic simulator in the 
same way that you use a hardware- 
based breadboard: you interconnect 
various logic gates to perform the 
proposed functions, apply power, 
and test the circuit by applying some 
input stimuli and observing the resul- 
tant output. 

If the output is as expected, you 
can implement the design in a final 
form (printed-circuit board, etc.). All 
too frequently, however, the output 
is not as expected, due to a basic flaw 
in the logic implementation, a 
mistake in the wiring, or a faulty gate 
on the breadboard. At this point, you 
must go through the time-consuming 
process of locating the problem and 
repeat the procedure. 

A software-based "breadboard," 
while used in the same way, has some 
significant advantages. You code the 
proposed design into the computer as 
an interconnection of the various 
logic gates (the number and types of 
gates available for use is limited only 
by the program's capabilities, not by 
the contents of your spare-parts col- 
lection). After all the devices are "in- 
terconnected" in software, you can 
instruct the simulator to supply a 
series of input stimuli to test and 



396 January 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 



Marcey Inc. 



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BYTE January 1983 397 



LOGIC DIAGRAM 



FULL ADDER 



CO- 3 



o^o- 



-O SUM 



to 






-O CARRY 



LOGIC DESCRIPTION TO SIMULATOR 



X, 1 , 2 , 

X, 3 , 4 , 

A , 1 , 3 , 

A , 1 , 2 , 

A, 2 , 3 , 

0, 6 , 7 , 8 

END 



. ,4, 

5, 
6 ■ 
. , 7 , 

. ■ 8 , 

■ ,9, 



INPUT STIMULI TIMING DIAGRAM 



1 (A) 



2 (B) 



3 (C) 



EXPECTED OUTPUT TIMING DIAGRAM 



5 (SUM) 



IJ \^7~\^ 



6 (CARRY) 



£n^o~ 






SIMULATOR OUTPUT (INPUT AND OUTPUT NODES) 
11111 11111 ;1 1 1 1 1 11111 11111 

! u i i mi m ' liiiiuiii 11111 

1 1 1 1 1 ;i i i i i |i i i i i i i i i i .... 

?? i i i i i i i i i i .... i i l ill l .. liil) liiinii 

??.... , 1 1 ill l . . .1. . 1 1 1 1 1 1 i l i l i i ill i 



Figure 1: Example application of the simulator. The user provides a coded description of 
the electronic circuit (a full adder, shown at top), as well as a coded description of the 
input stimuli desired (in this case, the eight possibilities provided by three binary digits). 
The simulator produces a list of the binary values at each input and output. The user 
can then compare the list with the expected response. (A ". " means logic 0, a "1" stands 
for logic 1, and a "?" means logic unknown.) 



verify the design; the complexity and 
interrelationship of the stimuli are not 
limited by the availability of signal 
generators and synchronous interface 
devices. The fact that the simulator is 
software based provides each de- 
signer with the equivalent of pro- 
grammable signal generators. The 
video display of this software bread- 
board also allows you to monitor as 



many signals as the screen will dis- 
play and so is comparable to a multi- 
trace oscilloscope or logic analyzer. 

The one major drawback of a soft- 
ware breadboard, however, is the 
lack of real-time response and diag- 
nosis (i.e., it is a logic simulator not 
an emulator). If it is accepted that the 
primary purpose of the system is 
validation of logical operation and if 



timing analysis can be postponed 
until after the logic is verified (a 
device that doesn't perform the 
desired logical function is useless), 
then the impact of this limitation is 
minimal. 

Figure 1 shows the use of a logic 
simulator for verifying the proper 
logical operation of a proposed 
design for a full adder. Each gate is 
coded as a five-input, two-output 
gate, with unused "pins" left blank. 
You assign each external stimulus a 
unique number (nodes 1, 2, and 3). 
The output of each gate is also as- 
signed a unique number (nodes 4 
through 9). The code for each gate 
follows the format: 

TYPE, INI, IN2, IN3, IN4, IN5, 

OUT, OUT- 
TYPE is the logic-gate type 
(A = AND, O = OR, X = Exclu- 
sive OR), INI through IN5 are the 
node numbers of the signals used as 
inputs to this gate, and OUT (or 
OUT-) is the unique number assigned 
to this node. (If an inverted gate is 
used, e.g., NAND, NOR, or XNOR, 
the node number is placed in the 
OUT- position.) The simulator will 
simultaneously exercise all gates so 
that the order in which the elements 
are entered is irrelevant. The end of 
the logic description is signaled by a 
dummy END element. 

The simulated circuit in figure 1 is 
tested by applying each of the eight 
possible input combinations (000, 
001, 010, . . . , 110, 111) and verify- 
ing that the SUM and CARRY signals 
(nodes 5 and 9) produce the outputs 
required (00, 01, 01, ... , 10, 11). 
The coding for scheduling input 
stimuli is of the format: 

NODE,INIT.VAL,INIT.TIME, 
CHG Tl, CHG T2, . . . , 
CHGT5 

NODE is the node number assigned 
to this stimuli, INIT.VALUE is the 
initial logic value to be assigned, 
INIT.TIME is the time to apply the 
initial value, and CHANGE Tl 
through CHANGE T5 are the times to 
"flip" the signal to its opposite value. 
(If more than five changes are re- 



398 January 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 



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quired, subsequent lines with this 
node number are entered.) The end of 
coding is signaled by a node. 

You then enter the signals to be 
monitored on the resulting timing 
diagram (nodes 1, 2, 3, 5, and 9), and 
simulation commences. 

An analysis of the output produced 
by the logic simulator reveals some 
interesting points. Notice that the 
outputs are in an unknown state (in- 
dicated by a question mark) until 
driven to a known state. This is one 
of the significant advantages of logic 
simulation over hardware bread- 
boarding. A good design should be 
insensitive to the initial, or power-up, 
state. In a mass production of a poor 
design, often some percentage of 
devices work, but not all. Usually, 
this is due to differing power-up or 
default conditions. 

An effective logic simulator models 
at least three states: 0, 1, and "un- 
known." In the simulator presented 
here, all nodes are set to the unknown 
state at the start of simulation and 
will appear in a known state only 



when driven unambiguously to that 
state. (For example, an OR gate will 
be driven to a logic 1 state when any 
input is a logic 1, independent of the 
other, possibly unknown, inputs; 
similar rules can be developed for 
other logic gates as well.) Also, the 
relative time delay for the circuit is 
shown because the SUM and CARRY 
signals do not change state until two 
gate times after the input is applied 
(corresponding to the two gate delays 
between the primary inputs and out- 
puts). 

The design produces the output 
you would expect from a full adder, 
so further analysis is not warranted. 
Had the output been illogical, inter- 
nal nodes could be monitored for 
debugging. 

Notice that you can do a complete 
design, verification, and analysis 
without physically building the cir- 
cuit. 

The Design of a Logic Simulator 

The operation of a logic simulator 
is similar to that of other time- 



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oriented simulations. In the game of 
Life, for example, each succeeding 
generation is determined by the pre- 
vious generation; typically, two ar- 
rays are maintained (old and new) 
and appropriate rules are applied to 
transform the old state into a new 
state. After the entire new state is 
generated, it becomes the old state 
and the next new state is generated. 

A logic simulator, using predefined 
logical-gate models, operates similar- 
ly by using the old state (current sig- 
nal values), applying the logical rules 
associated with the logic gates, and 
generating the new state (resultant 
signal values). The simulator departs 
from the Life-game analogy in the ac- 
ceptance of stimulations (changes in 
external signal values) during the 
simulation. 

The application of the logic rule is 
straightforward for each predefined 
logic element, particularly if Boolean 
functions are supported by the pro- 
gramming language. The difficulty in 
logic simulation is in deciding which 
signals are to be used for each in- 
dividual gate and managing signal 
propagation for signals that drive 
more than one logic gate. 

Fortunately, judicious use of in- 
direct addressing and implicit net-list 
coding simplifies this task consider- 
ably. (A net list is a representation of 
the interconnection of logic elements. 
An explicit net list is a specific list of 
each "wire" connecting the elements, 
as used in instructions for building 
kits; an implicit net list is a represen- 
tation from which an explicit net list 
can be deduced, as used when 
building kits from a schematic.) 

If each signal is given a unique 
number, and this same number is 
used regardless of where the signal 
fans out, this number can be used to 
"point" to the value associated with 
the signal in the old and new state ar- 
rays. When a signal is coded as an in- 
put to a gate, the value in the old state 
array is used; when the signal appears 
as an output, the resultant signal 
value is stored in the new state array. 
This structure also allows for easy 
transferring of new to old, in that 
there is a one-to-one correspondence 
between arrays. 

You can implement the addition of 



402 January 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 



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Listing 1: The Logic Simulator program written in BASIC for the TRS-80. The program 
has fewer than 200 lines and requires only 6K bytes of memory. The array space re- 
quired for most simulated circuitry is about 20 bytes per gate and 3 bytes per stimulus 
change. 



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DEFINT A-Z 
CLS 

PRINT "A BASIC LOGIC SIMULATION SYSTEM" 
R.MCDERMOTT 3/26/81 



****** DATA STRUCTURES ****** 
'MAXIMUM NODES 
'MAXIMUM EXTERNALS 
'LOGIC ELEMENT ARRAY 

'EXTERNAL STIMULI ARRAY 
•MONITOR SIGNAL ARRAY 
'OLD SIGNAL VALUE ARRAY 
'NEW SIGNAL VALUE ARRAY 
'TABLE LOOKUP FOR XOR GATE 



N9 = 100 




N8 = 30 




DIM L<7»N9) 




DIM E(7,N8) 




I DIM M ( 1 ) 




DIM 0(N9) 




! DIM N(N9) 




DIM X(6) 

| 9 






**** 


L0 = 




Ll = 3 




■ U * 1 




I(L0) = Ll 




I (Ll ) = LB 




I ( U ) = U 




X ( LB + L8 ) i 


■ L0 


X(LB + U) = 


U 


X(L0 + Ll) : 


= Ll 


X(L1 + U) = 


u 


X ( L 1 + L 1 ) i 


■ la 


S*(L0) ■" ". 




SS(Ll) = "1 




S* ( U ) = " ? 




F = 




E9 ■ 




P = 





VARIABLES USED ****** 

'INTERNAL REPRESENTATION OF LOGIC 
'INTERNAL REPRESENTATION OF LOGIC 1 
'INTERNAL REPRESENTATION OF LOGIC UNKNOWN 
'INVERT (COMPLEMENT) OF LOGIC 
'INVERT (COMPLEMENT) OF LOGIC 1 
'INVERT (COMPLEMENT) OF LOGIC UNKNOWN 
' TRUTH TABLE FOR XOR 



"SYMBOL PRINTED FOR LOGIC 
'SYMBOL PRINTED FOR LOGIC 1 
'SYMBOL PRINTED FOR LOGIC UNKNOWN 
'END OF PAGE FLAG 
'ERROR FLAG 
' CURRENT PRINT LINE 
'Nl = LAST ELEMENT, N2 
•N3 = HIGHEST NODE # 
'L* = ALPHA CODING OF LOGIC TYPES 
****** READ LOGIC CODING ****** 



LAST EXTERNAL 



PRINT 
I = I 
IF I 
INPUT L 
IF L* = 
GOSUB 1 
IF 1.(0? 
IF N3 > 
GOTO 41 



'FROM L(.j0) THRU L(.,N1) 
INPUT CIRCUIT DESCRIPTION" 

t 

N9 THEN GOTO I860 ' CHECK FOR ARRAY OVERFLOW 
.*»L(1, I),L<2, I),L(3, I),L(4> I),L(5, I ),L<6, I )-L(7- I ) 
= "END" THEN GOTO 490 'CHECK FOR END 
.770 'CHECK FOR VALID TYPE. PUT INTO L(0,I! 

I) ■ THEN GOSUB 1900 
- N9 THEN GOSUB 1880 



- 1 

' ****** READ IN EXTERNAL STIMULI ****** 



PRINT "INPUT CIRCUIT STIMULI" 

I = I + 1 

IF I > N8 THEN GOTO 1930 'CHECK FOR MEMORY OVERFLOW 

INPUT E(0, I ),EliE(2. I ) .E!3i I ) ,E(4, I ) , E ( 5 , I > , E(6. I ) , E(7i I ) 

'CHANGE INITIAL VALUE TO INTERNAL FORMAT 
E ( 1 , I ) - U 

IF El ■ THEN E(l: I! = L0 
IF El ■ 1 THEN E( 1, I ) = Ll 

IF E(B,I) <> THEN GOTO 540 'CHECK FOR END 

N2 =1-1 

' ****** READ IN MONITOR POINTS ****** 
PRINT "PLEASE ENTER POINTS TO BE DISPLAYED*" 
PRINT "(UP TO 10- TO END)" 
FOR I = 1 TO 10 
INPUT M! I ) 

I F M ( I ! = THEN GOTO 700 
NEXT I 

'ANY INPUT CHECKING WOULD GO HERE 

' ****** DONE WITH INPUT PROCESSING, STOP IF ERRORS ****** 
IF E9 <> THEN STOP 

' ****** INITIALIZE FOR SIMULATION (SET ALL NODES UNKNOWN) 
FOR 1=0 TO 100 
0(1) = U 'OLD VALUE ARRAY 



Listing 1 continued on page 406 



external stimuli during simulation by 
scheduling changes to occur at 
specific times during the simulation. 
The use of two arrays, old and new, 
implies a unit delay: each output 
from the old state array appears one 
cycle later as in the new state array. 
This unit of time is typically referred 
to as a gate time. If the simulator 
keeps track of the gate times, then the 
external stimuli can be applied (by 
putting its input value into the new 
array) just prior to the scheduled gate 
time for this change. Because unique 
numbers are used for each signal, 
each stimulus value will remain con- 
stant between changes. Hence, only 
scheduled changes need to be 
specified and stored: only a single 1 is 
stored for a signal that is con- 
tinuously high. 

The display of resultant logic 
values is trivial; the program needs 
only to look at selected signals in the 
new state array and convert the logic 
values stored there to human- 
readable form. With graphics avail- 
able on most microcomputers, the 
display can be made to look like an 
oscilloscope's output, a logic 
analyzer's output, or merely a truth 
table representation. 

A BASIC Logic Simulator 

Listing 1 and the flowchart in figure 
2, demonstrate the feasibility of im- 
plementing a logic simulator on a 
home computer. The program itself 
requires less than 6K bytes of mem- 
ory, and the array storage require- 
ment for a typical design using 100 
logic gates and 150 external stimuli 
changes is less than 3K bytes, so that 
a complete system is easily imple- 
mented in a TRS-80 with 16K bytes of 
memory. 

Listing 1 shows the array require- 
ments, followed by the internal 
values used for logic 0, 1, and 7 and 
their inverses. I made this particular 
choice of internal values (0, 3, and 1) 
to allow the use of the standard AND 
and OR functions (or MIN and MAX) 
while maintaining the proper inter- 
pretation and propagation of logic 
unknown states. In other words, for a 
two-input AND gate, if one input is 
logic unknown (internal value 1) and 
the other is a logic (internal value 



404 January 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 




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'NEW VALUE ARRAY 

****** MAIN LOOP FOR SIMULATION ****** 
' UPDATE ANY SCHEDULED STIMULI 
' MOVE NEW TO OLD 



PERFORM LOGIC FUNCTIONS 
PRINT OUT OLD ARRAY, FLAS END OF SCREEN 



Listing 1 continued. 

760 Nil) = U 

770 NEXT I 

7813 G = -J 

790 

S00 G = G + 1 

810 

820 GOSUB 1000 

830 

840 FOR I = 1 TO N3 

850 0(1 ) = N(I) 

860 NEXT I 

870 

880 GOSUB 1150 

890 

900 GOSUB 1510 

910 IF F <> 1 THEN GOTO 800 

920 'END OF SCREEN, WAIT FOR INPUT 

930 PRINT "CONTINUE ?(YES, NO, OR RESTART <Y,N,R>>" 

940 INPUT A* 

950 IF A* = "Y" THEN GOTO 800 

960 IF A* = "R" THEN GOTO 640 

970 STOP 

980 '****** SUBROUTINES ****** 

990 '****** UPDATE STIMULI ****** 

1000 FOR 1=0 TO N2 

1010 'CHECK SCHEDULED TIMES 

1020 FOR J = 2 TO 7 

1030 IF G <> E(J,I) THEN GOTO 1110 

1040 'GOT A MATCH ON TIME, GET SIGNAL NUMBER 

1050 X = E>0, I) 

1060 'FLIP OR INITIALIZE 

1070 XI = N(X) 

1 080 N ( X ) = I ( X 1 ) 

1090 'CHECK FOR INITIALIZE 

1100 IF J = 2 THEN N(X)=E<1,I> 

1110 NEXT J 

1120 NEXT I 

1130 RETURN 

1140 '****** PERFORM LOGIC FUNCTIONS ****** 

1150 FOR 1=0 TO MI 

1160 'DO AND, OR, OR XOR OPERATION 

117(5 0N t-<0,I) GOSUB 1210 ,1290 ,1370 

1180 GOSUB 1450 'STORE OUTPUTS 

1190 NEXT I 

1200 RETURN 

1210 Y = LI 'AND GATE 

1220 FOR J = 1 TO 5 

1230 X = Li J, I ) 

1240 IF X = THEN GOTO 1260 

1250 IF OCX) < Y THEN Y=0(X) 

1260 NEXT J 

1270 RETURN 

1280 ******* OR GATE ****** 

1290 Y = L0 

1300 FOR J =1 TO 5 

1310 X = L< J, I) 

1320 IF X = THEN GOTO 1340 

1330 IF 0(X) > Y THEN Y = 0(X) 

1340 NEXT J 

1350 RETURN 

1360 '****** XOR GATE ****** 

1370 Y = U 

1380 XI = L«l, I) 

1390 X2 = L(2, I ) 

1400 IF XI = THEN GOTO 1430 

1410 IF X2 = THEN GOTO 1430 

1420 Y = X(0(X1 ) + 0(X2) ) 

1430 RETURN 

1440 ' ****** STORE TRUE AND COMPLEMENT OUTPUTS ****** 

1450 X = L(6, I ) 

1460 N(X) = Y 

1 470 X = L ( 7 , I ) 

1480 N(X) = I (Y) 

1490 RETURN 

1500 ' ****** PRINT OUTPUTS ****** 

1510 IF P <> THEN GOTO 1620 'HEADER REQUIRED ? 

1520 'PRINT HEADER AND SIGNAL NUMBERS 

1530 CLS 

1540 PRINT 

1550 PRINT "TIME " ;G 

1560 PRINT "SIGNALS" Listing 1 continued on page 408 



406 January 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 




LfADE^iTOAlTORDEffilSCOUNTllI 



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Listing 1 continued: 



10 



157E FOR I = 1 TO 

15B0 X = Mil) 

1590 IF X <> THEN PRINT 3128+64*1 . X 

1600 NEXT I 

1610 'PRINT SIGNAL VALUES 

1620 PRINT 307 "CURRENT GATE TIME ";G; 

1630 FOR I == 1 TO 10 

1640 X = M(I) 

1650 IF X = THEN GOTO 1690 

1660 Y = 0«X> 

1670 PRINT ai2S+5+64*I+PiS*(Y) ; 

1630 NEXT I 

1690 'CHECK FOR END OF PAGE 

1700 F = 

1710 P = P + 1 

1720 IF F 

1730 P = 

1740 F « 1 

1750 RETURN 

1760 

1 770 L ( > I ) = 

17S0 IF L* = 

1790 IF L* * 

1S00 IF L* = 



59 THEN RETURN 



****** GET LOGIC TYPE ****** 



A" THEN L(0.I) - 1 
0" THEN L(8h I) = 2 
X" THEN L (0! I ) = 3 



'AND GATE 
'OR GATE 
' XOR GATE 



L( J. I) 



******* ERROR PROCESSING ****** 
TOO MANY LOGIC ELEMENTS < " S 1 5 " ) CHANGE N9 ( " ; N9 ! " ) " 



1810 FOR J = 1 TO 7 

1 820 IF L ( J ! I ) > N3 THEN N3 

1830 NEXT J 

1840 RETURN 

1850 

1860 PRINT ' 

1870 STOP 

1880 PRINT ' 

1890 RETURN 

1900 PRINT ' 

1910 1 = 1- 

1920 RETURN 

1930 PRINT ' 

1940 STOP 



NODE NUMBER INVALID ( 
INVALID LOGIC TYPE i" 



;N3;") RE-ENTER" 



L*; ' 



RE-ENTER." 



TOO MANY STTMUl 



( * ? I ! 



) CHANGE IMS 



: NR ; " i " 



0), the AND (or MIN) function ap- 
plied to these values will produce a 0, 
as expected; if a ? and a 1 (internal 1 
and 3) are combined by an AND or 
MIN function, an unknown is pro- 
duced. The inverse of the values 0, 3, 
and 1, however, is not equivalent to a 
NOT function, and explicit coding of 
the inverses is specified (the I array). 

Lines 390 through 680 provide the 
code for reading the logic description, 
external stimuli, and monitored 
signals from the keyboard into the L, 
E, and M arrays. (Note: to reduce 
recoding of a design, you could place 
the logic description and external 
stimuli in DATA statements and 
replace the INPUT statements with 
READ statements.) Elementary error 
checking (array overflow, invalid 
logic gates, etc.) is performed as the 
data is read in; additional checking 
(wired output gates, undefined in- 
puts, etc.) could be added to assist in 
debugging. 

If the simulator detects no errors, 
simulation commences; all nodes are 
initially set to a logic unknown at 



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408 January 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 



GEMINI- 

FOR PRINTER VALUE THAT'S 
OUT OF THIS WORLD 




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For more information, please call Bob Hazzard, Vice President, at (214) 631-8560. 

Circle 385 on inquiry card. 



c 



LOGIC SIMULATION 



5 



INITIALIZE 



READ LOGIC 
DESCRIPTION 
CODING INTO 
L ARRAY 



READ EXTERNAL 
STIMULI CODING 
INTO E ARRAY 



READ SIGNALS TO 
BE MONITORED 
INTO M ARRAY 



INITIALIZE ALL 
OUTPUTS TO 
LOGIC UNKNOWN 



INCREMENT GATE 
TIME AND UPDATE 
SCHEDULED STIMULI 



MOVE NEW VALUES 
INTO OLD ARRAY 



SIMULATE ALL GATES 
(INPUTS = OLD, 
NEW=OUTPUTS) 



PRINT LOGIC 
VALUES (OLD) 
TO SCREEN 




Figure 2: Flowchart of the Logic Simulator 
program. The simplicity of this diagram 
should lend encouragement to those in- 
terested in simulating digital logic cir- 
cuitry. The implementation of this pro- 
gram in a high-level language (see listing 
1) can be quite short. 



lines 730 through 760. The external 
stimuli array (E) is then searched (see 
line 990) for a scheduled initial value 
or change and scheduled inputs are 
placed in the new value array (N) in 
preparation for the new to old trans- 
fer. The logic values currently stored 
in the old array (prior to the actual 
gate simulations) are printed to the 
TRS-80 screen; use of the PRINT @ 
command allows the values to be 
printed across the screen in a method 
similar to that produced by a logic 
analyzer. 

Each logic gate is then simulated, 
using the logic values in the old array 
(pointed to by the node numbers) as 
inputs. The ON. . .GOSUB com- 
mand at line 1160 branches to the ap- 
propriate logical function routine. 
These functions each put the resultant 
(true) output in variable Y, and lines 
1470 through 1510 store Y and its 
complement I(Y) in the new array as 
pointed to by the true and comple- 
ment output node numbers (an un- 
used output, node 0, merely causes 
the unused zeroth array location to be 
overwritten). 

The AND and OR routines are im- 
plemented as MIN and MAX func- 
tions for demonstration purposes, 
although the logical AND and OR 
functions could have been used. The 
Exclusive OR routine uses a form of 
"table lookup": the sum of the inputs 
points to the appropriate logic output 
(array X). 

After simulating all gates, the pro- 
gram loops back to process the next 
time interval, getting scheduled 
stimuli, printing values, and simulat- 
ing gates. After filling the screen, the 
program prompts for a user input 
before continuing. 

Note that this fixed time delay be- 
tween input and output provides for 
an apparent "simultaneous" simula- 
tion of all gates and also allows for 
the simulation of sequential devices 
(flip-flops, counters, etc.) as well. 
Figure 3 shows a design of a JK flip- 
flop using a combination of NAND 
and inverter gates with feedback. The 
NAND gates are coded as AND gates 
with inverted outputs; the inverter is 
coded as a single input NAND. The 
output demonstrates the simulator's 
ability to accurately model sequential 



devices such as cross-coupled gates 
used as latches; as such, this simula- 
tor is capable of modeling any digital 
system, subject only to the restraints 
of the memory available for array 
storage. Variables N8 and N9 can be 
changed to customize the program for 
added elements or stimuli. 

Advanced Simulation Techniques 

The Logic Simulator program in 
listing 1 is provided for demonstra- 
tion and use for relatively simple 
designs. It can be greatly enhanced in 
a few key areas: higher-level models, 
improved speed, and flexible output. 

Higher-level models: Certain 
medium- and large-scale integration 
logic devices have become as stan- 
dard as basic small-scale integration 
logic gates, specifically D and JK flip- 
flops, 4-bit counters, etc. A simulator 
intended for practical applications 
should contain these elements as pre- 
defined logical blocks. If you want to 
simulate tri-state devices, a fourth 
logic state (high-impedance) must 
also be added and models for trans- 
mission gates and buses provided. 

Improved speed: Obviously, a 
compiled version of the program will 
run significantly faster; but even if a 
compiler is not available, significant 
speed improvements can be realized 
using the principle of selective trace. 
Selective trace is premised on the 
observation that a gate's output will 
not change state unless at least one of 
its inputs changes. A coarse implemen- 
tation of this concept could be added 
directly to the Logic Simulator pro- 
gram by setting a flag if, while chang- 
ing the new array to the old array, 
you notice that any signal changes 
value. Simulation of all the gates 
could be performed only if this flag is 
set. 

The decrease in time to perform 
simulation will be dependent upon 
the relative activity in the circuit, but 
decreases of as much as 50 percent 
could be realized for typical designs. 
A complete implementation of the 
selective-trace concept could reduce 
run times by an order of magnitude; 
but this method requires that a drive 
table or fan-out list be maintained for 
each node. When the node changes 
state, the elements driven by this 



410 January 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 






TRACK 

THE SPACE SHUTTLE 

ON AN APPLE? 

YES. WITH MICROSPEED! 



At the Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, NASA 
scientists have discovered the power of MicroSPEED. 
Using this remarkable hardware/software system with 
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during the second Shuttle mission. This enabled the 
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time, and to precisely control its powerful sensors at 
critical points along the flight path. 
Surprised that such a demanding project is possible 
on the Apple? So were JPL's engineers, and many 
others who have discovered . . . 



THE MICROSPEED DIFFERENCE This extraordinary 
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the IBM Personal Computer). MicroSPEED literally 
combines the performance of a minicomputer with an 



exhaustive set of user-friendly capabilities: hardware 
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refining your increasingly powerful system. 




DEMANDING JOBS AT LOW COST MicroSPEED 
has been put to the test in fields as diverse as medicine, 
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"If you plan to use a personal computer for any 
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Sam Cottrell, President of Applied Analytics. 



MicroSPEED requires the Apple Computer with single disk. Micro- 
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Applied Analytics Incorporated 
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Upper Marlboro. Maryland 20772 

Please send me: 

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™l 



(301) 420-0700 



.160 Page Manual, $15.00 
.Detailed Information 



Name: 

Company: 
Address: _ 
City 




Circle 33 on inquiry card. 



What 
business does 
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this publication and The Ad Council. 
© 1980 The Advertising Council, Inc. 



LOGIC DIAGRAM JK FLIP-FLOP 



SET O 



JO 



KO 



CLK C> 
CLEAR G> 




A 

A 
A 
A 
A 
A 
A 
A 
A 
END 



1 
2 

3 
3 

13 
14 
0, 



1 1 , 

3 , 

4 , 
6 , 
6 , 

12 , 
8, 

9 , 

3 , 



1 , 

2 , 
7 , 
5 , 

1 2 , 

7 , 

1 1 , 

10, 



, 
0, 
, 
30 , 
0, 
0, 



1 (J) 



2 (K) 



3 (CLK) 



13 (SET) 



14 (CLEAR) 



10 (Q) 



11 (Q) 



1 
2 

3 

13 

14 

10 

11 



*< C>a 



Oo 



18 

27 

5 

35 

35 

5 



52 
48 . 
10 
40 
38 
999 



LOGIC DESCRIPTION TO SIMULATOR 



4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

1 

1 1 

12 



INPUT STIMULI CODING 

999,999,999 
99 9,999,999 

15 , 20 , 25 

45 , 50, 55 
999,999,999 
999 , 999 , 999 



INPUT STIMULI TIMING DIAGRAM 



1_ 




EXPECTED OUTPUT TIMING DIAGRAM 



CJ 



x\ cr^\u ^ 



SIMULATOR OUTPUT (INPUT AND OUTPUT NODES) 



............. .\ . .\\\\\\\\\\ 

.... I .... | ..... 1 

. . . . il 11 1 1 . . . . II 1 1 1 j . . . . j 1 1 

i ii i li mi u 1 1 li 1 1 1 i 1 1 inn 
.... i u i u u 1 1 1 1 1 u i 1 1 ui 1 1 
??? 1 .... 1 ....[.. niii 



i i i n l i 1 1 > i i 1 1 i i i 1 1 i 1 1 1 . | . . . . I . . 1 1 i 1 1 



i i i i i i i i i i i i | i l i l i i i n i i . . . 
n i i i i i i n i i i i i i i i i i . . I ... . 
ill ... .iiiiij .... iliul ... . 
in l u u . .llliuilllllluil 
u tin l j 1 1 1 ii 1 1 i lji in in 1 1 
ii i in . J in 1 1 in . 1 ....[.. 1 1 



I 



1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 . 



Figure 3: Simulation of the logic of a ]K flip-flop. The design uses simple NAND and in- 
verter gates and is presented to the simulator in the same way as in figure 1. The success 
of this model demonstrates the simulator's accuracy with sequential systems. (Cross- 
coupled gates used as latches present no problem.) 



412 January 1983 © BYTE Publication! Inc 



The Software Machine 

Powerful Fast Responsive 



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that's what your data management software should 
deliver too. The new FMS-80 Version 3 gives you 
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FMS makes getting your information out easy too. 
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choice for data management applications. FMS can 
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303 S. Broadway • Tarrytown, N.Y. 10591 
(914) 631-6766 • Telex 646792 DJR NTAR 



Circle 150 on inquiry card. 



BYTE January 1983 413 



SIGNALS 

ENA 
RES 

CIK 

Ql 

Q2 

Q3 

Q4 



11 1111 in 11 li in nni mi n in in mi h 

urn. liiiiiiiiii liuiuiiiii in ii liiui mil H 

.1.1.1.1.1.1.1.1.1.1.1.1.1.1.1.1.1.1.1.1.1.1.1.1 



????? 11. . 11. .11. .11 . .11. .11 . . 11 . .11 

????? 1 1 1 1 .... 1 1 1 1 .... 1 1 1 1 .... 1 1 1 1 . 

????? Ill 11 111 11111111. 

????? 111111111 1111111 . 



11.1 
..111 



11111111 
11111111 

1.1.1.1. 
. .11 . .11 
. . . .1111 
11111111 



Figure 4: Example of a modified output format. In this listing, the simulator printed the 
output values from a counter every 10 gate times. 



node are flagged, and only flagged 
elements are simulated on the next 
pass. (The overhead for this marking 
and tracing can offset the time gain 
for small circuits, but larger designs 
[with more than 50 elements] will 
show significant gains.) 

Flexible output: The format of the 
output can be modified to provide a 
sweep control, similar to the sweep 
control on an oscilloscope, which 
selects from a range. A global view of 
the proper operation of the design can 
best be accomplished by sampling the 
outputs at periodic intervals instead 
of producing an output at each gate 



time. Figure 4 shows the output of a 
counter circuit sampled every 10 gate 
times, at half the clock (node 1) fre- 
quency, producing the traditional dis- 
play of the logical operation of a 4-bit 
counter stepping through its 16 states 
(nodes 10 through 13 are the outputs 
of each stage of the counter). 

With a system incorporating the 
above enhancements, plus a few cos- 
metic changes (named signals rather 
than numbers, stored output, and 
hard copy), a logic designer would 
have a system comparable to those 
used at professional design centers, 
albeit slower than most; but time is 



usually not a critical factor for per- 
sonal computer users. The savings in 
time compared to the time that would 
be spent building and debugging a 
hardware breadboard far outweigh 
the time required to perform the 
simulation (typically a few minutes 
for a circuit of 50 nodes and 1000 gate 
times). 

A student can get the hands-on ex- 
perience required for an understand- 
ing of the operation of digital gates 
and devices through this program. 
My 10-year-old son now has a 
thorough comprehension of the func- 
tion of the basic logic gates and is 
beginning to get a feel for the concept 
of sequential devices. ■ 



Logic Simulator Program 

The author plans to make available 
to interested experimenters copies of 
the program presented here, as well as 
an advanced version. The price is $20. 
Please respond to: 

Robert M. McDermott 

33 Dora Circle 

Bridgeport, CT 06604 



Super Specials 

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414 January 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 



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ted in the X, Y and Z axes 
may then be joined with 
line segments to create a 
wireframe drawing with 
three-dimensional per- 
spective. 3-D models can 
be created by tracing a physical object or an imagi- 
nary shape. Here's where the possibilities really 
begin . . . 

Interactive manipulation means total flexi- 
bility. The Space Tablet's software packages allow 
interactive manipulation and editing of points in all 
three dimensions. 77li$ capability is unique in computer 
graphics. Space Graphics "' software for the IBM Per- 
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in 3-space. 3-D models can be scaled, rotated and 

IBM Personal Computer Minimal Configuration: 128K, game paddle adapter. 

color/ graphics adapter. 

Apple II microcomputer minimal configuration: b4K. DOS 3.3. 




moved about any axis. New models can be composed 
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With either system, it's remarkably easy to try all 
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We've priced the Space Tablet systems well within 
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Apple and Apple 11* Apple Computer. Inc. IBM Personal Computer " IBM Corp. 



User's Column 



Burnouts, Bargains, 
and Two Sleek Portables 



The tireless industry critic mourns Ezekial and seeks 

comfort from the exquisite Adelle, 

who happens to be an Otrona Attache. 



I've been away from my desk for a 
month, and things are piled higher 
than you can believe. As a conse- 
quence, this column is going to be a 
bit disorganized (try total mishmash), 
and I hope you'll all forgive me. 

I'm a bit upset anyway. Poor old 
Ezekial, my friend who happens to be 
a Cromemco Z-2, is stacked in the 
other room, waiting for Nor Singh to 
take him over to Tony Pietsch's shop 
for a complete overhaul. While I was 
gone, John Carr, our long-suffering 
associate editor here at Chaos Manor, 
was working on Space Viking's 
Return when Zeke, with no warning 
at all, simply died. Fortunately, John 
has been trained to save the text early 
and often, and little was lost. 

I suppose I shouldn't be surprised. 
Several million words went through 
Zeke. He was running constantly 18 
hours a day for nearly five years, and 
in all that time he wasn't out of ser- 



Jerry Pournelle 

c/o BYTE Publications 

POB 372 

Hancock, NH 03449 



vice for more than a week. Moreover, 
from the description of the prob- 
lem — he keeps blowing fuses — it may 
be no more than a blown capacitor in 
the power supply. Tony is pretty sure 
he can get Zeke fixed — when he gets 
time. 

What happens to 

software when your 

computer dies? ... If 

it's legal for you to lend 

my books to a friend, 

why can't my 

computers lend 

programs to each other? 



But time is very much a problem. 
Tony is doing version 1.7 of WRITE 
(Writers' Really Incredible Text 
Editor) for Ashton-Tate, and he has 



also put together my new Compupro 
that will have memory-mapped video 
and the new super-nifty keyboards. I 
wonder if Zeke, hearing about the 
new writing machine, simply went 
away like my old black cat did when 
the kids brought home a kitten? But 
that's ridiculous. 

Anyway, I'm writing this on The 
Golem, my big Warp Drive Compu- 
pro 8085/8088, using the Televideo 
950 terminal, and while it's infinitely 
easier than using a typewriter or a 
cheap machine, it's also the first time 
in five years I've done major work 
without Zeke. 

Of course, there have been excep- 
tions. We took the Otrona Attache to 
Europe, and I had a Kaypro II in 
Chicago; more on those later. 

Good Grief, Zeke Can't Die! 

That is: not only is Ezekial my 
friend, and practically a trademark 



418 January 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 



Deciding Which Computer to Buy 



Of the 1 .9 million people who bought small computers last 
year, over 20,000 of them bought the wrong computer for 
their needs. And no wonder. New products are introduced 
into the market at a breathtaking pace. The language 
question. The terminology problem -RAMs, ROMs, bits, 
bytes, bauds, protocols and processors. What's important? 
What's standard and what's optional? Even the dealers are 
confused. 

To help you tackle this problem, we pulled together many of 
our sources -including leading experts in the field, 
manufacturers, marketing analysts, computer dealers and 
customers. In addition, we utilized computer user groups, 
clubs and associations throughout the United States, contacts 
in Japan and numerous industry and business publications. 
COMPUTER GUIDE 1960 is the natural result of learning from 
the knowledge and mistakes of more than one million 
people. 

The following steps will help you with your computer 
shopping -whether you're buying your first computer, or 
updating the one you have COMPUTER GUIDE 1983 can 
help you make the right decision. 

1 . What is the computer to be used for? 

You may want to use it for entertainment, financial planning, 
learning how to speak a foreign language, office work, 
drawing and many other tasks a computer does well. The 
possible uses of a computer are as varied as human activities. 

2. Which program will do the best job? 

There are thousands of application programs on the market 
to consider. It is the program that gives you the power to 
control the actions of the computer. You must choose the right 
application program. 

The first section of COMPUTER GUIDE 1 983 surveys each of the 
application programs available with computers today. 
Similar programs are grouped together and compared -one 
against another. COMPUTER GUIDE 1 983 contains over 2,000 
application programs, grouped in over 100 categories 
-including programs for accounting, management, 
professional uses, word processing, graphics, research, 
games, learning and special applications. Programs are 
described using comparison charts -listing for each 
application program: the program name, computer(s) and 
system configuration(s) required, the documentation 
available and the price. 

COMPUTER GUIDE 1983 provides you with a quick and 
efficient way of deciding which application program and 
which computer and options for that computer can do the 
right job for you. 

3. The language? 

You cannot get a computer to do anything useful unless you 
know how to talk to it. This is no easy task. Dut, COMPUTER 
GUIDE 1983 can help. 

The second section of COMPUTER GUIDE 1983 guides you in 
selecting the right language. Different dialects of languages 
are grouped in their generic category. The BASIC language, 
for example, is a generic name and has many dialects 
-including Microsoft Basic, Atari Basic, Basic Plus and Basic-80. 



COMPUTER GUIDE and CESS are trademarks of Computer & Electronic Supply 
Services. P.O. Dox 345. MIT Branch P.O. Cambridge, MA 02139. 



Each of these languages have their own machine 
requirements. COMPUTER GUIDE 1983 provides the name, 
machine and machine requirements, documentation and 
price of over 500 dialects, for over 50 languages. COMPUTER 
GUIDE 1983 helps you solve the language problem. 

4. What about the machine? 

Depending on your needs, there will probably be several 
computers still in the running. Now the decision is based on 
the guts of the machines (hardware). COMPUTER GUIDE 1 983 
compares machine characteristics in an easy to follow 
format. You don't have to be an electrical engineer to make 
an intelligent decision. 

The solution is to work top down and not to go any further 
down than is needed Your uses for the computer determines 
which machine characteristics are important. COMPUTER 
GUIDE 1983 divides the machine into five areas -the 
keyboard, video display, printer, other peripherals and I/O, 
processor and memory and direct access storage. These five 
areas correspond to your basic machine needs. For example, 
an accountant needs a keyboard with a numeric keypad; 
word processing requires a printer; games utilize a video 
display; a mathematician wants a very fast machine; lots of 
memory is best when using the LISP language; and so on, as 
the hardware combines with the application program to 
develop a complete computer system. 

COMPUTER GUIDE 1983 contains machine descriptions for 
over 250 computer systems, produced by over 150 
manufacturers. Information is displayed in spreadsheets 
-allowing you to get the information you need. You don't 
hove to bother with extraneous details and cumbersome 
text. COMPUTER GUIDE 1983 can accommodate millions of 
people in making the right decision, as varied as those 
decisions will be. 

5. Where to buy the chosen computer system. 

COMPUTER GUIDE 1983 lists hundreds of vendors, by 
geographical location, and by the products they sell. It also 
provides additional consumer information. The first ship date, 
the ship rate, the number installed to date, prices and what 
that includes, purchasing terms and warranties. COMPUTER 
GUIDE 1983 contains the names, addresses and phone 
numbers of hundreds of manufacturers, dealers and stores 
throughout the United States. 



No one wins when you buy the wrong computer or computer 
product. Moke the right decision. Use COMPUTER GUIDE 
1983. 



Send me COMPUTER GUIDE 1983 

The complete computer buyer's guide. 

I'm enclosing my check for $32. 75 plus $1.50 for shipping. 
(Mass. residents add 5% sales tax.) 



Mail to: 



Name^ 



CESS 

P.O. Box 345, MIT Branch P.O. 
Cambridge, MA 02139 
(617)491-8925 



Address_ 



City, State and Zip_ 



Please allow six to eight weeks for delivery. 



Circle 89 on Inquiry card. 



BYTE January I'M 419 



(he gets nearly as much mail as I do), 
but there's the legal problem. 

Consider: I have a ton of software 
running on Zeke. In theory it is 
licensed for "a single computer sys- 
tem." If Zeke is gone, have I any right 
to the software? I suppose I should 
buy it all anew or pay a license 
transfer fee. Perhaps, though, if Zeke 
is still connected to the "system" — 
that is, there he sits, connected into a 
single "system net" so that I have met 
the legal requirements — must he be 
alive? Can a dead computer be part of 
"a single computer system"? 



Obviously I'm not serious. Or am 
I? Because somewhere along the line 
we've got to come up with answers to 
some questions. What does happen to 
software when your computer dies? If 
you sell the machine, who gets the 
software? And the solution has to be 
realistic; I suspect that even those 
who rail loudest against computer 
pirates have not actually paid twice 
for their BASIC (or even transferred 
the license) after they upgraded from 
a beginner's machine to something 
larger. 

As for me, I've come to a decision: 



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some of the user-threatening licensing 
agreements I simply will not sign; and 
I urge all of you to do likewise. As an 
author I'm hardly going to quarrel 
with the idea that programmers and 
their publishers need protection from 
pirates; but some of them try for too 
much, and end with imbecile notions. 
If it's legal for you to lend (or even 
give, if you don't copy them) my 
books to a friend, why can't my com- 
puters lend programs to each other? 

Ada Now and Always 

The chaps at RR Software continue 
to produce upgrades and updates to 
the Janus/Ada package. Two revi- 
sions appeared while I was in Europe. 
RR also has an excellent upgrade 
policy for its early customers. 

Randall Brukardt of RR sent me his 
latest upgrade with a mild complaint: 
my lament about the high cost of 
manuals is misguided. He says, "I am 
afraid that $30 is about the minimum 
one can charge for a decent-sized 
manual. Ours now cost $10 to print, 
gather, and bind (in quantity 500 — 
you don't dare print more manuals 
than you can use in a year or so). 
Shipping costs $2. Record keeping, 
advertising, and other overhead eat 
up more. And on top of that is the 
markdown we must give distrib- 
utors. ..." 

Randall isn't the only one who has 
that complaint, so perhaps I'd better 
make my point a bit clearer: I didn't 
say that one shouldn't charge that 
high a price for a manual, I said that 
most manuals I have seen are not 
worth that much. 

I don't care what it costs to produce 
the manual; what it is worth is deter- 
mined by what's in it, and that's 
usually pretty poor. I fear that Ran- 
dall is confusing effort with work, 
which is a pretty common mistake 
with programmers, authors, and 
many others. You've heard it before: 
"It took me six months to write that. 
Don't I deserve a decent price for it?" 
And of course the answer is, "Not 
necessarily." 

I'm also pleased to report that as 
far as I can determine, RR Software 
does not confuse effort with work. As 
I said above, it has an excellent record 
of seeing that its customers get needed 



420 January 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 



updates and revisions at reasonable 
costs, and every edition of its 
manuals has been an improvement. 
The latest is better organized than the 
first, and has lots of examples. 

If this sounds vague, it's because 
we still have no Ada experts here at 
Chaos Manor. However, Alex just 
got through talking with Randall 
Brukardt, and help is on the way. It 
seems RR has a Pascal-to-Ada trans- 
lator. Alex is going to use that on his 
Pascal introduction programs, then 
with the help of some Ada con- 
sultants write new programs that il- 
lustrate Ada's unique features. When 
he's done, he'll have an introductory 
tutorial to accompany the best Ada 
textbook we can find (which at the 
moment is still I. Pyle's The Ada Pro- 
gramming Language, Prentice-Hall, 
1981), and Workman can add it to its 
best-selling Pascal introductory pack- 
age. That plus the RR Software 
Janus /Ada compiler should be more 
than enough to teach Ada to anyone 
seriously interested; and as I said in 
the July 1982 column, learning Ada is 
one excellent way to guarantee your- 
self a reasonable job in the future. 

I can say this with some con- 
fidence, because people whose opin- 
ions I respect and who are quite 
familiar with the RR Janus/Ada com- 
piler are highly impressed with it. 

However, fair warning. Some 
other so-called Ada compilers for 
microcomputers are so limited as to 
be crippled. What's the point of learn- 
ing a strongly typed language with 
severe limits on the data types you 
can use? Janus/Ada, though, is a very 
healthy subset of the real thing. 

Are My Old Columns 
Really Worth It? 

Alas, Randall's lament about the 
cost of producing manuals is not so 
wide of the mark. Barry Workman 
tells me that to do a loose-leaf version 
of "Pournelle on Computers" 
wouldn't be cheap, and if they're to 
go to bookstores and such, the dis- 
counts make things worse. 

My problem is simple: Is a collec- 
tion of my ramblings, most previous- 
ly printed in one or another maga- 
zine, worth the 20 bucks Barry thinks 
he'll have to charge? Now true: com- 



mercial publishers would put out the 
book for less. The problem with that 
is obvious: they'd save by printing a 
lot of them, which, while more profit- 
able for me, practically guarantees 
that much of what would be in the 
book would be obsolete before all the 
copies were sold. The idea of loose- 
leaf was to allow revisions as things 
change. 

As of now we're still pondering 
that dilemma. 

C ommunications 

According to the inquiries Barry 



Workman gets, the world is waiting 
for a good microcomputer communi- 
cations system useful to beginners; 
something that starts by explaining 
what a modem is and how you might 
install one, and goes on to tell how to 
use it. 

The problem isn't simple and can 
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A good public-domain program for 
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XMODEM, it's written by Ward 
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January 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 421 



problem: a lot of beginners aren't able 
to get it running. I've had problems 
with its documents myself, and unless 
you know something about the inter- 
nal architecture of your computer, it's 
nearly impossible to get Modem 7 
tailored to your system's needs. 

Christensen, as is his ethical right, 
isn't interested in having someone 
rework the instructions for beginners 
and then sell the program; and so far 
(as I write this, anyway) no one 
wants to do it for nothing, because 
each kind of hardware you'd want to 
install it on needs a different set of in- 
structions (or at least some changes in 



the old), and there'd also be lots of 
telephone time spent answering ques- 
tions. 

Of course, anyone has the legal 
right to repackage the program and 
sell it for anything they want to, and I 
have horror stories of one firm that 
sold Christensen's public-domain 
program to the federal government. It 
sold some 20 copies at several hun- 
dred dollars each (no discount for 
quantity purchase). A couple of other 
commercially advertised programs 
are also clearly based on Chris- 
tensen's work. Some have decent 
documentation. 



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hmxhtif* mametta 



Some years ago, Larry Hughes 
wrote a program called LINK. It's 
available for $8 on Disk 19 of the 
CP/M Users Group. It is now mar- 
keted under various names. I suppose 
that some of those selling it have 
made improvements, but I'm not cer- 
tain. LINK was somewhat limited, so 
Larry wrote a new program called 
CLINK, which he marketed for a 
while. That one is also available, with 
a few modifications, from several 
companies, at least one of which 
advertises heavily. 

The most painless method I know 
for getting communications is to buy 
Larry Hughes' MITE from Mycroft 
Labs. Hughes has been around micro- 
computers, including CP/M systems, 
for a long time. MITE is a very good 
menu-driven program that will let 
you send and receive files, link to 
communications nets such as Compu- 
Serve and The Source, and in general 
do the communications most people 
would like to do. 

MITE does a few things that 
Modem 7 doesn't do. It lets you get 
binary (COM) files off other systems 
that don't speak Modem 7, for in- 
stance. It's also much easier for begin- 
ners to get MITE running and to 
operate it after it is running; and 
Mycroft Labs will assist with prob- 
lems. 

MITE's documentation could be 
improved, but it's still about the best 
I've seen, because its purpose isn't to 
teach you to install MITE, but to 
show you how to use it, and it does 
that quite well. MITE will let you talk 
with most university stations; various 
online CP/M systems, including 
those running Ward Christensen 
Computerized Bulletin Board Sys- 
tems; XMODEM protocols; etc. 
MITE is compatible with TRS-80 
systems running Modem-80 through 
a conversion program that converts 
TRS-80 text files into CP/M format. 

You can get MITE preinstalled for 
many systems, including Xerox 820, 
Televideo TS801, S-100 with PMMI 
(Potomac Micro-Magic Inc.) modem 
or Hayes Micromodem, Apple II with 
Z80 Softcard and Hayes Micro- 
modem II, and Zenith Z-89. You can 
also get it "uninstalled" and write a 
communications input/output sys- 



422 January 1983 © BYTE Publications lnc 



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tern. If you're up to doing that, 
however, you may not need MITE 
since one or another of the public- 
domain systems could be adequate. 
Those who don't know a lot about 
computer communications, though, 
ought to write Mycroft Labs and find 
out if there's a version available for 
their system. It's by far the simplest 
way to get in touch with the elec- 
tronic world. 

There are good reasons for getting 
communications, because there's so 
much cheap — and even free — infor- 
mation available out there in micro- 



computer land. You only have to 
know how to get it. 

Knowledgeable Promises 

It doesn't happen often, but 
sometimes people send me stuff that I 
feel guilty about not reviewing. One 
such package is from Knowlogy. It's 
been sitting on the "Urgent" shelf for 
a solid year now. Usually, anything 
that handsome would have been 
chosen as a project by one of the 
troops, but somehow it just didn't 
happen. Maybe the terminally cute 
name "Knowlogy" scared them off. 




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Aside from the name, though, 
Knowlogy 's package is a class act, 
with some of the most readable 
documentation I've yet seen in this 
business. 

What Knowlogy sells is a Unix-like 
shell for CP/M. It's called Unica, and 
it is supposed to let you use Unix-like 
commands (some directly from Unix) 
in operating your microcomputer. 

Probably the most desirable feature 
of Unix is that everything is a file. 
You can direct the output of one pro- 
cess to be the input of another, using 
imaginary "pipes" to conduct the in- 
formation. 

Knowlogy 's Unica preserves this. It 
also has wildcards (ambiguous file 
names, such as "JA*.*", which will 
get every file beginning with the let- 
ters "JA"), announcements and 
verifications, and such like. Programs 
within the Unica system include file 
comparators, concatenation, copy, 
disk map, ways to link files, pattern 
searches, and more. Each is well 
documented. 



Unica lets you use 
Unix-like commands 
on a microcomputer. 

Knowlogy's other product is 
Unica/XM-80, which is a structured 
approach to assembly-language pro- 
gramming. To quote from the 
documentation, "Software synthesis 
is a methodology which encourages 
the programmer to design each soft- 
ware module in such a way that it can 
be used in more than one program. 
Unica/XM-80 is a programming lan- 
guage which incorporates software 
synthesis constructs into the Z80 
assembly language." 

All of Knowlogy's documents are 
written that way: a bit too polysyl- 
labic, but clear, reasonably precise, 
and in good English. The claim that 
Unica/XM-80 is a "language" is a bit 
strong. From its own documents, it is 
a preassembler able to translate a 
number of shorthand notational 
devices, expand macro instructions, 
and incorporate previously written 
routines. 

This is not a full review of 



424 January 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 



Circle 421 on Inquiry card. 



SUPER MICRO COMPUTERS 

from $1,995.00 




CI-MWS03-SB — LSI 11/2 computer workstation. 
LSI 11/2 CPU, 64KB Memory, power supply, KEV 11, 
in 16 slot rack mountable chassis. 2 port serial I/O. 
CRT terminal. 1 mega byte floppy disk system. Desk- 
top workstation $7,295.00 

CI-MWS23-MB — LSI 11/23 computer work- 
station. LSI 11/23 CPU, MMU, 256KB Memory, 
power supply, in 16 slot rack mountable chassis. CRT 
terminal. 10 mega byte cartridge disk system. 4 port 
serial I/O. Desktop workstation $10,995.00 




CI-103 DESKTOP COMPUTER — 

Complete computer system enclosed with- 
in a VT103 video terminal with LSI 11/2 and 

64KB Memory $3,295.00 

With LSI 11/23 and 256KB Memory .... 

$4,995.00 

CM103LK — LSI 11/2 CPU, 64KB 
Memory, power supply, KEV 11 in 16 slot 
rack mountable chassis $1,995.00 

CM 1/23 AC — LSI 11/23 CPU, MMU, 
256KB Memory, power supply, in 16 slot 
rack mountable chassis $3,395.00 

CI9448-96 — 96 mega byte cartridge disk 
system with controller. 80 mega bytes fixed 

and 16 mega bytes removable 

$10,500.00 

CI- 1220 — Dual drive, double density, — 

double sided, 2MB capacity floppy plus 
DMA LSI 11 controller $2,795.00 

DON'T ASK WHY WE CHARGE SO LITTLE, ASK WHY THEY CHARGE SO MUCH. 




£ 



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31352 Via Colinas • Westlake Village, CA 91362 • 213-991-2254 
TWX 910-494-1253 (CHRISLIN WKVG) 

LSI II is a trademark of Digital Equipment Corp. 



Circle 81 on inquiry card. 



BYTE January 1983 425 



Knowlogy's package, because we 
haven't tried it out. Normally, I don't 
talk about stuff we haven't used here, 
and I don't intend to break that rule 
often. The reason in this case is that I 
have been so impressed with the clari- 
ty of writing in the Knowlogy docu- 
ments that I feel reasonably assured a 
good job has been done on the rest of 
the work. 

Honorable Mentions 

Not long ago, I started an article on 
software for the masses. We collected 
a whole bunch of stuff for less than 



$100, much of it $50 or less. 

Three of those items stood out and 
will get a lot of space in that article. 
(I'd have it done already except for 
our vacation. So it goes.) 

The first is Walt Bilofsky's Soft- 
ware Toolworks, which we've men- 
tioned here before. Bilofsky has a 
whole raft of programs that work, 
and he sells them for reasonable 
prices. I strongly recommend that 
you get his catalog. 

Second, Comshare Target's Plan- 
nercalc, which, although it lacks 
some of the features of the bigger and 



THE 

BencumarK 

A Word Processor 
Worthy of Comparison . . 



FEATURE 


BENCHMARK 


Wordstar 


BENCHMARK 




2.0 


3.21 


3.0 


Ease of Operation 


YES 


NO 


YES 


Plain English Commands 


YES 


NO 


YES 


Use Cursor Keys 


YES 


NO 


YES 


Control Characters 


NO 


YES 


NO 


Function Keys 


YES 


NO 


YES 


Computer Aided Tutorial 


YES 


YES 


YES 


Descriptive Directory 


YES 


NO 


YES 


29 Character Title 


YES 


NO 


YES 


Author & Operator ID 


YES 


NO 


YES 


Document Size 


YES 


NO 


YES 


Creation Date 


YES 


NO 


YES 


Revision Time & Date 


YES 


NO 


YES 


Standard Editing Features 


YES 


YES 


YES 


Go To Any Page 


YES 


NO 


YES 


Interactive Printing 


YES 


NO 


YES 


Automatic Reformatting 


YES 


NO 


YES 


Automatic Repagination 


YES 


NO 


YES 


Headings and Footings 


YES 


YES 


YES 


Multi-line 


YES 


NO 


YES 


Keyboard Phrases 


YES 


NO 


YES 


Proportional Printing 


NO 


NO 


YES 


Business Graphics 


NO 


NO 


YES 


Paragraph Assembly 


NO 


NO 


YES 


Edit Marking 


NO 


NO 


YES 


Auto Widow/Orphan Protect 


NO 


NO 


YES 


Auto Footnoting 


NO 


NO 


YES 


Built In Calculator 


NO 


NO 


YES 


Price 


$249 


$495 


$499 



DEMAND A COMPARISON! 

Call or Write: 

Metasoft Corporation. 711 E. Cottonwood. Suite E, Casa Grande, AZ 85222 • (602)836-6160 




more expensive spreadsheet pro- 
grams, does a heck of a lot for the 
money. One warning: we have never 
met anyone able to get Plannercalc 
running on a CCS (California Com- 
puter Systems) machine. It runs fine 
on our 8085/8088 and Z80s; ap- 
parently, there's an interaction be- 
tween Plannercalc and the CCS, but 
whether that's CCS hardware or 
Plannercalc software I don't know. 

Finally, there's JRT Pascal, which 
at less than $50 is a fabulous bargain. 
JRT Pascal has limits; but it's a lot for 
the money. We've had it for a month 
now. Alex, having finally finished his 
"Intro to Pascal" package for 
Pascal/M and Pascal MT + , has been 
working with the JRT compiler with 
the intention of writing a full in- 
troduction as a companion piece for 
it. The result will be a tutorial, com- 
piler, Programming in Pascal by 
Peter Grogono, and Software Tools 
in Pascal by Brian W. Kernighan and 
P. J. Plauger for less than $150: a 
bargain at any price. 

Another Problem 

I continue to get reports of long de- 
lays in getting service for CCS com- 
puters. Max, whom I've mentioned 
before, writes a continuation of his 
horror story. 

Max bought his CCS from a large 
mail-order discount house. That may 
have been a mistake, because he 
knows nothing of computers and 
lives in upstate New York far from 
large dealerships and big repair 
centers. He's working on a very time- 
dependent project that requires a 
working computer and dBASE II. His 
problem involves sending his boards 
Express Mail in the assurance there 
would be loaners to replace them, on- 
ly to find that they'd changed the 
policy of providing loaners even as 
his were on the way. 

Max concludes, "If I had bought 
Compupro I could have 48-hour ser- 
vice on the boards. Since Compupro 
is not twice as expensive as CCS, they 
are the better buy in the long run." 

Certainly, Bill Godbout's Compu- 
pro equipment is good stuff, and if 
anyone asks me, that's what I gener- 
ally recommend (recall that it's also 
what I'm most familiar with). 



426 January 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 



Circle 254 on inquiry card. 







JIM 


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©BWairo ■'■ m 


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OTHER ADDITIONAL STANDARD FEA 



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ADJUSTABLE TRACTOR FEED I 
SWITCH SELECTABLE 115 OR 
SWITCH SELECTABLE SERIAL 
HEAVY DUTY PRINT HEAD (58 
6 PART FORM CAPABILITY (0 



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(5 1 6) 582-6060 (800) 645-5292 

In Canada Call: MULTILEK, INC. (613) 226-2365 



Circle 338 on inquiry card. 



BYTE January 1983 427 



However, in fairness I have to say 
that Alex has had no real problems 
with his CCS, nor has Dr. Possony, 
and many of my friends are very hap- 
py with their CCS systems. 

Ours were obtained through Colin 
Mick of Decision Information Ser- 
vices, and what difficulties we've had 
have been taken care of quietly and 
efficiently. We're using Helen— Alex's 
CCS — to transfer programs and files 
to and from the Osborne 1, because 
the CCS can operate both 8- and 
5Vi-inch drives simultaneously. (So 
can my Godbout, which writes 
5Vi-inch disks in the IBM Personal 



Computer format.) Alex did have 
some problems adding the little disks, 
but Colin soon straightened them 
out. 

Now for a Travel Report . . . 

I'm writing much of this in Chicago 
with a thoroughly unfamiliar com- 
puter and text editor. Worse, when I 
do get back home — not too long 
now — I'll still be using unfamiliar 
systems (although at least I'll have 
WRITE to use) because Ezekial is 
dead. 

I'm in Chicago for the World 
Science Fiction Convention. Before I 



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went to the convention — the tradi- 
tional science fiction name for these 
things is "Worldcon" — we spent three 
weeks in Italy, where I carried the 
Otrona Attache from Los Angeles to 
Rome to Venice to Verona to Flor- 
ence. The Otrona worked splendidly, 
uncomplainingly chewing up strange 
voltages and even stranger frequen- 
cies. I'd be using it still, except that I 
stupidly tried to operate it off the 
converter we use for my wife's hair 
dryer. That, alas, simply didn't work. 

Until I managed to damage it, 
though, the Otrona was a real de- 
light, and I'm sitting here looking 
rather wistfully at it and hoping it 
will be easy to repair. 

Since I hate to be without a com- 
puter — I simply can't write without 
one — I had Alex ship me another to 
catch up with me in Chicago for the 
Worldcon. Luckily, we had just re- 
ceived an evaluation copy of the 
Kaypro II, and Alex just had time to 
get it to me. 

It says a lot for the Kaypro that I 
got it without any documentation 
whatever, but I'm still able to write 
this. It isn't that the Kaypro comes 
without documents, of course; it's 
just that when Tyler Sperry of Non- 
Linear Systems brought the Kaypro 
over to the house a little before I left 
for Italy, he decided to take it back 
for some adjustment, leaving the 
documents in my office; and when it 
came time for Alex to ship the 
machine to me, he couldn't find them. 

Doesn't matter. I'm using the 
machine and the Select text editor 
that comes with it, and I'm not hav- 
ing any real trouble at all. 

That surprises me. I am, after all, 
rather set in my ways, and more than 
that, I've just tramped all about 
Europe getting used to the Otrona, 
which runs Wordstar. Moreover, the 
Select word-processing editor that 
comes with the Kaypro looks to be of 
a type that at first sight I don't like at 
all, being one of the editors that has 
various command modes. For all 
that, I am using it, and am having 
surprisingly little trouble. 

The editor is a little strange, and it 

will never be my favorite, but by 

gollies it does work. It is a full-screen 

| editor, with the ability to let you 



428 January 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 



Circle 143 on Inquiry card. 



Jf THE PRICE SLASHER! \\\ 



franklin mf^am 






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ACCESSORIES 

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995 

SSM 

AS 10 Apple St*! 
API Apple Ph<i 
A If) II 

TG PRODUCTS 

Game Paddles 28 

Jov Stick 44 

ORANGE MICRO 

GRAPPLER PLUS 1 39- 

MICROTEK 

Apple Dumpling 129. 

AMOEK 

DVM Interface Board for Apple II 1 69. 

MPC PERIPHERALS 

Bubble Memory NEW 679 

16K Memory Board for Apple U ... 'SPECIAL* 63 

32K Memory Board for Apple II 1 49 

Parallel Printer Card for Apple II 72 

Upper and Lower Case ROM 19. 

PROM-ll, Eprom for the Apple II 99. 

Senal Input/Output Card for Apple II 119. 

16/32K Expansion Memory Board 125. 

M & R ENTERPRISES 

SUP R TERMINAL 80 Column Video Board 316. 

PRACTICAL PERIPHERALS 

Microbuffer II 1 6K for Apple II 239. 

Microbuffer II 32K for Apple II 279. 

8K Serial BuHer for Epson Primer 129. 

16K Parallel Interface for Epson Printer 129. 

MICROSOFT 

Z-80 Softcard for Apple 249. 

MOUNTAIN COMPUTER 

CPS Multifunction for Apple 1 65. 

The Clock for Apple 235. 

Ramplus 119. 

Ramplus 1 6K for Apple 1 35. 

Ramplus 32K for Apple 1 52. 

Music System for Apple 319. 

Rom Writer for Apple 1 39. 

ADVANCE LOGIC 

1 CARD for Apple II 225. 

KENSINGTON MICROWARE 

System Saver Fan for Apple 74 

VERSA COMPUTING 

Versawnter Graphics Tablet 299. 

SEATTLE COMPUTER 

64K RAM * for [he IBM PC 385. 

128K RAM * for the IBM PC 629. 

256K RAM * for the IBM PC 789. 

CALIFORNIA COMPUTER SYSTEMS 

Asynchronous Serial Interface 1 45. 

VIDEX. INC. 

Videoterm 279. 

Softvideo Swtch 29. 

Inverse Chip 24. 

Enhancer II 119. 

SOFTWARE FOR CP/M 

ASHTONTATE 

dBase II $499. 

MICROPRO 

Wordstar 289. 

Mailmerge 1 29. 

Celcstar 1 89. 

Datastar 235. 

Supersort 1 49. 

Spellstar 149. 

MICROSOFT 

Fortran 80 369. 

Macro 80 189. 

Basic Compiler 319. 

mu/MATH/mu/SIMP 80 219. 

Cobol 80 595. 

Basic 80 299. 

Edit 80 9«- 

X Macro 80 1 62. 

mu/LISP/mu/STAR 80 162. 

Mulu Plan . .'Also Available For Apple 205. 

SELECT INFORMATION SYSTEMS 

TIM III Data Base Management System 408 

SOFTWARE DIMENSIONS. INC 

Accounting Plus CALL 

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Quickscreen 1 29. 

Quickcode 225 

Crosstalk . . MICROSTUF 1 39* 

Supercalc . . SORCIM 205. 

The Word .. OASIS 75 

Spellbinder . LEXISOFT .-... 249. 

T/Maker II . LIFEBOAT 219. 

Supervyze . . EPIC SOFTWARE 115. 

Condor 111. ... CONDOR 799. 

CALL FOR THIS MONTH'S SPECtALSII 

Note: Apple is a registered trademark of Apple Computer, Inc 
C/PM is a registered trademark of Digital Research. 



SOFTWARE FOR IBM 

SORCIM 

Supercalc $205 

SuperWnter 295 

Spellguard 229 

SELECT INFORMATION SYSTEMS 

Select Word Processor W SufJttraputl , , 369. 

VISICORP 

Visicalc 256K Version 189 

Visitrend 239 

Visidex 189 

Visif ile 239 

Desktop Plan I 239 

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Wordstar 289. 

Mailmerge .1 29. 

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INNOVATIVE SOFTWARE 
TIM III Data Base Management System , . , 408 

I. U.S. 

Easyspeller 139. 

Easyfiler 289 

Easywriter II 269 

SOFTWARE DIMENSIONS, INC 
Accounting Plus CALL 

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The Home Accountant Plus 119 

DENVER SOFTWARE 
EASy (Executive Accounting System) , 535, 

Write On DATAMOST 97. 

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MathMagic ism 75. 

The Tax Manager , MICROLAB 1 75 

d Base II ASHTON-TATE 499. 

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MICROSOFT 

Typing Tutor II $18. 

Adventure 25. 

•Fortran 80 185. 

A.L.D.S 100. 

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BYTE January 1983 429 



drive the cursor around and do things 
to the text. (I've just inserted this 
sentence after finishing the page. That 
works fine.) You have to go into In- 
sert mode to actually write, and into 
a Command mode to do anything else 
(including moving the cursor). Creat- 
ing text is therefore easier than editing 
it. It also has the misfeature I like 
least about Wordstar, namely that 
every time I hit a key there's a flicker 
at the top of the page as the editor in- 
forms me what line and column I'm 
at. For all that, Select is surprisingly 
easy to work with. 



(Flash added back home in Califor- 
nia: the Select documents tell you 
how to turn off the status line with its 
flicker. Hurrah! Now back to Chi- 
cago.) 

Learning Select is a snap. It's nearly 
self-explanatory anyway, and there's 
a long Teach program that does the 
job also. If I seem to be rambling a 
bit, I am; I'm learning about the 
machine even as I write this, and I 
hope you'll all have patience because 
this column is due the instant I get 
home, and there's nothing else to 
write about just now. 



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I'll undoubtedly have more to say 
about Select later; for now, my im- 
pression is that it wouldn't be my first 
choice, but it's at least as easy to use 
as Wordstar (so far; but I haven't 
done anything really tricky yet). It is 
by all odds the easiest editor to learn 
I've ever seen. I just sat down to it 
and started using it. Of course, I have 
some idea of what to expect from a 
text editor, but even so, I'm im- 
pressed. 

Now that I've gone back and done 
some editing, I'm a little less happy 
with Select. For one thing, every time 
you insert something — anything, 
even a space — you then have to leave 
the Insert mode before you can move 
the cursor and type anything else. 
Before you can do that, though, the 
machine wants to rejustify your text, 
and it does it without your asking it 
to. Alas, it takes a while. How- 
ever — and this is important — it takes 
a while only in comparison with 
machines a lot more expensive than 
the Kaypro II. 

(Another flash from the home 
front: the documents tell you how to 
turn off that feature as well, so that 
you can write away and globally 
reformat the text once and for all 
when you're finished. I like the Select 
approach of letting you have choices 
about things like that.) 

Leave the editor, then, with the 
bottom-line comment that it will do. 
Let's look at the computer itself. 

The Kaypro II uses a Z80 chip and 
has 64K bytes of memory. It comes 
all up; that is, there's a computer, 
keyboard, and video screen all in- 
cluded in the price. Kaypro II, from 
Non-Linear Systems, is intended to 
compete with Adam Osborne's 
Osborne 1 and is priced accordingly. 
CP/M, the Select editor, a spread- 
sheet program I haven't had a chance 
to try, and a compiling BASIC called 
SB ASIC are included. The most im- 
pressive part of the package is the 
machine itself. 

First, it's handsome enough. It 
comes in a metal case, with clips to 
hold the keyboard. The power cord 
and the telephone-curly cable to the 
keyboard coil about some jigs on the 
back of the machine and can be put 
pretty securely in place. The handle is 



430 January 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 



Circle 60 on Inquiry card. 



Circle 23 on inquiry card. 



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also back there, so that you carry it 
with the keyboard, cables, and plugs 
all exposed. I've suggested that they'd 
be better off making a cover that the 
handle could stick through, and I 
understand they offer one as an op- 
tion. 

The machine comes with dual 
single-sided double-density SVi-inch 
disks, and it boots up on CP/M 2.2x 
on power-up or reset. This one, hav- 
ing been shipped by UPS to Chicago, 
came up instantly on being turned on. 

(Now back home to California to 
finish this. If this text is in the col- 
umn, you'll know I was able to 
transfer from the Kaypro to the 
Compupro.) 

I brought the Kaypro home on the 
airplane. Indeed, I had the Kaypro 
and the Otrona, two large suitcases, a 
briefbag, and a hanging garment 
bag — I felt sorry for the people who 
had to board just behind me, but 
everyone was very nice. I can there- 
fore testify that you can put a Kaypro 
II into an aircraft overhead rack and 
get the rack door closed. It's a close 



call, but it can be done. It will also fit 
under an aisle seat. 

I had to change planes in Denver, 
so the Kaypro got a complete ex- 
posure to aircraft hazards, went 
through security twice, and was 
hustled along airport corridors by a 
man with far too much luggage. Even 

The Kaypro has a large 
screen, certainly the 

largest screen 

you'll ever get in a 

portable machine. 

so, it booted up first crack on getting 
home, and I'm working with it now. 
Thus, it's certainly rugged. It has 
other things to like, too. The key- 
board is full size and is a full ASCII 
(American Standard Code for Infor- 
mation Interchange) character-set 
keyboard, complete with squiggle 
and curly braces and such like, as 
well as a numeric keypad and four 
cursor arrow keys. The key layout is 



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more or less Selectric style. The Shift 
keys are oversize and in the right 
places, the Return key is suitably 
large and placed near the home keys, 
and I've had absolutely no problems 
touch-typing on the machine. 

There's one annoying "feature": a 
key-click circuit that has an unfor- 
tunate sound. In fact, at first I 
thought it was some kind of squeak 
and squirted in a bit of WD-40 to try 
to still the noise. The "squeaky click" 
isn't all that loud, and after an hour 
you get used to it, but it would be 
awfully nice if they had a poten- 
tiometer on the thing to let you adjust 
the pitch or volume. The Otrona has 
complete software control over both 
pitch and volume. The Kaypro peo- 
ple tell me there's a program you can 
run to turn the key click off. 

The Kaypro also has a large screen, 
certainly the largest screen you'll ever 
get in a portable machine. I measure 
the glass areas at 7 inches across and 
nearly 9 inches diagonal. It's green 
with a brightness control and has the 
usual 24 lines of 80 characters. I wish 
it had a knob for contrast as well as 
one for brightness, but that's only a 
mild preference. 

The Kaypro will display the entire 
ASCII character set. It has true 
descender lowercase letters (that is, 
those with tails do go below the line). 
Even so, I'm not really fond of the 
characters. The lowercase "o" is or 
appears to me to be too large, and 
some of the other characters seem 
odd in size. Still, the display is 
readable, as you'd expect a larger 
screen to be. People with bifocals 
may have problems; that is, it's big 
enough for you to sit far enough 
away to look at it through the tops of 
your glasses, but for some reason the 
letters look better formed and just 
plain prettier if you get up closer and 
look through the bottoms. Do recall, 
though, that I have unusual eye prob- 
lems, and my normal system has 16 
lines of 64 characters displayed on a 
16-inch screen. 

Lovely Adelle 

If my initial evaluation of Kaypro 
is "Good stuff!," my initial reaction 
to the Otrona Attache is "Great!" Of 
course, the Otrona costs about twice 



432 January 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 



Circle 75 on Inquiry card. 



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BYTE January 1983 433 



Circle 386 on Inquiry card. 



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what the Kaypro does; but you get a 
lot for that. 

For instance, all the minor an- 
noyances of the Kaypro vanish in the 
Otrona. Not only can you suppress 
the Attache's key click, you can 
change its pitch and volume; and all 
this is simple to do. Just go Control- 
Escape and you're in a Setup mode; 
and across the top of the keyboard 
are a number of prompts that tell you 
precisely what to do, from control of 
screen brightness to bell volume. 



The Attache keyboard 

is the nicest I've seen 

on a portable machine. 



■ 



The Attache keyboard is quite the 
nicest I've ever seen on a portable 
machine. It doesn't have a numeric 
keypad; but it does have a full ASCII 
key set, complete with squiggle and 
vertical bar, etc. The key layout is 
Selectric style, with one not-too- 
pleasant surprise: the Delete key is 
down left. You won't hit it often by 
accident, but it takes a while to get 
used to finding it. I suppose there's no 
"standard" place for the Delete key, 
but I can't imagine why they put it 
there. 

Alas, unlike the Osborne, the At- 
tache has no place to stow the power 
cord or a box of disks (I don't think 
you'd want to carry disks in the 
drives). I've suggested to Otrona 's 
management that they make a small 
Leatherette packet that will hold both 
power cable and disks and attach to 
the Attache's handle; but it won't be 
hard to make one if they don't do it. 

Another minor deficiency is that 
there's no indicator light on the Caps 
Lock key, nor does that key stay 
depressed when pushed. Otherwise, 
though, it's an excellent keyboard 
and layout. The Shift and Return 
keys are oversize (although not great- 
ly so). The keys are all placed pretty 
close together, and they utterly fill 
the lightweight little keyboard, so 
that the Otrona's keyboard looks 
small. By both measurement and feel, 
however, it is a full-size keyboard, 
every bit as big as the one on a 



434 January 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 



Circle 306 on inquiry card. 



Kbur Calc cant* 
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©1982 Chang Labs 
CP/M is a registered trademark of Digital Research Inc. 

BYTE January 1983 435 



Circle 101 on Inquiry card. 



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Televideo 950, or for that matter on 
an IBM Selectric (which it resembles). 
I know, because when I first saw the 
Otrona at a Los Angeles computer 
show, Greg Decoteau of Otrona and I 
actually carried the Otrona Attache 
keyboard to an exhibit that had a 
Selectric and laid the keyboard up 
against the IBM's. I have had no 
problems typing text into the Otrona. 

The Attache has even tamed Word- 
star. There isn't room on the little 
keyboard for any special word-pro- 
cessing keys, but Otrona has done 
something as good and perhaps bet- 
ter: it has made the numeric keys 
across the top generate Wordstar 
commands. As an example, 6 is nor- 
mal, and Shift 6 is the ampersand, but 
Control 6 toggles you into Insert 
mode, and Shift Control 6 starts a 
Block in the text. Each key has both 
Control and Shift Control special 
meanings for Wordstar, and attrac- 
tive little labels at the top make it 
easy to figure out what the various 
keys turn into. 

"Special-feature" keys get you to 
top of screen, change help levels, 
find/replace, margin release, refor- 
mat, and so forth. They make Word- 
star a lot easier to use, or at least I 
found it so; I was able to write in 
hotel rooms in Rome, at cafes in 
Venice, and in other unusual places. 

There's been a lot of thought given 
to the Otrona. Some of it doesn't 
show until you need it. For example, 
the Reset key is on the keyboard, 
something I would have paid to 
avoid; but it has been tamed. The key 
is on the left side, outboard of the 
Shift key, and to use it to reset, you 
must press Reset while holding down 
the right-hand Shift key. Ingenious. 

It has lots of other nice touches. 
The Otrona Attache's large handle 
swings underneath and locks in place 
to put the display at a convenient up- 
tilted angle. The disk doors open and 
close with a positive feel. The green 
screen is small — 4 inches wide by 3Vt 
inches high — but it is bright and very 
readable, with well-formed charac- 
ters. I found that with the Otrona on 
the table in front of me and the 
keyboard in the natural position, I 
had no trouble at all reading the 24 
lines of 80 characters. 

Continued on page 438 



436 January 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 



Circle 290 on Inquiry card. 



"The merger of Victor and Sirius creates a 

uniquecombination of advanced technology, 

marketing and worldwide distribution'. 



The combination of Victor Business 
Products and Sirius Systems Technology, 
Inc. creates a new company designed to 
meet the most demanding needs of the 
modern business office. It unites the 
advanced technology capabilities of Sirius 
with the distribution, support and market- 
ing strengths of a company with over 
65 years of experience in solving business 
application problems. 

The result is Victor Technologies, 
Inc. , a company ideally suited to dramati- 
cally impact today's international 
computer marketplace. 

The new Victor: 
Streamlined for success. 

The Chairman of the Board of the 
new Victor Technologies is Fred Sullivan, 
Chairman and Chief Executive Officer of 
Kidde, Inc., a diversified $3 billion com- 
pany. The financial support of this giant 
conglomerate will help focus Victor's goal 
of becoming one of the three leading 
computer companies in the world. 

President and Chief Executive Officer 
of the new company is Chuck Peddle. It 
was Chuck Peddle's focus and insight 
which led to the design and manufacture 
of the Victor 9000, the first and most 
powerful of the "third generation" of 
microcomputers. Acknowledged as the 
"father" of the personal computer con- 
cept, Peddle introduced this useful and 
very affordable third generation micro- 
computer in the European market with 
startling results. 




The Victor 9000: 
Number One in Europe, 
in a class by itself 
in America. 

In Europe the Victor 9000, sold under 
the name of Sirius 1, is the best selling 
microcomputer in the market. As a matter 
of fact, it was recently named "Computer 
of the Year" in West Germany. 

There are demonstrably good reasons 
for this success. As in the United States, 
the Victor 9000 is the most powerful 
microcomputer available, offering substan- 
tially more internal memory, storage 
capacity and engineering advances than 
any other comparable product. And the 
Victor 9000 library of business application 






Chuck Peddle, designer of the 
Victor 9000 microcomputer 
and President of the new 
Victor Technologies, Inc. 



software and innovative line of peripherals 
and accessories make it a business tool of 
great versatility. 

A vital part of the new Victor is a 
total commitment to the development of 
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parties. The reputation of Chuck Peddle 
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Over 10,000 outlets 
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Victor, long established as a world 
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with the outstanding acceptance of the 
Victor 9000 desktop computer, the new 
company is committed to make substantial 
new product offerings and support for all 
product lines through its large branches 
and dealer networks. 




A commitment to 
growth and excellence. 

The new Victot is committed to 
nothing less than a major leadership role 
in the computerized office of tomorrow. 
The company's synthesis of high technol- 
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experience, stability and financial strength 
of one of the most respected business 
product companies in the world assures 
that success. 



VICT 




Victor Technologies, Inc. P.O. Box 1135 Glenview, 111. 60025 1-800-VIC-9000 
Circle 519 on Inquiry card. 



The Otrona uses double-sided 
double-density small disks, so that 
you have 360K bytes per disk; more 
than I have ever had on Ezekial. You 
can put fair-size documents on them. 
I still retain some prejudice against 
small disks, but I have to admit that 
the Attache may overcome my 
doubts, since it has worked under 
horrible conditions without a glitch. 

The Attache comes with CP/M, 
Microsoft BASIC, and Wordstar. It 
also includes an unusual program 
called Valet. The Attache always 
knows what time it is, because it 
keeps both time and date stored in 
nonvolatile memory. With the Valet 
program, you can turn the Attache 
into an alarm clock with up to four 
alarms that both sound audibly and 
flash messages on the screen. Valet in 
the alarm mode interrupts your cur- 
rent job, but does it nondestructively. 
The Valet program also has a four- 
function calculator built in. 

Communications gear lets you 
transfer files to and from 8-inch disks, 



and the Attache can become a very 
sophisticated terminal to drive either 
a modem or another computer. The 
Attache is supposed to do that pain- 
lessly, and I have no reason to doubt 
it since the little dear has done 
everything else I asked her to. I 
haven't actually used her as a ter- 
minal or extracted my files into The 



As a sophisticated 
terminal, the Attache 
can drive a modem or 

another computer. 



Golem because I foolishly managed 
to blow something internal in Rome. 
That was particularly stupid of me. 
The Otrona comes with a simple 
mechanism that lets you change from 
110 to 140 on up to 250-volt (V) input 
voltage, and it apparently isn't in- 
terested in the frequency of that juice 
either. However, some of the older 



Roman hotels have nonstandard 
225-V outlets. I had no way to plug 
the Otrona in — so I foolishly con- 
verted it back to 110 and tried to run 
it with the converter for my wife's 
hair dryer. It did run, too, for a 
minute or so; then with a gentle 
pop, it expired. Otrona figures it 
will be fixed in no time, though; its 
dealers simply replace modules until 
everything works, then send the 
modules back to the factory for 
rebuilding. Since mine didn't come 
from a dealer, it's taking them a day 
to figure out which one is going to do 
my servicing; otherwise, I'd have her 
fixed already. 

Anyway, since the Attache has 
simple ways for getting stuff to and 
from your 8-inch disks, there's little I 
run on Zeke that won't soon be avail- 
able on the Otrona, meaning that I 
can carry a full desktop computer 
anywhere, use it, and bring the 
results home for processing on my big 
machines. Of course, "big" here is a 
relative term, since the Otrona is 




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It's the free booklet 
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438 January 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 



tion that could help you to a 

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To get your free 

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Condor II -Condor 
Computer Corp. $ 450 
Data Star- MicroPro 

Call For Price 
Easy Filer - 

I. U.S. $ 280 

VisiFile-VisiCorp $ 190 

SPREADSHEETS/ 
CALCULATORS 

Super Calc - Sorcim 

Call For Price 

VisiCalc 256K- 

VisiCorp $ 195 

Calc Star- MicroPro 

Call For Price 

Multiplan- 

Micro Soft $ 225 

COMMUNICATIONS 

Emulink (IBM PC 3270) 
Micro Link Corp 
Emulink (Apple 3270) 
Micro Link Corp 
Crosstalk -Micro Stuf 
BSTAM-Byron Software 



WANTED 

Help in reducing our inventory. Pick up one of these 
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HAYES SMARTMODEM 1200 

(in stock) $525 

CROSSTALK 
MicroStuf $120 

dBASE II 
Ashton-Tate $475 

SUPERCALC 
Sorcim Call For Price 

WORDMATES (IBM PC) 
From Softword Systems — 
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LANGUAGES/ 




UTILITIES 




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Digital 




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$ 125 


M Basic - 




Micro Soft 


$ 275 


CB80- 




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$ 420 


Basic Compiler- 




Micro Soft 


$ 310 


Fortran 80- 




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$ 395 


CoBol 80- 




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$ 575 


Pascal MT+- 




Digital 




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$ 425 


PL-1 80- Digital 




Research 


$ 420 



$ 995 

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WORD PROCESSING/SPELLING 

Wordmate- Softword Systems $ 495 

Wordstar- MicroPro Call For Price 

Mailmerge- MicroPro Call For Price 

Wordstar/Mailmerge - 

MicroPro Call For Price 

Spellbinder -Lexisoft $ 295 

Easy writer II -I.U.S. $ 265 

The Final Word -Mark of the Unicorn $ 245 
Select w/Superspell- Select Info. 

Sytems $ 395 



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Software 

StatPak-NW 

Analytical 

VisiSchedule-VisiCorp 

VisiTrend/Plot-VisiCorp 

Supersort- MicroPro 

Datebook- Organic Software 

MODEMS 

Hayes Micromodem II 

Hayes Smartmodem 300 

PRINTERS 

Epson MX80 FT 

Epson MX100 FT 

IDS Prism 80 

Okidata 82A 

Okidata 83A 

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American Express • MasterCard • VISA 

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DATASOURCE 

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BYTE January 19*3 439 



"bigger" in terms of memory and 
computing power than Zeke was 
when I first got all 70 pounds of him. 
Adelle (I think that's her name; we'll 
see when they get the power supply 
fixed) is only 18 pounds and looks 
gorgeous on a Venice cafe table. 

Lots of New Machines . . . 

It's really too early for a final 
evaluation of these machines; I 
haven't used them long enough. My 
first impression is that the Osborne 
remains the VW of the microcom- 
puter field; it's cheap, reliable, 
handles standard programs well, and, 
while inconvenient, has some plain- 
wrapper features to compensate. The 
software with the Osborne retails for 
about as much as the whole Osborne 
package complete with computer. 

Of course, I've had the Osborne 
longer than the others, so I'm very 
familiar with both its strengths and 
weaknesses. One real strength is 
Osborne service, which remains effi- 
cient and fair-dealing. That's been not 
only my experience, but that of all 



but one of those who have written me 
about it. 

The Kaypro is more like a 
Chevrolet as the Chevy used to be, 
reliable and rugged, without much 
trim or visible frills. The software 
package with the Kaypro is not as ex- 
tensive as the one you get with the 
Osborne. The screen is larger and dis- 
plays all 80 characters of a line. The 
keyboard is more complete, and the 
disks hold more. (Osborne now has a 
double-density option and 80-char- 
acter screen.) Also, since the Kaypro 
comes with a compiling BASIC, it 
won't be as immediately useful to 
beginners who want to write their 
own programs. However, you can 
buy Microsoft interpretive BASIC for 
the Kaypro. 

Select, the Kaypro word processor, 
is unlikely to be as complete and full 
of frills as Wordstar. Since I'm not 
really fond of either Select or Word- 
star, I'm the wrong one to judge be- 
tween them. I did find Select remark- 
ably easy to just sit down and use, 
and I'm certain that Kaypro with 




Uffi 




THE SAGE IV. 

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□ 8 MHz, 16-bit 68000 

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D Multi-user (up to 6 simultaneous users) 

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Select is more than adequate as a 
word processor. Provided that you 
like the feel of the keyboard and are 
comfortable with the display, I'd 
have no hesitation in recommending 
the Kaypro as a good first machine 
for a beginning writer, and indeed I 
may recommend it to one of my part- 
ners as his first machine. 

The Otrona is definitely the BMW 
of the portable machines. It comes 
with an adequate if not extensive soft- 
ware package, it is the smallest and 
lightest of the portables, and it is by 
all odds the most gorgeous. The disks 
run quietly and I had no hitches with 
them, even after transporting Adelle 
a long way across water; and that 
360K bytes per disk is very nice. 

I loved the keyboard, and the 
screen display was plenty good 
enough. Since the Otrona Attache 
comes with a video output already 
built in, you can set it up with a large 
video monitor if you like. It is cer- 
tainly more than adequate as one's 
only machine. Of course, for its 
price, there are other machines that 
use a bus and are therefore more 
easily expanded. 

(To continue the analogy, my 
Compupro is more like an Interna- 
tional Scout. Of course, my personal 
car is a Scout. . . .) 

The Bottom Line 

The Osborne, as it stands, is just a 
bit limited in file storage to be your 
only computer, although now that 
Osborne has the double-density 
package, things will change quite a 
lot. 

The Kaypro would certainly work 
as an "only," although I have reserva- 
tions about the SBASIC that comes 
with it. 

The Otrona is beautiful, and I've 
used it enough to know that I could 
certainly live with it as my only 
machine; and it's really portable, a 
true desktop computer that you can 
carry around. 

And Still More Next Month 

While in Chicago I saw the proto- 
type of Lobo's new $800 machine. 
One of those is supposed to be on its 
way here. Meanwhile, we have an 
Apple II up and running, and we're 



440 January 1983 © BYTE Publications lnc 



Circle 361 on Inquiry card. 



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D ZORBA™ Portable Computer 
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getting an Atari 800. (I'm going to do 
a book on small computers. I am also 
up to my clavicle in small 
computers.) 

Meanwhile, Ezekial, my first love, 
lies unconscious. Tony says he'll get 
to him after we set up yet another 
machine, one that makes use of what 
I think may just be the world's best 



keyboard and will deliver its output 
to my 16-inch screen. It's another 
Compupro. 

All this means that next month I'll 
be able to continue my comparisons 
of small machines. There's also a 
large stack of software for review. 
The microcomputer revolution goes 
on. I love it. ■ 



Circle 72 on inquiry card. 



Items Reviewed 

Attache Computer 

Otrona Corporation 
4755 Walnut St. 
Boulder, CO 80301 
(303) 444-8100 

Janus/Ada Compiler 

RR Software 
POB 1512 
Madison, WI 53701 
(608) 244-6436 

JRT Pascal 

JRT Systems 

1891 23rd Ave. 

San Francisco, CA 94122 

(415) 566-5100 

Kaypro II Computer 
Non-Linear Systems Inc. 
533 Stevens Ave. 
Solana Beach, CA 92075 
(714) 755-1134 

MITE 

Mycroft Labs 
POB 6045 

Tallahassee, FL 32301 
(904) 385-2708 

Osborne 1 

Osborne Computer Corporation 

26500 Corporate Ave. 

Hayward, CA 94545 

(800) 772-3545, ext. 905 (California) 

(800) 227-1617, ext. 905 (outside California) 

Plannercalc 

Comshare Target Software 
Suite 200 

1935 Cliff Valley Way 
Atlanta, GA 30329 
(404) 634-9535 

Software Toolworks 

14478 Glorietta Dr. 
Sherman Oaks, CA 91423 
(213) 986-4885 

Unica 
Unica/XM-80 

Knowlogy 
POB 283 

Wilsonville, OR 97070 
(503) 639-3420 



$3995 



CP/M 
other systems 



$300 
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SONY 



« 



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It can even talk to other computers, big 
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(For those who speak computer, 
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Microcomputer Products Division 
Sony Communications Products Co. 

D 1982 Sony Corp. of America. Sony is a registered trademark of Sony Corp. CP/M is a registered trademark of Digital Research, Inc VisiCalc is a registered trademark of VisiCorp. 

Circle 380 on inquiry card. 




"< *"<"»' co mputa 



«-°u!dbea„ 



A Colorful Introduction to 
Computers 



Here's a fun and educational coloring book 
to introduce your home computer to the 
youngest members of your family. The 
Magic Machine explores the excitement and 
wonder of computers from a young child's 
point of view. Theodore Cohen's story, writ- 
ten for beginning readers, answers many of 
the basic questions children ask about the 
magic machines that are coming into our 
homes in ever-growing numbers, and 
Jacqueline Bray's line drawings capture the 
vivid and often funny images that arise from 
the inquisitive minds of children as they 
seek to understand the world around them. 
Packaged complete with its own set of 
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they are old enough to begin using them. 



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Prepayment Required 



BYTE/McGraw Hill 
70 Main St 
Peterborough, N.H. 03458 




A COLORING 
BOOK 

By Theodore J. Cohen and Jacqueline H. Bray 



444 BYTE January 1983 



Learning with Logo makes Logo 
come alive at home or in school 



Learning with Logo is the ideal intro- 
duction to Logo for children and adults. 
Written for children between the ages of 
ten and fourteen, the book is also 
perfect for parents and teachers who 
want to learn Logo from the ground up 
or to use this unique language with 
children. Many of the projects and 
activities in the book were originated by 
children. 

The book starts from the absolute 
beginning with detailed information 
about the Logo system and basic com- 
mands for controlling the Logo turtle. 
Dozens of introductory turtle design 
suggestions offer each learner a way to 
create projects that are uniquely his or 
her own, while later chapters map out a 
rich universe of mathematical explora- 
tions in turtle geometry. 

The second half of Learning with 
Logo goes beyond turtle graphics to 
present a set of interactive computer 



Circle 503 on inquiry card. 



games, quiz programs, and language ac- 
tivities that introduce the learner to 
more advanced programming concepts. 

Special sections throughout the book 
highlight the powerful ideas contained in 
each activity and warn about common 
bugs and pitfalls. For adults, "Helpers' 
Hints" explain important concepts more 
fully and offer practical teaching 
suggestions. 

The book features detailed instruc- 
tions for creating a Logo Procedures 
Disk (also available directly from the 
author) that contains sample programs 
and a number of "tool procedures" 
needed to carry out the projects in the 
book. 

Daniel Watt has been involved in education 
as a curriculum developer, elementary school 
teacher, teacher trainer, and researcher. He 
worked for five years on a series of Logo 
research and development projects as a 
member of the MIT Logo Group. A t present 
he is an editor with B YTE Publications and 



contributes regularly to Popular Computing 
and BYTE magazines. 

Learning with Logo is written specifically for 
users of the version of Logo developed at MIT for 
the Apple //® and distributed by Terrapin, Inc. and 
Krell Software, Inc. It contains appendices for users 
of Apple Logo® and TI Logo 9 . 



Available at your bookseller or computer 
store in Dec. 1982. Or use coupon for 
15-day FREE examination! „ , _ 

BYTE/McGraw-Hill Book Company tint 

P.O. Box 400, Hightstown, N.J. 08520 

Please send me LEARNING WITH LOGO 
for 15 days on approval. 

□ Bill me. If I keep the book, I will pay for it 
plus postage, handling and local tax, within 15 
days. 

□ Enclosed is my check/money order (including 
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If I decide not to keepd the book I may return 
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(0680570-5) B183 

Name 

Address/ Apt 

City/State/Zip 



Software Review 



Supervyz and Organizr 

Two Menu-Driven Front Ends for CP/M 



Christopher O. Kern 
201 I St. SW, Apt. 839 
Washington, DC 20024 



Supervyz and Organizr are two software products that 
turn Digital Research's CP/M operating system into a 
friendlier environment for the nontechnical user by 
mediating between the user and the operating system. 
The user sees a menu of available operations and simply 
chooses the one desired. The operating system receives a 
syntactically correct command that is generated automat- 
ically in response to the user's selection. (Supervyz and 
Organizr have a great deal in common, and unless other- 
wise specified, my comments apply to both.) 

CP/M may be the most widely used disk operating sys- 
tem in the world of microcomputers, but obviously not 
everyone finds it congenial. That's why there is a sub- 
stantial market for books explaining CP/M, and why 
many hardware manufacturers and software vendors feel 
they have to supplement the documentation provided by 
Digital Research. 

For the "naive" user, especially the one who considers 
the computer an appliance rather than a hobby, learning 
CP/M can present a formidable challenge. I recently saw 
this first-hand when I set up a small computer system for 
a friend to use in his political-consulting business. Be- 
cause of the wide variety of CP/M-compatible software, 
I didn't seriously consider any other operating system. It 
never occurred to me that my friend would find it dif- 
ficult to learn how to use the basic system commands he 
needed, such as those for copying a file, changing its 
directory attributes (e.g., making it read-only), dis- 
playing the contents of a disk, or invoking an application 
program with the proper command-line syntax. He did 
have trouble, though, and each foray into his software 



manuals seemed to confuse him even more. Ultimately, I 
had to provide him with a "cookbook" containing precise 
instructions for each function and program he was likely 
to use. 

What CP/M Demands 

To use CP/M (or any other general-purpose operating 
system), you need to have a reasonably clear idea of how 
the host computer system is organized. At the very least, 
you need to know when a new program must be executed 
to perform a given function, what options are available 
for each program or system command you intend to use, 
and the particular command syntax that is required to 
start each program. The two menu-driven front ends re- 
viewed here make it possible to use CP/M without under- 
standing precisely what is going on. All you have to 
know is what you want the machine to do. 

For example, to copy a file under CP/M, you have to 
understand that copying files is performed by the 
Peripheral Interchange Program (PIP) and that PIP can 
be executed only from the command level of the oper- 
ating system and not from within another program. You 
must also know which options are appropriate (or re- 
quired) for copying the particular file and that the com- 
mand syntax for copying files with PIP is: 

PIP drive: new file, typ = drive: oldfile. typ[options] 

where drive designates the disk drive on which a file 
resides, oldfile and newfile are file names, typ is a file 
type or extension, and options is a series of single-letter 



446 January 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 



What makes 
a streetwise kid 
from Newlfork 
want to help 
rice farmers 
in the tropics? 

Meet Mike Harvey. He's not 
out to change the world, just 
to understand it a little better. 
And because he thinks that 
underneath all the differences 
people are basically alike, he 
feels he can help. 

It's what today's Peace 
Corps is all about. Americans 
from every kind of back- 
ground, of all ages, making a 
commitment to live and work 
with people around the world 
to meet basic human needs. 




You won't be asked to move 
mountains but you'll under- 
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Mike Harvey mean when they 
talk of small miracles. Why 
they want to work hard at a 
challenge unique to the Peace 
Corps. 

Above all, you'll be learning 
something about the world, 
making friends with people 
you can help. And that's what 
life should be all about. 

For further information, 
call toll free 800-424-8580. 
Or write Peace Corps, 
Washington, D.C. 20525. 

Peace Corps 

The toughest job 
you'll ever love. 



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BYTE January 1983 447 



At a Glance 

Name 

Supervyz 

Version 

1.34 

Type 

Menu-driven front end for the CP/M operating system 

Distributor 

Epic Computer Products Inc. 
1838! Bandolier Circle 
Fountain Valley. CA 92708 
|714) 964-7722 

Price 

SI 50 

Computer 

8080-based machines running CP/M 1 .4 or MP/M 1 . 1 or later 

Documentation 

77-page manual 

Audience 

CP/M users wanting a simplified command interface to the 
system; dealers, consultants, and other system integrators 



or letter-plus-integer optional parameters that are to be 
passed to PIP. 

If you fail to use the correct command syntax, you're 
likely to be rewarded with a terse error message that 
serves as little more than a visible indication that some- 
thing is wrong. The response that you receive may be 
even more confusing if you try to run the copying com- 
mand from within an application program — e.g., in re- 
sponse to a prompt from a word-processing or account- 
ing program — not realizing that a prompt from an appli- 
cations program is different than a prompt from CP/M. 

Menus 

Supervyz and Organizr simply present you with a 
menu that includes the item "copy a file." They ask you 
for the appropriate disk drives and file names to use. If 
you need help understanding the entries on the menu, 
they supply explanations in response to a question mark 
entered from the keyboard, instead of forcing you to 
search through the system or application-program 
manuals. (See listing 1.) 

They also divide up the resources available on a par- 
ticular computer system into groups, each of which is 
composed of as many as 10 programs or functions with 
Supervyz and up to 12 with Organizr. Each group is 
presented as a separate menu of related programs, and 
each menu corresponds to one of the major applications 
of the computer system. On a business system, for exam- 
ple, one menu might provide word processing, another 
inventory management, a third might be for payroll, and 
a fourth for accounting. 

Grouping related functions together on a menu in this 
fashion is an important organizational convenience. It 



At a Glance 

Name 

Organizr 

Version 

2.2.2 



Type 

Menu-driven front end for the CP/M operating system 

Distributor 

The Information People 
443 Hudson Ave. 
Newark, OH 43055 
(614) 349-8644 

Price 

SI 95 [S25 for manual only) 

Computer 

8080-based machines running CP/M; requires 48K bytes of 
RAM (random-access memory) 

Documentation 

31 -page user and reference manual 

Audience 

CP/M users who want a simplified command interface to the 
system; dealers, consultants, and other system integrators 



means that you are provided with an explicit reminder of 
what options are available on the computer system to 
perform a given task. Commonly used programs or sys- 
tem commands, such as those to copy files or list direc- 
tories, can appear on more than one menu. This reduces 
the need to flip from one menu to another in the course of 
a session at the computer. 

Menus of Menus 

Both Supervyz and Organizr arrange menus into a 
hierarchy. Any entry on a given menu can invoke a sub- 
menu with 10 or 12 programs (or even sub-sub-menus) of 
its own. In the example used earlier, one of the choices on 
the main menu would be "inventory management." 
Choosing inventory management might lead to a menu 
with choices for updating the inventory, reporting on 
turnover, ordering or recording the receipt of new sup- 
plies, etc. The updating and reporting choices might 
represent individual application programs. But the "new 
supplies" option might lead to a new menu with options 
for writing a purchase order, matching an invoice against 
a previous order, showing how many orders are out- 
standing from, a particular supplier, and the like. It might 
also contain a reference to the program for updating the 
inventory. This would be the same program that was ac- 
cessible from the main inventory-management menu, but 
used in a different context: to remind the employee using 
the new-supplies menu to update the inventory when the 
new supplies are received. 

Reorganizing a computer system's resources into a 
hierarchical structure helps clarify the relationship 
among the programs available. This approach is reminis- 
cent of the directory structure of Bell Laboratories' Unix 



448 January 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 




This up-to-date Second Edition 
contains: 

• Over 1,670 pages of revised, 
expanded, and updated text 

• 550 articles on virtually every 
aspect of the computer sciences 

• Written by 301 distinguished 
authorities (over 90 experts 
have been added to the list of 
ENCYCLOPEDIA contributors) 

• Profusely illustrated with over 
500 photos, and over 250 
diagrams, graphs and charts 



4 Good Reasons to Join 

1. The Finest Books. Of the hundreds of books submitted to us each year, only the very 
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operating system, though the Unix system's generality is 
lacking. Still, as the disk capacity of small computers in- 
creases, a logical arrangement of the programs that are 
available is a significant benefit. It helps you cope with 
complexity. You never have to choose among more than 
a dozen functions. Minimizing the number of options 
confronting you makes each decision easier. 

Speed and Stability 

As you might expect, these programs exact a price for 
the convenience they provide. Extra disk accesses are 
necessary to display new menus or to execute CP/M 



Listing 1: Sample screen displays of the two CP/M front ends. 
Supervyz (listing la) is supplied with a menu of file- and disk- 
support functions. Once an entry's number has been selected, 
the appropriate prompts for that function appear. The bottom 
of the screen is reserved for a catalog of the files relevant to the 
function selected. Organizr (listing lb) provides space for short 
comments about each entry and gives instructions about the 
possible commands for the entry selected. 



(la) 



Supervyz 



1 > Fo 



Us 



3) Select Default Disk and Us 

4> Copy a file 

5) Cora an entire disk 

(Function 



Support Function;; 

6) Copy a SwsteM Area only 

7) Disk Recover* and Refair- 

8) Urite-Protect FileCs) 

9) Write-Er.able Filets) 

10) Extended Volume Table of Conte 
r.5 to ne::t higher menu) 



Please enter the number of the desired functi 
Name. type of file to be copied' C 

User Area you are copying from 7 CO 1 

New file name. tape? (if changed) C 



Default Drive 

I : DIAGNOSE HLP 

,' IDISKSUP? HLP 

! JED COM ■ 

I!HELP COM 

i ILIST66 COM 

ilREAD ME 



uu-e Table of C 
! DIAGNOSE MNU 
IDISKSUFT MNU 
I FORMAT COM 
iHELP HLP 
,' MENUSHEF COM 
IREAD24 COM 



<0 if : 



(UTOC) Defaul 
IDIR22 COM 
i IDUMP22 COM 
! FORMFEED COM 
! INSTALLZ COM 
IPIF COM 



elp) C4 J 



Push DOWN-ARROW fo 



(lb) 




Organizr 


======== _ 


== 


m .. M W. M M>M fM M a ^^>^« H MI> n *HM-f^«rtM«^W««l 


V3. la 




Office System 80 Function Selection 


========- 


== 


========================================= ==== === === = == = = ==== = = = = = = 


< 1> 


_ 


Accounting System (AP, AR, GL, PR, Job Cost, Invoicing ) 


< 2> 


- 


BASIC Interpreter (Call MBASIC 5 interpreter cmd. mode ) 


< 3> 


- 


Calculator, MicroPro ( CalcStar Key " ; H" for instructions ) 


< 4> 


- 


Calculator, Sorcim ( SuperCalc spread- sheet calc. system ) 


< 5> 


- 


CP/M command (Execute a CP/M command - use CAUTION) 


< 6> 


- 


Data Base System (dBASE 1 1 relational DBM command mode) 


< 7> 


- 


File Management (DataStar file entry and maintenance ) 


< 8> 


- 


Form Entry Generator (Create new entry forms for DataStar ) 


< 9> 


- 


Mailing System (MailSort edit, select/sort NAD file ) 


<10> 


- 


Maintenance Menu ( Prepare New Disks, Copy Files, etc. ) 


<11> 


- 


Planning Language (Target planning language w/spreadsht) 


<12> 


- 


Telecommunications (LYNC- Use ST ®A for menu. ©C to Link) 


<13> 


- 


Word Processing (WordStar, Mail Merge, SpellStar menus) 


<14> 


" 


Finished with this function 


Function 


# 


Type 


1 




Mount FINANCE. DSK on Drive A: 
Command: ORGANIZR 


2 




Command: MBASIC 


3 




Command: CS 


4 




Command: SC 


5 




Command: {(Type a CP/M command & press <ENTER> ) ) 
Command: PAUSE- Function Complete 


6 




Command: DBASE 


7 




Command : DATASTAR 


8 




Command: FORMGEN 


9 




Menu: MAILSORT 


10 




Menu: SYSUTIL 


11 




Menu: TARGET 


12 




Command: LYNC 


13 




Command: WS 
Command: ERA * . BAK 
Command: A: 


450 January 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 



commands. It also takes more time to update the console 
display with the contents of each menu than it would to 
display the two characters that make up the CP/M com- 
mand prompt. On a computer that uses floppy disks for 
mass storage, delays between commands are usually 
several seconds longer with Supervyz and Organizr than 
they are with unadorned CP/M. (By the way, neither 
program has a signficant speed advantage over the 
other.) 

A well-designed program should never bring about a 
system crash, and program stability is especially impor- 
tant in software that is designed for inexperienced com- 
puter users. Stability is absolutely crucial for any pro- 
gram that attempts to replace or augment some aspect of 
a computer's operating system. Fortunately, both Super- 
vyz and Organizr seem quite solid. Error recovery is 
smooth, even from errors that cause the premature ter- 
mination of applications programs. 

Both products come with several utility programs in 
addition to the menu-selection program. These utilities 
are used for configuring Supervyz or Organizr for a new 
computer system, creating and displaying menus and 
help messages, displaying disk directories, and the like 
(the expanded Supervyz directory-listing program pro- 
duces a display similar to a public-domain utility avail- 
able from the CP/M User's Group). 

The Displays 

The Supervyz display is more elaborate than 
Organizr's. It uses whatever special hardware features are 
available on the host system's video terminal, such as 
reverse- video and half -intensity fields. When you choose 
an option that requires specific parameters, such as a 
distinct file name to use or which disk drive to search, the 
questions appear in a fill-in-the-blanks format below the 
option list. Additionally, Supervyz provides a window 
just below the parameter field in which a disk directory 
suddenly appears whenever you are asked to supply a pre- 
existing file name (see listing la). These features make 
Supervyz very interactive, which gives the impression of 
speeding everything up. 

By contrast, the Organizr display is relatively austere 
(see listing lb). The sole special terminal-hardware fea- 
ture that it supports is to clear the video screen. Only the 
menu itself is displayed on the terminal. Unfortunately, 
after you choose an option from a menu, Organizr has a 
tendency to show on the screen the CP/M command that 
it generated. Most users would no doubt get used to that 
quirk, though it might be a bit confusing at first. 

Installation 

Both packages come preconfigured to use their intrinsic 
utilities along with the built-in commands and system 
programs common to CP/M, but custom installation is 
required to make use of the specialized application soft- 
ware that is available on a given computer system. This 
will normally be done by the dealer or consultant who in- 
stalls the system for the end user; however, both Super- 
vyz and Organizr provide instructions for end users who 



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want to change their system's configuration or install the 
products. Supervyz has the more complex installation 
procedure (partly because it is the more flexible system), 
but, because it is well automated, it is quite painless. 

As I mentioned earlier, these programs function as 
front ends to CP/M. They translate the menu selections 
made by the operator into standard CP/M commands. 
They do not replace the operating system. The CP/M 
command interpreter is still doing the real work, 
although its operation is mostly invisible to the user. 
Supervyz occupies about 4K bytes of memory at the top 
of the host system's free address space. Organizr does not 
tie up any memory, although the manual says a 48K-byte 
system is required. Both programs can be loaded under 
CP/M or set to start automatically whenever the com- 
puter is turned on. 

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Organizr's distribution package takes up 31K bytes. Most 
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age capacity of a single-density 8-inch disk (i.e., 256K 
bytes). 

Configuration 

Both packages include configuration programs that can 
customize the products for various video terminals. The 
Supervyz configuration process is more elaborate be- 
cause it uses more of the features of the available ter- 
minal. I tested it on a Heath H-19 and a Televideo 950. 
Shading, reverse video, and the use of multiple display 
intensities (on the Televideo) made for impressive and at- 
tractive menu displays. 



Most versions of CP/M allow Supervyz or Organizr to 
be loaded automatically whenever the computer is turned 
on. The Supervyz configuration program will do this for 
some systems. In most cases, however, the installer will 
have to determine the disk track and sector where the 
CP/M command interpreter resides if auto-start is neces- 
sary. In a few implementations of CP/M, such as the one 
for my Heath H-8, none of that is necessary because an 
auto-start feature is provided as part of the CP/M BIOS 
(basic input/output system). 

These are well designed products, and it is a pity that 
their documentation does not come up to the high quality 
of the software. Both user's manuals are badly written 
and somewhat disorganized. Neither has an index. Despite 
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the average end user, because in most cases the system 
will be configured by a professional and, once it is in- 
stalled, it should rarely be necessary for the end user to 
refer to the written documentation. A computer system 
that is designed around these software packages will 
pretty much explain itself. 

Conclusions 

Supervyz and Organizr provide a simple, menu-driven 
environment for the CP/M operating system. They make 
CP/M accessible to inexperienced computer users; no 
knowledge of CP/M command syntax is necessary. 

Both Supervyz's and Organizr's menus group com- 
puter-software resources into a hierarchy of functions. 
On computer systems that are used for multiple applica- 
tions, this helps the user decide how to perform a given 
task. 

These programs are well designed and stable, but both 
require extra disk accesses that slow down CP/M some- 
what. 

Supervyz and Organizr can be installed by either a sys- 
tems integrator or an end user, although installation re- 
quires some knowledge of CP/M.B 




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Programming Quickies 



High-Speed Pascal Text File I/O 



K. Brook Richan 
371 West 1670 S. 
Provo, UT 84601 

James S. Rosenvall 
2488 North 930 E. 
Provo, UT 84604 



As avid fans and teachers of Pascal, we tell people to 
change standard Pascal commands if they don't like 
them. One way to do that is to create commands through 
user-defined procedures which can then be placed in a 
library. Using this technique, we developed procedures 
that solve a text file input/output (I/O) speed problem in 
Apple Pascal. 

Background 

In the course of our work with Apple Pascal over the 
last two years, we began using the Pascal Editor for some 
of our word-processing needs. We wrote a text-printing 
program to format text files with pagination, headings, 
underscoring, and so on. Eventually, what started as a 
very simple tool acquired some rather sophisticated 
features. Still, the program ran slowly. We assumed our 
programming technique was responsible for the problem. 
At the same time, we were aware of speed problems in 
the Apple implementation of the READLN command on 
text files. 

In an attempt to explore the problem, we wrote a small 
test program to examine the speed of the standard Apple 
Pascal text file I/O commands READLN and WRITELN. 
After experimenting with the program, it became obvious 
that the speed of our printing program was heavily in- 
fluenced by READLN and WRITELN. As a result, Brook 
Richan wrote a sequence of procedures (see listing 1) to 
replicate the function of the RESET, REWRITE, 
READLN, WRITELN, and CLOSE commands on text 
files. A test program using these new procedures ran an 
astounding SVi times faster than the program that used 
the standard commands. 

Technique 

To implement our procedures, we chose to functional- 



ly replicate the standard Pascal I/O commands (see table 
1). We also made the calling parameters compatible with 
the standard Pascal commands. We used the following 
features in the fast I/O procedures: 



A. File Variables: When a file is declared in the VAR sec- 
tion of a Pascal program, space is allocated (on the stack) 
for control information about the file. Because we 
wanted to override Pascal's method of reading text files, 
we declared our own file of type FILE. That enables 
Pascal to perform low-level, high-speed BLOCK I/O. 

B. TYPE Statements: In order to functionally replicate 
standard Pascal I/O commands, it was necessary to 
define a special I/O buffer for use in the fast I/O pro- 
cedures. We defined a record that consists of a file 
variable, a file buffer, a character count, an end-of-file 
status, and a mode status. Because Pascal will not allow 
the definition of a file variable within a record type, it 
was necessary to define the TYPE statement in the follow- 
ing manner: 



TYPE BUFTYPE = 


PACKED ARRAY [1..1025] of CHAR; 


FILETYPE - 


RECORD 


FL: 


AFILEOFTEXT; 


BUF: 


aBUFTYPE 


CURPTR: 


INTEGER; 


ENDOFFILE: 


BOOLEAN; 


LASTMODE: 


(WRITEMODE, READMODE); 


END; 





In the above statement, BUFTYPE is the size of the 
page used by the Apple Editor +1. 

There are some subtle maneuvers here. We circum- 
vented the file-reference problem by defining a pointer to 



454 January 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 



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BYTE January 1983 455 



Programming Quickies 



Calling Parameters 

RESET (file variable, file name) 

FASTRESET (FILETYPE variable, file name) 

REWRITE (file variable, file name) 

FASTREWRITE (FILETYPE variable, file name) 

READLN (file variable, string)* 

FASTREADLN (FILETYPE variable, BIGSTRING variable) 

WRITELN (file variable, string)* 

FASTWRITELN (FILETYPE variable, BIGSTRING variable) 

CLOSE (file variable, command) 

FASTCLOSE (FILETYPE variable)** 

*Only one of several variations of the verb. This happens to be 
one of the forms most commonly used with text files. 
* *We have chosen to use the CRUNCH option of the CLOSE if the 
last action was a write and a LOCK if the last action was a read. 



Table 1: A comparison of calling parameters. The standard 
version is on top; the high-speed equivalent is below. 



Listing 1: Fast input/ output procedures include FASTRESET ', 
FASTREWRITE, FASTREADLN, and FASTCLOSE. Two 
demonstrations included at the end of the listing show the speed 
of the FASTREADLN and FASTWRITELN procedures. 



PROGRAM FASTTODEMO; 
TYPE 



TYPE STATEMENTS 

TYPES for FASTRESET, FASTREWRITE, FASTREADLN and FASTCLOSE 



BIGSTRING - STRINGC2 55 J; 

BUFTYPE - PACKED ARRAY[ 1 . . 1025 J OF CHAR; 

FILETYPE = RECORD 

FLi FILEOFTEXT; 

BUF : BUFTYPE ; 

CURPTRi INTEGER; 

ENDOFFILE: BOOLEAN; 

LASTMODE : ( WRITEMODE , READMODE ) ; 
END; 
FILEOFTEXT = FILE; 



(* *) 

(* Variables used in the demo at end of program *) 



FASTFILE: FILETYPE; 

I: INTEGER; 

S: BIGSTRING; 

RF : TEXT ; 

FN: STRING; 

STRINGI : STRING; 

CH: CHAR; 

OLDFILE: TEXT; 



a file variable (FILEOFTEXT). However, PASCAL will 
also not allow a pointer to a file to be declared. To get 
around this restriction, we defined a pointer to a file that 
has not yet been declared. Therefore, this TYPE state- 
ment must follow the above FILETYPE declaration: 

FILEOFTEXT = FILE; 

Because reading and writing strings longer than 80 
characters may be desired, the following type is defined: 

BIGSTRING - STRING [255]; 

C. Heap Allocation and Pointers: The fast I/O pro- 
cedures use heap allocation for a data buffer and file 
variable. Because both the data buffer and the file 
variable are on the heap, pointers are needed for access to 
the data in the variables. The variable BUF in the 
FILETYPE record is a pointer to the data buffer. The 
variable FL is a pointer to the file variable. 

D. Block I/O: If you are willing to pay the price in slight- 
ly increased code complexity, you can increase I/O speed 
substantially by using block I/O (BLOCKREAD, 
BLOCKWRITE) for reading and writing files. That 
technique was an absolutely essential ingredient in the 
success of our fast I/O procedures. 

E. Variable Declaration: An example of the variables 
needed to call READLN and WRITELN is as follows: 

VAR F: FILETYPE 
S: BIGSTRING 

These procedures should substantially increase the 
speed of your Apple Pascal programs. And, of course, 
they are compatible with UCSD Pascal. ■ 



PROCEDURES 
PROCEDURES for fast I/O on TEXT files 



PROCEDURE FASTRESET(VAR FrFILETYPE; FILENAME: STRING ) ; 



{* Do a 'RESET' for a TEXT file (open existing file) *) 



VAR 



I: INTEGER; 



BEGIN 

WITH F DO 
BEGIN 

(* Allocate the FILE variable on the heap *} 
NEW(FL); 

(* Allocate the data buffer on the heap *) 
NEW(BUF) ; 

(* Initialize the FILE variable to binary zeroes *) 
FILLCHAR(FL,SIZ EOF (FILEOFTEXT) ,CHR(0 )) ; 

t* Initialize the data buffer to binary zeroes *) 
FILLCHAR( BUF, SIZEOF (BUFTYPE ),CHR{0)); 

(* Turn off run-time I/O error checking *) 
(*SI-*) 

(* Try to open the file *) 
RESET (FL, FILENAME ) ; 

(* Check for I/O error *) 
IF IORESULTOO THEN 
BEGIN 

(• Can not open the file, set the HEAP pointer back to 

what it was before entering this procedure; then exit ") 
RELEASE (FL); 
EXIT (FASTRESET) ; 
END; 

(* Read the first 2-block data page. Ignore the 1st 2-block header *) 
I:=BLOCKREAD(FL,BUF, 2,2); 

(* Turn run-time I/O error checking back on *) 
(*?I+*) 

(* Set ENDOFFILE to TRUE if not able to read the blocks *) 
IF (I<>2) OR (IORESULTOO) THEN 

ENDOFFILE :=TRUE 
ELSE 

ENDOFFILE :=FALSE; 

(* Initialize read flags and buffer pointer *) 
LASTMODE : =READMODE ; 
BUF[1025 J:=CHR(13); 
CURPTR:-1; 
END; 



PROCEDURE FASTREWRITE (VAR F:FILETYPE; FILENAME : STRING ) ; 

(* *) 

(* Do a 'REWRITE' for a TEXT file (open new file) *) 
(. *) 



I: INTEGER; 



Listing 1 continued on page 458 



456 January 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 



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BYTE January 1983 457 



Programming Quickies ^— ^^_ 

Listing 1 continued: 

BEGIN 

WITH F DO 
BEGIN 

(* Allocate FILE variable on the heap and initialize it *} 
NEW(FL); 
F ILLCHAR ( FL, SIZEOF ( FILEOPTEXT ) , CHR ( ) ) ; 

(* Allocate data buffer and initialize it to binary zeroes *) 
NEW (BUF); 
FILLCHAR(BUF,SIZEOF(BUFTYPE),CHR(0)); 

t* Try to open the file *) 

(*SI-*> 

REWRITE (FL, FILENAME ); 

(* Check for errors *) 
IF I0RESULTO0 THEN 
BEGIN 

(* Free the heap space if an error occured *) 
RELEASE(FL); 
EXIT ( FASTREWRITE ) ; 
END? 

(* Write out two-block header *) 
I:-BLOCKWRITE(FL,BUF,2)r 
IF (I<>2) OR (IORESULT<>0) THEN 
BEGIN 

(• Set ENDOFFILE if cannot write blocks *) 
ENDOFFILE :«TRUE: 
EXIT ( FASTREWRITE ) ; 
END; 

(**!+*) 

{* Initialize flags and counter *) 
ENDOFFILE: -FALSE; 
LASTMODE : -WRITEMODE ; 
CURPTR :-l; 

END; 



PROCEDURE FASTREADLN (VAR F:FILETYPE; VAR S :BIGSTRING ) ; 



(* *) 

(* Do a 'READLN' on a TEXT file *} 



I.NBK: INTEGFR; 



BEGIN 

(* Initialize input string to 



WITH F DO 
BEGIN 

(* Check for need to read the next data page ■) 
IF (BUF[CURPTR]-CHR(0)) OR (CURPTR>1024 ) THEN 
BEGIN 

(* Read the next page ") 

1**1-*) v 

NBK:«BLOCKREAD(FL,BUF, 2); 

(* Set ENDOFFILE to TRUE if cannot read any more blocks *) 
IF (NBK<>2) OR (IORESULTOO) THEN 
BEGIN 

ENDOFFILE: =TRUE; 

EXIT ( FASTREADLN ) | 
END 
ELSE 

(* Set buffer character count to beginning of the new buffer *) 
CURPTR :-l; 
END; 

(* Expand the space compression *) 
IF BUF[CURPTR]-CHR(16) THEN 
BEGIN 

CURPTR: =»€URPTR+1 ; 

(* Turn run-time range checking off *) 
<**R-*) 

(* Fill first part of string with specified number of blanks *) 
FILLCHAR(S[1 ], ORD( BUF [CURPTR] )-32 , CHR(32 )) ; 

(* Set the string length *) 
S[0]:=CHR(ORD(BUF[CURPTRj)-3 2 ); 

(* Turn range checking back on *) 
(*$R+M 

CURPTR: -CURPTR+1; 
END; 

(* Scan for the next carriage return *) 
I:-SCAN(1026-CURPTR,*<:HR(13) , BUF [CURPTR] ) ; 

{* Allow for lines of more than 255 characters *) 
IF I+LENGTH(S)>255 THEN 
I:-255-LENGTH(S); 

(* Move data from buffer to the string and set string length •} 

(**R-*J 

MOVE LEFT (BUF [CURPTR ] , S[LENGTH (S )+l ] , I ) t 

S[0] : -CHR (LENGTH (S)+I ); 

(*SR+*) 

(* Increment character count and set mode flag *) 
CURPTR iK:URPTR+I+1; 
LASTMODE t -READMODE ; 

END; 



PROCEDURE FASTWRITELN(VAR F:FILETYPE; S : BIGSTRING ) ; 

(* *) 

t* Do a 'WRITELN' for TEXT files *) 
(» •) 

VAR I , NBK : INTEGER | 

BEGIN 



(" Insert a carriage return at end of string *) 
S:-CONCAT(S, ' '); S[LENGTH (S ) ] : =CHR (1 3 ] ; 

(* Do space compression at first of string *) 
IF LENGTH(S)>2 THEN 
BEGIN 

(* Scan for first non blank *} 
I :=SCAN (LENGTH (S ),<>' ',S[lj)r 
IF I>2 THEN 
BEGIN 

(* Compress space with DLE character and delete blanks 
S[l J:=CHR(16); 
S[2 J:=CHR(32+I ); 
DELETE{S, 3,1-2 ); 
END; 
END 
ELSE 
I:-0; 

WITH F DO 
BEGIN 

LASTMODE I =WRITEMODE ; 



(* See if buffer is full and n 
IF LENGTH(S ) > 1024-CURPTR THEN 
BEGIN 



eds to be written *) 



(* Write current blocks out *) 
(**!-*) 
NBK:=BLOCKWRITE{FL,BUF, 2); 

(* Check for no more room on the file *) 
IF (NBK<>2) OR (IORESULTOO) THEN 
BEGIN 

ENDOFFILE : -TRUE ; 
EXIT ( FASTWRITELN ) ; 
END; 

(* Move zeroes to the new buffer *) 
FILLCHAR(BUF,SIZEOF(BUFTYPE ) ,CHR(0 ) ) ; 
CURPTR:-1; 
END; 

(* Put string in buffer *) 
MOVELEFT(S[l J, BUF [CURPTR], LENGTH (S ) ); 
CURPTR: -CUR PTR+LENGTH (S ) ; 
END; 



PROCEDURE FASTCLOSE(F: FILETYPE); 



Do a 'CLOSE' for TEXT files *) 



*) 



VAR HEAPPTR: INTEGER; 

I: INTEGER ; 
BEGIN 

WITH F DO 
BEGIN 

(* Write last buffer if in 'WRITE' mode *) 
IF (LASTMODE=WRITEMODE) AND (CURPTR>1) THEN 
BEGIN 

(*5I-"> 

I : -BLOCKWRITE ( FL, BUF , 2 ) r 
(*5I+") 
END; 

(* Close file *) 

IF LASTMODE-WRITEMODE THEN 

CLOSE (FL, CRUNCH) 
ELSE 

CLOSE(FL,LOCK); 

(* Release file space if nothing else on the heap *) 
MARK(HEAPPTR); 

IF ORD(HEAPPTR)-ORD(FL)=SIZEOF(FILEOFTEXT)+SIZEOF(BUFTYPE ) THEN 
RELEASE (FL); 
END; 



(ft****************************************************** 

(* 

(* END FAST I/O PROCEDURES 

(* 



(*******•******• 

(* 

(* E X A M P L 



OF CALLING FAST I/O 



WRITE ('INPUT FILE: ' ) : 
READLN ( FN ) ; 



(* *) 

(* Demo showing speed of READLN on TEXT file 
t* ) 

(*?I-*) 

RESET(OLDFILE.FN): 

(**I+*) 

IF IORESULTOO THEN 
BEGIN 

WRITELN('IO ERROR'): 
EXIT(PROGRAM); 

END; 



Listing 1 continued on page 460 



458 January 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 



Circle 360 on inquiry card. 



Circle 232 on inquiry card. 



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Programming Quickies • 



Listing 1 continued: 



WRITELN; 

WRITELN(CHR(7), "PRESS KEY TO START STANDARD TEXT FILE READING')- 

READ (KEYBOARD, CH); 

READLN (OLDF ILE , S ) ; 
WHILE NOT EOF(OLDFILE) DO 
BEGIN 

WRITELN(S); 
READLN (OLDF ILE, S); 
END; 
CLOSE (OLDFILE, LOCK); 



(' Demo showing increased speed of FASTREADLN on TEXT file *) 
(* .) 

FASTRESET (FASTFILE, FN) ; 
IF IORESULTOO THEN 
BEGIN 

WRITELN ( ' IO ERROR ' ) ; 
EXIT (PROGRAM) ; 
END; 

WRITELN; 

WRITELN (CHR(7 ), 'PRESS KEY TO START FAST READ'); 

READ (KEYBOARD, CH ) ; 

FASTREADLN ( FASTFILE , S ) ; 
WHILE NOT FASTFILE. ENDOFFILE DO 
BEGIN 

WRITELN (S); 

FASTREADLN ( FASTFILE , S ) ; 
END; 
FASTCLOSE ( FASTF ILE ) ; 



WRITE ( 'OUTPUT FILE; ')? 
READLN ( FN ) ; 



(* *) 

(* Demo showing speed of WRITELN on TEXT files *) 



(* 

(* Open a file named the user specified name with a 'S' in front to 

indicate 'standard* way of doing TEXT I/O *) 
(*$I-*) 
REWRITE (OLDFILE, CONCAT( ' S ' , FN ) ) ; 



(*$I+*) 

IF IORESULTOO THEN 
BEGIN 

WRITELN ( 'IO ERROR' ); 
EXIT(PROGRAM) ; 
END; 

WRITELN; 

WRITELN(CHR(7 ), 'PRESS KEY TO START STANDARD TEXT FILE WRITING'); 

READ (KEYBOARD, CH ) ; 

FOR I:=l TO 50 DO 

BEGIN 

WRITEf.'); (* Write a dot to show action on the screen *) 

WRITELN (OLDF ILE, 'RECORD NUMBER ' , I : ?. , ' ABCDEFGHI JKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ ' 
END; 
WRITELN ( ' DONE' ) ; 

CLOSE (OLDFILE , LOCK ) ; 

(* *) 

(* Demo showing increased speed of FASTWRITELN on TEXT files *) 
(* *) 

{* Open a file named the user specified name with a 'F' in front to 

indicate 'fast' way of doing TEXT I/O *) 
FASTREWRITEf FASTFILE, CONCATf 'F ' ,FN)){ 
IF IORESULTOO THEN 
BEGIN 

WRITELN CIO ERROR'); 
EXIT (PROGRAM); 
END; 

WRITELN ; 

WRITELN(CHR(7 ), 'PRESS KEY TO START FAST WRITING'); 

READ (KEYBOARD, CH ) ; 

FOR I:«l TO 50 DO 
BEGIN 

WRITE ('.'); (* Write a dot to show action on the screen *) 

STR( I, STRINGI); 

WHILE LENGTH (STRINGI )<2 DO 

STRINGI:-CONCAT( ' ' .STRINGI ); 
FASTWRITELN (FASTFILE, CONCATf 'RECORD NUMBER ' , STRINGI, 

' ABCDEFGHI JKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ ' } ) ; 
END; 

WRITELN ( ' DONE ' ) ; 

FASTCLOS E ( FASTF ILE ) ; 

END. 



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a message 
to our subscribers 



From time to time we make the BYTE subscriber list 
available to other companies who wish to send our 
subscribers promotional material about their products. We 
take great care to screen these companies, choosing only 
those who are reputable, and whose products, services or 
information we feel would be of interest to you. Direct 
mail is an efficient medium for presenting the latest personal 
computer goods and services to our subscribers. 

Many BYTE subscribers appreciate this controlled use of 
our mailing list, and look forward to finding information of 
interest to them in the mail. Used are our subscribers' 
names and addresses only (no other information we may 
have is ever given). 

While we believe the distribution of this information is of 

benefit to our subscribers, we firmly respect the wishes of 

any subscriber who does not want to receive such 

promotional literature. Should you wish to restrict the use 

of your name, simply send your request to the following 

address. 

BYTE Publications Inc 

Attn: Circulation Department 

70 Main St 

Peterborough NH 

03458 



460 January 1983 © BYTE Publications lnc 



Circle 78 on inquiry card. 



Circle 166 on inquiry card. 



Edix + Wordix has word processing 
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Edix Editing Features 

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Online tutorial 



Wordix Formatting Features 
Auto footnotes 
Auto table of contents 
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Powerful macros 
Data file access 

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grows . . . the great auk, the Texas gray 
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the passenger pigeon . . . 

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BYTE January 1983 461 



Foreword by 
Douglas Hofstadter 



INVERSIONS 

a catalog of calligraphic cartwheels 
by Scott Kim 





Illusion. . .calligraphy. . .visual 
magic — Scott Kim's new 
book, Inversions, delights the 
eye and enchants the mind. 
Filled with intriguing designs, 
words that read the same 
right-side up and upside down, 
words-within-words, and 
unexpected symmetries, these 
compositions create a fresh 
way to look at the alphabet. 
The text includes the visual 
principles of symmetry, letter- 
ing, and problem solving that 
are basic to these images. The 
author also draws parallels to 



ISBN 0-07-034546-5 

1 28 pages 

softcover 

over 50 illustrations 



BYTE Books 

70 Main St., 

Peterborough, N.H. 

03458 



"Kim is the Escher-of-the alphabet. He has created 
a new art form that blends beauty and ingenuity and 
has made it so clear to us that we can try it 
ourselves if we so desire. It may well become the 
new amusement of the literate. ' ' Issac Asimov 

"Scott Kim has perfected a personal art form— one 
with grace, elegance, subtlety, and surprises." 

Douglas Hofstadter, author 
Godel, Escher, Bach: an Eternal Golden Braid 

"...sure to dazzle and delight anyone to whom 
writing is dear." 

The New York Times Book Review 

"Scott Kim's /nvers/ons...is one of the most 
astonishing and delightful books ever printed." 

Martin Gardner Scientific American 



related exercises in percep- 
tion in such diverse areas as 
art, music, word play, and 
mathematics. Scott Kim's 



original inversion designs first 
appeared in Omni magazine, 
inspiring an overwhelming 
reader response. An 
irresistible challenge, invertible 
writing appeals to everyone 
who loves beauty in 
mathematics and design. 
Scott Kim is a doctoral stu- 
dent in Computer Science at 
Stanford University. 



$8.95 



News and Speculation about Personal Computing 

Conducted by Sol Libes 



R 



andom Rumors: Next 
month, Epson is expected to 
introduce the FX-80, the re- 
placement for the MX-80 
dot-matrix printer. The 
MX-80 had captured an esti- 
mated 40 percent of the 
world market for low-cost 
printers. The FX-80 is ex- 
pected to operate at a much 
higher speed and will in- 
clude some new features. 
Epson also plans to unveil a 
new low-cost printer some- 
time soon. . . . It's rumored 
that Hewlett-Packard will 
soon introduce a more 
elaborate version of its 
HP-75 portable computer. 
. . . This year, expect to see 
the merger and acquisition 
of several software com- 
panies. ... A version of 
Microsoft's Xenix operating 
system (itself a version of 
the Unix operating system 
created years ago at Bell 
Laboratories) is reportedly in 
development for the IBM 
Personal Computer. Inciden- 
tally, two single-user Unix- 
like packages are already 
available for the IBM Per- 
sonal Computer, as previous- 
ly reported in this column 
(see the October 1982 BYTE, 
page 456). . . . Tl (Texas In- 
struments) is expected to in- 
troduce a family of hand- 
held and portable micro- 
computers, starting with an 
under-$100 unit, during the 
first quarter of this year. 
. . . Mattel, which introduced 
a personal computer two 
years ago that had a less- 
than-sensational impact on 
the market, is expected to 
make a second attempt this 
year. . . . Analysts are pre- 
dicting the imminent intro- 
duction of a 100-megabyte 
514-inch Winchester-type 
hard-disk drive. The greatest 
capacity presently available 
is 80 megabytes. . . . Sony is 
expected to introduce short- 



ly a 16-bit system using 
CP/M. . . . Expect the follow- 
ing Japanese companies to 
introduce 16-bit systems into 
the U. S. this year: Mit- 
subishi, Sord, Toshiba, Mat- 
sushita, Hitachi, and Sanyo. 
Most are expected to be 
software compatible with 
the IBM Personal Computer. 



I he Changing Scene: 

Last year marked a dramatic 
change in the personal com- 
puter market: what was once 
a hobbyist-dominated mar- 
ket is now geared primarily 
toward businesses. In the 
early and mid 1970s, per- 
sonal computer use was 
dominated by people inter- 
ested in experimenting in 
hardware; they formed a 
small and determined group 
that pioneered the field. The 
late 1970s saw the introduc- 
tion of integrated hard- 
ware/software systems such 
as the Radio Shack TRS-80, 
the Commodore PET, and 
the Apple II, as well as an 
emphasis shift toward the 
software experimenters, who 
were still primarily hobby- 
ists. 

Last year saw personal 
computer sales move well 
past the billion-dollar mark; 
large and well-established 
companies such as IBM and 
DEC (Digital Equipment Cor- 
poration) entered the mar- 
ket. Personal computers no 
longer make up one market 
but several, with products 
ranging from the low-cost, 
appliance-type computers 
being merchandised like any 
other appliance to com- 
puters intended for small 
businesses and to the work- 
stations sold by the hun- 
dreds to the larger busi- 
nesses. 

The hobbyists are still 
there, and their numbers are 



growing, but now they are a 
minor factor in the industry 
they created, just as the 
radio amateurs are long for- 
gotten for the industry they 
created and pioneered. Al- 
though I am amazed at what 
we are doing with micro- 
computers today, I still oc- 
casionally look back with 
tender feelings to the early 
days, to the camaraderie of 
hobbyists helping one an- 
other to learn and explore 
together. I wonder about the 
big, competitive, impersonal 
business that personal com- 
puting is becoming. 



■Sinclair News: It is 

estimated that over 600,000 
Sinclair ZX81 and Timex/ 
Sinclair 1000 computers 
have been sold already and 
that the total may reach 1 
million by year-end. About 
40 percent of the sales were 
in the U. S. This month 
Sinclair will cease all mail- 
order sales of the ZX81 in 
North America, and the 
computer will be available 
only as the Timex/Sinclair 
1000. The agreement be- 
tween Sinclair and Timex 
called for all mail-order 
sales to cease when sales of 
the Timex/Sinclair 1000 
reached 75,000 units. The 
mail-order sales included 
both those sold directly by 
Sinclair and those sold by 
American Express. It's esti- 
mated that American Ex- 
press sold some 70,000 units. 
Timex will pay Sinclair a 5 
percent royalty on all hard- 
ware and software sold. The 
Timex/Sinclair 1000 has a 
$100 list price, but I have 
already seen the unit dis- 
counted to $79.95. Sinclair 
continues to sell it outside 
North America. 

The Sinclair Spectrum 
computer, which I covered 



in an earlier column (see the 
September 1982 BYTE, page 
490), is expected to be intro- 
duced shortly in the U. S. It 
has been available in Eng- 
land for over seven months; 
however, the under-$100 
disk-drive announced for it is 
still not available. Sinclair is 
expected to sell the 16K-byte 
Spectrum initially through 
mail order in the U. S.; the 
price will be well under 
$200, as competitive units 
already sell for $200 or less. 
A 48K-byte version is ex- 
pected to sell for about 
$275. The Spectrum is sell- 
ing extremely well in the 
United Kingdom and has a 
typical back-order delay of 
three months. Sinclair is also 
expected to introduce its 
flat-screen television into 
the U. S. this spring. 



Vommodore News: 
Commodore is believed to 
be ready to introduce a 
3-inch micro-floppy-disk 
drive for the VIC-20; the unit 
is being manufactured in 
Hungary and will store 150K 
bytes of data. The drive is 
also expected to appear in 
products from Tandy and 
possibly Apple. Commo- 
dore's new 16-bit micropro- 
cessors appear to have run 
into some development 
snags; there still is no word 
on when samples will be 
available. 

Commodore's new C64 
computer, which the com- 
pany is promoting heavily in 
magazine advertisements, 
reportedly offers a CP/M op- 
tion and thus the availability 
of several thousand CP/M 
application programs; 
however, this product does 
not appear close to release 
and no mention is made as 
to how users will obtain the 



Circle 504 on inquiry card. 



January 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 463 




While Visicalc * was growing up and becoming the in 
language of business computing in America, a parallel revolu- 
tion has been taking place in Japan. SORD Computer Systems, 
Japan's fastest growing company, made it happen with PIPS, 
a sophisticated non-programming business system. PIPS is 
actually far superior to Visicalc for business purposes. It can 
do anything that Visicalc, Visifile*, or Visiplot* can do plus a 
lot more — and a lot more easily. PIPS is perfect for strategic 
computing applications like marketing and product pricing, and 
you don't need computer experience to put it to work for you. 
The PIPS revolution is about to happen here, too. PIPS 
is now available with a wide range of desktops from SOCIUS. 
There's the M23P: a portable desktop with 2 built-in micro- 
floppy drives, a Z-80A microprocessor and 128K of RAM — 
so light and compact, it travels in a briefcase, yet is more 
powerful than many larger computers. There's also the M343: 
a compact giant with a 16-bit microprocessor, a high-speed 
arithmetic processor, 256K of RAM, color graphics with a 
1024 x 1024 dot memory, multi-terminal timesharing 
capability, communications interface and more. 

Lots more software is also available with SOCIUS com- 
puters, including 
theSB-80* oper- 
ating system for 
compatibility with 
all CP/M* -based 
programs. 
The SOCIUS 
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c/o Mitsui (U.S.A.) Inc., 200 Park Ave., New York, N. Y. 10166-0130 
Attn: M. Taketani or M. Kitamura, Tel: 212-878-4403 




BYTELINES — — 

software in the Commodore 
disk format. The latter point 
has become a serious prob- 
lem for users of other 
machines who have bought 
so-called CP/M options only 
to find that most of that 
wonderful CP/M software is 
available only on 8-inch, 
IBM-format, single-density 
disks. 

IBM Happenings: Sales 
of under-$500 home com- 
puters are expected to ex- 
ceed $1 billion this year, and 
it's believed that IBM will 
enter this segment of the 
market. This month, IBM 
will exhibit at the CES (Con- 
sumer Electronics Show) in 
Las Vegas. CES is oriented to 
dealers of such mass-market 
products as video games, 
electronic toys, etc., and it is 
unlikely that attendees 
would be interested in the 
likes of the IBM Personal 
Computer, which in some 
configurations sells for close 
to $5000. 

IBM has taken a very large 
exhibit space at the March 
1983 West Coast Computer 
Faire, to be held in San Fran- 
cisco. Speculation has it that 
IBM will introduce there a 
new, upgraded version of its 
Personal Computer using the 
Intel 80186 or 80188 micro- 
processors. These devices 
are expected to significantly 
improve the system's perfor- 
mance while reducing the IC 
(integrated circuit) count by 
about 20 and possibly reduc- 
ing the cost of the basic unit 
to under $1000. Also, Intel 
has introduced the 80286 
version of its 8086 micro- 
processor, with performance 
equal to or better than the 
Motorola 68000 family; it's 
rumored that IBM may intro- 
duce an enhanced Personal 
Computer using this device. 
This modification would in- 
crease the Personal Com- 
puter's performance about 
six times and would prob- 
ably double its cost. One 



feature sure to be added is 
multitasking. 

Dynalogic Info-Tech Cor- 
poration, Ottawa, Canada, 
boasts that it will be the first 
company to introduce an 
IBM Personal Computer 
look-alike. Priced at $4995, 
the system will include 256K 
bytes of memory, dual flop- 
py-disk drives, a built-in 
video monitor, and a 
modem. Software will be 
available, and the unit will 
be portable a la the Osborne 
1. An IBM Personal Com- 
puter look-alike is also ex- 
pected shortly from Hitachi; 
however, it is expected to of- 
fer better graphics, have 
more storage space, and 
cost more than IBM's 
system. 

Also, IBM fired three em- 
ployees and accused them 
of stealing information 
about new personal com- 
puter products that IBM was 
developing. The three were 
accused of forming a com- 
pany through which they 
were funneling advance in- 
formation to suppliers of 
IBM peripherals products 
and also of intent to market 
such products through the 
company. Two of the former 
employees were supposedly 
the leading designers of the 
IBM Personal Computer. 



Ampple Doings: Apple 
Computer Inc. is now ship- 
ping an estimated 20,000 
Apple II and 3000 Apple III 
computers per month. The 
sales of the Apple II have 
been holding level for the 
last several months. Sales 
had begun to falter in the 
spring as competition from 
the IBM Personal Computer 
increased; however, a drop 
in price brought Apple II 
sales back up. Sales of the 
Apple III, which is pur- 
chased primarily by busi- 
nesses, increased when IBM 
introduced the Personal 
Computer, probably due to 
the resulting increased ac- 



464 January 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 



Circle 505 on Inquiry card. 



ceptance of personal com- 
puters in business. Perhaps 
Apple should thank IBM for 
legitimizing the use of per- 
sonal computers in the 
office. 



Vil Iveaway Computers: 

Personal computers have 
become the latest thing in 
premiums. A home builder in 
Naperville, Illinois, is giving 
away an Apple II computer 
to each home buyer; in Col- 
umbus, Ohio, a furniture 
dealer is offering a free 
Timex/ Sinclair 1000 with 
each furniture purchase over 
$799. 



R 



, adlo Shack News: It 

is now over 10 months since 
Radio Shack announced its 
dual-processor, multiuser 



Model 16, and the company 
has yet to deliver the prom- 
ised operating system and 
languages that take advan- 
tage of the Motorola 68000 
processor. Softworks Limit- 
ed, a small software house in 
Chicago, has already beaten 
Radio Shack to the punch by 
introducing some languages 
for the unit, but for the most 
part purchasers of the Model 
16 have been compelled to 
use the existing Z80-based, 
single-user software original- 
ly designed for the Model II. 
It's rumored, however, that 
Microsoft has developed a 
Unix-like, three-user operat- 
ing system for the Model 16 
and that its introduction is 
expected momentarily. 

It is estimated that Tandy 
has sold over 3000 Model 
16s. Jon Shirley, Tandy's 
vice-president of computer 
merchandising, has stated 
that "we have more 68000 



machines in the field than 
anyone." Of course, he ig- 
nored the fact that the 
machines are all using the 
8-bit Zilog Z80 coprocessor 
and not the 16-bit 68000 pro- 
cessor. 

Matra S. A. of France has 
signed an agreement with 
Tandy to manufacture TRS-80 
Model III computers in 
France. 



I rice Wars Intensify: 

Competition among sup- 
pliers of computers selling 
for under $300 intensified 
over the summer as price 
cuts, rebates, and giveaways 
of software packages were 
offered by Tl (Texas In- 
struments), Commodore, 
and Atari. Dealers have cut 
their own margins so that ac- 
tual selling prices have 
moved to under $200. 
In the $400-to-$1000 price 



range, Atari increased the 
memory size of the Atari 800 
from 16K bytes to 48 K bytes, 
yet the unit's list price re- 
mained at $899, and the 
dealer price stayed at $625 
(many dealers have dis- 
counted the selling price to 
under $700). The net result is 
that these systems, com- 
plete with display and two 
disk drives, now sell for less 
than $2000. 

In the under-$2000 
market, the Osborne 1, 
Kaycomp Kaypro II, Morrow 
Decision 1, and Cromemco 
C-10 are all selling for under 
$1800 and include much 
software that users have to 
pay extra for on the Atari, 
Apple, Radio Shack, and 
Commodore systems. It is 
expected that Osborne will 
soon reduce its price to 
under $1600, which is ex- 
pected to initiate a new 
round of price cuts. 



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January 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 465 



BYTELINES 



■9 tore Numbers Are 
Declining: The number of 
independent computer 
stores has been declining 
over the past year. Industry 
experts contend that this is 
due to business failures and 
that only a small number of 
the stores are showing a de- 
cent profit. Computer store 
dealers are finding that the 
lower-cost systems are dif- 
ficult to sell due to competi- 
tion from mass-merchan- 
disers and mail-order dis- 
counters, who have cut 
prices tremendously. The 
result is that the stores are 
generally shying away from 
sales of home-style systems 
and are moving to the larger, 
more expensive business- 
oriented systems where the 
customer is more concerned 
with support. Industry ex- 
perts are predicting that the 
number of independent 



computer stores may drop to 
half their current number 
within the next five years. 
(Incidentally, Tandy already 
has 330 Radio Shack com- 
puter centers in operation, 
with more to come.) 

In the meantime, Com- 
puterland, with over 300 
franchised computer stores 
(60 outside the U. S.), is en- 
couraging its dealers to 
open satellite stores to sell 
packaged software and sup- 
plies to home computer 
users in high-traffic areas. 
They will provide little in the 
way of support. Customers 
requiring support and 
anyone wishing to purchase 
systems for other than game 
applications will be referred 
to the main store. Computer- 
land expects to open 15 new 
franchises per month this 
year. A Computerland fran- 
chise costs between 



RadioStiackTRS-SCs 



Full Line 





1 



YOU CAN SAVE money when you buy Radio Shack TRS-80 Com- 
puters from Pan American Electronics. Pan American Elec- 
tronics went into business in 1976 and led the way in bringing con- 
sumers original Radio Shack TRS-80 Computers at reduced prices. 
NO other company has done it longer. 
NO other company has done it better and 
NO other company sells them for less. 

Pan American 
Electronics 

TOLL FREE NUMBER 800/531-7466 

1117 Conway Avenue • Department B 
Mission, Texas 78572 
Phone: 512/581-2766 
Telex Number 767339 

tm — Trademark of Tandy Corporation 



$100,000 and $250,000 
depending on location and 
inventory. Computerland 
then takes an 8 percent 
royalty on each sale, plus 1 
percent of the sale for adver- 
tising. 

Store growth is also ex- 
pected in another new area: 
that of computer service 
stores. Currently several na- 
tionwide service organiza- 
tions provide service support 
for many manufacturers of 
microcomputer systems. 
Sorbus Service, second 
largest of the independent 
computer-maintenance con- 
cerns, has already opened 
stores in Los Angeles, 
Chicago, and Philadelphia. 
TRW (the largest firm in 
computer maintenance) 
plans to open its first store in 
Dallas. Clobuscope Inc., a 
New York photo-equipment 
company, plans to shortly 
open its first Computer Doc- 
tor store in New York City. 
RCA and Western Union are 
also seriously considering 
opening service stores. 

These "third-party" main- 
tenance companies came in- 
to existence to service large 
computers and last year 
grossed over $500 million. 
With the expansion into 
carry-in stores, they are look- 
ing to expand their business 
to over $1 billion this year. 
Much of their business is 
also expected to come from 
computer retail stores. 



N 



lew Microproces- 
sors: Compupro of 
Oakland, California, takes 
the prize as the first U. S. 
personal computer supplier 
to introduce a processor 
board using the new Na- 
tional Semiconductor 16032 
microprocessor and the first 
to show a board using the In- 
tel 80286 16-bit microproces- 
sor. Both are on S-1007 
IEEE-696 cards and operate 
at 10 MHz. Both also have 
sockets for optional floating- 



point and memory-manage- 
ment coprocessors. Com- 
pupro is furnishing FORTH 
and a macroassembler for 
the 16032, and if Digital 
Research proceeds with its 
tentative plans, a version of 
CPM-86 will be available for 
the 80286. It's hinted that 
versions of Unix will be 
available for both. 



Icro-Floppy Stan- 
dard: A tentative accord ap- 
pears to have been reached 
between several U. S. and 
European disk-drive and 
disk-media suppliers to 
adopt a standard based on 
the Sony 3 1 /2-inch floppy- 
disk. Included in the accord 
are Shugart Associates, 
Micro Peripherals, and Ver- 
batim. A standard has been 
submitted to an ANSI 
(American National Stan- 
dards Institute) committee 
that calls for the Sony disk 
to be made similar to the ex- 
isting 5Vi-inch floppy disks, 
having 40 or 80 tracks per 
side and being single- or 
double-sided. An 80-track 
double-sided drive would 
have a 1 -megabyte capacity. 
Shugart disclosed that it 
expects to start shipping 
sample drives compatible 
with this standard shortly, at 
a volume price of under 
$100 a piece. Volume pro- 
duction is expected toward 
the end of the year. The 
other companies who par- 
ticipated in the drafting of 
the standard include Oli- 
vetti, BASF, Xidex, and 
Brown Disc. Sony, however, 
has asked the ANSI commit- 
tee to accept its basic 
3'/2-inch design, rather than 
that proposed by these com- 
panies. The Sony disk is the 
same in all respects except 
that it uses a thicker medium 
and faster rotational speed. 



J IG< Disabled Founded: 

The San Diego Computer 
Society has begun a SIG 



466 January 1983 © BYTE Publications lnc 



Circle 318 on inquiry card. 



Circle 65 on inquiry card. 



(special interest group) for 
disabled individuals. The 
SIC presently has 50 mem- 
bers organized into 6 sub- 
groups: communications 
(networks, etc.), education, 
home environmental con- 
trol, career/job enhance- 
ment, introduction to com- 
puters for novices, and prob- 
lem solvers. Of the group 
members, 25 percent have 
some type of disability. For 
information contact Barbara 
E. Sack, 2596 Escondido 
Ave., San Diego, CA 92123. 
AMRAD (Amateur Radio 
Research and Development 
Corporation), a group of 
radio amateurs, is also very 
active in the area of com- 
munications for the physi- 
cally disabled. For informa- 
tion write to AMRAD, 1524 
Springvale Ave., McLean, 
VA 22101. 



•Software Legislation: 

The House Subcommittee 
on Courts, Civil Liberties, 
and Administration of Jus- 
tice is considering legisla- 
tion for software protection. 
If passed, the new law will 
amend the federal Copyright 
Act as to the definition 
of computer software and 
will emphasize that reliance 
on copyright protection in 
no way precludes any state 
trade-secret protection. 
Also, the use of a copyright 
mark on unpublished soft- 
ware will not constitute 
publication. The user will 
have to deposit the com- 
puter software with the 
Copyright Office in the same 
manner as printed material. 



Womputer Games: It is 

estimated that Atari has 
shipped 6 million video- 
game units so far and grossed 
over a billion dollars from 
sales (that doesn't include 
game cartridges). Atari has 
about 75 percent of the 
video-games market, while 
Mattel has about 15 percent; 



the remainder is shared by 
Coleco, Astroarcade, and 
Emerson Radio. 

After several years of sky- 
rocketing growth, sales of 
video-game units are ex- 
pected to grow at a much 
more moderate rate. This is 
because personal computers 
are now selling in the same 
price range and offer other 
benefits besides the ability 
to play games. Thus, game 
manufacturers such as Atari 
and Mattel have begun to 
slash prices and offer 
rebates. Atari is expected to 
introduce a new game unit 
with powerful graphics at a 
price well under $200, while 
previous plans had called 
for a price over $250. 

Similarly, Commodore, 
which had previously an- 
nounced a target price of 
$180 for its new Max game 
unit, is expected to drop the 
price to $150 when the unit 
finally appears on dealers' 
shelves. Game-cartridge sup- 
pliers such as Parker Bros., 
Imagic, and Activision, 
which previously supplied 
cartridges only for game 
units, are expected to start 
supplying their game car- 
tridges for personal com- 
puters as well. 



lr Ideotex Starts In 

U. S.: In Great Britain, 
where the videotex idea 
started, the Prestel system, 
after one year of operation, 
has revealed that 85 percent 
of its customers are busi- 
nesses, not the individual 
consumer (for whom the 
system was originally de- 
signed). It is estimated that 
there are already 775,000 
Prestel, Viewdata, and Tele- 
text sets in operation in 15 
countries. 

In the United States, 
AT&T— together with CBS- 
TV— is conducting a test of 
videotex involving 200 
homes. IBM has announced 
a private videotex system 
called SVS/1. Chemical 



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Circle 53 on Inquiry card. 



January 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 467 



BYTELINES — — 

Bank, in New York City, has 
inaugurated a home-banking 
system for users of Atari 400 
personal computers that will 
be expanded to include 
other videotex services. 

Basically, two different 
types of videotex services 
are envisioned: one for use 
by individual consumers, 
and another that is operated 
as a private, in-house 
business system. The IBM 
system appears aimed at the 
latter category. Modular 
Computer Systems, Fort 
Lauderdale, Florida, and 
Rediffusion Computers Ltd., 
Sussex, England, also are 
manufacturing private 
business systems. Further, 
Tandy has announced a pri- 
vate videotex system, 
although the company has 
not yet delivered any units. 
Wolfdata, of Ithaca, New 
York, already offers a video- 
tex system based on IBM 



Personal Computer systems. 
The private business sys- 
tems generally rely on the 
telephone lines for com- 
munications, although some 
are using video-cable sys- 
tems. The consumer systems 
use either telephone or 
cable and rely on the TV re- 
ceiver for display. In the 
AT&T tests, 1200-bps (bits 
per second) modems are 
used. Half of the homes use 
a special keyboard and 
television receiver while the 
other half are using com- 
plete video terminals. Both 
systems provide a graphics 
display that updates rapidly 
using algorithms that 
replace only those elements 
in the display that change. 

1% andom News Bits: 

Intel is the first company to 
introduce VLSIC (very-large- 
scale integrated circuits) to 



Out of sight 

savings 
opportunity 



Does your paycheck seem to vanish 
as soon as you get it? 

The Payroll Savings Plan where you 
work will take a little something from 
each check and buy Bonds, before 
you have a chance to make the rest 
disappear. 

Soon, you'll see big savings right 
before your eyes. Savings to help you 
and America, too. 

So use some foresight. Buy United 
States Savings Bonds. 



interface computer equip- 
ment to Ethernet local-area 
networks. Expect 3Com Cor- 
poration of Mountain View, 
California, to introduce 
shortly its set of integrated 
circuits. With the availabili- 
ty of these devices, we can 
expect to see Ethernet op- 
tions being offered soon on 
many personal computers. 
. . . Okidata Corporation has 
ceased manufacturing 
printers in the U. S. and will 
now limit itself to importing 
products from its Japanese 
parent. . . . National Public 
Radio and the National In- 
formation Utilities Corpora- 
tion have formed INC Tele- 
communications to develop 
the delivery of data via 
network-based FM (frequen- 
cy modulation radio) subcar- 
riers. . . . Design Aids Inc., 
Laguna Niguel, California, 
has introduced a talking 
drafting system. The user 
sketches a drawing and then, 
with the aid of a digitizer 
and voice-feedback prompts 
via headphones, enters the 
data to the IBM Personal 
Computer. Cost is $19,000. 
. . . Intel has introduced a 
64K-bit (8K- by 8-bit) in- 
telligent dynamic memory 
IC called the iRAM2186 that 
interfaces as easily as a 
static memory IC. . . . DEC 
has cut the price of its 
VT-100:CP/M upgrade from 
$2400 to just under $1300. 



That's quite a price cut. 
. . . Toshiba has unveiled a 
3V2-inch floppy-disk drive 
capable of storing 3 mega- 
bytes on a single side; its in- 
troduction is expected late 
next year. . . . Tandy has 
bought the remaining 50 per- 
cent of Datapoint's share in 
Texas Peripherals, a floppy- 
disk manufacturer. The firm 
is a primary supplier of 
floppy-disk drives for Radio 
Shack computers. . . . The 
IEEE (Institute of Electrical 
and Electronics Engineers) 
Microprocessor Standards 
Committee has established a 
group to develop a standard 
for the STD-type bus using 
100- by 160-mm Eurocards 
and DIN (Deutsche Industrie 
Norm) 41612-C 64-way con- 
nectors. . . . Motorola has 
introduced a CMOS (com- 
plementary metal-oxide 
semiconductor) version of 
the 6809 microprocessor, 
perhaps the most powerful 
8-bit microprocessor current- 
ly in production. 

MAIL: I receive a large 
number of letters each month 
as a result of this column. If you 
write to me and wish a 
response, please include a self- 
addressed, stamped envelope. 

Sol Llbes 

c/o BYTE Publications 

POB 372 

Hancock, NH 03449 ■ 



BYTE's Bits 



Dow Jones Expands Services 



The complete 20-volume 
Academic American Encyclo- 
pedia can now be accessed by 
subscribers of the Dow Jones 
News/Retrieval service. Pro- 
duced by Grolier Electronic 
Publishing, the encyclopedia 
has 9 million words and more 
than 28,000 articles indexed 
by subject. The encyclopedia 
will be updated twice a year 
and can be searched using key- 
words. In addition, lists of 
cross references are provided. 



Dow Jones is also making 
available a movie review data- 
base to its News/Retrieval 
subscribers. This service, 
manufactured by Cineman 
Syndicate of Middletown, 
New York, provides brief plot 
descriptions of some 50 films, 
rated on a scale ranging from 
great to poor. Contact Dow 
Jones & Co. Inc., 22 Cortlandt 
St., New York, NY 10007, 
(212) 285-5466. ■ 



468 January 1983 © BYTE Publications lnc 



Clubs and Newsletters 



SD-ACE News 
and Meetings 

San Diego Atari Computer 
Enthusiasts (ACE) is a non- 
profit organization and users 
group not connected with the 
Atari Corp. All meetings are 
held at 6:30 p.m. on the third 
Monday of each month in the 
Social Room of the North 
Park Recreational Center, 
4044 Idaho St., San Diego, 
California. A $5 membership 
fee includes free access to the 
SD-ACE computer program 
library, class information, and 
a subscription to the group's 
newsletter. Address inquiries 
to Dick Hiatt, President SD- 
ACE, 5353 Baltimore Dr. #39, 
La Mesa, CA 92041. 



Tl Users in 
Southwestern Ohio 

The Tl 99/4 Users Group of 
the Cincinnati-Dayton area 
produces the monthly Cin- 
Day Users Group Newsletter. 
Subscriptions to the newslet- 
ter and other mailings are $5 
per year for nonmembers. For 
further information, contact 
The 99/4 Users Group of the 
Cincinnati-Dayton Area, 
11987 Cedarcreek Dr., Cincin- 
nati, OH 45240. 



Apple Readers 

The Rainbow's Edge is a 
newsletter for Apple Com- 
puter users published by Rain- 
bow Computing Inc. It in- 
cludes product descriptions, 
articles, and reviews. Send $1 
($2 outside the U.S.) to Rain- 
bow Computing, 19517 Busi- 
ness Center Dr., Northridge, 
CA 91324, or call (213) 
349-0300 Tuesdays through 
Fridays. 



From Tulsa, 
Oklahoma 



The I/O Port is the official 
monthly newsletter published 
by the Tulsa Computer Soci- 
ety, a nonprofit, educational 
corporation. The $6 annual 
membership fee includes a 
one-year subscription to The 
I/O Port. The Tulsa Com- 
puter Society meets on the last 
Tuesday of each month at 
7:30 p.m. in the Tulsa Voca- 
tional-Technical School semi- 
nar center at 3420 South 
Memorial Drive in Tulsa. For 
further information, write to 
the Tulsa Computer Society 
Inc., POB 1133, Tulsa, OK 
74101. 

New Jersey 
Meetings Planned 

The Computer Club of 
Ocean County is a nonprofit 
organization in New Jersey 
with plans to publish a 
periodic newsletter and spon- 
sor specialized tutorials, semi- 
nars, and workshops. Meet- 
ings are scheduled for the first 
Friday of each month and the 
proposed agenda includes 
speakers and demonstrations. 
Annual dues are $9, payable 
in September of each year. For 
further information, write to 
Gerry Wagner, 1104 Aspen 
Dr., Toms River, NJ 08753, or 
call (201) 349-6070. 



Intercalc Serves 
Spreadsheet Users 

Intercalc, an independent, 
international users group, 
focuses on the use of Visicalc- 
type programs. Intercalc also 
publishes Spreadsheet, a bi- 
monthly newsletter. It in- 
cludes tips, programs, appli- 
cations, and questions and 
answers relevant to electronic 
spreadsheet programs. Mem- 
bership dues are $25 per year 
and include Spreadsheet. For 



more information, contact 
Intercalc at POB 254, Scars- 
dale, NY 10583. 



Consulting 
Computerists 

The Independent is the 
newsletter of the Independent 
Computer Consultants Asso- 
ciation (ICCA). It is published 
six times a year and contains 
information pertinent to com- 
puter consulting. Coverage is 
extensive as there are seven- 
teen chapters of the ICCA 
located in major American 
cities. For further informa- 
tion, write to the ICCA, POB 
27412, St. Louis, MO 63141, 
or call (314) 567-9708. 



Pomona Heath 
Users Group 

The Pomona, California, 
Heath Users Group (HUG) 
meets on the fourth Thursday 
of each month at 7:30 p.m. at 
the Heathkit Electronic Center 
in Pomona. For more infor- 
mation, write to Pomona 
HUG, H. Friedman, 1555 
North Orange Grove Ave., 
Pomona, CA 91767. 



6809 and OS-9 
Users Unite 

A users group for people in- 
terested in the 6809 processor, 
the OS-9 operating system, 
and Unix-like systems on the 
6800 series of microcomputers 
is forming. Goals include a 
public-domain software li- 
brary, a commercial-software 
registry, and a periodical to be 
either in print or on electronic 
media. Anyone interested in 
participating in the formation 
of this users group may con- 
tact one of the following pro- 
visional officers: Brian 
Capouch, RR 1, Box 270, 
Monon, IN 47949; Shel Ep- 
stein, Box 400, Wilmette, IL 



60091; Howard Harkness, 
POB 28954, Dallas, TX 75228; 
or Erwin Straehley, 1005 
Roble Lane, Santa Barbara, 
CA 93103. 



An IBM Users Group 

Has News and 

Hotline 

A worldwide IBM Small 
Systems Users Group repre- 
sents owners, users, schools, 
and third-party software pro- 
fessionals on all IBM Small 
Systems (the Personal Com- 
puter, Datamaster, 5120, 
S/34, and the Display writer). 
The group publishes Basic 
Society News monthly, spon- 
sors local Basic Society 
chapters, and belongs to a 
software-source hotline. An- 
nual membership is $25. For 
more information, contact 
Kathy Ames, Basic Society 
Inc., POB 345099, Dallas, TX 
75234, or call (214) 484-9900. 



Portland 
Computer Society 

The Portland Computer 
Society meets every third 
Saturday and publishes a 
monthly newsletter. To keep 
informed with its calendar of 
events, book reviews, and ar- 
ticles, write to Ted Peterson, 
W7WWG, POB 230221, Port- 
land, OR 97223. 



Jlnsam Newsletter 

Jinsam Newsletter, a publi- 
cation of Jini Micro-Systems, 
provides news releases and 
accounts of applications of 
the Jinsam Executive data- 
base management system. 
Annual subscriptions are $5 
in the U.S. and $8 interna- 
tionally. For more informa- 
tion, contact Jinsam Newslet- 
ter, Jini MicroSystems Inc., 
POB 274 Kingsbridge Sta- 
tion, Riverdale, NY 10463. ■ 



January 1983 © BYTE Publications lnc 469 



Event Queue 



January 1983 

January 

Intensive Seminars for Pro- 
fessional Development, Wor- 
cester Polytechnic Institute 
campus and various sites in 
the New York City and 
Boston metropolitan areas. 
Some of the topics to be pre- 
sented are "Project Manage- 
ment," "Leadership Skills and 
Management Tools for High- 
Technology Professionals," 
and "Management Skills for 
First-Line Supervisors." Fees 
range from $495 to $990. 
Complete details are avail- 
able from Ms. Ginny 
Bazarian, Office of Continu- 
ing Education, Higgins 
House, Worcester Polytech- 
nic Institute, Worcester, MA 
01609, (617) 793-5517. For in- 
formation on in-house semi- 
nars, call Robert J. Hall at 
(617) 793-5574. 

January 

Courses from Q.E.D. Infor- 
mation Sciences, various sites 
throughout the U.S. Among 
the courses offered are "Pro- 
ject Management and Con- 
trol," "Teleprocessing Net- 
work Design," and "Leader- 
ship: Managing and Influenc- 
ing People." Complete course 
outlines are available from 
Priscilla Goudreault, Q.E.D. 
Information Sciences Inc., 
Q.E.D. Plaza, POB 181, 
Wellesley, MA 02181, (800) 
343-4848; in Massachusetts, 
(617) 237-5656. 

January-February 

Seminars of Interest to 
Women Professionals, various 
sites in the New York City and 
Boston metropolitan areas. 
This series of one- and two- 
day seminars is presented by 
Boston University Metro- 
politan College. Among the 
topics on the agenda are "Tac- 
tical Innovations in Marketing 
Management," "Advanced 



Management for Women: Be- 
yond the Basics," and "Data 
Processing Fundamentals for 
Accounting and Financial 
Managers." The seminar fees 
are $325 and $495, depending 
on duration. For registration 
information, contact Ms. Joan 
Merrick, University Seminar 
Center, Suite 415, 850 
Boylston St., Chestnut Hill, 
MA 02167, (617) 738-5020. 

January-March 

Courses for Developers and 
Users of Computer Systems, 

various sites throughout the 
U. S. Among the courses of- 
fered by the AMA (American 
Management Associations) 
are "Fundamentals of Data 
Processing for the Nondata 
Processing Executive," 
"BASIC: A Computer Lan- 
guage for Managers," and 
"Database Concepts and De- 
sign." For complete registra- 
tion and course information, 
contact the AMA, 135 West 
50th St., New York, NY 
10020, (212) 586-8100. 

January 11-12 

Local Area Networks: Ar- 
chitecture, Technology, and 
Products, Sheraton-Tara Ho- 
tel, Framingham, MA. Topics 
to be covered at this work- 
shop include network con- 
cepts and architectures, local- 
network characterization, 
internetworking, and stan- 
dards. The registration fee is 
$570. For further information, 
contact Technology Concepts 
Inc., 730 Boston Post Rd., 
Sudbury, MA 01776, (617) 
443-4637. 

January 11-13 

Unix Hands On, Atlanta, GA. 
This seminar will provide a 
detailed overview of the Unix 
operating system. Hands-on 
experience will be offered. 
Unix System III, Version 7, 
and the UC (University of 
California) Berkeley enhance- 
ments will be covered. The 



course fee is $850. For further 
information, contact Car- 
dinal Information Systems, 
POB 97, Dayton, OH 45449, 
(513) 435-4653. 

January 12-14 

Designing Systems Controls, 

New York, NY. This course 
explains what systems con- 
trols are, why they are impor- 
tant, and how they can be 
analyzed and evaluated. It is 
developed for managers, 
designers, and analysts active- 
ly involved in new systems 
controls. Further details are 
available from Q. E. D. Infor- 
mation Sciences Inc., 
Q. E. D. Plaza, POB 181, 
Wellesley, MA 02181, (800) 
343-4848; in Massachusetts, 
(617) 237-5656. 

January 13 

Network Optimization and 
Tariff Impact Strategies, San 

Francisco, CA. This seminar 
will provide a concise over- 
view of how to maximize net- 
work potential and plan cor- 
porate strategies to minimize 
the impact of tariff increases. 
Contact the DMW Group 
Inc., Publishing and Seminar 
Division, 2020 Hogback Rd., 
Ann Arbor, MI 48104, (800) 
521-7802; in Michigan, (313) 
971-5234. 

January 18-19 

Local Area Networks: Ar- 
chitecture, Technology, and 
Products, Berkeley Marina 
Marriott Inn, Berkeley, CA. 
For details, see January 11-12. 

January 18-20 

Microcomputers in Educa- 
tion, Tallahassee, FL. This 
workshop is designed for the 
professional development of 
educators at all levels. Topics 
to be covered include BASIC 
and graphics, Logo, adminis- 
trative uses of microcom- 
puters, and microcomputers 
as laboratory instruments. 
Hands-on experience with a 



variety of computers will be 
provided. Information is 
available from Ms. Sharon 
Woodruff, Technical Educa- 
tion Research Centers, 8 Eliot 
St., Cambridge, MA 02138, 
(617) 547-3890. 

January 18-20 

Southcon/83, High-Tech- 
nology Electronics Exhibition 
and Convention, Georgia 
World Congress Center, At- 
lanta, GA. A few of the topics 
to be covered include aero- 
space electronics, defense elec- 
tronics, and energy. For fur- 
ther information, contact 
Electronic Conventions Inc., 
999 North Sepulveda Blvd., El 
Segundo, CA 90245, (800) 
421-6816; in California, (213) 
772-2965. 

January 18-20 

Unix Hands On, Orlando, FL. 
For details, see January 11-13. 

January 18-21 

Defining Software Require- 
ments, Specifications, and 
Tests, San Diego, CA. Partic- 
ipants in this short course will 
learn how to analyze and 
document end-user require- 
ments, generate software re- 
quirements that include test 
plans, and plan the sequenc- 
ing of test and integration pro- 
cedures. The fee is $845. Fur- 
ther details are available from 
Ruth Dordick, Integrated 
Computer Systems, 3304 Pico 
Blvd., POB 5339, Santa 
Monica, CA 90405, (213) 
450-2060. 

January 19-24 

NAVA '83/COMMTEX Inter- 
national, Louisiana Super- 
dome, New Orleans, LA. This 
communications and informa- 
tion technology exposition 
will feature seminars, special- 
ized conferences, and the an- 
nual convention of the Associ- 
ation for Educational Com- 
munications and Technology. 
Seminar topics will cover 



470 January 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 



audio-visual management, 
new technologies of instruc- 
tion in education and training, 
and audio-visual applications 
for trade, professional, and 
corporate communicators. 
More than 400 manufacturers 
and producers will display 
communications products, in- 
cluding audio-visual, video 
and microcomputer equip- 
ment, accessories, and soft- 
ware. For further details, con- 
tact the National Audio- 
Visual Association, 3150 
Spring St., Fairfax, VA 
22031, (703) 273-7200. 

January 20 

The Annual Janus Seminar, 

Sheraton Center, New York, 
NY. This year's seminar will 
focus on the marketing of in- 
formation services. Panelists 
and speakers will address mar- 
keting issues from various 
aspects of information ser- 
vices, including online search- 
ers, information brokers, and 
database or printed material 
producers. This event is co- 
sponsored by the Metro- 
politan New York Chapter of 
the American Society for In- 
formation Science and the 
New York Chapter of the 
Special Libraries Association. 
For further details, contact 
Carol Tschudi, Engineering 
Societies Library, 345 East 
47th St., New York, NY 
10017, (212) 705-7610. 

January 20-21 

The Twelfth Annual National 
Measurement Science Confer- 
ence and Exhibition, Hyatt 
Rickeys Hotel, Palo Alto, CA. 
This conference is developed 
for managers, scientists, engi- 
neers, and operating person- 
nel. With "Accuracy and 
Automation" as the theme, 
seminar sessions will stress 
practical applications of new 
equipment and techniques to 
solve measurement problems. 
By format and objective, this 
conference will promote pro- 
fessional and state-of-the-art 
approaches, and emerging 



technologies in the fields of 
measurement science. For reg- 
istration information, contact 
Bob Weber, Lockheed Missile 
& Space Corp., Sunnyvale, 
CA 94046, (408) 742-2957, 

January 21-23 

CP/M '83, Moscone Center, 
San Francisco, CA. This inter- 
national exposition and con- 
ference is designed for CP/M 
manufacturers, software de- 
velopers, distributors, and 
users. The exposition is ex- 
pected to be one of the largest 
presentations of CP/M-based 
hardware and software ever 
assembled. Seminars and con- 
ferences will explore CP/M 
applications, technical infor- 
mation, development aids, 
venture-capital programs, and 
software distribution. Adam 
Osborne, Chris Morgan, 
Tony Gold, Sol Libes, and 
Gary Kildall have assisted in 
organizing this show for 
Digital Research Inc. Contact 
National Computer Shows, 
824 Boylston St., Chestnut 
Hill, MA 02167, (800) 
343-2222; in Massachusetts, 
(617) 739-2000. 



January 24-25 

Computers in Agriculture 
Conference and Trade Fair, 

Red Lion Inn, Sacramento, 
CA. This conference and ex- 
hibition is designed to address 
the needs of farmers and 
ranchers in the West. More 
than 20 speakers and 60 hard- 
ware and software exhibitors 
will attend. The conference 
seeks to answer basic ques- 
tions confronting farmers and 
ranchers considering the pur- 
chase of a computer. For de- 
tails, write to Kim Schnoor, 
Western Agricultural Chemi- 
cals Association, Suite 209, 
6650 Belleau Wood Lane, 
Sacramento, CA 95831. 



January 24-26 

Unix Hands On, Dallas, TX. 
For details, see January 11-13. 



January 25-27 

The First Annual Automated 
Office Expo, Moscone Center, 
San Francisco, CA. This show 
will feature computer and 
telecommunications systems, 
graphics, peripherals, and 
word-processing systems. 
This show is sponsored by 
lnfosystems magazine. Con- 
■' tact Automated Office Expo, 

* Suite 400, 222 West Adams 
I St., Chicago, IL 60606, (800) 

• 621-2134; in Illinois, (312) 
I 263-3131. 

January 25-28 

Designing Real-Time Hard- 
ware for Digital Signal and 
Image Processing, Los 

Angeles, CA. Participants in 
this short course will learn 
how to implement digital 
filters, fast Fourier transforms, 
correlation, modulation, and 
other real-time processes by 
designing with general-pur- 
pose 16-bit microprocessors. 
Case histories and lectures will 
be featured. The fee is $845. 
Contact Ruth Dordick, In- 
tegrated Computer Systems, 
3304 Pico Blvd., POB 5339, 
Santa Monica, CA 90405, 
(213) 450-2060. 

January 31-February 2 
Communication Networks 
'83, the Rivergate, New 
Orleans, LA. This fifth annual 
conference and exposition will 
encompass the voice, data, 
and telecommunications in- 
dustry with sessions and de- 
monstrations. The theme is 
"Communications Cost Con- 
trol Via High Technology." 
Topics on the agenda include 
electronic mail and office 
communications, local-area 
networks and internetting, 
and modems and multiplex- 
ers. Optional in-depth skill 
seminars will be held. These 
seminars, led by industry 
leaders, include lectures, class 
activities, and a workbook. 
The general registration fee is 
$395; skill seminars cost $295. 
Contact Louise Myerow, 
Conference Management 



Group, CW Communications 
Inc., POB 880, Framingham, 
MA 01701, (800) 225-4698; in 
Massachusetts, (617) 879-0700 
collect. 

January 31-February 2 

Telefile User Group Winter 
Conference, Queen Mary 
Hotel, Long Beach, CA. This 
conference is for members of 
the Telexchange, a group for 
Telefile and Xerox /Sigma 
computer users. For further 
details, contact Brian Edens, 
Telexchange secretary/trea- 
surer, 17131 Daimler St., Ir- 
vine, CA 92714, (714) 
557-6660. 

February 1983 

February 

Continuing Engineering Edu- 
cation, George Washington 
University, Washington, 
D C, and the Hilton Inn 
Florida Center, Orlando, FL. 
Among the courses being of- 
fered are "Computer Graph- 
ics Systems: Design and Ap- 
plications," "Configuration 
Management of Software 
Programs," and "Selecting 
Small Computers for Busi- 
ness and Government." 
Course fees range from $685 
to $855. Course outlines are 
available from Douglas 
Green, Continuing Engineer- 
ing Education, George Wash- 
ington University, Washing- 
ton, D C 20052, (800) 
424-9773; in the District of 
Columbia, (202) 676-8515. 

February 1-3 

Unix Hands On, Houston, 
TX. For details, see January 
11-13. 

February 1-4 

Advanced Microprocessor 
Programming and Applica- 
tions Techniques, Los Ange- 
les, CA. This short course is 
designed to teach participants 
how to use real-time operat- 
ing systems, design custom- 
ized modules to implement 



January 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 471 



Event Queue, 



real-time functions, apply 
16-bit microprocessor 
families, and how to struc- 
ture multiprocessor and 
multicomputer architectures. 
The fee is $845. Contact Ruth 
Dordick, Integrated Com- 
puter Systems, 3304 Pico 
Blvd., POB 5339, Santa 
Monica, CA 90405, (213) 
450-2060. 

February 1-4 

Defining Software Require- 
ments, Specifications, and 
Tests, Washington, D C. For 
details, see January 18-21. 

February 3-6 

The Rocky Mountain 
Regional Computer Show 
and Software Exposition, 

Denver Merchandise Mart, 
Denver, CO. This show fea- 
tures business computers, 
video games, and home com- 



puters. Admission is $5 for 
adults and $3 for children. 
For more information, con- 
tact Northeast Expositions, 
824 Boylston St., Chestnut 
Hill, MA 02167, (617) 
739-2000. 

February 7-9 

Microcomputers in Educa- 
tion, Washington, D C. For 
details, see January 18-20. 

February 8-9 

Local Area Networks: Ar- 
chitecture, Technology, and 
Products, Hyatt Regency 
Hotel, Atlanta, GA. For 
details, see January 11-12. 

February 15-18 

Peripheral Array Processors 
for Signal Processing and 
Simulation, University of 
California, Los Angeles. The 
fee for this course is $845. 



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ing and Mathematics, 6266 
Boelter Hall, Los Angeles, 
CA 90024, (213) 825-1047. 

February 15-18 

Designing Real-Time Hard- 
ware for Digital Signal and 
Image Processing, Washing- 
ton, D C. For details, see Jan- 
uary 25-28. 

February 16-18 

The Third Annual TALMIS, 

Ambassador West, Chicago, 
IL. This conference brings 
together software publishers 
and users of microcomputer- 
based training systems. Issues 
on the agenda include the 
home market, local network- 
ing, new hardware, and suc- 
cessful distribution channels. 
Question-and-answer ses- 
sions will be held. Further in- 
formation is available from 
Mary O'Keefe, TALMIS Inc., 
115 North Oak Park Ave., 
Oak Park, IL 60301, (312) 
848-4000. 

February 16-19 

Data and Telecommunica- 
tions/Japan Exposition '83, 
Tokyo Ryutsu Centre, 
Tokyo, Japan. For informa- 
tion contact Cahners Exposi- 
tion Group, Cahners Plaza, 
1350 East Touhy Ave., POB 
5060, Des Plaines, IL 60018, 
(312) 299-9311. In Japan, 
contact Cahners Exposition 
Group S.A., Hino Building 
3F, 3-4-11 Uchikanda, 
Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101, 
Japan; tel: 03-254-6041. 

February 17-19 

Microcomputers in Educa- 
tion, New York, NY. For 
details, see January 18-20. 

February 21-23 

Office Automation Con- 
ference, Civic Center, Phila- 
delphia, PA. More than 200 
exhibitors are expected to 
participate in this conference. 
Fifty technical sessions will 



explore such topics as ad- 
vanced office technology, 
current office technology and 
systems, and human factors 
and social issues. Further de- 
tails are available from the 
American Federation of In- 
formation Processing Soci- 
eties Inc., 1815 North Lynn 
St., Arlington, VA 22209, 
(703) 558-3624. 

February 22-26 

The Eighteenth Annual Bias- 
Microelettronica '83, Milan, 
Italy. This international ex- 
hibition is expected to attract 
more than 80,000 visitors. 
Areas of interest include ac- 
tive and passive components, 
instrumentation and equip- 
ment for component manu- 
facturing, laboratory instru- 
mentation, microcomputers, 
peripherals, and telecommu- 
nications systems. For infor- 
mation, contact Ente Italiano 
Organizzazione Mostre, Bias- 
Microelettronica '83, Viale 
Premuda 2, 20129 Milan, 
Italy; tel: 796.096; Telex: 
CONSEL 334022. 

February 24-25 

Computers in Construction, 

San Diego, CA. This seminar 
is designed to assist construc- 
tion contractors and con- 
struction management firms 
in acquiring computer sys- 
tems. The registration fee is 
$395. For further informa- 
tion, contact CIP Informa- 
tion Services Inc., 1105-F 
Spring St., Silver Spring, MD 
20910, (301) 589-7933. 

February 25-27 

The Second Annual Com- 
puter Expo '83, Tupperware 
Convention Center, Orlan- 
do, FL. This exposition 
features mini- and microcom- 
puters. The focus is on hard- 
ware, software, word pro- 
cessing, graphics, peripher- 
als, supplies, services, and 
computer furnishings. Semi- 
nars will be held. For details, 
contact Tom Blayney, POB 



472 January 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 



Circle 371 on inquiry card. 



1185, Longwood, FL 32750, 
(305) 339-1731. 



March 1983 



March 7-11 

Computer-Aided Engineering 
and Manufacturing: Semi- 
nars and Exhibition, McKim- 
mon Center, North Carolina 
State University, Raleigh. 
This comprehensive program 
is designed to update manu- 
facturing managers, engi- 
neers, and professionals on 
the capabilities of computers, 
microprocessors, robotics, 
and CAD/CAM (computer- 
aided design/manufacturing) 
systems through discussions, 
hands-on experience, and de- 
monstrations. Workshops 
will focus on computer nu- 
merical control, shop floor 
control and data collection, 



finite element methods, simu- 
lation, and software and 
computing systems. For fur- 
ther information, write to 
Robert Edwards, Industrial 
Extension Service, North 
Carolina State University, 
POB 5506, Raleigh, NC 
27650. 

March 8-9 

ACM SIGCOMM '83— Sym- 
posium on Communications 
Architectures and Protocols, 

University of Texas, Austin. 
This symposium is sponsored 
by the Association for Com- 
puting Machinery. Address 
inquiries to Rebecca Hutch- 
ings, Honeywell/FSD, 7900 
Westpark Dr., McLean, VA 
22102, (703) 827-3982. 

March 9-11 

| Secretary Speakout '83, 
Sheraton Hotel, Boston, MA. 
The theme for this sym- 



posium is "The Professional 
Secretary's New Identity in 
the Information Age." Speak- 
ers will address the impact of 
office technology through 
case history presentations, 
panels, open microphone ses- 
sions, and small discussion 
groups. This event is spon- 
sored by the Professional 
Secretaries International Re- 
search and Educational Foun- 
dation. Full details are avail- 
able from Candace M. Louis, 
Crown Center G-10, 2440 
Pershing Rd., Kansas City, 
MO 64108, (816) 474-5755. 

March 14-17 

The Seventh Annual Federal 

Office Systems Expo — FOSE 

'83, Washington Convention 
Center, Washington, D C. 
Sixty high-level sessions will 
cover the development of in- 
tegrated office systems in 
both government and in- 



dustry. More than 200 com- 
panies will display the latest 
in office systems technology. 
For more information, con- 
tact Mary Beth Gouled, Na- 
tional Trade Productions 
Inc., 9418 Annapolis Rd., 
Lanham, MD 20706, (800) 
638-8510; in Maryland, (301) 
459-8383. 

March 14-18 

Computer Graphics Applica- 
tions for Management and 
Productivity— CAMP '83, In- 
ternational Congress Center, 
Berlin, West Germany. This 
conference features tutorials, 
technical papers, and exhibits 
that reflect the practical ap- 
plications and state of the art 
of computers and computer- 
graphics technology. Topics 
on the agenda include 
computer-aided design and 
manufacturing, sales-support 
graphics, and improving the 



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763 Ramsey Ave., Hillside, NJ 07205 (201) 686-8080 




Circle 197 on inquiry card. 



Circle 164 on inquiry card. 



January 1983 © BYTE Publications lnc 473 



Event Queue 



use of engineering data. A 
hardware and software ex- 
hibition will be held. Full par- 
ticulars are available from the 
World Computer Graphics 
Association, Suite 250, 2033 
M St. NW, Washington, DC 
20036, (202) 775-9556. 

March 16-17 

Business-Expo, Houston, 
TX. This show features 
everything from computers, 
copiers, and telephone equip- 
ment to interior decorating 
office design, and financial 
consulting. More than 20 
seminars on business tech- 
nologies will be offered. 
Complete details are avail- 
able from Business-Expo, 702 
East Northland Towers, 
15565 Northland Dr., South- 
field, MI 48075, (313) 
569-8280. 

March 17-19 

The Third Annual Micro- 
computers in Education Con- 



ference, Arizona State 
University, Tempe. The 
theme for this conference is 
"Forward to the 3 C's: Com- 
municating, Calculating, and 
Computing." Demonstra- 
tions, workshops, and pre- 
sentations will emphasize the 
potential of computers to 
revolutionize the learning 
process. Topics to be ex- 
plored include how com- 
puters are changing the 
nature of: content in subject 
areas, teaching, and what it 
means to be well educated. 
University credit will be 
available. Further informa- 
tion can be obtained from 
Marilyn Sue Ford, B-47 
Payne Hall, College of 
Education, Arizona State 
University, Tempe, AZ 
85287, (602) 965-7363. 

March 18-20 

The Eighth West Coast Com- 
puter Faire, Civic Auditor- 
ium and Brooks Hall, San 



Francisco, CA. Attendance 
this year is expected to reach 
40,000. More than 600 ex- 
hibitors and a wide assort- 
ment of seminars make this 
one of the largest annual 
computer shows. For more 
information, contact The 
Computer Faire, 333 Swett 
Rd., Woodside, CA 94602, 
(415) 851-7075. 

March 21-24 

Interface '83, Miami Beach 
Convention Center, Miami, 
FL. This conference will 
cover all aspects of data com- 
munications and information 
processing in technology, 
management, policy, and 
strategy. It is cosponsored by 
McGraw-Hill's Business 
Week and Data Communica- 
tions magazines. For further 
details, contact The Interface 
Group, 160 Speen St., POB 
927, Framingham, MA 
01701, (800) 225-4620; in 
Massachusetts, (617) 879-4502. 



March 21-24 

Personal Microcomputer In- 
terfacing and Scientific In- 
strumentation Automation, 

Virginia Polytechnic Institute 
and State University, Blacks- 
burg, VA. This is a hands-on 
workshop where the partici- 
pant designs and tests con- 
cepts with the actual hard- 
ware. The fee is $595. For 
more information, contact 
Dr. Linda Leffel, C. E. C, 
Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, 
VA 24061, (703) 961-4848. 

March 24-25 

Computers in Construction, 

Orlando, FL. For details, see 
February 24-25. 

March 25 

Communication Aids and 
Computers: A Voice for the 
Non- Vocal, Stokes Audito- 
rium, Children's Hospital, 
Philadelphia, PA. This con- 
ference will present recent ad- 
vances in technology, me- 



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included in full, and may be used immediately. Proven, field-tested solutions to the 
many problems facing small turnkey vendors are presented. 

HOW TO BECOME A SUCCESSFUL COMPUTER CONSULTANT S28 

by Leslie Nelson. 4th revised edition, December 1981 

The rewards of the consultant can be high: freedom, more satisfying work and 
doubled or tripled income. This manual provides comprehensive background 
information and step-by-step directions for those interested to explore this 
lucrative field. 

HOW TO SELL YOUR MICRO SOFTWARE $19.95 

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The best practical guide for those with software to sell Detailed discussion of the 

eight best marketing strategies How to sell through distributors, brokers, 

computer manufacturers. Advertising techniques. Pricing strategies. Software 

security 

HOW TO START YOUR OWN WORD PROCESSING SERVICE $48. 

by Leslie Nelson, 2nd edition. November 1982 

FREE-LANCE SOFTWARE MARKETING $36. 

by B.J. Korites. 3rd edition, June 1980 

1983 SOFTWARE WRITER'S MARKET $28.50 

1st printing. January 1983 

HOW TO START & OPERATE A MAIL ORDER BUSINESS $24.95 

by Julian Simon, 3rd edition, 1981 

Send check, money order, VISA, Master Charge or American Express # and exp. 
date. Publisher pays 4th class shipping Add $1.00 per book for UPS shipping 
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orders call (201) 783-6940 

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QUICKI/O SOFTWARE MAKES IT EASY. . Simple commands In BASIC give 
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INTERACTIVE MICROWARE, INC. 
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CALL (814) 238-8294 (or IMMEDIATE ACTION 



474 January 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 



Circle 170 on inquiry card. 



Circle 206 on inquiry card. 



Circle 13 on inquiry card. 



thodology, and research as 
they relate to computers and 
speech technology. Sessions 
will include lectures, video- 
tapes, and equipment demon- 
strations. The registration fee 
is $75 (if postmarked prior to 
March 4, 1983, the fee is $65). 
This conference is sponsored 
by the Children's Seashore 
House and the Division of 
Child Development and Re- 
habilitation of the Children's 
Hospital of Philadelphia. For 
further information, contact 
Joan Bruno, Chief Speech Pa- 
thologist, Children's Sea- 
shore House, 4100 Atlantic 
Ave., Atlantic City, NJ 
08404, (609) 345-5191, ext. 
205. 

March 25-27 

Fantasylair '83, Tonkawa 
High School, Tonkawa, OK. 
This annual spring gaming 
convention is sponsored by 
the Northern Oklahoma 



Dungeoneers. It features fan- 
tasy and war games, tourna- 
ments, a costume contest, 
seminars, and prizes. The ad- 
mission is $3 per day; group 
discounts are available. For 
information, contact the 
Northern Oklahoma Dun- 
geoneers, POB 241, Ponca 
City, OK 74602, (405) 
762-0349. 

March 28-31 

National Design Engineering 
Show and Conference, Mc- 
Cormick Place, Chicago, IL. 
The conference is sponsored 
by the American Society of 
Mechanical Engineers' design 
engineering division. It will 
run concurrently with the 
National Plant Engineering 
and Maintenance Show and 
Conference. Details are avail- 
able from Clapp & Poliak 
Inc., 708 Third Ave., New 
York, NY 10017, (212) 
661-8410. ■ 



BYTE's Bits 



Tandy Announces 
Educational Grants Program 



The Radio Shack division 
of the Tandy Corporation 
has announced that $500,000 
worth of TRS-80 computer 
equipment has been commit- 
ted to a grants program 
designed to encourage and 
support the application of 
microcomputer technology in 
American educational institu- 
tions. The Tandy TRS-80 
Educational Grants Program 
will award TRS-80 hardware, 
software, courseware, and 
related products to in- 
dividuals or nonprofit educa- 
tional institutions whose pro- 
posals are deemed as provid- 
ing the greatest benefit to the 
American educational com- 
munity. 

An Educational Grants 
Review Board has been estab- 
lished to review proposals 



and to make recommenda- 
tions for equipment alloca- 
tions. The committee is 
chaired by Dr. Lee 
Droegemueller of the Univer- 
sity of Arizona and includes 
representatives from the 
American Association of 
School Administrators, the 
National Council of Teach- 
ers, and distinguished 
educators. 

A packet of information 
containing a cover letter, 
TRS-80 brochure, catalog, 
submission information, and 
a proposal cover sheet is 
available from the Tandy 
TRS-80 Educational Grants 
Program, Radio Shack Edu- 
cation Division, 400 Tandy 
Atrium, Fort Worth, TX 
76102. ■ 



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Circle 422 on inquiry card. 



January 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 475 



Software Received 



Apple 

The Arcade Machine, a 

program that helps you 
create your own arcade 
games. Games may have ani- 
mated full-color graphics, 
sound effects, and automatic 
scoring and are designed by 
means of menu selections. 
For the Apple II and II Plus; 
floppy disk, $59.95. Broder- 
bund Software Inc., Enter- 
tainment Software Division, 
1938 Fourth St., San Rafael, 
CA 94901. 

Discover BASIC, a guide 
to problem solving with 
Applesoft BASIC. This pack- 
age includes a teacher's guide 
and a student workbook for 
learning about BASIC. De- 
monstration programs and 
sample solutions are includ- 
ed. For the Apple II Plus; 
floppy disk, $74.95. Sterling 
Swift Publishing Co., 1600 
Fortview Rd., Austin, TX 
78704. 

Earl's Word Power, an 
educational program that 
helps students develop a bet- 
ter vocabulary by introduc- 
ing new words and then using 
Shakespearean plays to test 
word retention. For the 
Apple II; floppy disk, $29.95. 
George Earl, 1302 South Gen- 
eral McMullen, San Antonio, 
TX 78237. 

Earth Defender, an arcade- 
type game. You must save 
the Earth by manning your 
laser-equipped spaceship and 
destroying all invading 
aliens, nuclear missiles, and 
asteroids. For the Apple II 
and II Plus; floppy disk, 
$29.95. New Vision, Suite 15, 
5150 Peachtree Industrial 
Blvd., Chamblee, G A 30341. 

Editor/ Assembler, an edi- 
tor and assembler package. 
This menu-driven system fea- 
tures full-screen list and edit 
capabilities, system status 
display, and up to 27K bytes 
for source code. For the 
Apple II and II Plus; floppy 
disk, $89. Custom Micro Sys- 
tems Ltd., 16921 108 St., Ed- 



monton, Alberta, T5X 3B2, 
Canada. 

Free Fall, an arcade-type 
game. As your player falls 
through a maze, you must 
maneuver it around falling 
debris, which consists of 
girders, bio-bops, and gun- 
ners. This game has three 
levels of difficulty. For the 
Apple II; floppy disk, $29.95. 
Sirius Software Inc., 10364 
Rockingham Dr., Sacramento, 
CA 95827. 

The Integer Fix, a system 
that converts disks contain- 
ing Integer BASIC so that 
they may be run on an Apple 
II Plus. Converted programs 
can operate with both Apple- 
soft and Integer BASIC. For 
the Apple II Plus; floppy 
disk, $20. Barrington Educa- 
tional Computer, POB 863, 
Barrington, IL 60010. 

Inventory Manager, an 
inventory-control program 
that can maintain records on 
up to 1200 items on a single- 
disk system or 2700 items on 
two disks. Items may have as 
many as 13 categories. For 
the Apple II and II Plus; flop- 
py disk, $149.95. Synergistic 
Software, Suite 201, 830 
North Riverside Dr., Renton, 
WA 98055. 

Kamikaze, an arcade-type 
game. You are in control of a 
coastal defense ship that's 
under attack by successive 
waves of kamikaze fighters, 
low- and high-level bombers, 
and mines. For the Apple II; 
floppy disk, $34.95. Hayden 
Software Co., 600 Suffolk 
St., Lowell, MA 01853. 

The List Handler, a data- 
base-management program. 
This program can create and 
maintain a file of up to 3000 
records, with 255 fields each. 
It allows editing and can print 
lists and mailing labels. For 
the Apple II and II Plus; flop- 
py disk, $89.95. Silicon 
Valley Systems Inc., Suite 4, 
1625 El Camino Real, Bel- 
mont, CA 94002. 

Math Strategy, an educa- 



tional program that teaches 
basic mathematics skills 
through the use of graphics 
and techniques based on the 
latest research in learning 
theory. For the Apple II; 
floppy disk, $45. Apple Com- 
puter Inc., 20525 Mariani 
Ave., Cupertino, CA 95014. 

Micro Cookbook, a pro- 
gram that will save your 
recipes, select a recipe based 
on ingredients on-hand or by 
category, and adjust a recipe 
for a number of servings. For 
the Apple II Plus; floppy 
disk, $30. Virtual Com- 
binatics, POB 755, Rockport, 
MA 01966. 

Molec, a program that 
allows you to view three-di- 
mensional models of mole- 
cules. The package is sup- 
plied with 13 organic mole- 
cules, or you can design your 
own using up to 64 atoms per 
molecule. For the Apple II; 
floppy disk, $150. Cambridge 
Development Laboratory, 36 
Pleasant St., Watertown, 
MA 02172. 

Money Munchers, an ar- 
cade-type game. Enter the 
maze to grab all the money 
you can, but look out for the 
money munchers who will 
eat your booty. You must 
also evade spiders and 
snakes. For the Apple II; 
floppy disk, $29.95. Data- 
most, 9748 Cozycroft Ave., 
Chatsworth, CA 91311. 

Psychological Diary, a 
program that will assist you 
in developing a better under- 
standing of your inner self. 
This program provides a per- 
sonal diary and such tests as 
personality, relationship, and 
sentence completion. For the 
Apple II; floppy disk, $39.95. 
Psychological Systems, 1519 
Burlington Rd., Cleveland 
Heights, OH 44118. 

Seafox, an arcade-type 
game. Your mission is to pilot 
your submarine and destroy 
the convoy of enemy ships 
and their escorts. You must 
dodge depth charges, mines, 



and torpedoes. For the Apple 
II and II Plus; floppy disk, 
$29.95. Broderbund Software 
(see address above). 

Shapes in Color, a system 
that lets you design high-res- 
olution animation and 
graphics. A variety of color 
shapes and character fonts 
can be constructed and 
saved. For the Apple II; flop- 
py disk, $49.95. Hayden 
Software Co. (see address 
above). 

Shuttle Intercept, an 
arcade-type game. You must 
retrieve the friendly satellites 
bearing vital data while 
avoiding or shooting the ene- 
my satellites, missiles, 
saucers, and meteors. For the 
Apple II; floppy disk, $34.95. 
Hayden Software Co. (see 
address above). 

Singles' Night at Molly's, a 
package containing two soli- 
taire card games, Royal Flush 
and Sly Fox. These programs 
feature high-resolution 
graphics and automatic score 
keeping. For the Apple II and 
II Plus; floppy disk, $29.95. 
Soft Images, 200 Route 17, 
Mahwah, NJ 07430. 

Speed Reader, a five-part 
program designed to help im- 
prove your reading skills. 
The exercises and lessons will 
teach you to increase your 
reading speed and percep- 
tion. For the Apple II; floppy 
disk, $70. Apple Computer 
Inc. (see address above). 

Spelling Strategy, an edu- 
cational program that helps 
you to spell better by using a 
variety of techniques to visu- 
alize and remember the cor- 
rect spelling of words. For the 
Apple II; floppy disk, $45. 
Apple Computer Inc. (see ad- 
dress above). 

Starcross, an adventure- 
type game. Your mission was 
to secure a black-hole power 
source, but now you've come 
across gigantic alien space- 
craft. You must explore the 
craft and discover its secrets. 
For the Apple II; floppy disk, 



476 January 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 



$39.95. Infocom Inc., 55 
Wheeler St., Cambridge, MA 
02138. 

Star Maze, an arcade-type 
game. Your mission is to find 
the nine power jewels in each 
level of the maze and return 
them to your mother ship. 
The maze has 16 levels. For 
the Apple II; floppy disk, 
$34.95. Sir-Tech Software 
Inc., 6 Main St., Ogdens- 
burg, NY 13669. 

SuperPILOT, a new imple- 
mentation of the PILOT lan- 
guage. This system features 
improved graphics control, 
flexibility to use video tape 
and videodisc players, and 
turtle graphics. For the Apple 
II; floppy disk, $200. Apple 
Computer Inc. (see address 
above). 

Type Attack, an educa- 
tional game. The objective of 
this game is to learn to touch- 
type by seeing characters on 
the screen and pressing the 
corresponding keys on the 
keyboard. For the Apple II; 
floppy disk, $39.95. Sirius 
Software Inc. (see address 
above). 

Warp Destroyer, an ar- 
cade-type game. After travel- 
ing through hyperspace, you 
will be faced with mines, 
fighters, and probes. You 
must shoot these and go on to 
the Zalbian bases before you 
can return. For the Apple II 
and II Plus; floppy disk, 
$29.95. Piccadilly Software 
Inc., 89 Summit Ave., Sum- 
mit, NJ 07901. 

Wayout, an arcade-type 
game. Working with the 
cardboard compass and 
glasses provided in the pack- 
age, find your way out of the 
maze by using the mapmaker 
and watching the fireflies. For 
the Apple II and II Plus; flop- 
py disk, $39.95. Sirius Soft- 
ware Inc. (see address 
above). 

Word Weaver III, a word- 
processing system. This sys- 
tem uses all standard word- 
processing features, including 
80-column display, menu- 
driven functions, and global 



editing commands. For the 
Apple III; floppy disk, 
$99.95. Synergistic Software 
(see address above). 

You're the Doctor, a simu- 
lation-type game. You be- 
come a doctor examining pa- 
tients, trying to diagnose and 
prescribe treatment. This 
simulation game includes 
high-resolution graphics and 
sound. For the Apple II; flop- 
py disk, $17.95. Simulations 
Software, POB 608, Station 
U, Toronto, Ontario, M8Z 
5Y9, Canada. 

Zork III: The Dungeon 
Master, an adventure-type 
game. The final episode in the 
Zork trilogy takes you to a 
confrontation with the 
Dungeon Master himself. 
This game responds to plain 
English commands. For the 
Apple II; floppy disk, $39.95. 
Infocom Inc. (see address 
above). 

Atari 

Claim Jumper, a two- 
player arcade-type game. The 
object is to get all the gold 
you can, trade it for money, 
and get your money to the 
bank. Beware of claim 
jumpers, snakes, and killer 
tumbleweeds. For the Atari 
400/800; floppy disk, $34.95. 
Synapse Software, Suite I, 
5327 Jacuzzi St., Richmond, 
CA 94804. 

Escape from Vulcan's Isle, 
a graphics adventure-type 
game. You're shipwrecked on 
a desert island. You must ex- 
plore and discover a way off 
the island before the volcano 
erupts. On your way, you 
collect magic treasures — but 
avoid the monsters. For the 
Atari 400/800; floppy disk, 
$29.95. Epyx/Automated 
Simulations, 1043 Kiel Court, 
Sunnyvale, CA 94086. 

King Arthur's Heir, a 
graphics adventure- type game. 
You must prove yourself 
worthy to hold the crown of 
Camelot. Your quest is to 
find the Scroll of Truth, hid- 
den by Merlin. For the Atari 
400/800; floppy disk, $29.95. 



Epyx/Automated Simula- 
tions (see address above). 

Marathon, an educational 
game. The object in this math 
quiz is to get your runner 
across the screen first by cor- 
rectly answering the prob- 
lems. The game has four 
levels of play and is designed 
for ages 8 to 16. For the Atari 
400/800; floppy disk, $19.95. 
Educational Software Inc., 
4565 Cherry vale Ave., So- 
quel, CA 95073. 

Protector II, an arcade- 
type game. You must rescue 
18 people from alien attack 
and deposit them safely on 
the other side of a volcano. 
This game features improved 
play and action. For the Atari 
400/800; floppy disk, $34.95. 
Synapse Software (see ad- 
dress above). 

Space Games, a games 
package that includes adven- 
ture- and arcade-type games. 
You must find your way out 
of the maze and shoot the 
aliens to save your home in 
outer space. For the Atari 
400/800; floppy disk, $24.95. 
Educational Software Inc. 
(see address above). 

Valley of the Kings, a 
graphics adventure-type game. 
You are in a mountainous 
region of Egypt and you must 
locate objects and passages to 
survive the three levels of the 
game. For the Atari 400/800; 
floppy disk, $29.95. Dyna- 
comp Inc., 1427 Monroe 
Ave., Rochester, NY 14618. 

CP/M 

Cardbox, a simple data- 
base-management system. 
Entries to this database are 
treated as electronic index 
cards. You can select input, 
report, and display formats 
and retrieve data using key- 
words. For CP/M-based sys- 
tems; floppy disk, $245. Cax- 
ton Software Publishing Co., 
10-14 Bedford St., Covent 
Garden, London, WC2E 
9HE, England. 

MCDisplay, a terminal in- 
terface program. With this 
program, complete terminal 



displays can be defined in ad- 
vance, which simplifies text 
and data entries and enhances 
prompts and messages. Dis- 
play layout sheets are includ- 
ed. For CP/M-based systems;*.''* 
floppy disk, $175. Master- 
computing Inc., POB 17442, 
Greenville, SC 29606. 

Medent, an accounts-re- 
ceivable system designed for 
medical and dental offices. 
This system features record- 
access by number or name 
and automatic statements 
with aging. For CP/M-based 
systems; floppy disk, $1900. 
Community Computer Ser- 
vice Inc., POB E, Auburn, 
NY 13021. 

Members Program, a 
mailing-list management pro- 
gram. Designed for maintain- 
ing member lists of organiza- 
tions, this program can 
create, modify, and output 
alphabetically sorted lists or 
mailing labels. For CP/M- 
based systems; floppy disk, 
$75. Datamasters, Unit 10, 
12700 Northeast 124th St., 
Kirkland, WA 98033. 

Microsoft Multiplan, an 
electronic spreadsheet system 
that features an on-line refer- 
ence guide, alphanumeric 
sorting, up to eight display 
windows, use of Visicalc 
files, and variable-width col- 
umns. For CP/M-based sys- 
tems; floppy disk, $275. 
Microsoft Corp., C-97200, 
10700 Northrup Way, Bel- 
le vue, WA 98004. 

Oubliette, an adventure- 
type game similar to Dun- 
geons and Dragons. You 
must seek the gold hidden in 
the dungeon beneath the cas- 
tle. You can define your 
player's characteristics. For 
CP/M-based systems; floppy 
disk, $39.95. Computer Man- 
agement Service, 501 Jack- 
son, Charleston, IL 61920. 

SCP/80, a set of utility 
programs to enhance CP/M. 
These programs facilitate 
data movement or modifica- 
tion and display status of 
files, memory, and devices. 
For CP/M-based systems; 



January 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 477 



Software Received. 



floppy disk, $100. A. B. 
Hutchison Engineering, 1354 
Southwest 12th Ave., Pom- 
pano Beach, FL 33060. 

Yousable Youtilities, a set 
of 13 Unix-like utility pro- 
grams. Standard features in- 
clude redirecting console out- 
put to a disk file, comparing 
files, simple copy and backup 
procedures, and concatenat- 
ing multiple files. For CP/M- 
based systems; floppy disk, 
$95. Software Island Inc., 
Suite 109, 5858 Mt. Alifan 
Dr., San Diego, CA 92111. 

Commodore 

Aggressor, an arcade-type 
game. Your mission as a Ma- 
rauder pilot is to protect the 
settarium ore dump on New 
Earth from attacking Zaurian 
spacecraft. You are armed 
with lasers and bombs. For 
the VIC-20; cartridge, 
$39.95. Human Engineered 
Software, 71 Park Lane, Bris- 
bane, CA 94005. 

The Count, an adventure- 
type game. You wake up 
somewhere in Transylvania 
and you must escape with 
your life. The game is 
adapted from the Scott 
Adams original. For the 
VIC-20; cartridge, $39.95. 
Commodore International 
Ltd., The Meadows, 487 
Devon Park Dr., Wayne, PA 
19087. 

Dam Bomber, an arcade- 
type game. Pilot your plane 
and avoid the enemy fire if 
you can. You must carefully 
drop your bombs to destroy 
the dam and release the flood 
waters. For the VIC-20; cas- 
sette, $15.95. Human Engi- 
neered Software (see address 
above). 

Gorf, a set of four arcade- 
type games: Astro Battles, 
Laser Attack, Space Warp, 
and Flagship. For the VIC-20; 
cartridge, $39.95. Commo- 
dore International Ltd. (see 
address above). 

Hes Mon, a 6502 machine- 
language monitor featuring 
more than 25 commands for 
testing memory, dumping a 



screen display to a printer, or 
disassembling machine code 
into assembly language. For 
the VIC-20; cartridge, 
$39.95. Human Engineered 
Software (see address above). 

Hes Writer, a word-pro- 
cessing program that incor- 
porates most standard fea- 
tures such as full-screen 
editing, right and left justifi- 
cation, move and delete text, 
and use of headers and page 
numbering. For the VIC-20; 
cartridge, $39.95. Human En- 
gineered Software (see ad- 
dress above). 

Investment Allocation, a 
program that accepts, pro- 
cesses, stores, and displays 
information concerning your 
investment portfolio. Up to 
50 investments can be entered 
and analyzed. For the VIC-20; 
cassette, $8.98. Martin 
Glasser, 121-B Birch Circle, 
Elgin AFB, FL 32542. 

Maze of Mikor, an arcade- 
type game that challenges 
you to steal the Warlock's 
gold as you try to avoid a de- 
mon. For the VIC-20; cas- 
sette, $17.95. Human Engi- 
neered Software (see address 
above). 

Mole Attack, an arcade- 
type game. You must try to 
keep those nasty moles un- 
derground by bopping them 
on the head. Bop as many as 
you can before time runs out. 
For the VIC-20; cartridge, 
$29.95. Commodore Interna- 
tional Ltd. (see address 
above). 

Omega Race, an arcade- 
type game. In the middle of a 
space arena, you must fight 
three types of deadly android 
warrior ships and avoid two 
kinds of mines. For the 
VIC-20; cartridge, $39.95. 
Commodore International 
Ltd. (see address above). 

Pak Bomber, a pak mon- 
ster drops bombs that you 
must catch or an explosive 
chain reaction will be set off. 
For the VIC-20; cassette, 
$15.95. Human Engineered 
Software (see address above). 

Renaissance, a simulation 



game in which the VIC 
becomes your opponent in an 
Othello-type game. The com- 
puter will give you hints and 
display a recommended best 
move. For one player. For the 
VIC-20; cartridge, $49.95. 
United Microware Industries 
Inc., 3503-C Temple Ave., 
Pomona, CA 91768. 

Sargon II Chess, a simula- 
tion game. Sargon II is a 
sophisticated computer chess 
program that has seven levels 
of play. You can set up the 
pieces for practice or end 
games. For the VIC-20; car- 
tridge, $39.95. Commodore 
International Ltd. (see ad- 
dress above). 

Skier, an arcade-type 
game. You become a skier in 
a downhill race. Avoid the 
flags and obstacles as you 
hurtle down the slopes. This 
game features three levels of 
play. For the VIC-20; cas- 
sette, $17.95. Human En- 
gineered Software (see ad- 
dress above). 

Spiders of Mars, an arcade- 
type game. As a Martian 
Space Fly, you must defend 
your planet against the 
Spiders of Mars and their 
allies. You possess neutron 
bombs, but your enemies are 
numerous and deadly. For 
the VIC-20; cartridge, 
$49.95. United Microware In- 
dustries Inc. (see address 
above). 

Tank Trap, an arcade-type 
game. You must build walls 
to protect people from the 
crazed tank driver. This game 
features four levels of dif- 
ficulty. For the VIC-20; cas- 
sette, $17.95. Human Engi- 
neered Software (see address 
above). 

Tank Wars, an arcade-type 
game. Match your wits against 
the computer as you drive 
your tank around obstacles 
and mines. For the VIC-20; 
cassette, $17.95. Human En- 
gineered Software (see ad- 
dress above). 

Turtle Graphics, an intro- 
duction to computer pro- 
gramming. This program 



provides an easy-to-learn 
computer language that illus- 
trates the basic concepts of 
computer programming. It 
features colorful graphics. 
For the VIC-20; cartridge, 
$39.95. Human Engineered 
Software (see address above). 

VIC FORTH, an imple- 
mentation of the FORTH lan- 
guage. An interactive com- 
puter language, FORTH is 
faster than BASIC and very 
memory efficient. This pack- 
age features sound, graphics, 
and a screen editor. For the 
VIC-20; cartridge, $59.95. 
Human Engineered Software 
(see address above). 

Victrek and Victrek 8K, a 
set of two Star Trek-type 
games. You must scan galac- 
tic maps and maneuver 
through starbases as you bat- 
tle the Klingons for control of 
the galaxy. For the VIC-20; 
cassette, $17.95. Human En- 
gineered Software (see ad- 
dress above). 

IBM Personal Computer 

Computer Chef, a com- 
puterized cookbook. This 
program lets you enter and 
save recipes, find recipes with 
selected ingredients, and ad- 
just recipes for the number of 
servings. For the IBM Per- 
sonal Computer; floppy disk, 
$49.95. Norell Data Systems, 
3400 Wilshire Blvd., POB 
70127, Los Angeles, CA 
90010. 

Meteor-Math, an educa- 
tional game. Students can 
learn basic mathematics by 
answering problems. This 
program has two modes and 
features sound, color, and 
graphics. For the IBM Per- 
sonal Computer; floppy disk, 
$39.95. Brauer Computer 
Support, POB 86634, San 
Diego, CA 92138. 

Pig Pen, an arcade-type 
game. You must find your 
way out of the four levels of 
the maze and avoid the fierce 
wild pigs. Your only salva- 
tion is to find the potent pig 
pills. For the IBM Personal 
Computer; floppy disk, 



478 January 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 



$29.95. Datamost, 9748 
Cozycroft Ave., Chatsworth, 
CA 91311. 

Real Estate Analyzer, an 
investment analysis program. 
It allows you to make ac- 
curate investment decisions 
and determine the rate of 
return on real-estate pur- 
chases. Reports show cash 
flow and profits upon sale. 
For the IBM Personal Com- 
puter; floppy disk, $250. 
Howard Software Services, 
Suite 310, 8008 Girard Ave., 
La Jolla, CA 92037. 

System-Backup, a utility 
program that allows you to 
make a backup copy of any 
IBM PC disk, regardless of 
the sector size and the track 
format used. This program 
automatically formats disks. 
For the IBM Personal Com- 
puter; floppy disk, $50. 
Norell Data Systems (see ad- 
dress above). 

Videolink 88, a telecom- 
munications package. This 
program changes the IBM 
into an intelligent terminal. 
Specifications may be user- 
defined, and the program 
supports the Hayes Smart- 
modem. For the IBM Person- 
al Computer; floppy disk, 
$59.95. Windmill Software 
Inc., 1058 Joan Dr., Burling- 
ton, Ontario, L7T 3H2, 
Canada. 

TRS-80 

Air Traffic Control, a real- 
time simulation game that 
challenges you to direct air- 
craft to a safe landing by us- 
ing radar and flight computer 
displays. For the TRS-80 Col- 
or Computer; cassette, $8.95. 
Geographies Software, 95 
Eastbury Hill Rd., Glaston- 
bury, CT 06033. 

The Arranger, a computer 
disk library program. You 
can create a master disk that 
contains a record of every file 
on every disk you own. You 
can edit entries and locate in- 
dividual files and their disk 
numbers. For the TRS-80 
Models I and III; floppy disk, 
$29.95. Triple-D Software, 



POB 642, Layton, UT 84041. 

Brevi-T, a NEWDOS/80 
version 2.0 utility program. 
You can create abbreviations 
for commonly used or dif- 
ficult to remember DOS or 
BASIC commands. Com- 
mand abbreviations may be 
added or changed at anytime. 
For the TRS-80 Models I and 
III; floppy disk, $19.95. Sof- 
trends Inc., 26111 Brush 
Ave., Euclid, OH 44132. 

Colored Fonts, a character- 
generator utility package 
with which you can create 
your own character sets for 
screen display. Four prede- 
fined character sets and an 
Epson MX-80 screen-dump 
utility are standard. Avail- 
able in 16K- and 32K-byte 
formats. For the TRS-80 Col- 
or Computer; floppy disk 
and casstte, $29.95 and 
$24.95, respectively. Ren- 
aissance Game Designs, POB 
1232, Montclair, NJ 07042. 

Color-FORTH, an imple- 
mentation of the FORTH lan- 
guage for the Color Com- 
puter. This version has words 
for graphics, sound, fast 
math, and an auto repeat and 
control key. A ROM version 
is available. For the TRS-80 
Color Computer; cassette, 
$58.95. Hoyt Stearns Elec- 
tronics, 4131 East Cannon 
Dr., Phoenix, AZ 85028. 

Lasertank Duel, a two- 
player, arcade-type game. 
You and your opponent con- 
trol tanks maneuvering along 
city streets. The object of the 
game is to score points by hit- 
ting your opponent with laser 
beams. For the TRS-80 Color 
Computer; floppy disk and 
cassette, $19.95 and $15.95, 
respectively. Renaissance 
Game Designs (see address 
above). 

Stopper, a BASIC pro- 
gramming utility. You can set 
breakpoints at specific lines 
within a program, show the 
current value of a variable, or 
single-step a program through 
a range of lines. For the 
TRS-80 Models I and III; 
floppy disk or cassette, $20. 



The Alternate Source, 704 
North Pennsylvania, Lan- 
sing, MI 48906. 

Strike Force, an arcade- 
type game. Your task is to de- 
fend your five cities from 
alien attack and destroy the 
aliens' base. You are armed 
with star shells and missiles. 
For the TRS-80 Model I and 
III; floppy disk and cassette, 
$19.95 and $15.95, respec- 
tively. Melbourne House 
Software Inc., 333 East 46 
St., New York, NY 10017. 

Other Computers 

Home Financial Package, 

mortgage analysis, IRA Ac- 
count Planner, and Bond In- 
vestment programs. For the 
Sinclair ZX81; BASIC listing, 
$1. Florida Creations, De- 
partment P, POB 16422, 
Jacksonville, FL 32245. 

Nos BASICode, a utility 
program that enables the ex- 
change of BASIC programs 



between different brands of 
microcomputers. Most popu- 
lar brands are supported, 
with some modification re- 
quired. For the BASIC lan- 
guage system; cassette, 30 
Dutch guilders. BASICode, 
Administratie Algemen 
Secretariat, Nos, POB 10, 
1200 JB Hilversum, The 
Netherlands. 

TV Sketch, a program that 
allows you to create colorful 
video paintings. For the 
TI-99/4; cassette, $9. Glo- 
Data, POB 374, Stony Point, 
NY 10980. 

Z193D.ABS, a three- 
dimensional graphics pro- 
gram. It allows you to create, 
manipulate, and save three- 
dimensional images. This 
program features hidden line 
and hidden surface removal. 
For the Heath H-19/H-89; 
floppy disk, $25. Color- 
works, 5337 East Bellevue, 
Tucson, AZ 85712. ■ 



This is a list of software packages that have been received by 
BYTE Publications during the past month. The list is correct to the 
best of our knowledge, but it is not meant to be a full description 
of the product or the forms in which the product is available. In 
particular, some packages may be sold for several machines or in 
both cassette and floppy-disk format; the product listed here is 
the version received by BYTE Publications. 

This is an all-inclusive list that makes no comment on the quality 
or usefulness of the software listed. We regret that we cannot 
review every software package we receive. Instead, this list is 
meant to be a monthly acknowledgment of these packages and 
the companies that sent them. All software received is considered 
to be on loan to BYTE and is returned to the manufacturer after a 
set period of time. Companies sending software packages should 
be sure to include the list price of the packages and (where appro- 
priate) the alternate forms in which they are available. 



BYTE's Bits 



Call for Papers 



The International Con- 
ference Committee for the 
Eleventh Automatic Testing 
and Test Instrumentation 
Conference is seeking papers 
on the subject of computer- 
aided design, measurement, 
and testing (CADMAT). The 
conference will be held at the 
Metropole Convention Cen- 



tre, in Brighton, England, 
from December 13 to 15, 
1983. Submit a 250-word 
synopsis to the CADMAT 
Conference Secretary, Net- 
work Exhibitions Ltd., 
Printers Mews, Market Hill, 
Buckingham MK18 1JX, 
England; telephone (02802) 
5226. ■ 



January 1983 © BYTE Publications be 479 



Apple BASIC, Richard 
Haskell. Englewood Cliffs, 
NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1982; 183 
pages, 50.5 by 66 cm, soft- 
cover, ISBN 0-13-039099-2, 
$12.95. 

Applications and Design 
with Analog Integrated Cir- 
cuits, J. Michael Jacob. 
Reston, VA: Reston Publish- 
ing, 1982; 498 pages, 45 by 57 
cm, hardcover, ISBN 0-8359- 
0245-5, $30.95. 

Artificial Reality, Myron 
W. Krueger. Reading, MA: 
Addison-Wesley, 1983; 312 
pages, 37 by 56 cm, soft- 
cover, ISBN 0-201-04765-9, 
$10.95. 

Assembler Language for 
Application Programming, 
Don H. Stabley. Princeton, 
NJ: Petrocelli Books, 1982; 
677 pages, 46 by 61.5 cm, 
hardcover, ISBN 0-89433- 
176-0, $35. 

COBOL, A Comprehen- 
sive Treatment, Thomas L. 
Naps and Bhagat Singh. Res- 
ton, VA: Reston Publishing, 
1982; 498 pages, 42.5 by 56.5 
cm, softcover, ISBN 0-8359- 
0830-5, $17.95. 

Comparative Studies in 
Software Acquisition, Steven 
Glaseman. Lexington, MA: 
Lexington Books, 1982; 131 
pages, 16.4 by 23.3 cm, hard- 
cover, ISBN 0-669-05422-4, 
$18.95. 

Computing: An Introduc- 
tion to Structured Problem 
Solving Using Pascal, V. A. 
Dyck, J. D. Lawson, J. A. 
Smith, and R. J. Beach. 
Reston, VA: Reston Publish- 
ing, 1982; 625 pages, 44.5 by 
57.5 cm, hardcover, ISBN 
0-8359-0902-6, $21.95. 

Concepts of ARC Local 
Networking. San Antonio, 
TX: Datapoint Corp. (9725 
Datapoint Dr.), 1982; 70 
pages, 51 by 66 cm, soft- 
cover, ISBN-none, Docu- 
ment Number 50694, $4. 

Digital, Analog, and Data 
Communication, William 
Sinnema. Reston, VA: Res- 



ton Publishing, 1982; 433 
pages, 44 by 57.5 cm, hard- 
cover, ISBN 0-8359-1301-5, 
$29.95. 

Electronic Manufacturing, 
Sheldon I. Kohen and 
Michael Rose. Reston, VA: 
Reston Publishing, 1982; 308 
pages, 43.5 by 57.5 cm, hard- 
cover, ISBN 0-8359-1642-1, 
$25.95. 

Experiments for Electrical 
Circuit Analysis with BASIC 
Programming, Theodore F. 
Bogart Jr. Chicago, IL: 
Science Research Associates, 
1982; 288 pages, 51 by 65.5 
cm, softcover, ISBN 0-574- 
21565-4, $11.96. 

How to Write an Apple 
Program, Ed Faulk. Chats- 
worth, CA: Datamost Inc. 
(9748 Cozycroft Ave.), 1982; 
220 pages, 32 by 49.5 cm, 
softcover, ISBN 0-8359- 
2992-2, $14.95. 

How to Write an IBM- PC 
Program, Ed Faulk. Chats- 
worth, CA: Datamost Inc. 
(9748 Cozycroft Ave.), 1982; 
427 pages, 32 by 49.5 cm, 
softcover, ISBN 0-8359- 
2991-4, $14.95. 

The Intelligent Microcom- 
puter, Roy W. Goody. Chi- 
cago, IL: Science Research 
Associates, 1982; 344 pages, 
52 by 67 cm, hardcover, 
ISBN 0-574-21560-3, $19.16. 

Interface Projects for the 
TRS-80 Mod III, Richard C. 
Hallgren. Englewood Cliffs, 
NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1982; 152 
pages, 41 by 55 cm, soft- 
cover, ISBN 0-13-469429-5, 
$12.95. 

An Introduction to Process 
Control and Digital Mini- 
computers, Peter L. Ginn. 
Houston, TX: Gulf Publish- 
ing, 1982; 291 pages, 16.4 by 
23.4 cm, hardcover, ISBN 0- 
87201-180-1, $26.95. 

Pascal Programming Struc- 
tures for Motorola Micropro- 
cessors, George W. Cherry. 
Reston, VA: Reston Publish- 
ing, 1982; 359 pages, 41.5 by 
56 cm, softcover, ISBN 0- 



8359-5465-X, $15.95. 

Pascal Text and Reference 
with Waterloo Pascal and 
Pascal VS, John B. Moore. 
Reston, VA: Reston Publish- 
ing, 1982; 398 pages, 42.5 by 
55 cm, softcover, ISBN 0-8359- 
5457-8, $16.95. 

PET/CBM and the IEEE 
488 Bus (GPIB), 2nd edition, 
Eugene Fisher and C. W.Jen- 
son. Berkeley, CA: Osborne/ 
McGraw-Hill, 1982; 319 pages, 
38.5 by 55.5 cm, softcover, 
ISBN 0-931988-78-0, $15.99. 

Practical BASIC Programs, 
IBM Personal Computer Edi- 
tion, Lon Poole, ed. Berke- 
ley, CA: Osborne /McGraw- 
Hill, 1982; 162 pages, 50.5 by 
66 cm, softcover, ISBN 0- 
931988-80-2, $15.99. 

Principles of EDP Manage- 
ment, Alexander Gaydasch. 
Reston, VA: Reston Publish- 
ing, 1982; 336 pages, 44 by 58 
cm, hardcover, ISBN 0-8359- 
5604-0, $19.95. 

Profitable Small Business 
Computing, Frank Green- 
wood. Boston, MA: Little, 
Brown & Co., 1982; 168 
pages, 35 by 54 cm, soft- 
cover, ISBN 0-316-327123-3, 
$9.95. 

Residential Electrical Wir- 
ing, Harry J. Edwards Jr. Res- 
ton, VA: Reston Publishing, 
1982; 224 pages, 44 by 59 cm, 
hardcover, ISBN 0-8359- 
6652-6, $17.95. 

Software Engineering, 



Analysis & Verification, 
T. G. Lewis. Reston, VA: 
Reston Publishing, 1982; 470 
pages, 45 by 57 cm, hard- 
cover, ISBN 0-8359-7023-X, 
$22.95. 

Structured COBOL Report 
Writer: A Programmer's 
Productivity Tool, David 
Schechter and George W. 
Yvkoff. Reston, VA: Reston 
Publishing, 1982; 300 pages, 
43.5 by 57.5 cm, hardcover, 
ISBN 0-8359-7097-3, $24.95. 

Structured Programming 
Using PL/I, 2nd edition, 
J. N. P. Hume and R. C. 
Holt. Reston, VA: Reston 
Publishing, 1982; 400 pages, 
41 by 55.5 cm, softcover, 
ISBN 0-8359-7131-7, $16.95. 

Techniques for Creating 
Golden Delicious Games for 
the Apple Computer, How- 
ard M. Franklin, Joanne 
Koltnow, and Leroy Finkel. 
Somerset, NJ: John Wiley & 
Sons, 1982; 150 pages, 40.5 
by 60 cm, softcover, ISBN 
0-471-09083-2, $12.95. 

The Visicalc Book: Apple 
Edition, Donald H. Beil. Res- 
ton, VA: Reston Publishing, 
1982; 301 pages, 45 by 57 cm, 
hardcover, ISBN 0-8359- 
8398-6, $22.95. 

The Visicalc Book: Atari 
Edition, Donald H. Beil. Res- 
ton, VA: Reston Publishing, 
1982; 298 pages, 45 by 57 cm, 
hardcover, ISBN 0-8359- 
8394-3, $21.95. ■ 



This is a list of books received at BYTE Publications during this 
past month. Although the list is not meant to be exhaustive, its 
purpose is to acquaint BYTE readers with recently published titles 
in computer science and related fields. We regret that we cannot 
review or comment on all the books we receive; instead, this list is 
meant to be a monthly acknowledgment of these books and the 
publishers who sent them. 



480 January 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 



Ask BYTE 



Conducted by Steve Ciarcia 



An Address 
in Every Port 

Dear Steve, 

After owning a Radio 
Shack TRS-80 Model I for 
three and a half years, I 
purchased a Model III. I was 
surprised to find that the 
printer can be addressed at 
I/O ports 248, 249, 250, and 
251. When programming the 
Model I, it was always my 
practice to poke a formfeed 
character to location 37E8 
hexadecimal in order to cir- 
cumvent the Radio Shack 
printer driver, which converts 
formfeeds into an appropriate 
number of linefeeds. In the 
Model III, that location is 
assigned to ROM (read-only 
memory), although perform- 
ing a PEEK of that address will 
provide the printer-status in- 
formation, as in the Model I. 
Which of the four ports is the 
correct address to use for the 
printer, or does it matter (and 
why)? 

Kerry A. Wilson 
Owensboro, KY 

By referring to the 
schematic diagram of the 
Model III, I have found that 
the printer port is enabled 
when address lines A3 
through A7 are high and when 
A2 is low. Because lines A0 
and Al are not used, they 
don't affect the decoding pro- 
cess. Any of the addresses 248 
through 251 will satisfy the 
decoding requirements and 
enable the printer port. 
. . . Steve 

Other Keyboards 
for the ZX80 

Dear Steve, 

I've just read Wayne J. 
Cosshall's article entitled 
"New Keyboard for the ZX80" 
(March 1982 BYTE, page 256). 
I have recently decided to 



purchase a Sinclair ZX81 
microcomputer kit, but have 
.been somewhat hesitant be- 
cause of its small keyboard. 
Naturally, I was extremely 
enthusiastic upon seeing this 
article. 

I happen to have a Jelco 
Type PR-5701 keyboard that 
looks quite similar to the one 
in Mr. Cosshall's article. I 
would like to wire this into 
my ZX81 kit, but I'm won- 
dering whether the printed- 
circuit boards for the ZX80 
and the ZX81 are all that 
similar? With the 8K-byte 
ROM (read-only memory) in 
the ZX81, some 40 new func- 
tions accessible from the new 
keyboard have been added. 
My question is can I still go 
ahead and wire a full 57-key 
keyboard in my ZX81, using 
the directions in Mr. Coss- 
hall's article? If not, how can 
I wire it into the ZX81? My 
Jelco keyboard is the same 
one used in the Radio Shack 
TRS-80 series, and I also have 
a keyboard that is identical to 
one on Radio Shack's Color 
Computer. Which one would 
be better to use for my ZX81 
application? I appreciate 
your time and consideration 
on this matter. 
Robert Y. Million 
Cupertino, CA 

The printed-circuit board 
for the Sinclair 2X81 is dif- 
ferent from the ZX80, but the 
full-sized keyboard can still 
be installed as described in 
Wayne Cosshall's article. If 
you buy the 2X81 kit, you 
will have the schematic di- 
agram and you will be able to 
easily locate the connections 
for A8 through A15. DO 
through D4 are located on re- 
sistor package RP3 and are 
wired as follows: 

DO = KBD1 
Dl = KBDO 
D2 = KBD2 



D3 = KBD3 
D4 = KBD4 

You might have some con- 
fusion in using the new 
keyboard with all of the extra 
functions that the 2X81 now 
incorporates. Some sort of 
labeling for the keyboard 
should help. Either of the 
keyboards you mentioned 
should be satisfactory for 
your 2X81 application. 
. . . Steve 

Uninterruptible 
Power Supplies 
Problem Solved 

The following letter pre- 
sents an innovative solution to 
the problem of building unin- 
terruptible power supplies — a 
topic of perennial interest to 
many of this column's readers. 
. . . Steve 

Dear Steve, 

On moving to Indonesia 
last year, I was faced with a 
problem similar to the one 
Albert C. Pollard encountered 
(see "Power Backup," Febru- 
ary 1982 BYTE, page 366). I 
wanted to use my Radio 
Shack TRS-80 Model I, but 
the commercial power is unre- 
liable: the voltage fluctuates 
and can be out for quite 
awhile. In addition, the power 
is supplied at 220 V (volts) at 
50 Hz. 

I sought advice from the 
salespeople at the store where 
I bought the computer and 
from a Radio Shack technical 
representative in Fort Worth, 
Texas, but they had no help to 
offer. Then, a distributor of 
Tripp Lite inverters suggested 
I try one of its units in com- 
bination with an automobile 
battery. Tripp Manufacturing 
Company of Chicago, Illinois, 
makes power inverters that 
people often use to supply 
120 V at 60 Hz to television 
sets in their campers where 



normally only 12 V DC is 
available. 

I was a little dubious at 
first, knowing that the in- 
verter produced a square 
wave (rather than the sine 
wave supplied by commercial 
power companies), but the ar- 
rangement worked flawlessly 
when I tried it. I now have a 
UPS (uninterruptible power 
supply) to run my Model I 
with its two 5Vi-inch disk 
drives and Anadex DP-8000 
printer. My Tripp Lite PV-350 
inverter can supply about 250 
watts (W) to the computer 
system when connected to my 
12-V Delco N-120 TS Freedom 
battery. The battery is kept 
charged by a 12-V, 6-amp 
charger built to work with the 
local 220-V power. Total cost 
was approximately $200. 

With this system, my com- 
puter can run for hours — even 
during prolonged blackouts. It 
isolates the computer system 
from the frequent power 
surges that are common here, 
and it has solved the frequen- 
cy mismatch as well. I have 
been using the power supply 
for nine months and have not 
lost a bit of data due to power 
problems. 

The cost is less than a com- 
parable system I have seen ad- 
vertised. Also, the battery size 
can be reduced, depending on 
how much you want to spend 
and how long a blackout you 
anticipate. The only draw- 
backs seem to be a slightly in- 
creased audible hum from the 
computer's transformer and a 
slight horizontal disruption of 
the video-screen's display that 
travels up the screen about 40 
cycles per minute. Neither are 
particularly distracting; I have 
tried several of the other Tripp 
Lite inverters (even the much 
more expensive PV-500 fre- 
quency-controlled unit) with- 
out any change in the video 
distortion, which appears to 
be inherent in the design of the 



January 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 481 



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inverter (perhaps related to 
the fact that it produces a 
square wave). 

I have no idea whether a 
similar system would work for 
other computers, but it is a 
simple solution other TRS-80 
owners might want to try. 
Richard T. Nicholls, MD 
Indonesia 



RS366 Specification 
Explained 

Dear Steve, 

In a recent advertisement, a 
modem was described as be- 
ing "RS366 and RS-232C" 
compatible. I know the RS- 
232C, but what is an RS366? 

Thanks for the many fine 
articles you have written for 
BYTE. 

Michael F. Smith 
Athens, TN 

RS366 is a specification 
describing the interface be- 
tween DTE (data terminal 
equipment) and ACU (auto- 
matic calling units) for data 
communications. The most 
common system uses the Bell- 
type 801 A ACU to generate 
pulses similar to a rotary-dial 
telephone. The Bell-type 801C 
generates Touch-Tone signals. 

Each ACU requires an 
RS366 adapter, an RS-232C 
interface, and a modem con- 
nected to a single phone line. 
The RS366 interface uses the 
same 25-pin connector as the 
RS-232C interface but has dif- 
ferent pin assignments and 
functions. . . . Steve 



Advice for Potential 
Homebrewers 

Dear Steve, 

I am just becoming a com- 
puter fan, but I don't know 
which way to go to get 
started. My total experience 
with computers is on the col- 
lege level; I have a semes- 
ter of BASIC Plus using a 
DEC (Digital Equipment Cor- 
poration) PDP 11/70. 



I would like some advice on 
acquiring equipment. I have 
been considering the Sinclair 
ZX81 with the 16K-byte mem- 
ory package, but even in the 
kit form, it costs more than 
$200. For a little more money, 
I could get Commodore's 
VIC-20, but I would rather 
build a computer myself, be- 
cause that way over a period 
of time I feel that I could get 
more computer for the money. 

Actually, what I am look- 
ing for is an instrument that 
can be assembled by someone 
with kit-building experience 
and that would be able to in- 
terface with a TV as a video 
display. It would have to be 
able to handle limited files in 
cassette form. I am a Motor 
Vehicle Department investi- 
gator and want to keep some 
of my work records and cases 
on it. (Tape is easier to store 
than reams of paper.) I would 
like the instrument to have 
expandable memory, because 
it will be for general use. In 
addition to my work, I would 
like to be able to run games 
on it. 

T. J. Willis 
Waterbury Center, VT 

With the variety of com- 
puters that are now on the 
market, it is becoming dif- 
ficult to build a computer 
with more features for less 
than you can buy one. Plus, 
if you have little technical ex- 
pertise or lack a good dual- 
trace oscilloscope, trouble- 
shooting a homebrew com- 
puter can be a nightmare. 
One approach to take would 
be to buy assembled and 
tested boards that plug into a 
motherboard for a standard 
bus, such as S-100, SS-50, 
KIM, and Z8, to name a few, 
and expand as your interests 
and finances warrant. 

Determine how much you 
wish to spend for an entry- 
level system, try to establish 
what you ultimately will do 
with your computer, and 
shop accordingly. A local 
computer store will give you 
a sales pitch on the brands 



482 January 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 



Circle 69 on inquiry card. 



Circle 355 on inquiry card. 



that they sell and will explain 
features that you may not be 
aware of. Listen to them and 
ask questions. That will give 
you a good idea of what is 
available. 

One thing to consider with 
a home-built computer is the 
limited software available, 
especially if it is a cassette- 
based system. If you are a 
user rather than a program- 
mer, this will be very impor- 
tant to you. . . . Steve 



Tie Chips 
for More Memory 

Dear Steve, 

I have a problem I'm sure a 
lot of people share. I have a 
TRS-80 Color Computer and 
would like to expand the 
memory to 32K bytes. When I 
installed the eight doubled-up 
(piggyback) 4116s, the PRINT 
MEM function still responded 
as if there were only 16K 
bytes. I have the old revision 
D board, and it has no jumper 
for 32K. I would appreciate 
your help in this matter, 
because I have a limited 
budget and spent quite a bit 
on the chips. 
Frank R. Durr II 
Tampa, FL 

Expanding the Radio Shack 
Color Computer to 32K is 
relatively simple. Your 
scheme of adding eight addi- 
tional 4116-type memory 
chips in parallel with the pre- 
sent chips is correct except 
that pin 4 of the added chips 
must be separated. Tie pin 4 
on all of the added chips 
together and connect them to 
pin 35 of the MC6883 (U10). 
This will provide the required 
chip select for the second bank 
and will give you the memory 
expansion that you desire. 

An excellent article on the 
operation and programming 
of the Color Computer can be 
found in the March 1981 
BYTE. (See "What's Inside 
Radio Shack's Color Com- 
puter?" by Tim Ahrens, Jack 
Browne, and Hunter Scales, 



page 90.) It is recommended 
reading for anyone with a 
Color Computer. . . . Steve 



TVs for Monitors 

Dear Steve, 

Could you please tell me if 
there is any information on 
using a TV (without a radio- 
frequency modulator) as a 
monitor? I have some old 
black-and-white units that I 
would like to use. Would I 
feed the video via a field-effect 
transistor to get the video- 
drive level? Thank you. 
Murray Gilbert 
West Hempstead, NY 

Converting a television to a 
video monitor is a relatively 
simple task if you have some 
experience. Be sure that the 
television is the type that has a 
power transformer that iso- 
lates the 110-volt AC line 
from the chassis. It is extreme- 
ly important to avoid putting 
potentially lethal voltage on 
the chassis and into your com- 
puter. (Many of the late 
model sets do not incorporate 
power transformers.) 

An article in the May 1978 
BYTE, "Convert Your TV Set 
to a Video Monitor, " by Dan 
Fylstra (see page 22), describes 
this conversion using a com- 
mercial kit. The Pickles & 
Trout TVM-04 direct-entry 
video kit will allow a clear 
display of 64 characters per 
line. . . . Steve 



Emulator Programs 

Provide More 

Software 

Dear Steve, 

I recently purchased a 
Radio Shack Color Computer 
with the idea of designing a 
program that would allow it 
to run the numerous programs 
on the market written for 
other computers. 

I have thought about ap- 
proaching the problem from 
the software end by having 



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The Expansion Unit comes without these options installed.* So you don't 
have to pay for them if you don't need them. But when you do, all you have 
to do is plug in the chips and you are ready to go. 

'All options are available installed with the Expansion 
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RS. Model III IST-Dnve 

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Color Computer Drive 1 

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CCR-81 recorder 

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16K RAM NEC 200 N S. chips 25 

64K Ram Chips 75 

Color Computer Flex DOS. 99 

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Circle 109 on inquiry card. 



January 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 483 



Circle 198 on inquiry card. 



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the computer read the tape 
and, from the signals it re- 
ceived from reading the 
leader, determine the com- 
puter type. From there, it 
could select the proper simula- 
tion mode to understand and 
be able to run the program. 
However, I realize that if the 
program were possible, it 
would take up all the memory 
in the computer and the pro- 
gram being translated could 
not be run. Therefore, I am 
now trying to approach the 
hardware end of the problem 
(which I consider to be much 
easier than the software ap- 
proach). The problem is I am 
not sure how to go about de- 
signing the hardware. Are 
either of my two approaches 
feasible enough to work with 
6809 microprocessor? 

I felt that the project could 
be done because I don't think 
that there is really that much 
difference between the 6502 
and the 6809 other than the 
way they record and input in- 
formation into various com- 
puters. 

Chris Weaver 
East Hartford, CT 

The concept of a program 
that would allow running pro- 
grams from other computers is 
sound in theory, but falls 
apart in practice. Assuming 
that your program would 
recognize the tape format of 
the desired program and 
enable it to be loaded into 
your computer's memory, the 
desired program would still 
not run. Each computer on 
the market has its own 
operating system and 
monitor. Each computer has 
its keyboard, screen, and I/O 
routines located in different 
areas of memory. A call for a 
character to be sent to the 
screen in one program would 
be totally ignored by another 
program. 

A more than casual dif- 
ference exists between the in- 
struction sets of the various 
microprocessors, and the 
codes for the mnemonics are 
totally different. A program 



that would recognize each 
machine and instruction set 
could be written but would 
probably take more memory 
than you could afford. 

A more realistic approach is 
to write an emulator program. 
This is a program that 
simulates the instruction set of 
another microprocessor. 
Several articles have been 
printed in various computer 
magazines for emulating 
microprocessors. If you devise 
an emulator program, it is 
possible to run programs from 
a specific computer on your 
own computer. . . . Steve 



Calculating 
Bandwidths 

Dear Steve, 

It seems to me that there's a 
lack of information on video 
monitors used on home com- 
puters — not one of descrip- 
tions of the various monitors 
advertised, but of what is re- 
quired to do what. For exam- 
ple, how much bandwidth is 
required for a satisfactory 
80-column line? How much 
for a good 80-column line7 
What do you gain by greater 
bandwidth? Or, put another 
way, what does your com- 
puter need to use a better 
bandwidth? Do most moni- 
tors accept the same input? 
What is the result of slightly 
different sweep rates7 (Or is 
the stability of the sweep rate 
more critical than its absolute 
value?) Most monitors seem 
to have a 75-ohm input, so is 
coaxial cable required or will a 
good audio cable do? In short, 
what criteria or specifications 
should one look for in select- 
ing a video monitor? I haven't 
been able to compare any dis- 
playing the same data side-by- 
side. 

J. T. Miller 
Yucaipa, CA 

The bandwidth required for 
a given line on a video moni- 
tor can be calculated by divid- 
ing the active-trace time by 



484 January 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 



Circle 213 on inquiry card. 



the number of horizontal 
dots. For a monitor with a 
horizontal-sweep frequency 
identical to a normal televi- 
sion (15,750 hertz), the total 
trace time is 1/15,750 = 63.5 
/is (microseconds). The active- 
trace time is this time minus 
the retrace and blanking time, 
which is usually about two- 
thirds of the total or 42 /xs. If 
the character matrix is 7 by 9 
with a one blank dot space, 
then 80 characters will require 
640 dots and 42/640 = 65.6 
nanoseconds per dot, or 
15.2 MHz. For a character 
matrix of 5 by 7, a bandwidth 
of 11.4 MHz results. 

As the monitor bandwidth 
is reduced, it is less able to 
clearly display all of the dots, 
and smearing results. A 
12-MHz monitor is probably 
the minimum bandwidth re- 
quired for a satisfactory 
80-column display. Monitors 
with a greater frequency re- 
sponse can display 80-column 
lines with greater sharpness. A 
rough estimate of monitor 
bandwidth can be made visu- 
ally. If all of the dots in each 
character in an 80-column line 
are clearly visible, then the 



monitor 
15 MHz 
pending 
matrix. 
Most 
75-ohm 



has at least 12 to 
of bandwidth, de- 
on the character 



monitors have a 
input and are de- 
signed for a composite-video 
signal (one that contains video 
information along with the 
horizontal and vertical 
sweep). Because the distance 
from the monitor to the com- 
puter is usually only a couple 
of feet, an audio cable can be 
used. . . . Steve ■ 




BYTE's Bits 



Universal Medium 
for Software 
Distribution 



Softech Microsystems 
recently demonstrated a con- 
cept called the Universal 
Medium. Softech claims that 
this concept could greatly 
simplify the distribution of 
applications programs be- 
cause it provides the means 
for a single version of a 
personal-computer applica- 
tions program to be read and 
executed by another ma- 
chine. The applications pro- 
gram that the company 
demonstrated was encoded 
on a single floppy disk and 
was run without modification 



on an Apple II, an IBM Per- 
sonal Computer, a Z80-based 
system, and on the 
M68000-based Sage II. 

Softech Microsystems 
points out that widespread 
use of its Universal Medium 
concept would mean that 
only one version of a pro- 
gram would have to be devel- 
oped and encoded on disks 
for distribution to personal- 
computer users. The com- 
pany credits the portability 
characteristics of the UCSD 
Pascal system as responsible 
for this development. ■ 



from Mateo Data Products 

64K x 8 bit 

Static Memory Board 

for use with RAM or EPROM 

or any mixture of the two! 



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i f ■ i I - 1 i ■ I - 1 - * i 



64K Board is only $475! 

Mateo Data Products has been supplying California Silicon 
Valley with superior technology for many years. 0ur64K 
Memory Board is a product we've had many requests for. It 
is now on the open market. 

The 64K Memory Board is a 64K by 8 bit static memory 
board which may be used with RAM, EPROM, or any 
mixture of the two. It has been designed to provide the 
greatest possible flexibility and performance in an S-100 
environment, while allowing for growth as the technology 
continues to change. The primary features are: 

• Compatible with Proposed IEEE 696 standard 

• Total RAM/EPROM interchange capability (R/W jumpered) 

• Extended Address capability (A16-A23) 

• Global Addressing possible in 16K groups 

• Two Extended pages may be on one card 

• Global/Extended allocations are 16K per group 

• 0-8 wait states for EPROM with fast CPU's 

• Wait states selectable on/off by 16K group 

• Responds to PHANTOM* on pin 67 (jumper selected) 

• PHANTOM* bottom 48K and/or top 16K 

• MWRT generated on-board, or taken from bus 

• Automatic deselect of empty sockets via FF detector 

• On-board data bus is pulled up for best performance 

• Fully socketed , solder mask, and component screen 

Contact Mateo for delivery details and quantity prices. It's a 

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All boards are assembled, tested, burnt in and supplied 

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and owner's manual. 

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48K (Partially loaded) 410.00 

32K (Partially loaded) 328.00 

A&T Board (Less RAM) 200.00 

Distributed by: 



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427 Perrymont, San Jose, CA 951 25 
(408)998-1655 



Circle 246 on inquiry card. 



January 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 485 



What's New? 



SYSTEMS 




Multi-Personal Computer 



Columbia Data Prod- 
ucts' Multi-Personal Com- 
puter (MPC) is available in 
an IBM Personal Computer 
compatible configuration 
for approximately $4000. 
This system is based on a 
16-bit 8088 and comes 
with 128K bytes of RAM 
(random-access read/write 
memory), dual serial ports, 
a Centronics port, and a 
detachable keyboard. Stan- 
dard features include a 
12-inch black-and-white 
monochrome display, color 
graphics video adapter, 
and a dual floppy-disk drive 
system. The MS-DOS and 
CP/M-86 operating systems 
and BASIC and macro as- 
sembler languages are sup- 
plied. 

A wide variety of op- 
tions are available, in- 



cluding a Z80 CP/M board, 
a 16-bit Motorola 68000 
board, an 8087 mathe- 
matics chip, cache buffer, 
Winchester hard-disk drive, 
multiple RS-232C interface, 
and telecommunications 
and networking support. 
Also available are multi- 
user, multitasking operat- 
ing systems such as 
MP/M-86 and Oasis- 16. 
High-level language sup- 
port is provided by BASIC, 
FORTRAN, COBOL, macro 
assembler, Pascal, and C. 
The Xenix operating sys- 
tem will soon be available. 
For full details, contact Col- 
umbia Data Products, 
8990 Route 108, Colum- 
bia, MD 21045, (301) 
992-3400. 
Circle 550 on inquiry card. 



QDP 

The QDP- 100 micro- 
computer from Quasar 
Data Products is an 8-bit 
Z80A-based system. It 
comes with dual 8-inch 
floppy-disk drives, 64K 
bytes of RAM (random-ac- 
cess read/write memory), 
cache memory, and CP/M 
and BASIC. The QDP- 100 
can be configured as a 
single-user workstation 
with the CP/M operating 
system, or it can serve mul- 
tiple users when equipped 
with MP/M software and 



100 

additional memory. Other 
features include an online 
Help system and a menu- 
style listing of operations. 

Options for the QDP- 1 00 
include a 10- or 15-mega- 
byte hard disk and up to 
256K bytes of RAM. A bul- 
letin describing the 
QDP- 100 is available free 
by writing to Quasar Data 
Products Inc., Marketing 
Department, 10330 Brecks- 
ville Rd., Cleveland, OH 
44141. 
Circle 551 on inquiry card. 



ISB 80/85 Has 
Expandable STD Bus 

The Microsystems Group 
of GE Intersil Systems has in- 
troduced the ISB 80/85 
microcomputer. It has a 
slim-line STD bus card cage 
that can accommodate as 
many as six additional STD 
bus cards. The basic 80/85 
is built around a 64K-byte 
RAM card, a 12-inch dis- 
play, detachable keyboard, 
and your choice of a Z80 or 
an 8085 processor card. 
Mass storage is provided by 
either two 5 /4-1'nch double 
sided double-density floppy- 
disk drives or a single 
5/4 -inch floppy disk and a 
5 '/4-1'nch 10-megabyte 
Winchester drive. The 
CP/M 2.2 operating system 
is standard. Optional scien- 
tific, business, and word- 
processing software pack- 
ages are offered by the 
company. 

Prices for the ISB 80/85 
range from S 5990 for a ver- 
sion outfitted with dual 
floppy-disk drives to S8990 
for the system with both 
the floppy disk and Win- 
chester disk drives. OEM 



(original equipment manu- 
facturer) prices are available. 
For details, contact GE In- 
tersil Systems Inc., 1275 
Hammerwood Ave., 
Sunnyvale, CA 94086, 
(408) 743-4300. 
Circle 552 on inquiry card. 



V 




Micro-Professor II 

Micro-Professor II is now 
being marketed by Multi- 
tech Electronics. The 6502- 
based MPF-II personal 
computer offers users col- 
or graphics and printing 
capabilities and comes 
with a 49-key keyboard, 
including nine function 
keys, 64K bytes of RAM 
(random-access read/write 
memory), and a 12K-byte 
Apple-compatible BASIC 
interpreter. Cassette tape is 



486 January 1'83 © BYTE Publications Inc 



What's New? 



used for backup storage. 
Video-display capabilities 
include text and low- or 
high-resolution graphics in 
6 colors. The screen for- 
mat is 24 lines by 40 col- 
umns (960 characters), 
using a 5 by 7 dot matrix. 
Other standard features in- 
clude a Centronics inter- 
face for parallel printers, an 
RF (radio frequency) mod- 
ulator, and an onboard 
8-ohm speaker. 
Optional software car- 



tridges provide the MPF-II 
with assembly, Pascal, 
Logo, and FORTH lan- 
guages. Hardware options 
include a 40-column ther- 
mal printer, joysticks, and 
a floppy-disk interface. The 
MPF-II costs $399; volume 
discounts are available. 
Contact Multitech Elec- 
tronics Inc., 195 West El 
Camino Real, Sunnyvale, 
CA 94086, (408) 773- 
8400. 
Circle 553 on inquiry card. 




Micro 

Morrow Designs is mar- 
keting a 4-MHz Z80A-based 
computer that has a single- 
sided 5 'A -inch floppy-disk 
drive and a full-featured 
display terminal. Standard 
features on this computer, 
called the Micro Decision, 
include 64K bytes of RAM 
(random-access read/write 
memory), two RS-232C 
serial ports, detachable key- 
board, and the CP/M 2.2 
operating system. The 
Micro Decision has a menu- 
driven front end to CP/M 
that can be deactivated by 
the user, a virtual drive that 
reassigns to drive A any 
reference to a nonexisting 
drive, and the ability to read 
and write multiple disk for- 
mats, such as Osborne, 
IBM, and Xerox 820. Sup- 



Decision 

plied software includes 
Micro Mike's Bazic, which is 
compatible with North Star 
BASIC, Microsoft's BASIC 80 
and the Wordstar word 
processor. Morrow De- 
signs' Correct-It spelling 
checker, and Software 
Products International's 
Logicalc electronic spread- 
sheet. 

Micro Decision has a sug- 
gested list price of S 1 790. It 
can be purchased without 
the display terminal for 
$ 1 195. A second disk drive 
is available for S350. Quan- 
tity discounts are offered. 
For complete technical and 
pricing information, contact 
Morrow Designs, 5221 
Central Ave., Richmond, 
CA 94804, (415)525-4715. 
Circle 554 on inquiry card. 



1 6-Bit 
Business Computer 



NABU Maunfacturinng 
Corporation has introduced 
the NABU 1 600, a 1 6-bit In- 
tel 8086/8087 coprocessor- 
based business computer. 
The 1 600 has 256K bytes of 
RAM (random-access read/ 
write memory) that can be 
expanded up to 512K 
bytes, a 1 0-meagbyte micro 
Winchester disk drive, and 
a high-density minifloppy- 
disk drive with 800K bytes 
of formatted storage. Two 
operating systems, Xenix 
and MS-DOS, are supplied 
with the 1600. Using stan- 



dard asynchronous/syn- 
chronous links, the 1600 
can communicate with 
other computers or it can 
provide access to broad- 
band cable networks. The 
1600 can handle three 
users simultaneously. 

The NABU 1600 has a 
suggested retail price of 
SI 2,995 (Canadian). Full 
details are available from 
NABU Manufacturing 
Corp., 1051 Baxter Rd., Ot- 
tawa, Ontario K2C 3P2, 
Canada, (613) 526-1426. 
Circle 555 on inquiry card. 



SOFTWARE 



IBM Program 
Development Aids 

The Lazycoder-Screen is 
the first in a series of pro- 
gram and presentation de- 
velopment aids for the IBM 
Personal Computer from 
Nelson Data Resources. 
Lazycoder has 35 built-in 
functions that let you use 
your screen for designing 
images or for entering data. 
Completed designs can be 
printed, generated into a 
BASIC file maintenance 
program using the screen 
for data entry, or put 
together for a slide show. 
With Lazycoder-Screen, 
you can create computer- 
ized educational aides or 
help systems, or you can 
use its filing system option 
to enter and retrieve infor- 
mation. 

Lazycoder — Screen costs 
S125. A free demonstra- 
tion kit is available. For 
more information, contact 



Nelson Data Resources, 
Suite 1 1 8, 900 South 74th 
Plaza, Omaha, NE 681 14, 
(402) 397-3030. 
Circle 556 on inquiry card. 



C Language 
for Model 1 6 

Softworks Ltd. is market- 
ing a complete C compiler 
for Radio Shack's Model 1 6 
computer. This version of 
C is based on Whitesmiths 
C compiler, a complete im- 
plementation of the C lan- 
guage. Cross-compilers for 
developing Model 16 C 
programs on different com- 
puters are available. 

Softworks C costs $950. 
A documentation package 
is S30. Dealer inquiries are 
invited. Contact Softworks 
Ltd., 607 West Wellington, 
Chicago, IL 60657, (312) 
327-7666. 
Circle 557 on inquiry card. 



January 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 487 



What's New? 



Full-Screen 
Editor for IBM 

PCEdit is a full-screen 
editor for the IBM Personal 
Computer from Personal 
Systems Technology. 
PCEdit features online 
helps and prompts, global 
search and replace, large 
file editing, block move, 
and a limited undo capabil- 
ity. It permits full use of all 
function and editing keys 
on the IBM's keyboard. 
Minimum requirements are 
PC-DOS, one disk drive, 
and 96K bytes of RAM 
(random-access read/write 
memory). 

PCEdit comes with com- 
plete documentation and 
full support and service. It's 
available for $98 at se- 
lected Computerland stores 
or factory-direct from Per- 
sonal Systems Technology 
Inc., 22957 La Cadena, 
Laguna Hills, CA 92653, 
(714) 859-8871. 
Circle 558 on inquiry card. 



Fancy Fonts 
for Epson Printers 

Softcraft's Fancy Font 
personal typesetting sys- 
tem provides Epson print- 
ers with a variety of type 
sets, sizes, and faces. Type 
sizes range from 8 to 21 
points, and Fancy Font lets 
you specify up to 10 fonts 
or logo sets for any letter or 
document. Roman, Sans 
Serif, Script, and Old 
English with bold, italic, 
and regular typefaces are 
all standard. Word-process- 
ing capabilities include text 
centering, justification, and 
underlining. Parameters 
such as page size, tabs, 



margins, fonts, line spac- 
ing, headers, and footers 
are user-specifiable, and 
text files can be prepared 
with any text editor, in- 
cluding Wordstar. 

The Fancy Font package 
comes with the Hershey 
character database, which 
contains more than 1500 
character and graphics 
symbols that can be scaled 
to different sizes and 
formed into new font sets. 
Fancy Font costs S 1 80 and 
is available in a variety of 
disk formats for CP/M- 
based systems. For a free 
brochure, contact Softcraft, 
Suite 1641, 8726 South 
Sepulveda Blvd., Los 
Angeles, CA 90045, (213) 
641-3822. 
Circle 559 on inquiry card. 



Space Sharks 
Challenges Gamers 

Empire II: Interstellar 
Sharks is a science-fiction 
game system from Interac- 
tive Fantasies. The object 
of the game is to manuever 
your way through the 
webs of bureaucratic red 
tape and occasional 
clandestine dealings of 
large monopolies to 
achieve success: wealth 
and a spacecraft for your 
escape. 

Empire II: Interstellar 
Sharks is available in Apple- 
soft for 48K-byte Apple 
computers running DOS 
3.3. It costs $32.95, includ- 
ing a manual and a soft- 
cover novella. Contact In- 
teractive Fantasies, POB 
22222, Agoura, CA 
91301, (213) 706-0661. 
Circle 560 on inquiry card. 



McGraw-Hill Releases 
New Software Line 



McGraw-Hill Book Com- 
pany's newly formed 
Computing & Educational 
Software Group develops 
texts and software for com- 
puter courses and other 
educational areas. Initial of- 
ferings are in finance, 
economics, and graphics. 
For investment analyses, 
the company has the Riley- 
Montgomery Investpak, 
and for time-series eco- 
nomic forecasting the Hall- 
Hall-Lillien: MicroTSP is of- 
fered. A generic graphics 
program for constructing 
and displaying instructional 
materials, the Ward-lrby: 



Hypergraphics, is also avail- 
able. 

Future software will 
touch upon business, en- 
gineering, sciences, and 
other disciplines, as well as 
text-related and database 
software, stand-alone 
computational and tutorial 
software, and generic soft- 
ware encompassing all 
areas. For details, contact 
the Computing & Educa- 
tional Software Group, 
McGraw-Hill Book Co., 
1 22 1 Avenue of the Ameri- 
cas, New York, NY 10020. 
Circle 561 on inquiry card. 



Farm 
Accounting Package 

Harris Technical Systems' 
Agdisk Farm Accounting 
Package offers farmers and 
ranchers single-entry ac- 
counting with double- 
entry accuracy on either a 
cash or accrual basis. Stan- 
dard functions include 
entering transactions, the 
ability to print standard 
financial reports, special 
provisions that prevent the 
accidental loss of data, 
closing and beginning ac- 
count periods, and the 
ability to modify account 
names, heading, etc. 
Agdisk will run on IBM, 
Radio Shack, Commodore, 
Digital, and Texas In- 
struments systems. 

Agdisk costs $600 and is 
available at selected Apple 
and Team Electronics 
dealers and Computerland 
stores. The Agdisk manual 
can be purchased sepa- 



rately for $29.95. For more 
information, contact Harris 
Technical Systems, 624 
Peach St., Lincoln, NE 
68508, (402) 476-2811. 
Circle 562 on inquiry card. 



Secure 
Your CP/M Files 

Secure is designed to 
stop unauthorized access 
to CP/M files. Manufac- 
tured by Century Systems, 
Secure can encrypt any 
type of file, such as binary 
machine code, data, or 
text, making the theft of 
CP/M data virtually im- 
possible. Files can be 
repeatedly processed by 
Secure for greater levels of 
security. This system uses 
two user-supplied "keys" 
to protect files on any 
Z80-based microcomputer. 
It can safeguard financial 
data and customer data, 
mailing lists, confidential 



488 January 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 



What's New? 



correspondence, computer 
programs, or data to be 
transmitted. 

Secure version 3.0 is 
available in a variety of disk 
formats for systems run- 
ning CP/M 2.0 or later. It 
costs S 1 50. Contact Cen- 
tury Systems Inc., Suite 
11 B, 12872 Valley View 
Ave., Garden Grove, CA 
92645, (714) 895-3381. 
Circle 563 on inquiry card. 



Resume 
Preparation Program 

Single Source Solution's 
Interactive Resume is for 



people seeking employ- 
ment. Through a series of 
questions, Interactive Re- 
sume automatically builds 
your resume, which can be 
upgraded or tailored to 
meet the needs of a par- 
ticularjob. 

Interactive Resume is 
available for the Apple, 
TRS-80, and IBM Personal 
Computer. A version for 
CP/M owners is also avail- 
able. Interactive Resume 
costs $49.95. For further 
information and a free soft- 
ware catalog, write to 
Single Source Solution, POB 
578, Concord, CA 94522. 
Circle 564 on inquiry card. 



PUBLICATIONS 






MINIATURE COAXIAL 

RIBBON CABLE ASSEMBLIES 



j 



La,. :■..,... .;.iJl &&%£. -'-;-■■.:-■ 



Coaxial Ribbon-Cable 
Assemblies Brochure 

Computer Cable & Prod- 
ucts has issued a new 
brochure describing its line 
of miniature coaxial ribbon- 
cable assemblies. Included 
are full specifications and 
ordering information on 
the firm's line of standard 
dual-latch housing coaxial 
cable assemblies and 
custom assemblies. With 
dual-row latch housing 
connectors, these minia- 
ture coaxial ribbon cables 



are available with im- 
pedances of 50, 75, and 93 
ohms and with up to 25 
flat conductors. The 
brochure is available from 
Computer Cable & Prod- 
ucts Inc., Department D2 1 , 
147 Gazza Blvd., Farming- 
dale, NY 11735, (516) 
293-1610. 
Circle 570 on inquiry card. 



Commodore 64 
Software Catalog 

Commodore Business 
Machines has announced 
the availablity of an 8-page 
catalog describing software 
for the Commodore 64 
microcomputer. Business, 
financial, word processing, 
and games software are 
covered. Contact Commo- 
dore Business Machines, 
The Meadows, 487 Devon 
Park Rd., Wayne, PA 
19807, (215) 687-9750. 
Circle 567 on inquiry card. 



Hi 



&? 






. % 




Guide 

to Customizing 

Apple Hardware 

The Custom Apple, a 

guide to customizing Apple 
II software and hardware, 
has been produced by IJG 
Inc. Coauthored by Win- 
fried Hofacker and 
Ekkehard Floegel, this book 
guides you through a series 
of projects and applications 
that show you how to 
custom design hardware 
for the Apple. The book in- 
cludes a general informa- 
tion section that has tips on 
tools, logic diagrams, 
binary and decimal num- 
bering systems, and wire- 
wrapping and soldering 
techniques. In addition, 
The Custom Apple has a 
glossary and a parts sup- 
pliers source list. 

The Custom Apple is 
available at computer 
retailers or through the 
publisher for $24.95. Con- 
tact IJG Inc., 1953 West 
11th St., Upland, CA 
91786. When ordering 
from the publisher, add $4 
for shipping and handling. 
Circle 568 on inquiry card. 



IBM Products Guide 

The current 28-page 
Buyer's Guide for the IBM 
Personal Computer de- 
scribes more than 100 
products. Software ranges 
from a health club mem- 
bership system to account- 
ing packages. Hardware 
described includes touch 
panels, digitizers, light 
pens, and furniture. 

A new edition of the 
Buyer's Guide for the IBM 
Personal Computer is 
available every six weeks. 
Single copies are $ 1 , and a 
one-year subscription costs 
$8. Order your guide from 
Starware, 1701 K St. NW, 
Washington, DC 20006, 
(202) 466-7351. 
Circle 569 on inquiry card. 



DATA CABLE PRODUCTS 




Catalog Spotlights 
Data-Cable Products 

A full range of data-cable 
assemblies and related ac- 
cessories for data process- 
ing and computer-center 
applications is described in 
a catalog from Kertech 
Corporation. Communica- 
tions assemblies covered 
include EIA (Electronic In- 
dustries Association) RS- 
232C, RS-449, V.35, IBM 



January 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 489 



What's New? 



Serpentine, wideband 
modems, telephone line, 
coaxial and twin axial, low- 
capacitance, null modem, 
Teflon-insulated cable, and 
related connector and 
adapter accessories. Also 
included in this 20-page 
catalog are technical 
specifications, pricing, 
ordering, and applications 
information for each as- 
sembly and accessory. 

The Kertech Data Cable 
Catalog is available free of 
charge from Kertech Corp., 
1 Map Hill Dr., POB P, Bab- 
son Park, MA 02 157, (617) 
235-5964. 
Circle 571 on inquiry card. 



Computer Literacy 
Subject of Textbook 

The Random House 
Spotlight on Computer 
Literacy worktext, by Ellen 
Richman, serves as an in- 
troduction to computer 
awareness and program- 
ming. Written at the junior 
high school level, this book 
is divided into three sec- 
tions and comes with a 
teacher's manual that has 
chapter notes and answers 
to the exercises found in 
each chapter. 

The first section explains 
what computers are and 
how they accept, store, 
process, and produce pro- 
cessed information. The 
second section discusses 
the history of computers 
and details how they are 
being used today and how 
they might be used tomor- 
row. The last section con- 
tains both pencil-and-paper 
and hands-on activities for 
BASIC programming in- 



struction so that students 
can learn how to program 
Apple II, Atari, PET, or 
TRS-80 microcomputers. 

Twenty-five copies of 
Ellen Richman's Spotlight 
on Computer Literacy cost 
SI 26.25. For further infor- 
mation, contact Random 
House, 201 East 50th St., 
New York, NY \0O22, 
(800) 638-6460; in New 
York, call (2 1 2) 75 1 -2600. 
Circle 572 on inquiry card. 

PERIPHERALS 



Business Graphics 
Plotter and Software 

The Strobe 1 00 Graphics 
Plotter and Software pack- 
age lets you create hard- 
copy graphics directly from 
your computer. The Strobe 
1 00 Plotter has a drum plat- 
ten with X and Y stepper 
motors. It uses Pilot's Razor- 
point or Strobe's Trans- 
parency pens to plot on 
standard 8'/2- by 11 -inch 
paper. The plotting area is 8 
by 10 inches, and the 
resolution is 500 points per 
inch. Power requirements 
are 115 volts AC at 50 Hz 
or 230 volts AC at 60 Hz. 
The Strobe 100 measures 
3Vi inches (8.9 cm) tall by 
16!/4 inches (41 .3 cm) wide 
by 8V2 inches (21.6 cm) 
deep. Parallel TTL (transis- 
tor-transistor logic) I/O is re- 
quired. 

Software for the Strobe 
100 includes a stand-alone, 
menu-driven business 
graphics program that gen- 
erates alphanumerics and 
line, bar, and pie charts. 



The company also has soft- 
ware that lets you manipu- 
late text and shapes and a 
program that helps you 
create reproducible graphics 
directly from the data files of 
such electronic spread- 
sheets as the Apple Busi- 
ness Graphics Package and 
Visicalc. 

Options include a trans- 
parency package, pens, an 
RS-232C cable, and a 
50-sheet package of paper. 
Parallel interface cards make 
the Strobe 100 Plotter and 
Software package available 
for the Apple II and III, Com- 
modore PET and SuperPET, 
the TRS-80 Model I, the 
Franklin Ace 1000, the 
Osborne 1, and S-100 bus 
systems. An RS-232C serial 
interface can be obtained. 
For the name of your local 
dealer, contact Strobe Inc., 
897-5A Independence 
Ave., Mountain View, CA 
94043, (4 1 5) 969-5 1 30. 
Circle 573 on inquiry card. 



The Apple Quartet 

Vista Computer Com- 
pany's Quartet dual floppy- 
disk drive system gives you 
the capacity of four stan- 
dard Apple \\ drives in the 
space of a single 5/4 -inch 
drive. Quartet disk drives 
are styled to complement 
your Apple, and they work 
in either dual-side 40-track 
or single-side 35-track 
modes. 

A complete Quartet 
package comprises two 
thinline disk drives, case, 
controller, and software 
patches for DOS, CP/M, 



and Pascal. The suggested 
list price is $699, which in- 
cludes a 1 20-day warranty. 
For further details, contact 
Vista Computer Co. Inc., 
1317 East Edinger, Santa 
Ana, CA 92705, (714) 
953-0523. 
Circle 565 on inquiry card. 



TRS-80 Display 
Expansion Unit 

Holmes Engineering's 
VID-80 is a plug-in adapter 
that gives your Radio Shack 
TRS-80 a 24-line by 80-char- 
acter display. The VID-80 is 
completely self-contained 
and has its own memory 
and video controller. The 
VID-80 provides enough 
extra RAM (random-access 
read/write memory) and 
logic to convert the TRS-80 
to a 64K-byte CP/M com- 
puter. Use of the VID-80 
does not interfere with nor- 
mal TRS-80 operations. 

The VID-80 is available in 
two versions. The VX-3 for 
the Model III plugs into 
sockets inside the com- 
puter; no soldering is re 
quired. The VX-1 for the 
Model I is made up of a 
small assembly that installs 
inside the Model I's key- 
board and a main printed- 
circuit board that must be 
connected into an expan- 
sion mainframe, which is 
available from the manu- 
facturer. The suggested 
retail price is $279. For more 
information, contact 
Holmes Engineering Inc., 
3555 South 3200 W, Salt 
Lake City, UT84119, (801) 
967-2324. 
Circle 574 on inquiry card. 



490 January B8 © BYTE Publications Inc 



What's New? 




Voice-based Learning System 



Scott Instruments' VBLS 
(voice-based learning sys- 
tem), a computer-based ed- 
ucational/training system 
incorporating speech-re- 
cognition technology, is for 
business, school, industry, 
and home use. It lets users 
commmunicate with an 
Apple II by talking to it. The 
firm explains that VBLS 
evolved around a conver- 
sational approach to train- 
ing and education. Instruc- 
tors or authors determine 
the educational materials in 
any language (e.g., VBLS 
has been trained to recog- 
nize English, Korean, Ger- 



man, French, and Japan- 
ese) and specify its organ- 
ization (i.e., fill in the blank 
or true and false). The self- 
paced, interactive VBLS en- 
vironment is controlled by 
the user's voice. 

A VBLS system comprises 
Scott Instruments' VET-2 
voice-entry terminal and 
VBLS software. It costs 
S 895. 95, including man- 
ual. Contact the VBLS Na- 
tional Sales Group, Scott 
Instruments, 1111 Willow 
Springs Dr., Denton, TX 
76201, (817) 387-9514. 
Circle 576 on inquiry card. 




RS-232C Interface 
for Commodore 64 and VIC-20 



The Model CX-6402, a 
full RS-232C interface for 
Commodore's 64 and 
VIC-20 computers, is made 
by Xitel Inc. This interface is 
said to have all the features 
and levels required to inter- 
face any RS-232C device, 
such as modems and 
printers. The CX-6402 con- 
nects to the computer's 
user port and permits full 
use of the machine's eight 
active RS-232C handshak- 
ing signal lines. Standard 
features include full RS-232C 



logic levels and the ability to 
operate at all V\C-20 and 
Commodore 64 data rates. 
External RS-232C cables 
and power supplies are not 
required. 

The CX-6402 comes 
ready to use. Complete 
with a 6-foot parallel cable 
for connection to a printer, 
the CX-6402 costs S59.95. 
Further details are available 
from Xitel Inc., 2678 North 
Main St. #1, Walnut Creek, 
CA 94596, (415)944-9277. 
Circle 577 on inquiry card. 



Hard-Disk Storage 
for Xerox 820 

An interface that con- 
nects the Graymatter line of 
hard-disk systems to the 
Xerox 820 microcomputer 
is available from IQ Systems. 
The Xerox 820 Transparent 
Interface gives the micro- 
computer faster data ac- 
cess, an enlarged database, 
complete file-to-file analysis 
and reporting, and low-cost 
data storage. Graymatter 
systems use Seagate 
Technology's 5'/4-inch 
Winchester-type hard-disk 
drives and are available in 
expandable 5-, 10-, or 
20-megabyte formatted 
storage capacities. 

The Xerox 820 Trans- 
parent Interface comes with 
step-by-step illustrated in- 
structions and an adapter 
card for interfacing and for- 
matting a Graymatter hard- 
disk system to the Xerox 
820. For more information, 
write to IQ Systems, 2931 
La Jolla St., Anaheim, CA 
92806. 
Circle 578 on inquiry card. 



MISCELLANEOUS 



DIP Adapter Plugs 

Samtec's DIP adapter 
plugs are available in ten 
different sizes and in six dif- 
ferent terminal styles. 
These plugs can be used 
for interfacing all compo- 
nent leads to DIP (dual in- 
line package) pinout pat- 
terns, and as shorting 
plugs, I/O plugs, and com- 
ponent mounts. The ter- 
minals are precision-ma- 
chined brass with either 
gold or tin finish and are 
available in a choice of 
styles, including solder-pin, 
solder-pot, or slotted-head. 
The body is '/ 8 -inch-thick 
glass-filled polyester, UL- 
rated 94 V-O. All adapters 
feature pin I orientation 
and counter-bored-through 
mounting holes. 

Prices start at S0.69, in 
100-piece lots. Complete 
specifications are available 
from Samtec Inc., POB 
1147, New Albany, IN 
47150, (812) 944-6733. 
Circle 586 on inquiry card. 



January 1983 © BYTE Publicaeions Inc 491 



What's New? 




Disney Film 
on Computers 

Computers: The Friend- graphy. It costs S419. All 



ly Invasion, a full-color 
16-mm film from the Walt 
Disney Educational Media 
Company, introduces stu- 
dents to computers. Your 
pupils are shown how 
computers work, the types 
of tasks that computers 
perform, and the opportu- 
nities computers offer in 
the sciences and arts. Com- 
puter graphics and a few 
scenes from Disney's Tron 
are featured in this 19'/2- 
minute film. 

Recommended for grades 
5 through 12, Computers: 
The Friendly Invasion 
comes with a teacher's 
guide that provides back- 
ground information, a 
glossary of computer 
terms, suggested teaching 
strategy, and a biblio- 



Walt Disney 16-mm edu- 
cational films are available 
for a free two-week exa- 
mination. For further infor- 
mation, contact Walt 
Disney Educational Media 
Co., 500 South Buena 
Vista St., Burbank, CA 
91521, (800) 423-2555. In 
California, Alaska, and 
Hawaii, call collect (213) 
840-1726. 
Circle 579 on inquiry card. 



Relocatable 
Flowchart Symbols 

Proflo manufactures and 
markets a complete line of 
preprinted, pressure-sensi- 
tive, relocatable flowchart 
symbols. These symbols 
eliminate the hassle of eras- 



ing and relocating func- 
tions whenever flowchart 
requirements change. The 
symbols produce a product 
that is said to be essentially 
camera ready. 

The manufacturer has 
available a range of starter 
kits that contain an assort- 
ment of standard symbols. 
For complete details, con- 
tact Proflo, 327 East 5300 
South, Murray, UT 84107, 
(801) 266-5368. 
Circle 580 on inquiry card. 



Practice Keyboards 

The Computer Practice 
Keyboard Company has in- 
troduced printed keyboards 
with each special-function 
key explained so that it is 
possible to practice finger 
positions at any time. Non- 
typists will find the practice 
boards helpful aids when 
attempting to familiarize 
themselves with standard 
typewriter-key positions as 
well as special-key posi- 
tions. 

The portable practice 
keyboards with a laminated 
finish are printed on sturdy 
8'/2- by 1 1-inch stock. They 
are available for most 
popular computers, in- 
cluding Apple, Atari, 
TRS-80, TI-99/4, IBM, 
Wang, Xerox, Osborne, 
Heath, Advantage, and 
Timex/Sinclair. The boards 
cost S9.95 each, postage 
paid. When ordering, be 
sure to mention the name 
and model number of your 
computer. Contact the 
Computer Practice Key- 
board Co.. 616 9th St., 
Union City, NJ 07087. 
Circle 581 on inquiry card. 



Video Screen Cleaner 

Visible Computer 
Supply's Screenclean CRT 
cleaner removes dirt, dust, 
and other contaminants 
that can build up on video 
screens. This spray-can for- 
mula is also said to dissipate 
the electrostatic charge on 
screens, which is the 
primary cause of dust at- 
traction and machine 
failure. For a 164-page 
catalog of products, contact 
Visible Computer Supply 
Corporation, 3626 Stern 
Dr., St. Charles, IL 60174, 
(800) 323-0628; in Illinois, 
call (312) 377-0990. 
Circle 582 on inquiry card. 



Sinclair-Compatible 
Products Available 

The 32K RAM Memo- 
pak, the Memopak High 
Resolution Graphics, the 
Memopak Centronics Pa- 
rallel Interface, and the 
Memopak RS232 Printer 
Interface are Timex/Sinclair- 
compatible products from 
Memotech Corporation. 
The 32K RAM Memopak 
gives Sinclair computers a 
full 32K bytes of directly ad- 
dressable RAM (random- 
access read/write mem- 
ory). The suggested retail 
price is $109.95 

A 2K-byte EPROM (eras- 
able programmable read- 
only memory) monitor 
containing graphics sub- 
routines, callable by a 
BASIC USR function or by 
machine code, comes 
standard with the Memo- 
pak High Resolution 
Graphics device. This unit 
gives you fully program- 
mable high-resolution 



492 January 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 



The last of 
the American bald eagles? 



The last passenger pigeon on 
earth died in a Cincinnati zoo in 1914. 

We don't want the bald eagle to 
go the same way. There are fewer 
than 3000 bald eagles left in the 
lower 48 states. 

Civilization has crowded the 
eagles out of their eyries, yet eagles 
can live only in wilderness where 
their nests are undisturbed. 

Even where there is uninhabited 
land, eagles are being killed ... by 
careless or malicious hunters, by 
poisoned meat set out for predators, 
by insecticides polluting our waters. 

We can keep these magnificent 
birds . . . symbols of our own freedom 



. . . alive and free to soar our skies. 
There are ways you can help. 

Be careful with pesticides. Read 
the labels for correct methods of use 
and disposing of leftover poisons. 

Learn to identify the eagle. If you 
hunt, remember it's against federal 
law to kill eagles, hawks, falcons and 
other birds of prey. 

Never approach an eagle's roost- 
ing or nesting place. It's illegal even 
to disturb a nest— and you may cause 
the adult eagles to leave it for good. 

The National Wildlife Federation 
is working to save the eagle too. 



With the help of several American 
companies, we've purchased land 
with eagle roosting sites and 
presented it to the American people. 

And the federation has offered 
a $500 reward for substantial 
assistance in convicting anyone who 
kills an eagle. 

You can support the National 
Wildlife Federation's programs to 
save the bald eagle. Join us. Write the 
National Wildlife Federation, m _. 
Department 101, ^M|/ 

1 4 1 2 1 6th Street, NW, «^W«. 
Washington, DC 20036. 





What's New? 



capabilities (192 by 248 
pixels), and the number of 
video pages is limited only 
by the RAM size (each 
video page consumes ap- 
proximately 6.5K bytes of 
RAM). The High Resolu- 
tion Graphics Interface 
costs S 144.95. 

The Memopak Cen- 
tronics Interface is fully 
compatible with Sinclair 
BASIC. A printer can be ac- 
tivated by the BASIC com- 
mands LLIST, LPRINT, and 
COPY. The resident soft- 
ware in this unit provides 
the ASCII (American Stan- 
dard Code for Information 
Interchange) character set, 
and the interface permits a 
full 80-column display. 
Lowercase characters can 
be printed by using the in- 
verse character set. This 
item is available for 
$104.95. 



The Memopak RS232 
Printer Interface has many 
of the same features as the 
Centronics Interface, but it 
gives your Sinclair the abili- 
ty to communicate with 
peripherals and other com- 
puters. It can accommo- 
date data rates between 
110 and 19,200 bits per 
second and accepts 
modems and printers re- 
quiring serial RS-232C in- 
put. It costs $139.95. 

All Memopak products 
come with a 10-day 
money-back guarantee 
and a six-month warranty. 
Contact Memotech Corp., 
Customer Services, 7550 
West Yale Ave., Denver, 
CO 80227, (800) 622- 
0949; in Colorado, call 
(303) 986-1516. 




EPROM Programmer 

The PROMPro-7 from 
Logical Devices is capable 
of programming 2716, 
2732, 2732A, 2532, 8748, 
and 8749 EPROMs (eras- 
able programmable read- 



only memories) either by a 
remote computer or ter- 
minal operation or as a 
stand-alone unit. PROM- 
Pro-7 interfaces to a ter- 
minal or computer by 
means of an RS-232C serial 
interface. It features user- 
selectable data rates and 
the ability to copy one 
EPROM from another 
without external control. 
After programming, each 
EPROM is verified against 
the memory's contents. 

In single units, the 
PROMPro-7 costs $489, in- 
cluding personality 
modules. It's available from 
Logic Devices Inc., 781 
West Oakland Park Blvd., 
Fort Lauderdale, FL 333 1 1 . 
Circle 583 on inquiry card. 



Video-Taped Short 
Course on Pascal 

A three-part, full-color 
video-taped short course 
covering the concepts of 
computer programming 
with Pascal is available from 
Colorado State University's 
Engineering Renewal and 
Growth Program. This 
course represents a struc- 
tured and disciplined ap- 
proach to programming 
that's firmly fixed on pro- 
gramming development, 
readability, and maintaina- 
bility. The course was writ- 
ten by Dr. G. R. Johnson 
and is offered at Colorado 
State University. For a free 
description, contact W. L. 
Somervell Jr., Engineering 
Renewal and Growth Pro- 
gram, Christman Field, 
Building 1000, Colorado 
State University, Fort Col- 
lins, CO 80523. (800) 
525-4950; in Colorado, call 
(303) 491-8417. 
Circle 584 on inquiry card. 



Typesetting 
on CompuServe 

CompuServe, in cooper- 
ation with Type Share, is 
offering subscribers a type- 
setting service. This system 
lets users compose and 
transmit materials directly 
from their home or place of 
business at any time of the 
day or night. Required 
equipment includes a com- 
puter, modem, transmis- 
sion software to send 
stored files over telephone 
lines, and the Type Share 
manual. Users simply key- 
board the material to be 
typeset, specify type style, 



size, and column width, 
save the material to tape or 
disk, and transmit it over 
telephone lines to Compu- 
Serve. Type Share then pro- 
cesses the material and 
sends galleys to the author. 
The cost for this service is 
$4 per foor for 4-inch-wide 
paper or $6 per foot for 
8-inch paper. A complete 
system, including software, 
Type Share manual, 
modem, cassette-based 
VIC-20, supplies, and on- 
site training, is available for 
$775. For futher details, 
contact CompuServe, 5000 
Arlington Centre Blvd., Co- 
lumbus, OH 43220, (614) 
457-8600. 
Circle 585 on inquiry card. 



Where Do New 

Products Items 

Come From? 

The information printed in 
the new products pages of 
BYTE is obtained from "new 
product" or "press release" 
copy sent by the promoters 
of new products. If in our 
judgment the information 
might be of interest to the 
personal computing ex- 
perimenters and home- 
brewers who read BYTE, we 
print it in some form. We 
openly solicit releases and 
photos from manufacturers 
and suppliers to this 
marketplace. The informa- 
tion is printed more or less 
as a first-in first-out queue, 
subject to occasional priority 
modifications. While we 
would not knowingly print 
untrue or inaccurate data, 
or data from unreliable com- 
panies, our capacity to 
evaluate the products and 
companies appearing in the 
"What's New?" feature is 
necessarily limited. We 
therefore cannot be respon- 
sible for product quality or 
company performance. 



494 January 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 



EPSON 



MX 80 F/T III 

MX 100 M|:)bocPSr 

BOTH WITH GRAFTRAX 

HX-20 COMPUTER 

Cards and cables for all computers 
Please Call For Best Prices 



OKIDATA 



82 A 

83 A 



$39900 
$54900 



16KRAMCARD 



For Apple® 11/11 + 

Compatible with: 

Dos 3.3® CP/M® 

Visicalc®, Pascal®, 



S F3ASIS108 



APPLE COMPATIBLE 

COMPUTER 

CALL FOR LOWEST PRICE 



2 Year 
Warranty 

Fully tested 
and assembled 



$59 



00 




EPSON RIBBONS 



MX 100 



DEALER 

INQUIRIES 

INVITED 



COMPUTER 
DISCOUNT 
PRODUCTS 

(408) 985-0400 



MAIL ORDERS & RETAIL STORE 

860 S. Winchester Blvd. 

San Jose, CA 95128 
MON-FRI 8-5 SAT 10-4 

Mail and phone orders welcome CA residents add 6'4% TAX. Prices 
subject to change All items FOB San Jose VISA, MC, AMEX, M0. 
CASHIERS CHECK. COD OK Personal checks allow 2 weeks for 
processing Schools P0 s accepted 



Circle 478 on inquiry card. 




« Sr 8K? MICRO 

I. ill. S/IAESI 



S-1 00-4 MINI'S 

Choose the System that fits your needs! 

A complete computer system ready to add 
on a terminal and printer. All Systems in- 
clude CP/M* software and system manual 
set. Full six-month parts and labor warranty 
excluding drives which carry the full O.E.M. 
manufacturers warranty. All S-1 00-4 Sys- 
tems advertised are in stock assembled and 
Jested available for immediate delivery. 



DUAL DRIVE SUBSYSTEMS 





HORIZONTAL OR VERTICAL 

Fully Assembled and Tested Units 

w/two Shugart 801 R SS/DO $ 975.00 

w/two Shugart 851 R DS/DD 1225.00 

w/two Qume DT-8 DS/DD 1 250.00 

w/two Tandon 848-1 SS/DD 995.00 

w/two Tandon 848-2 DS/DD 11 95.00 

Cabinet A & T w/Power Supply and Aces. 235.00 
Cabinet Top and Bottom 69.50 j 




California 
Computer 
Systems 

SPECIAL! 

CCS SYSTEM 2410 . . $1995.00 

• Includes CP/M" 2.2 • 2-Serial/1 -Parallel Port 

• DMA Disk Controller • Hardware Vectored Interrupts 

• 2-Real Time Clocks • Supports CP/M'.MP/M", OASIS 

CCS 2200 System, A & T . 1 625.00 

• 281 CPU Only— 255.00 

• 2422 Disk Controller Only— 330.00 

• 2065C 64K Only— 320.00 

• 2200A Mainframe Only— 475.00 

• CCS Apple Boards. . . CallTollFreeForPrices 



MINI FLOPPY 






Only $1395.00 

COMPLETE 

!;: : *■ with 48 TPI single sided 
||f* double density 5%" $1395.00 
• with 48 TPI double sided 

"j; double density 5'V $1 495.00 

|!:i ! * with 96 TPI double sided 

>>(; double density 5"a" $1650.00 

An inexpensive but powerful system featuring a 
4 slot S-1 00 bus chassis with the XOR S-1 00 
board set; 4-MHZ Z-80 CPU • 64K dynamic 
memory ■*• multi-sector mixed density disk con- 
troller * 2-RS232 output ports in the rear for 
your terminal and printer * 3 eight-bit parallel 
ports on the CPU ready to add a cable and 
interface to your printer * All above systems 
are in stock • Includes CP/M- 2.2. 

CP/M is a trademark of Digital Research 



HARD DISK 



™ 



Only $2995.00 

COMPLETE 
These S-1 00-4 Systems may 
be very small in size (9"H x 
9VW x 1 8"2"L) but look at the 
size of the ATASf 5'V Win- 
chester hard disks we offer 1 



4 models to choose from 



* Seagate 5 Megabyte System 

* #3020 15 6 Megabyte- System 

* #3033 26 Megabyte* System 

* #3046 36 Megabyte- System 



$2995.00 
$3495.00 
$3995.00 
$4495.00 



The above systems include a 96 TPI double sided doub'e density 5'a" 
floppy as standard The hard disk is controlled via Western D'g'tai's 
controller for hard disks Other features are the same as system a! left 
-Megabyte sizes mentioned above are the available storage space after 
formatting 



TAPE BACKUP 



WITH HARD 
DISK 



Only $4250.00 

COMPLETE 



I— ~—.i :,;:'; Now available through 
U.$ Micro Sales, the 
XOR IRWIN 510 S- 
1 00-4 tape backup sys- 
|i tern with 10 megabytes 

_i!l<i of hard disk storage. 

Back up your hard disk 
on a mini-tape (we're talking 10 meg.) in 
less than 3 1 /2 minutes! The above system 
includes a 96 TPI DS/DD floppy drive and 
this system's modular design allows you 
to add a second floppy for only $395.00. 



TRUE MAIL ORDER PRICES 

With so many so-called Mail Order establishments using "toll free" lines, and grandiose advertising, how 
can you, the customer, expect to receive true mail order savings? We have done away with large ads, 
and free phone lines to offer comparable service passing on the savings to you. 
THINK! You still SEND YOUR MONEY in the mail to an unknown untested party, and delivery is still 
often doubtful and certainly protracted in most cases. 



PRINTERS 




LETTER QUALITY 

serial or parallel 


PRINTER RIBBONS 


NEC 
PERSONAL COMPUTER 


OKI DATA 




C-ITOH F10 $1345 






PC-8001 


$699 


80 no tractor 


S 319 


Brother HRl $ 849 


IDS PRISM, Color 






$459 


80 with iractor 


£ 369 


Smith Corona TPI £ 569 


IDS PRISM. Btack Only 


$13.00 






82A no tractor 


$ 419 








COMING!— NEW NEC-APC 




82A with tractor 

83A 

84A parallel 


$ 459 


PRINTER 


VERBATIM 








$1009 


CONNECTORS 


5>" SS SD 


$22.50 


GENERIC DISKETTE! 


2K Buffer 
Graphics 82A 83A 


$ 50 
$ 73 


TRS-80 Cables only $ 22 
Apple Int & Cable $ 79 
Atan-pnnter Cable $ 24 


5 V" DS DD 
8' DSDD 
8" SSDD 


$35.00 
$39.00 
£35.00 


5 1 /4" SS/SD in plastic library case ... 


$21 


C-ITOH SPECIAL 




IBM PC-printer Cable $ 24 
Male Centronics-printer Cable $ 24 


Available in soft sector and hard sector 10 16 


Library Cases Alone 

5 V 


$ 2 50 


Comet II (125 cps) 

Full IS" width text printer 


$599 


RS232 male-male $ 19 
"Configured for any computer, 
please specify your computer" 


IBM/APPLE DRIVES 

• Tandon TMS- 1 00- 1 $202 


MODEMS 


$ 350 


C-ITOH PRINTEHS 

80 coi parallel printer 

80 col serial printer 

132 col parallel printer 

132 col serial printer 

Prac Peripheral 8K Serial Buffer 




IDS Cable . $ 33 


TMS-100-2 


$265 


Hayes Smart Modem 


$212 




Apple Graphics Card with Cable 


TMS- 100-4 


$383 


Hayes Micro Modem 


£259 


$ 589 
$ 679 
$ 729 


to Epson/NEC 'C-ITOH $ 89 


• Software patch for IBM 


$ 66 


Hayes Chronograph 


$179 


MONITORS 


• RANA Elite 1 Add on Drive 
Quad drive Apple controller ' 


£333 
S 99 


Apple - Cat II 

IBM - Smart Modem Cables 


$279 
$ 22 


Zenith ZVM-121 Green $ 90 

TECO ED 1200 line Hires Green ... $111 


For Elite 23 4 
write for price availability 


$ 99 


RAM CARDS 




with X on off Epson 


$ 111 


NEC Anti Glare Green $155 


■ DAVONG (Apple and IBM) 




Apple 16K Card 


$ 66 


Graphics Prownter (120 cps) 


$ 444 


AMDEK 300G $155 


5 MB 


$1525 


32K Card 


$125 






AMDEK Color I $333 


10 MB 


$2025 


IBM 64K Quad Board 


. . . $375 






AMDEK Color H (IBM Available) £699 


15 MB 


$2245 











Send orders and inquiries to: 

Computer Apparatus 

P.O. Box 32063 • Aurora, CO 80041 



TM 



TELEPHONE ORDER INQUIRIES. 

(303) 759-9251 

10 a.m. to 2 p.m. Mountain Time. Monday to Friday 



We have access to a vast range of computer products from the many stocking distributors in Denver We cater for 

a range of brand name peripherals and software tor TRS-80, Apple, IBM, Atari and CP M users SEND in a card 

stating your interests for our free catalog. 

DELIVERIES: 4-6 weeks at worst, all orders are fully dated. (Includes mail and shipping time). 

PERSONAL CHECKS: OKAY, but cashiers checks, money orders, etc . will receive shipping preference 

VISA AND MASTERCARD: Add 4% to total we CHARGE only WHEN we SHIP 

CATALOG: Descriptions charts pricing and availability on all our products Prices subject to change without notice 

SHIPPING: VIA UPS add £2.00 plus 1% of order total.' 

Please Circle Inquiry Card to 
Receive Our Comprehensive Catalog 



496 BYTE January 1983 



Circle 99 on inquiry card. 




\JW© [L®©ffltifl®[JD© ft® ©@[?W® ^f@QIl 
it EAST Coast Call (81 5) 485-4002 
it WESTCoast Call (71 4) 891-2677 

out ®MIK Y©ML mUM 
state H ° @@@ ° ^i°D3g^ 

S: We accept VlSA'MC.rmpayr^o'moavonAr Please *wj»tsai3l check twcwafe to clear Wow sMrrasrt 
$6.00 tilling ci^ on all ordos giste S50.00. 15% HcstKkino^te 
UPSC.O.D.ffc^ovw$tOo;0OreqweaCasni^ 
«»s, pnmere and temrnaS which cany me M OEM lactwy warranty PRICES SUBJECT TO CHANGE WITHOUT NOT! 




9 8? HES MICRO 
W.\tf. SALE S 

• EAST -k 11 Edison Drive, New Lenox, Illinois 6C 



UNIVERSAL POWER SUPPLY 

For Big Board, Apple or Aim 65 

+5VDC @ 3 Amps 

+ 12VDC @ .750 Amps 

-12VDC @ .750Amps 

-5VDC @ .500 Amps 

Ocn Q*% Dimensions: 4"x4"x1 1" 




DISK DRIVE POWER SUPPLY 

For 2 - 8" or 5" Olives 
+ 5 VDC fa 4 Amps 
+ 24 VDC fa 3 Amps 
- 5 VDC fa 1 Amp 
AC Cables lor 2 Drives $7.50 
Dimensions: 4" x 4" x 11" 



i^jy^-4 



$59.95 



■100 POWER SUPPLY 

+8VDC @ 30 Amps 

+ 16VDC @ 6 Amps 

-16VDC @ 6 Amps 

PC Board Design 

qqq cn Dimensions: 5" x 6" x 1 1 




TERMINALS 

Televideo 910+ with green screen . $575 

T.V. 925 $739 TV. 950 $945 

Adds Viewpoint Model 3A+ $51 9 

Zenith Z-1 9 $740 

PRINTERS 

Epson MX-80FT $549.00 

Epson MX-100FT $699.00 

Okidata 82A 80 column $465.00 

Okidata 83A 132 column $745.00 

C-ITOH Prowriter I $525.00 

I.D.S. Microprism Model 480 . $565.00 

8" DISK DRIVES 

SA801 R 388.00 ea. Two for 379.00 ea. 

SA851R 535.00 ea. Two for 529.00 ea. 

QUME DT-8 . 540.00 ea. Two for 529.00 ea. 
Tandon 848-1 395.00 ea. Two for 388.00 ea. 
Tandon 848-2 525.00 ea. Two for 51 9.00 ea. 
Mitsubishi Model 2896 DS/DD 475.00 ea. 



S-100 MOD KIT 

byXOI 





For test or systems applications 
Complete S-100 12 Slot Main-". 
frame with Disk Drive Power Supply 
for 4 Drives. 

SPECIFICATIONS 

Regulated 
+5V @ 5A 
+ 24V @ 3A 
-5V @ 1A 
$225.00 Kit with 12 S-100 Bus Connectors 
$255.00 Assem. and Tested with 12 Bus Connectors 

$1 5.00 AC/DC Drive Cable Set for 2 Drives 
Dimensions 6" x 10" x 18" — Shipping Weight 25 lbs. 



Unregulated 
+8V @ 30A 
±16V @ 6A 



r*--»* 



\\ 



'^Cooling) 
r Power j 



4Vt 



8 



>> 



Low Velocity 
Whisper" Fans 
0n/yS18.00ea. 
Finger Guards 
S2.50 each. 




XOR 

S-100 MOD 



S- 100-4 




$1695.00 

* 4 Slot S-100 Bus • Inculdes CP'M' 2 2 and Mani 

* Two Separate Power Supplys • Ml Cables Provided 

* XOR S-100 Board Set * Dimensions only 9" x 9" x 18' *" 

S-100-4 System Complete with: 

2-Tandon Thinline 8" (Model TM-848-1 SS/DD) 
Part#S-1 000-40 . $1695.00 

2-Tandon Thinline 8" (Model TM-848-2 DS/DD) 
Part#S-1 000-39 $1950.00 

Now we are able to offer Mitsubishi thinline drives 
DSDD model 2896 for full 2.4 megabytes of formatted 
storage. All S-100-4 systems with these drives will 
include a full 6 months parts and labor warranty in- 
cluding the drives! Part #S-1 000-34 



S- 100-8 




$1795.00 

TERMINAL 

it Feather Touch Capacitance Kybrd • 60 Key Standard ASCI! 

• SOROC Type Screen Attribute Set • 8 Special Function Keys 
it Hal' Intensity * 20 Screen Editing Keys 

COMPUTER 

• XOR S-100 Board Set • Includes CP/M" 2.2 

• Programmable Keyboard Set * 8 Slot S-100 Bus 

S-1 00-8 System Complete With: 

Shugart 801 R Subsystem* (#S-1 000-22) ...$2675.00 
Shugart 851 R Subsystem* (#S-1 000-23) ... 2925.00 

Qume DT-8 Subsystem* (#S-1000-24) 2950.00 

Shugart SA 400 Minis (#S-1000-25) 2350.00 

Complete System. No Drives (#S-1000-21). 1795.00 

"Available in Horizontal or Vertical Cabinet 



100 MEG! 

IN YOUR S-1 00-1 2* 




Introducing a major breakthrough in technology . . . 
The removable cartridge disk called the Alpha- 
10™. 10 megabytes of removable storage space 
(1 4 meg unformatted) with the speed and reliabili- 
ty a Winchester offers. The complete system in- 
cludes the XOR Z-80 based 64K board set, the S1 - 
MOD power supply/mother board, the Alpha-1 0'" 
drive (w/ 3 cartridges), sitting alongside a Shugart 
851 DS/DD multi-sector floppy disk, CP/lvr 2.2 
software and manuals, and we'll even throw in a 6 
month parts and labor exclusive warranty. 

(#siooo-75) $3995.00 

If you already own an S-1 00-1 2 w/2 floppies buy 
an Alpha-1 0'" upgrade package. Includes Alpha- 
1 cartridge drive, cartridge control board, S-1 00 
interface board w/all necessary cables, software 
and manuals. System price includes 3 10 meg 

cartridges. (#S-1 000-80) $1995.00 

*Extra cartridges available(#M-2000-51 ) . $50.00 
ALPHA-10" is a product manufactured by IOMEGA" CORP 



SOFTWARE 

CALCSTAR 150.00 

C BASIC 118.00 

DATA STAR 265.00 

DISK DOCTOR 85.00 

MACRO ASSEMBLER 90.00 

MAILMERGE 1 15.00 

SPELLSTAR 190.00 

WORDSTAR 275.00 

CALL FOR SOFTWARE NOT LISTED 



ZENITH DATA SYSTEMS 

CALL TOLL FREE FOR PRICES 
1 - 800 - 435-9357 

Controller Board for 8" and 5" Drives for the Z-89, Z-90 or 
H-89 Computers ..Comes w/CP/lvT 2.2 on 8" and 5" Media 

Only $550.00 



'SEE US AT THE WEST COASr 
COMPUTER FAIRE! 

Civic Auditorium Brooks Hall, San Francisco 
March 18,19,20, 1983 -Booths #1844 and #1846 
Don't miss out ... Be sure to call, write or 
visit us to get a 1983 Winter/Spring 
Catalog 



Circle 475 on Inquiry card. 



Best Price • Good Quality • Swift Delivery • Export 



COMPUTER 

'The Beet Graphic 

Personal Computer" a 

LNW SO I Z80A. 65K, 480 x 1 92 1.395 

II 1 25K. CPM compatible 1 ,950 

•Multiuser Buslnoae/En u t n aai * 
CROMEMCO Ban Price Anywhere 

CS1 5% " floppy. Z80 2,968 

CS1H W/BMBhenJd 5.247 

CS102E 25SK RAM. 88000 4 Z80 

two 5K" floppy 4,087 

CS3D5E 61 2K RAM. 6800 It Z80 

two 8" floppy 7.397 

CIO 64K. 12" monitor 

Z80A. keyboard 1.080 

DYNABYTE 5200 64K, 1MB, Z80A 3,300 

5605 64K, 6MB hard d 6,560 

*ProfeealoruM7Word Proceaa* 

ZENITH Z90-80. 84K 2,060 

ZF100 8088 16-brt, graphic 

RGB 128 K. 5K". S100 2,660 

NORTH HORIZON, 1 

STAR quad drive, HD5 3,999 

ADVANTAGE, 2 

quad drives, 64K 2,999 

CROMEMCO 64K. 1 2" monitor, 390K 
qiq floppy, letter quality printer, 

CP/M type O.S. • word processing 
+ spreadsheet 2,875 

•le-brtCPir 

WICAT S150 1FS 1-user 7,520 

256K RAM, CRT, 2 floppies 

•68000* S150WS1-uaer 8.999 

256K RAM, 10MB hard disk, 
960K8 floppy CRT, OS + 1 language 

S150-3WS3-ueers 10.800 

same as S150WS 

SI 50-6 WS 6 users 1 2,800 

51 2K RAM seme as SI 50 WS 

Graphics 300 x 400 900 

TERAK 8510A w/CRT 8,000 

•LSI/11 320x240, DD 

graphic* 8600 w/1 3" color 17,000 

monitor, 640 x 480 

ALTOS ACS86O0-12 500KB 9,760 

•8086* RAM, 20MB hard disk, 500KB floppy 

DEC, SWTPC. TELEVIDEO, IBM Call 

FORTUNE. DUAL 68000 Call 



EPSON 

lnt>Qral Data 

MICRO 

PRISM 


PRINTER 

MX80 F/T Grattrax 

MX100 


• 

525 
699 


for IBM PC 
AMOEK 310 monitor, COLOR II RGB, 
MX80. MrCROPRISM printer TANDON dri 
latter quality printer, XEDEX CP/M CAR!" 
DENVER software. CP Aide etc. 


NEC EPSON 
re. NEC 3550 
. 25SK RAM 


75 cpa BMcaBaM print/1 10 cps 
84 x84 graphic. RS232/paraHal 


640 

945 

1,025 

1,100 




SOFTWARE 

dBASE II AshtonTate database 

CONDOR II 

Ill 

Accounting Plus Software Dimension . . . 

VISICALC 

MICROSOFT BASIC 80 




PRISM 80 
PRISM 1 32 

NEC 

OKIDATA 
PRINTEK 920 


200 cps. 80 col 

w/graphtcs 84 x 84 

200 cps, 132 col 


499 

450 




1,180 


850 


PC-8023A 

MICROUNE 84 parallel 

340cps, 1 44 x 1 44 

'Latter Quality ' 


490 
1 025 
2,450 

1.395 
1 699 

1.995 

2,195 

895 

2,299 


399 

Can 

199 

285 


SUPERCALC Sorcim 

Micro Pro WORDSTAR 

MAILMERG 

Digital Research CPM 2.2 


220 


DIABLO 
QUME 
BROTHER 
NEC 


Starwrrtar F-10 40cps 

630 


295 

106 

1 39 


HR-1 Parallel 

7710 


DIGITIZER/PLOTTER 

HOUSTON INSTRUMENT 
HI PAD DIGITIZER DT-1 1 11" x 11". 

DT.11Aw/APPLEInterfoce 

DT1 1 4 4 controls 

HIPL0TDMP-2 814" X 11" 








TERMINAL 


725 

735 


ZENITH 






850 


ZT-1 w /modem telecom ...... 


. .560 


920 


BEEHIVE 

IBM 

TELEVIDEO 


DM5 A 


995 

1.296 

795 

975 


DISK DRIVE 


Mitsubishi 8" DO, OS ban 

dual 8" subsystem 




925 

950 


. . . 1.099 


Tendon 5%"DO,DSbare 

CORVUS, MICROPOLIS. BASF 


280 

CALL 


ZENITH 
AMDEK 

SANYO 
NEC 

BMC 

Electrohome 


MONITOR 

12" green 

COLOR II RGB 13" 

COLOR 113" 

300 A 12" ember 

13" RGB 

12" green 

12" color 

1 2 EUN MHz 

RGB 560 x 236 


114 
725 
340 
189 
875 
170 
330 
179 
. .599 




CALL (212) 937-6363 
free consultation catalogue 

Prices subject to change. American Express. Visa/ 
Mastercard add 3%. F.O.B. point of shipment. 20% re- 
stocking fee for returned merchandise. Personal checks 
take 3 weeks to clear. COD on certified check only. N.Y. 
residents add sales tax. Manufacturers' warranty only. 
International customers, pleese confirm price before 
order. Accept P.O. from Fortune 500 & schools. 

Computer Channel TELEX: 
21-55 44th Road 429418 
Long Island City, NY 1 1 1 01 CSTNY 


MODEM 

D.C. Hayes Smartmodem 300 baud 

300/1 200 baud 

Novation CAT 300 

CAT 1200 212A 


220 

570 

165 

. .590 





SUNNY 



LOW LOW COST 



POWER SUPPLIES 

(LINEAR & SWITCHING) 
FORS-100, DISK DRIVES 




S-100 & DISK POWER SUPPLIES: 

item +5V qyp 

~5£ 12 SLOT & 2 FLOPPY 



5A 



KIT 1, 2 & 3 For S-100 R3For3x8" (or 5'A") Disks S3 For S-100 & Two Disks 
OPEN FRAME, ASSY. & TESTED, 6 OUTPUTS, ADJU. & FUSES PROTECT. 
~5V +24V(OR + 12V) +8V ±16V SIZE W x D x H PRICE 



1A 



5-7A PEAK 



13A 



3A 



10" x 6" x 5" 



102.95 



(1 Floppy & 1 Hard Disk) 
6 SLOT & 2 FLOPPY 



S4 6 SLOT & 2 FLOPPY 4A 1A 4-5A PEAK 8A 3A 8%" X 5" x 4%" 92.95 

DISK POWER SUPPLIES: open frame, assy. & tested, regulated, adjustable & fuses protect. 

ITEM IDEAL FOR +5VOVP -5V +24V (of + 12V) +8V Unreg. SIZE W x D x H 



2x8" SLIMLINE 
2 x 8" or 2 x 5%" DISK 
[3x8"(or5'/4")FLOPPYJ 
|or 1x Floppy & 1x Hard) 



PRICE 



«o 
R1 

R 2 

R3 



2.5A 




2.5A - 5A Peak 


3A 


1A 


3A - 5A Peak 


6A 


1A 


6A - 8A Peak 


6A 


1A 


6A - 8A Peak 



2A 



1.8Vi"x5" 

1.9"x6V4 



OPTION: + 12V @ 1A CAN BE ADDED TO ITEM "R 3 " SIZE 1. ONLY, COSTS $12.00 MORE. 

S-100 POWER SUPPLY KITS (open frame with base plate, 3 hrs. assy, time) 

ITEM (IDEAL FOR) +8V -8V +16V -16V +28V SIZE: WxDxH PRICE 



KIT1 


15 CARDS 


15A 


... 


2.5A 


2.5A 


— 


12"x5"x4%" 


54.95 


KIT 2 


20 CARDS 


25A 


... 


3A 


3A 


--.- 


12"x5"x4%" 


61.95 


KIT 3 


DISK SYSTEM 


15A 


1A 


3A 


3A 


5A 


13%"x5"x4%" 


69.95 



6 SLOT MAINFRAME assy & tested only $399.95 + shipping $18.00 



FOR TWO EA. 8 - ' THINLINE FLOPPY (TANDON TM848-1 SS/DD & TM848-2 
DS/DD OR EQUIV.) OR ONE HARD DISK, a 1 10/220 VAC, 50/60 HZ, EMI 
FILTER & POWER ON/OFF INDICATOR a POWER SUPPLY: +8V/8A, ± 16V/3A, 
+ 5V/5A OVP, -5V/1A & 24V/5A a S-100 BUS 6 SLOT CARD CAGE a 1 EA. AC 
CORD, 2 EA. DC CABLES WITH POWER CONNECTOR FOR DISK DRIVES a 
4.5" COOLING FAN a 7 EA. DB25 CUT-OUTS. 1 EA. 50 PIN & 1 EA. CENTRONIC 
CUT-OUTS a CUSTOM FINISH & LOGO-LESS, COMPACT SIZE: 12"(W) x 
19"(D) x 9.8"(H) 34 LBS. 




MAILING ADDRESS: 
[■===»! P.O. BOX 4296 

TORRANCE, CA 90510 



SUNNY INTERNATIONAL 

(TRANSFORMERS MANUFACTURER) 

(213) 328-2425 MON-SAT 9-6 



5" x 4" x 4" 49.95 

8" x 4" x 3%" 54.95 

x4%"or2. 10"x4'/e"x3%" 69.95 

' x 4%" or 2. 9" x 5'/4" x 5</4" 69.95 

SHIPPING FOR EA. PWR SUPPLY: 
$5.50 IN CALIF; $8.00 IN OTHER STATES; 
$18.00 IN CANADA. FOR EA. TRANS- 
FORMER: $5.00 IN ALL STATES; $12.00 
IN CANADA. CALIF. RESIDENTS ADD 
6.5% SALES TAX. 

ATTENTION O.E.M.'S 
YOUR SPECIAL NEEDS OR 
DESIGNS OF TRANSFORMER, 
LINEAR & SWITCHING PWR 
SUPPLY WILL BE MADE TO 
ORDER AT SUNNY LOW LOW 
COST & FASTEST DELIVERY. 



SHIPPING ADDRESS: 
22129'/ 2 S. VERMONT AVE 
TORRANCE. CA 90502 



498 BYTE January 19(3 



Circle 476 on inquiry card. 



DECADES OF SERVICE 



Washington Computer Services 



97 Spring Street 
New York, New York 10012 
TO ORDER: CALL OUR TOLL-FREE NUMBER: (800)221-5416 
In N.Y. State and for technical information: (212) 226-2121 

HOURS: 9 AM-5:30 PM (EST) Monday- Friday 



anaffiHateof <((^ C ?J|?£^>>> ^.1912 

CUSTOM COMPUTER ROOM WIRING SINCE 1960 

TELEX: 12-5606 CABLE: WASHCOMP NYK 



FULLY CONFIGURED BUSINESS SYSTEMS 

The following are some examples of the fully assembled and tested business and 
scientific computer systems which we offer: 

The Premier Multi-User Computer System CALL 

1 8000 SX, multi-user, multi-processor, turbo DOS FOR 

~r~aT^Ii CPM 2.2. FULL 2 YEAR WARRANTY! CONFIGURATION 

5000IS, S-100 desk top mainframe 

On-Site Service Contracts Available 

MORROW MICHODECISION from below $1200 

8088/8055-Runs both 8 & 16 bit software. Green or high res. 
color. CP/M, MS-DOS 
,_, -» APC-8086, 16 bit, 128K, 8" DRIVES, 1024x1024 Color Graphic, 
/V-fe^ 32bitF.P. Proc.,MSDOS,CP/M86 from$3295 

PC-8800 Personal Computer 




d^ 



ITER 
Groupj 



California 
Computer 
Systems 



The Professional's Work Station 
NEC on N.Y.S. Contract #P-07220 

68000 16 bit multi-user, S-100. UNIX V. 7 
8086 16 bit, 128K RAM, S-100. Syst. #2 



SCALL 



S3499 



Omfeo'festfeooffi 



XEROX. 

PiEPti; 

NorthStaf^ 



MORROW 



ALTOS 



8 & 16 BIT BOARDS 
& SYSTEMS 



SCION MicroAngelo Hi Res Graphics Systems SCALL 

Similar savings on SSM, DELTA, DYNABYTE, TELEVIDEO, DIGIAC, ADDS, DEC. 
DATA GEN., ATARI, TECMAR AND MANY OTHERS 



PRINTERS 



Teletype 40. 300 LPM-typerwriter quality, RS-232 
interface. This quality printer is available in many 
configurations including forms access, quietized case, etc. 



TT 



from Only 
$3200 



Teletype 43 

ANADEX DIABLO 

CENTRONICS EPSON 

C. ITOH FACIT 

DATA PRODUCTS OKIDATA 

DIGITAL EQUIP. CORP. OLIVETTI 

INTERGRAL DATA SYS. QANTEX 



from $995 
MANNESMANN TALLY 
NEC AMERICA 
QUME 

SMITH CORONA 
TELETYPE 
TEXAS INSTRUMENTS 



Where Do You Turn To Solve Your Computer Puzzle? 

TURN TO US! 

We'll show you 

the easiest way 

to put the 

pieces together. 

Matched, Compatible, Proven- 
Use Someone Else's Engineering to Supplement Yours. 
SOFTWARE 

Over 2000 business, scientific, professional applications & educational packages are 
available. Call with your requirements for our advice or a quotation. 

8" DISK DRIVE SALE NOW! 

8' SHUGARTSA801R $385 8 "SHUGARTSA851R $540 2for$1025 

QUME DATATRACK 8 or MITSUBISHI $550 2 for $1050 

Enclosure, power supply for 2 8" drives A & T $350 

MORROW DISCUS 2D + CP/M® MICROSOFT BASIC, C0NT. $950 

VISTA SCALL 

HARD DISK SPECIALS 




CORVUS 
TERMINALS 

TELETYPE 
TELEVIDEO 
LEAR SIEGLER 



MORROW 




PMMI MODEM 

ADDS 

ANN ARBOR 
VISUAL 



AMPEX Dialogue 81™ 

Interactive Terminal 

•Full cursor control 
• Full editing keys 
•Full visual attributes 
•2 pages (4 page 
optional) 
•Printer port 
•Black & White, Green, or 
Amber screen 




$ 795 



xeoMP 

$359 

IBM 1301 

DIGITAL EQUIP. CORP. 

HAZELTINE 

BACK TO SCHOOL SPECIAL! 
ZENITH ZT-1 

Built-in Auto Dial 
Modem Terminal 

_DEC VT-52 Compatible; 
96 ASCII +33 
graphics cursor 
control keys. Editing $CCQ 
functions. Many other DDv^ 
functions. 




PI F A^F! Do not con ^ use us witn mail order dea|ers - We are a 

rLtnOC. full service distributor serving the data processing & 
installation needs of business & industry from micros to mainframes. 
System houses, Educational institutions & governmental agencies given 
special consideration. Leasing available. 



N.Y. State agencies, municipali- 
ties, and schools — call us for 
information on our O.G.S. term 
contracts on hardware & software. 



DEALER and INTERNATIONAL INQUIRIES WELCOME 



For fast delivery, send certified check, money order or call to arrange direct bank wire transfer. Personal or company checks require two to three weeks to 
clear. Prices subject to change without notice: call for latest prices. Prices include 3% cash discount. N ,Y. residents add sales tax. Qantex is a trademark of 
North Atlantic Industries, Inc. CP/M® is a trademark of Digital Research. All sales subject to our standard sale conditions (available on request). Call fo 
shipping charges. Above prices do not include customization or installation. 



Circle 423 on inquiry card. 



BYTE January 1983 499 



Maxell Floppy Disks 

The Mini-Disks 
with maximum quality. 





Dealer inquiries 
invited. C.O.D's 
accepted Call 
FREE (800) 235-4137. 

PACIFIC EXCHANGES 

100 Foothill Blvd.. San Luis 
San Luis Obispo, CA 93401 
In Cal. call (800) 592-5935 or 
(8051543-1037 



Circle 310 on inquiry card. 



VOICE SYNTHESIZER 

VOCABULARY DEVELOPMENT SYSTEM 

CREATE YOUR OWN CUSTOM VOCABULARIES 

For Tl 5220 or Gl SP-250 Speech Synthesizers 

Using Your S-100 or INTELLEC™ Micro 

INCLUDES HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE FOR: 

DMA Voice Digitizing and Playback (8 bit mu-law codec) 

• Parameter Extraction and Coding • Screen Oriented 

Parameter Editor • Voice Synthesis 

MODEL VPP-696 for S-100 (IEEE-696 Compatible) - CP/M80 
MODEL VPP-796 lor INTELLEC* MDS - ISIS II 




$3900 



(Includes Hardware and Software) 



APPLIED DIGITAL SIGNAL ANALYSI 

P.0, Box 1364 Palo Alto, CA 94301 (415) 326-7303 

Intellee is a trademark of Intel Corp. 



£ 



cle 7 on inquiry card. 



^ELF" interf ace. 
Converts Your 
Typewriter Into Printer 




• Finest print quality • low cost 

• Easy Installation • Quick delivery 

• Fits IBM selectric ; id Electronic 
Typewriters 

• Models for all popi ir computers 

• Call or write for more Information, 
todayl 

ff^ - We export to all countries - 

X INTERNATIONAL INC. 
5115 Douglas Fir Rd 
caiaDasas, CA 91302 U.S.A. 
Tel: (2131 710-1444 TLX/TWX: 910 494 2100 . 



IPE 



THE SORT JIM 

General Sort and Merge Utility 
Created exclusively for the IBM Personal Computer 



THE SORT SORTS: 

• BASIC, PASCAL, FORTRAN 
COBOL and MaiLMerge files 

• sequential, random files 

" records organized by items and lines 

• for all common data types (string- text, 
integer, real, double precision) 

• for all common data types (stj ingtext, 
integer, real, double precision) 

• external and internal data 
representations 

• interactive parameter preparation 

• record selection 

Requires 48 K and one disk drive 
Also OMS SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT SERIES 

A. PASCAL SCREEN UNIT - Access screen and 

keyboard from Pascal program $40 

B. PASCAL DOUBLE PRECISION ARITHMETIC 

PACKAGE - Increase your Pascal 

integer arithmetic precision to 32 bits! $40 

C. UTILITY PACKAGE ■ converts video modes, 

opens communication lines, speeds up 
I/O, Sets Epson and NEC tabs $25 

'Registered trademark of IBM. 

Send order with check/money order to 

ORGANIZATIONAL MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS, INC. 

3 Chickory Court, Glen Arm. Md, 21057 

(301)668-9011 

MD residents include 5% sales tax 



STOPl.OSIM. MONEY ON TIM K-SH ARK SKRVK'KS! 



» » » LOGICSIM * * ♦ 



Circle 304 on inquiry card. 



FREE! FREE! FREE! FREE! FREE 
IrJS^I 

=i 90 ~ Rox2° A0 ^ i 90006 B 



Circle 15 on inquiry card. 



NEW TRS-80* PROGRAM LETS 

YOU CHART STOCKS LIKE 

A WALL STREET PRO. 

Wall Street TAP is a professional stock market trading 
tool. It employs the same technical analysis methods 
used by successful market experts to buy and sell. Time 
sensitive point & figure, moving average and on volume 
balance charts are at your fingertips. 
User friendly Wall Street TAP spots trends and compares 
stocks instantly. It is a technical analysis package for the 
TRS-80 Model I or III 48K, 1 disk drive. 'TRS-80. Tandy 
Corp. Trademark. 

Order Your Wall Street TAP Today! 

Send check or money order for US $199.95 along with 
your name, address, city, state and zip to: Think Software 
Inc., Dept. B 572 - 810 W Broadway, Vancouver, B.C 
Canada V5Z 4C9. Or use your Visa/ MasterCard, include 
card no., expiry date and signature. Card user phone 
orders accepted - call (604) 261-7261 24 hrs. 

You'll Receive: Wall Street TAP Tape Plus 

documentation, sample printouts, help desk support 
Postage, handling & FREE BOOK - Understanding Wall 
Street is included in price. Documentation only available 
US $29.95 + $2 shipping. Dealer inquiries welcomed 

WALLTIip* 

street inn 

* Technical Analysis Package. 

Now Chart Stocks For More Profits & Bigger Gains. 




CP/M based 
professional 
logic 
simulator 



* Eor engineering work st 

* i .ir gate-array, custom and all other l( designers 

* Eor digital system engineers 

Nine logic stales, ability lo simulate TTL/NMOS/CMOS/PMOS logic, ROM's 
and RAM's, three-state and transfer gates, wired-or'ed nodes, propagation 
delays, spike and raiM analysis, evpandable pin-number based TTL macro library 
plus numerous other features make LOGICSIM comparable to industry 
standard simulators. 



now. Send us a $30 check for LOGICSIM demo copy and 
t Manual. 



Please specify 8" IBM 3740/ 5" APPLE 11 (13/16 sector). CP/M based 
S6K lo64K systems (APPLE'S with CP/M card). Introductory price S276. 



For more information, call (408) 578-8096, Or write: 

E/Z ASSOCIATES, 5589 Starcrest Dr., San Jose. CA 95123 



LOG ICSIM 



Circle 158 on inquiry card. 




ONE BOARD CP/M SYSTEM! 



only $750 

Assm., Tested 

& Burned-In 

for one week 



Features: 

• 8'/2 by 12 inches 

• 10 MHZ 8085 CPU 

• 64K RAM 

• 3 RS-232 channels 

• 8272 Floppy Disk Controller 

• Handles Single/Double Density 

• One to Four Drives. 801R or 
850R. 

Documentation $15. 

CP/M Floppy Disk Operating System $150 

Check or Money Order 



c 



autocontrolB 

11400 Dorsett Rd. 
St. Louis. MO 63043 

(314) 739-0055 



") 



Circle 43 on inquiry card. 



\ferbatim* 

Floppy Discs 

CALL NOW -TOLL FREE 

1-800-328-DISC 

Dealer inquiries invited. C.O.D.'s and 
charge cards accepted. 
All orders shipped from stock, 
within 24 hours. Call toll FREE. 



a4^ 



w 



North Hills Corporation 

3564 Rolling View Dr. 

While Bear Lake, MN 55110 

1-800-328-DISC 

MNCall Colled 1 -612-770-048S 



Circle 212 on inquiry card. 



Circle 402 on inquiry card. 



Circle 292 on inquiry card. 



FULL LINE ALL PARTS & COMPUTER PRODUCTS 




P.O. Box 4430X 
Santa Clara, CA 95054 
•Will calls: 2322 Walsh Ave. 
(408) 988-1640 

Sams day shipment. First line parts only. Factory tested. Guaranteed 
money back. Quality IC's and other components at factory prices. 

INTEGRATED CIRCUITS Phone orders only (800) 538-8196 



r ELECTRONICS 





















MOM 


1> 












































LM3S0K 

























































IC SOCKETS 

ir Tin Lwr Pratila 
ttir PIN IUP 



74C30 
?«C7* 



7419QN 

M192N 
,'4!9:jN 



T^Ljiem. 

74LSO0N 
74LS02N 



74LS2QN 
74L522N 
74LS2BN 

74LS33N 

■■ 



89 LM1M9 



I.M390S 

LMJ909N 
N1550N 



CLOCKS' 

MM5311 
MM531? 



35 7205 

2S 7Z07 

35 7? 08 

59 720S 

35 WSM5932 



« 49 B080A 
« 95 (085* 
5 95 ZgOCPll 



Slopwtlch Kll 26.95 
Auto Clock Kit 1T.K 
Digital Clock Kit IS. 75 



1 a 


RESISTORS Vi will S* 


■ Hi 


10 per type 05 






1000 per lype 012 


1 Mh 


5000 per type 0085 




360 piece pack, 


; ;j;' 


5 per lype a. 95 


595 


ft Witt b\ per type 05 


■-, U 


DIP SWITCHES 




4-position 85 




5-pOSrlioc 90 




6-posrtion 90 




7 -position 95 


-.. ¥: 


8 -position 95 



COMPUTER 
FAN 
J7.75 



MONITORS 
12 GREEN 
5129 DO 
12- (VW 

I1150P 



3 25 
345 

3 95 



KEYBOAROS 

56 key ASCII keyboard ki 
Fully assembled 

Enclosure Plastic 

Metal Enclosure 



78M0S 
75108 
7549 1CN 



3 5795MH1 
2QI00MM; 
2.097152 MHz 



5 5536MHt 
14 31818MHI 
19 432MH7 



74C927 
JNTERMCE 



.55 ZBO CIC 

55 2B80AC1C 

55 ZSODARt 

55 ZBQADAR1 

1 25 780 DMA 

1 25 Z8DA0UA 

1 40 Z60SI0 



A to CONVERTER 

S03BB 3.95 

S700CJ 13.95 

8701 CN 22 00 

8750CJ 13 95 

9400CJV F 7 40 

ICL7103 9 50 

ICL7107 It 95 

OISK CQHTROLlEHS 
1771 15 M 

17B1 24 9! 

1793 26 9! 

U.PD765 34 9! 

KETBOIRO ENCODE RS 



D Connnt.rJ RSZ32 
DB25P 2 95 

OB25S 3 50 



U»RT/flF0 
AY5-1013 I 

AY5-10HA/1BI! I 



2I02AL.1 

2102AN-2I 

21 MA- 4 

21076-4 

2111-1 

2112-2 



CQ401 7 

C04019 
C04020 
C04021 
C04022 
CD4D23 



CD4030 
CD a 03 5 
CD4040 



11.300ns 2 25 1802CE*i; 
IL 450ns 1 95 lB02Epl»! 



LEDS 

3 95 RM T018 

5 95 Greer. Yellow T0 18 

1 1 95 Jumpo ReO 

f-J| Green. Orange. Yellow Jumbo 

1 11 Clipllle LEO Mounllng Clips 4 

5 95 (spec reO. amber, green, yellow c 

\] H CONTINENTAL SPECIALTIES In I 

15 95 Complete line ot breadboard test ei 



Hfi SPECIAL PRODUCTS 

lili 2 5 MHi Freq Counter Kit 37 50 

is 11 30 MHz Free,. Counter Kit 47.75 

Is 50 AC TRANSFORMERS 

1550 FRAME WALL PLUG 

'00 6V 500 ma S* 00 10V 2 amp 17 95 

1 " 6 3VCT600ma 4 60 12V 250 ma 2 95 

If. 12V 250 ma 1 95 12VCT250ma 3 75 

!;! 12 6VCT600ma 4 95 12V 500 ma 4 50 

449 12 6VCT2amps 5 95 12V lamp 5.95 

6 95 12.6V CT 4 amp 8 60 12V 2 amp 7 95 

* « 12 6VCT8amp 10 80 6. 9, 12VOC 

l*J, 24V CT 100 ma 3.95 300 ma B 95 

SIS 24V CT 600 ma 4.95 9 VDC 500 ma 3.75 



4116200(11 1.69 

8-41 16 200m '2 40 

6'4116150ns 1*75 

MMS2B0 3.00 

MM5321 995 

MM5330 594 
P5I01L 

9368 



17.8! 



Constant Vollioe Translormers 1?V I 






i-'U! 



1000 



DISPLAY LEOS 

MAN 72 74 

OL704 

DL7O7/DL707R 

DL727/728 

DL747/750 



CA-CA 300 75 

CC 300 1 2S 

CA 300 1 00 

CA/CC .500 1.90 

CA/CC 600 1.49 

CC 357 70 

CC/CA 500 99 

CC/CA 500 90 

CC'CA 800 2 20 



6116LP-4 
4164 ?00ns 
4l84l50nj 



LM317K 
LM318 



FND5OO507 

FND503/510 

FND800.807 

lOOigit display 

7520 Clairei photocells 

TIL311 Hm 

MAN4610 CA 40 

MAN4710 CA 40 

UAN6640 CC 56 

MAN6710 CA 60 

MAN6740 CC 60 



39 95 
29 95 
31 95 



Apple Peripheral Kits 

SERIAL I/O INTERFACE to 30,000 baud, 
D.T.R., Input & output from monitor or basic, or 
use Apple as intelligent terminal, Bd only (P/N 2) 
$14.95, Kit (P/N 2A) $51.25, Assembled (P/N 
20 $62.95. 

PROTOTYPING BOARD (P/N 7907) $21.95. 
PARALLEL TRIAC OUTPUT BOARD 8 triacs, 
each can switch 110V, 6A loads, Bd only (P/N 
210) $19.20, Kit (P/N 210A) $119.55. 
APPLE II GAME PADDLES Adam and Eve $38.00. 
16K RAM Board to take you to 64K. Assem 
$67. Kit $57. 

Interlace Kits 

SERIAL/PARALLEL INTERFACE Bidirectional, 
Baud rates from 110 to 19. 2K, sw selectable 
polarity of input and output strobe, 5 to 8 data 
bits, 1 or 2 stop bits, parity odd or even or none, 
ail characters contain a start bit, +5 & -12V 
required. Bd only (P/N 101) $11.95, Kit (P/N 
101A) $42.89. 

RS-232/TTL INTERFACE Bidirectional, re- 
quires ±12V, Kit (P/N 232A) $9.95. 
RS-232/20mA INTERFACE Bidirectional. 2 
passive opto-isolated circuits, Kit (P/N 7901A) 
$14.95. 

PROM Eraser 

Will erase 25 PROMs in 15 minutes. Ultraviolet, 
assembled. 25 PROM capacity $37.50 (with 
timer $69.50) 6 PROM capacity OSHA/UL ver- 
sion $83.00 (with timer $119.00). 

Z80 MicroProfessor $135.00 

Single board computer. Learning, teaching, pro- 
totyping. 2K RAM, keyboard, displays; cassette 
interlace. Tiny BASIC $19.00. All fully 
assembled. 



4116 200ns Dynamic RAM 8 S10.00 



MONTHLY SPECIALS 



2114 

2114L3 

2764 

Z80DMA 

H.PD 765 

LM317K 



8/S13.95 
8/S14.95 
$14.50 
$ 9.95 
$34.95 
$ 1.50 



2732-2 

4164-150 

1771 

1791 

1793 

2532 



$10.95 

6.75 

15.95 

24.95 

26.95 

6.50 



Z80 Microcomputer Kit $69.00 

16 bit I/O, 2 MHz clock, 2K RAM, ROM Bread- 
board space. Excellent for control. Bare Board 
$28.50. Full Kit $79.00. Monitor $20.00. Power 
Supply Kit $35.00. Tiny Basic $30.00. 

Modem Kit $60.00 

State of the art, orig., answer. No tuning neces- 
sary. 103 compatible 300 baud. Inexpensive 
acoustic coupler plans included. Bd. only 
$17.00. Article in June, July, Aug. Radio 
Electronics, 1981. 

60 Hz Crystal Time Base Kit $4.40 

Converts digital clocks from AC line frequency to 
crystal time base. Outstanding accuracy. 

Video Modulator Kit $9.95 

Convert TV set into a high quality monitor w/o 
affecting usage. Comp. kit w/full instruc 

Multi-volt Computer Power Supply 

8v 5 amp, ±18v .5 amp, 5v 1.5 amp, -5v 
.5 amp, 12v .5 amp, -12v option. ±5v, ±12v 
are regulated. Basic Kit $35.95. Kit with chassis 
and all hardware $51. 95. Add $5. 00 shipping. Kit 
of hardware $16.00. Woodgrain case $10.00. 
$1.50 shipping. 

Type-N Talk by Votrax 

Text to speech synthesizer with unlimited vo- 
cabulary, built-in text to speech algorithm. 70 
to 100 bits per second speech synthesizer, 
RS232C interface $275.00. Speech IC $59.00. 



INTRODUCING A BRAND NEW MICROCOMPUTER 



VENTURE is a single 
board computer that is an 
adventure forthe hobbyist 
It is a learning, training 
computer as well as just 
plain fun for anyone who 
wants to get into a state-of- 
the-art computer at rea- 
sonable cost. 

VENTURE comes in kit 
form or fully assembled and 
tested. You can get it in its 
minimum configuration for as little as $195.00 
or take it all the way to floppy disks and voice, 
tt can be expanded as a kit or fully assembled, 
at your own pace and choice. 

VENTURE is a 16" by 20" main board with 
separate ASCII and HEX keyboards. It runs fast, 
almost 4 MHz, and has the capability of putting 
1 .5 megabyte of RAM and ROM on the board 
along with a variety of inexpensive options. 

A 16-channel analog-to-digital converter al- 
lows use of joysticks, control functions, in- 
strumentation, temperature sensing, etc. T1 
sound generator, software controlled music, 
Votrax voice synthesizer and real time clock 
calendar add to its versatility. 

VENTURE connects directly to a monitor or 
to your TV set through an RF modulator. And 
now for the heart of VENTURE. . .its video dis- 
play. VENTURE has a high resolution program- 
mable video display with up to 16,384 user- 
defined characters, alphanumeric symbols, 
special graphics or objects, such as space ships, 
etc. Each character is 8 pixels wide by 16 pixels 
high, with 2 grayscale maps: it has 256 levels 
of grayscale plus video invert/compliment and 
hidden screen update for a "snow" free dis- 
play. The display is 51 2x51 2 pixel mapped with 
2 planes of video RAM per display, VENTURE 
video is in short. ..astounding! 

VENTURE has complete software support 
with full BASIC, 3 ROM monitors, disassem- 
bler/assembler/editor. It will run real-time video 
games, all RCA chip 8 programs and all current 



El/t'niiti'i? 




RCA Cosmac 1802 Super Elf Computer $106.95 



Quest 1802 software. VEN 
TURE DOS will accommo, 
date up to four 5 W double 
density floppies. A com- 
plete 1802 programming 
book is available. All ver- 
sions of VENTURE are 
shipped with a set of man- 
uals written to be under- 
stood by the inexperienced 
as well as experienced user. 
A standard 60-pin bus 
with 5 slots, parallel ports and 2 serial ports 
with full handshaking (75 to 9600 BAUD) allow 
expansion into floppy disks, color, EPROM 
programmer, printer, model of your choice. 
Later expansion will add a light pen, a universal 
user programmable music sound board, Gen- 
eral Purpose Instrument Bus, and a high reso- 
lution color/grayscale pixel mapped video board. 
On-Board Options 

16 channel A to D; 5 slot 60 pin bus, 2 serial 
ports, parallel ports, 4 video options incl. color, 
48K RAM, Votrax voice synthesizer, sound 
generator, EPROM, full BASIC, disassembler, 
editor, assembler, metal cabinet, additional 
power supply, ASCII keyboard real time clock 
calendar. 
Expansion Options 

Floppy disk, EPROM programmer, light pen, 
universal user programmable music, sound 
board high resolution color/grayscale pixel 
mapped video board. General Purpose Instru- 
ment Bus, 8088 co-processor board 
Minimum VENTURE System S195.00 
Kit includes CPU and control with 4K ol RAM, 
1K of scratchpad, 2K monitor, 1861 video 
graphics, cassette interface and separate HEX 
keyboard with LED displays for address and 
output. Power supply is included along with 2 
game cassettes. The main board is 16" x 20" 
and includes space for all of the previously 
discussed on-board options. Full on-board ex- 
pansion can be completed for under$1000.00. 
Call for further details, option prices, etc 



The Super Elf is a tremendous value as it combines 
video, digital displays, LED displays, and music, 
all on a single board for $106.95. 
The Super Elf expansion capability is virtually un- 
limited and you can do it inexpensively one step at 
a time. Expansion includes casstte interface, addi- 
tional memory, color video, Basic, ASCII key- 
board, printer, floppy, S-100 bus, RS232. etc. 
The Super Elf comes complete with power supply 
and detailed 127 page instruction manual which 
includes over 40 pages of software, including a 
series of lessons to help get you started and a 
music program and graphics target game. Many 
schools and universities are using the Super Elf as 
a course of study. OEM's use it for training and 



R&D. A monthly newsletter. Questdata is devoted 

exclusively to software for the Super Elf and there 

are many software books available at low cost. 

The Super EH computer system is now available as 

a series of bare boards as well as full kits and 

assembled. 

Bare Boards: Super Ell $35.00. Super Expansion 

$35.00. Power Supply $10.00. S-100 Color 

$35.00. Dynamic RAM $40.00. Manuals $10.00. 

Super Basic $45.00. 

"Eat & Run" cassette $14.95 

Free 14 Page Brochure 

Send or call for a free brochure on all 
details and pricing of the Super Elf and its 
expansion. We will get it right outto you! 



Voltage Mate $18.50 

$1.25 shipping. Switching regulator kit with 
adjustable AC/DC voltage conversion. 3 modes 
of operation; step up, step down, inversion. 
Jumper selectable modes of operation. Input 
voltage 5-15VDC, outputvoltage -24 to +30 
VDC, current draw 30-250 ma. 



UHF Preamplifier Kit $34.95 

$2 00 shipping. Improves uhf reception dra- 
matically, 25 db gain assem. version $57.50. 
Articles Radio Elect. Mar. May. 1981 . 



Fluke Multimeters 

D800 $125.— D802 $189— D804 $249. 



Rockwell AIM 65 Computer 

6502 based single board with full ASCII key- 
board and 200 column thermal printer. 20 char, 
alphanumeric display ROM monitor; fully ex- 
pandable $445.00. 4K version $454.00. 4K 
Assembler $35.00, 8K Basic Interpreter $65.00. 

Special small power supply 5V 2A 24V 5A 
assem in frame $59.00. Molded plastic enclo- 
sure to fit both AIM 65 and power supply 
$52.50. AIM 65 1K in cabinet with power sup- 
ply, switch, fuse, cord assem. $571.00. 4K 
$586.00. A65/4D-5000 AIM 65/40 W/16K RAM 
and monitor $1295.00. RAM Board Kit (16K, 
$195) (32K, $215). VD640 Video Interface Kit 
$119.00. A&T $149.00. Complete AIM 65 in 
thin briefcase 'with power supply $532.00. 
Special Package Price: 4K AIM, 8K Basic, power 
supply, cabinet $615.00. 

AIM 65/KIM/SYM/Super Elf 44 pin expan- 
sion board: board with 3 connectors $22.95. 
'Send for complete list ol all AIM products. 



^ 



■■ 



; 




Elf II Adapter Kit $24.95 

Plugs into Elf II providing Super Elf 44 and 50 pin 
plus S-100 bus expansion. (With Super Ex- 
pansion). High and low address displays, state 
and mode LED s optional $18.00. 



Super Color S-100 Video Kit $99.00 

Expandable to 256 x 192 high resolution color I 
graphics. 6847 with all display modes computer | 
controlled. Memory mapped. 1K RAM expand- 
able to 6K. S-100 bus 1802, 8080. 8085, Z80. 
etc Dealers: Send for excellent pricing/margin 
program. 



TERMS: $5.00 min. order U.S. Funds. Calif, residents add 6% tax. Prices 

$10.00 min. VISA and MasterCard accepted. $1.00 insurance optional. subject 
Shipping: Add 5%; orders under $25.00—10%. to change 



FREE: Send for your copy of our 1982 
QUEST CATALOG. Include 88e stamp. 



Circl*345 on Inquiry card. 



BYTE January 1983 501 



SUPER 1/ 



Interface your TRS80* or Sinclair* with 256 
bitsof 1/0(16 Input ports + 1 6 Output portsl as 
a micro development system to your own 
breadboard project, as a controller (for periph- 
erals, switches, LED'S, A/D's, UART's, 
MODEM'S, voice chips, sensors, almost every- 
thing electronic!, as an easy learning aid. or 
connect multiple boards lor an intercomputer 
local area network! Simple to program (exam- 
ples provided in BASIC. FORTRAN & ASSEM- 
BLER]. 

Soon:Super-I/0 " for Apple II" & IBM PC* 

• SUPER - I/O • BOARD 

includes Owners Manual, 

cables sold separately $199** 

• ACCESSORIES 

TRS-80* Cable (specify model) $29 

Sinclair* Cable $29 

I/O Port Cable (order as needed 1-16) $ 9 
Owners Manual (manual only) $29 

Application & Technical Manual $49 

• SHIPPING 8, HANDLING - 

(US only) add $5 

Nevada residents add sales tax 

"Check or Money Order 

Credit Card orders add 1 0% 

WIN/MILL RESEARCH INC. 

453 Crampton Avenue 

Reno, Nevada 89502 

ORDER PHONE (only) (702) 329-0441 

For priority info, send SASE. 



Circle 429 on Inquiry card. 



DISCOUNT DRIVES 

Apple II Disk Drives $285.00 

Controller $90.00 

Tandon TM 100-2 5 W 

d/s TRS-80 $249.00 

Tandon TM 100-4 5 1 /4 M 

d/s Zenith $319.00 

Tandon TM848-1 8" $355.00 

Tandon TM848-2 8" 

thinline d/s $417.00 

Tandon TM603 10 MB Wini $899.00 

Tandon TM603E 14.2 

MB Wini $995.00 

SASI Interface $125.00 

Xebec Controller $349.00 

Elephant floppy disks ss/sd $17.95 (box of 10) 
"ALL floppies discounted & 100% guaranteed" 

WHOLESALE SUPPLIERS 

Dlv. B.O.S.S. Inc. 

P.O. Box 22428 Carmel, CA 93922 
Call (408) 373-0320 



DATA COMMUNICATIONS 

SPECIALISTS FOR 

IBM PC & SEATTLE 

COMPUTERS 

Teleprocessing software available for 
above computers to time-sharing host or 
between two users (send binary files, alsoV 
Version 2 software, $60; Version 3, IBM PC 
$95, SEATTLE $160. Write for details or 
$3.00 for manuals. 



SEATTLE 8086 computer and MS-DOS', 

Pascal. BASIC, FORTRAN, COBOL, 

Perfect Writer, or Multi-Plan. 

SPECIAL PRICE for SEATTLE SYSTEM 2 + 

4-port serial board + cables + choice of 

Microsoft BASIC, Pascal, FORTRAN, or 

COBOL. 

SEATTLE 8086 GAZELLE Computer 

system. 

Write for literature and prices on above 

systems, or call for quote. 

■ PCPCB COMPUTER 8; STATISTICAL 
L-iOLOW corisuLTino. services 
P.O. BOX 5351 
TERRE HAUTE, IN 47805 
(812)466-4111 
'Trademark of Microsoft, Inc. 



Circle 131 on inquiry card. 




r^ 



flQGHiiM^flPPLEUUflRE INC. 



\ 



|k|E%A#|| The Apple users group 

*^ ■ ■» •• software library bonanza 
al truly affordable prices. For the first time 
enjoy your Apple to its fullest capacity 
using specially packed disks with over 60 
outstanding programs each. Not available 
from any other source! 

•Applesoft • 3.3 DOS 

offers 

lAn extensive variety of interesting 

useful and entertaining programs 

n dispensable- to the serious computerisi 

ncluding: 

Educational • Graphics 

Music • Science 

Data Base • Finance . 



Library disks 1 , 2 & 3 are mixed categories and new 
disks 4 (Games). 5 (Utilities), 6 (Graphics) & 7 (Integer) 
at $59.95 each. Why pay more? 

Order direct from this ad and $ave up to $136. 
Buy disk library package 1 , 2 & 3 and get a 
special bonus disk FREE — over 260 programs 
for $179.95 + shipping. For best value, get 
all 8 disks for $349. postage prepaid, for over 
530 of our best programs at 65$ each! 
Call now toll free: 1-800-327-8664 
Florida: 1-305-987-8665 

6400 Hayes St. ™3uffl — VISA 

Hollywood. FL 33024 vi—xj 



Business 
Games 



SYSTEM/Z'S BASIC/Z 

A New compiled Basic for CP/M or MDOS 

• No Royalties - No Run-time Charges 

• Generates machine code (8080/280) 

• Sort Verb - 2000 elements in 2 seconds 

• Alpha-numeric Labels 

• Chain with common 

• BCD Floating Point Math to 18 Digits 

• Editor Tests Syntax As you Type 

• Recursive, Multi-line. User Functions 

• Dynamically Dimension Arrays 

• selectively Erase Arrays 

• Trace and Single-step debugging 

• Multi-tiered Error Trapping 

• Cursor Addressing, Reverse and Blinking 
Video 

want to see how it works7 

Get DAMAN s Mail-use program for S30 BASIC/Z run-time 
package*; are included. 



BASIC- Z lists for SJ45, but from DAMAN it s 

S312 Post Paid to North America 

VISA and Master card Accepted. COO available or $298 wn 

cash discount icash. check, money order) 

Add S7 for airmail shipment outside N America 
Specify 8" Mitrop vector Graphic Apple. Osborne, 
NEC. N. Star 
Full BASIC/Z Documentation $35 (Credited to full order) 



Suite 14-04 
3322 Mem 
Parkway SW 



& 



m 



1205) B85-8113 

Huntsviile. 
Alabama 35801 



Circle 135 on inquiry card. 



: 



Electronic 

Circuit 

Analysis 



DC and AC analysis 

Very fast, machine language 

Infinite circuits on multiple passes 

Worst case, sensitivity analysis 

Dynamic modification 

64 Nodes, 127 branches 

Compare circuits 

Log or linear sweep 

Full file handling 

Frequency response, magnitude and phase 

Complete manual with examples 

TRS-80 {TRSDOS) $90.00 

CP/M $150.00 

Tatum Labs 
P.O. Box 722 
Hawleyville, CT 

06440 

(203) 426-2184 



Circle 428 on inquiry card. 



Circle 32 on inquiry card. 



Circle 392 on inquiry card. 



\ferbatinr 

Floppy Discs 

save 40% co; rt pVt°;,i;T 

5-j / 1 1 Specify soft, Price/10 
/* 1 or 1 6 sector 

MD525 1 side/dbl dens $27.30 

MD550 2 sides/dbl dens 40.30 

MD677 1 side/77 track 37.10 

MD557 2 sides/77 track 47.50 

81 1 Critically Certified 
Soft sector 

FD34-9000 1 side/sgl dans 33.80 

FD34-8000 1 side/dbl dens 39.00 

FD34-4001 2 side/dbl dens 46.20 



CHECKS - VISA - MC - C.O.D. 
1313) 777-7780 ADD $2 SHIPPING 

LYBEN COMPUTER SYSTEMS 

27204 Harper Ave. 

St. Clair Shores, Ml 48081 



ELIZA IS HERE! 



AT LAST! A FULL IMPLEMENTATION ot the original ELIZA 
program is now available to run on your microcomputer! 

Created at MIT in 1966, ELIZA has become the world's most 
celebrated artificial intelligence demonstration program. ELIZA is 
a non-directive psychotherapist who analyzes each statement as 
you type it in and then responds with her own comment or question 
— and her remarks are often stadlingly appropriate! 

Designed to run on a large mainframe. ELIZA has hitherto been 
unavailable to personal computer users except in greatly stripped 
down versions lacking the sophistication which made the original 
program so fascinating. 

Now, our new microcomputer version possessing the FULL power 
and range of expression of the original is being offered at the 
introductory price of only $25. And it you want to find out how she 
does it (or teach her to do more) we will include the complete 
Source Program for only £20 additional. 

Order your copy ot ELIZA today and you'll never again wonder how 
to respond when you hear someone say "Okay, let's see what this 
computer of yours can actually do!" 

ELIZA IS AVAILABLE IN THE FOLLOWING DISK FORMATS: 

1 Standard 8 inch single density tor all CP/M based computers 
$25 for ELIZA COM - add $20 lor Microsoft BASIC-80 Source 

2. 5'/. inch CP/M lor AppW II equipped with 2-80 SoftCard 

S25 lor ELIZA COM - aod $20 lor Microsolt BASIC-80 Source 

3 5'i inch for 48K Apple II with Applesoft ROM and DOS 3 3 
$25 lor Protected File - add S20 tor Applesoft Source 

4 S'< inch for 64K IBM Personal Computer 

$25 lor Protected File - add S20 tor IBM Disk BASIC Source 
5. 5'xi inch for Osborne I Microcomputer 

$25 lor Protected File - add $20 lor Microsoft BASIC-BO Source 

ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE RESEARCH GROUP 

921 NORTH LA JOLLA AVENUE 
pMBI LOS ANGELES, CALIFORNIA 90046 jflMftk 
I vtu ' I (213)656-7368 (213)654-2214 WgMi 

'— J MC. VISA and CHECKS ACCEPTED 



MICROPRINTER 

ACOUSTIC ENCLOSURE 



S 



99 to $ 1 99 



Model Printer Sug. Ret. 

MPC I Epsom MX80 $99 

MPC II OKI 824 $129 

MPC III MX 100.0K1 831. $179 

Others 
MPC IV IDS, Many Others $249 

• Reduces Printer Noise Up To 90% 

• Walnut or Oak Veneer 

• Heavy Duty Acrylic Cover 

• Add UPS Shipping and Handling 

CAB - TEK 

CIVILIZING PRINTERS 
ORDER NOW 
800-343-431 1 

Mastercharge & Visa Accepted 

DEALER INQUIRIES INVITED 

CAB-TEK. Inc Riverside St Nashua. NH 03062 



Circle 233 on inquiry can 



Circle 36 on inquiry card. 



Circle 71 on inquiry can 



WE STOCK 
EAGLE COMPUTERS 



COmPUTER 



USI Video Monitors — Green or amber 
20 MHz hi-res. Dealer and OEM inquiries 
invited 



^^2S^F 



SPECIALS on INTREGATED CIRCUITS 

6502 7.45 10/6.95 50/6.55 100/615 

6502A/6512A 8.40 10/7.95 50/7.35 100/6.90 

6520PIA 5.15 10/4.90 50/4 45 100/4.15 

6522 VIA 6.45 10/6.10 50/5.75 100/5.45 

6532 7.90 10/740 50/7,00 100/6.60 

2114-L200 2.45 25/2.30 100/215 

2716EPR0M 4.90 5/4.50 10/4.00 

2532EPROM 8.90 5/8.45 10/7.90 

6116 2KX8 CMOS RAM 8.90 5/8.45 10/7.90 

41 16 RAM 8 lor 14 

Zero Insertion Force 24 pin Socket jScanbe) 2 00 




Anchor Automation Signalman Modems 

FREE SOURCE MEMBERSHIP WITH SIGNALMAN 

All Signalman Modems are Direct Connect, and include cables 
to connect to your computer and to the telephone Signalman 
Modems provide the best price- performance values, and start 
at less than $100 Dealtr and OEM inquiries invited 

Mark I RS232 

Mark II lor Atari 850 

Mark IV tor CBM/PET with software 

Mark V tor Osborne (software available) 

Mark VI for IBM Personal Computer 

Mark VII Auto Dial/Auto Answer 

Mark VIII Bell 212 Auto Dial/Answer 



DC HAYES Smartmodem 
RS232 MODEM — Accoostic 
RS232 MODEM — CCITT frequencies 



229 
119 
175 



We carry Apple 11+ from 
Bell & Howell 




for Apple 



16K RAM Card 

Apple LOGO 

Video Recorder Interface 

Super Serial Card 

Thunderclock Plus 

Z80 Softcard and CP/M 

Parallel Printer Interface/Cable 

Grappler Interface 

TG Products Joystick for Apple 

TG Paddles 

DC Hayes Micromodem II 

Videx 80 Column Card 

fijIIFORTH-t- for Apple (fig-Forth) 

Silentype Printer and Card 

Graphics Tablet and Card 

Apple PASCAL Language 

Apple FORTRAN 

We stock EDUWARE Software 

GENIS I Courseware Development System 

Unicom Grade Reporting or School Inventory 

Executive Briefing System with fonts 

Apple Dumpling (Microtek) Printer Interface 
Apple Dumpling with 16K Buffer 
PIE Writer Word Processor 



65 

150 
545 
149 
119 
295 
80 
139 

4B 

32 
299 
259 

85 
310 
645 
195 
160 

145 
250 
225 

115 
160 
120 



Qcommodore 

See us for Personal Business, 
and Educational requirements. 
Educational Discounts available. 



PETSCAN $245 base price 

Allows you to connect up to 35 CBM/PET Computers to 
shared disk drives and printers Completely transparent to the 
user. Perfect for schools or multiple word processing con- 
figurations. Base configuration supports 2 computers Addi- 
tional computer hookups $100 each. 



Commodore COMMUNICATES! 



COMPACK 



$129 



Intelligent Terminal Package includes 
ACIA hardware based interface; DB25 Cable and STCP Soft- 
ware with remote telemetry, transfer to/from disk, printer out- 
put, XON-XOFF control, user program control, and status 
line. 

VE-2 IEEE to Parallel Interface 119 

Includes case, power supply, full 8-bit transmission, and 
switch selectable character conversion to ASCII 



VIC 20 
VIC Printer 
VIC 3K RAM 
VIC 8K RAM 
VIC 16K RAM 
VIC Disk Drive 
VIC Pmball 
VIC Omega Race 
Spiders of Mars (UMI) 
VIC Draw Poker 



189 
335 
32 
53 
99 
395 
32 
32 
39 
24 



VIC Sargon II Chess 
VIC GORF 
Meteor Run (UMI) 
VIC Radar Ratrace 
Amok (UMI) 
Snakman 
Rubik's Cube 
Programmers Reference 
Renaissance (UMI) 
VIC Superslot 



VICTORY Software for VIC 

Street Sweepers 12 Maze in 3-D 



Night Rider 
Treasures ol Bat Cave 
Games Pack I 
Victory Casino 
Adventure Pack II 



11 
12 
12 
8 
12 



Cosmic Debris 
Grave Robbers Advent 
Games Pack II 
Adventure Park I 
Trek 



TNW 488/103 with DAA 450 

Compute's First Book of PET/CBM 1 1 

POWER ROM Utilities tor PET/CBM 78 

WordPro 3+ - 32K CBM. disk, printer 1 95 

WordPro 4+ - 8032, disk, printer 300 

SPELLMASTER spelling checker for WordPro 1 70 

COPY-WRITER Professional Word Processor 159 

VISICALC for PET, ATARI, or Apple 1 90 

PETRAX PET to Epson Graphics Software 35 

SM-KIT enhanced PET/CBM ROM Otilities 40 

Programmers Toolkit - PET ROM Utilities 35 

PET Spacemaker II ROM Switch 36 

2 Meter PET to IEEE or IEEE to IEEE Cable 40 

Dust Cover tor PET, CBM. 4040. or 8050 8 

VIC or C64 Parallel Printer Interface 85 

CmC IEEE-RS232 Printer Interface — PET 120 

SADI Intelligent IEEE-RS232 or parallel 235 

Library of PET Subroutines 1 2 

Programming the PET/CBM (Compute!) — R. West 20 

Compute 1 First Book of VIC 1 1 

Whole PET Catalog (Midnight Gazette) 8 

Color Chart Video Board for PET 125 

PET Fun and Games (Cursor) 1 1 

FlexFile for PET/CBM $110 

Database, Report Writer with Calculations, Mailing Lists 

FORTH for PET full FIG model — Cargill/Riley $50 

Metacompiler for FORTH for independent object code 30 

85 
65 



KMMM PASCAL for PET/CBM 

EARL for PET/CBM Disk-based ASSEMBLER 



Super Graphics — BASIC Language Exercises 45 

Fast machine language graphics routines for PET/CBM 



RAM/ROM for PET/CBM 



4K $75 8K $90 



DISK 
SPECIALS 




SCOTCH (3M) 5" 
SCOTCH (3M) 8" 



10/2.30 50/2.10 100/2.05 
10/2.45 50/2 20 100/2.15 



We stock VERBATIM DISKS 

Write for Dealer and OEM prices. 

BASF 5" or 8" 10/ 2 00 20/ 1 .95 1 00/ 1 .85 

Wabash 5" 10/ 1 80 50/ 1 .75 1 00/ 1 .70 

Wabash 8" 10/2.25 50/2 20 100/2.10 

We stock MAXELL DISKS 

Write for dealer and OEM prices. 

Disk Storage Pages 10 for $5 Hub Rings 50 (or $6 
Disk Library Cases "—3.00 5 "—225 
Head Cleaning Kits 1 1 



CASSETTES— AGFA PE-611 PREMIUM 




High output, low noise. 5 screw housings. 




C-10 10/61 50/58 


100/50 


C-30 10/85 50/82 


100/70 



SPECIALS 

Timex/Smclair Computer 
Zenith ZVM-121 Green Phosphor Monitor 
INTEX Talker Text to Speech System 
BMC Green and Color Monitors 
Brother Daisy Wheel Printer 
STARWRITER Daisy Wheel Printer F10 
We Stock AMOEK Monitors 
Watanabe Intelligent Plotter 995 
Staticide anti-static spray 
dBASE II 



6-pen 



95 
109 
265 

880 
1445 

1295 

6 

445 



ALL BOOK and SOFTWARE PRICES DISCOUNTED 
A P Products .JA%.°f. F 

Synertek SYM- 1 Microcomputer SALE 189 

KTM-2/80 Synertek Video and Keyboard 349 

KTM-3/80 Synertek Tubeless Terminal 385 



/£X Alspa Computer, Inc. 



The price-performance leader Includes Z80A, 1 or 2 full 8" 
drives (double density, double sided), 3 serial and 1 parallel 
port, and Winchester port Prices start at less than $2000 
DEALER and OEM inquiries invited 



YgMiTH I data 

I systems 

Z90-80 64K 1995 

Z90-82 64K. 1 double dens drive 2245 

Z37 1 3 Megabyte Dual Drive 1355 

Z1 9 Video Terminal (VT-52 compatible) 695 

ZT-1 Intelligent Communications Terminal 550 

Z1 00 16-bit/8-bit System CALL 




A 

ATARI* 

SPECIALS 



800 Computer 
400— 16K 
810 Disk Drive 
825 Printer 
850 Interlace 
Inside Atari DOS 
Joysticks or Paddles 
16K RAM (Microtek) 
32K RAM (Microtek) 
Pilot 

Super Breakout 
APX Software 



649 

269 

440 

625 

170 

18 

19 

69 

99 

65 

29 

Call 



Microsoft BASIC 
MISSILE COMMAND 
ASTEROIDS 
STAR RAIDERS 

Space Invaders 
Music Composer 
Caverns of Mars 
PAC-MAN 
CENTIPEDE 
First Book of Atari 
Anchor Modem — Atari 
Other Atari products 



72 
29 
29 
34 

29 
35 
33 
36 
36 
11 
85 
Call 



252 Bethlehem Pike 
Colmar. PA 18915 



215-822-7727 



A B Computers 



WRITE FOR CATALOG 

Add $1 25 per order for shipping. We pay balance of UPS surface 
charges on all prepaid orders Prices listed are on cash discount 
basis Regular prices slightly higher Prices subject to change 



Circle 4 on inquiry card. 



BYTE fanuary 1983 503 



Make any key 

on your keyboard 

a special-function key 

with ordinary BASIC. 

"Power Programming 
in BASIC" 

At your computer store or 
order direct 

$16.95 

plus $1.50 postage 

TJD Enterprises 
Suite 512 

2401 Blueridge Ave. \ 
Wheaton, MD 20902 1 

ORDERS ONLY 800/638-2000 

Wash DC Metro 301/933-4801 
MC/VISA/AMX ACCEPTED 

Dealer/retail inquiries invited 




ircle 405 on inquiry card. 



Beautiful Plots with 

PLOTPAK™ 

PLOTPAK is a complete plotting 
library that runs under FORTRAN-80 
and includes drivers for the following 
screens and plotters: 

• MicroAngelo MA 512 

• ADM + Retrographics 

• TEK 4010 compatible terminals 

• Houston Intruments DMP-4 

• HP plotters 7225B and 7470 

• Radio Shack Printer/ Plotter 
PLOTPAK(.RELfile): $275. 

PLOTPAK source code 
plus two drivers: $365. 



Computer Company 

DIVISION OF Sea Data Corporation 

One Bridge Street, Newton, MA 02158 
TEL. (617) 244-8190 TLX: 951107 



Circle 64 on inquiry card. 



*ADDS* 

VIEWPOINT TERMINALS 
$495 

In addition EP1 carries printers DEC & 
DC compatible terminals and modems. 
Items in stock are shipped within 24 hours. 
ALL orders shipped COD. All items are 
new and in factory cartons with manufac- 
turers warranties. 



ECONOMY 
PERIPHERALS INC. 

(404)952-0213 



S 100 COLOR GRAPHICS! 

THE STATE-OF-THE-ART COLOR 
GRAPHICS BOARD FOR THE S-100 BUS. 

• Display consists of backdrop and pattern planes plus 32 sprite 
planes. 

• Each pixel in a plane can be colored or can be transparent to 
reveal the underlying plane(s). 

• Prioritized planes eliminate the need tor hidden object routines 
in applications requiring 3D simulation. 

• Sprites are moved on screen by changing two-byte pointers thus 
simplifying animation applications. 

• Up to 15 colors or 8 gray levels with a resolution ot 256 pixels 
horizontally and 192 pixels vertically. 

• Standard NTSC video output connects directly to color monitor 
or to flF modulator tor use with regular color receiver. 

• One text and three graphics display modes. 

■ On-board 16K byte display RAM separate from system RAM. 

■ High quality PC board with solder masks, silkscreen and gold- 
plated contact fingers. 

• Meets or exceeds all aspects of IEEE-696 (S-100) standard. 

• Documentation includes comprehensive user's manual with 
demonstration programs and Texas Instrument's manual for the 
new TMS9918A Video Display Processor used on the board 

• Typical applications include business graphics, industrial pro- 
cess monitoring, drafting/design aid, educational systems and 
video game development. 

$249.95 

(assembled & tested) 



We pay UPS ground shipping in the 
continental u S UPS air ado $2 00. 
COD add SI 50 Foreign add S1500. 
TN residents add 6% sales tai VISA 
« MASTERCARD welcome. 



MicroDynamics 
Corporation 

P.O. Box 17577 

Memphis, TN 38117 

(90D-755-0619 






Circle 508 on inquiry card. 



wabasK 

When it conies to 

Flexible Disks, nobody 

does it better than 

Wabash. 

MasterCard. Visa Accepted. 
Call Free: (800) 235-4137 




PACIFIC 
EXCHANGES 

100 Foothill Blvd 
San Luis Obispo. CA 
93401 (In Cal call 
(805) 543-1037 1 



Circle 310 on inquiry card. 



Get Smart! 




Get Your Computer An 
Automatic Port Selector 
(ASU-3) 

Our ASl'-j will connect your C.PI or CRT in any one 
of 3 peripherals. Just enter a command from your 
keyboard and the desired peripheral is automat- 
ically connected. Also availahle for $ and for 
7 peripherals. The baud rate is set automatically 
Many options are available The only low cost, 
smart switch on the market. 

SWITCH TO GIITRONIX. 



IMM 



JNIVERSAL INTERFACE PROOUCTS 



970 San Antonio fid.. Pilo Alto CA 94306. Coil (41SI 493 1300 



IEEE-488 TO TRS-80* INTERFACE 
Everything needed to add powerful 
BASIC GPIB-488 controller capability 
to TRS-80 Model 1 or 3, Level 2 or 
DOS with a minimum of 16K. 



.'!MmMH 



4W40C 

For Model 3 

Operation 



J \JEL 



488-80B 
For Modal 1 

Operation 



Model 488-80B or 488-80C Price: $375. 

+ shipping, insurance & tax 
WHEN ORDERING SPECIFY DISK OB TARE 

SCIENTIFIC ENGINEERING 
LABORATORIES 

11 Neil Drive • Old Bethpage, NY 11804 
Telephone: (516) 694-3370 
* Trademark ot Tandy Corp. 

There is no affiliation between Scientific 
Engineering Laboratories and Tandy Corp. or 
Radio Shack. 



Circle 363 on inquiry card. 



•JO 






Cables 

EIA RS 232-C 



Quality cables with immediate 


delivery and low prices. 


Conductor 


Price 


1-4 


$11.50 + 15/ft. 


5-7 


1 2.00 + .25/ft. 


8-12 


1 3.00 + 30/ft. 


13-16 


1 4.00 + .40/ft. 


17-25 


1 6.00 + .50/ft. 



Specify: Mate or female connectors, length of 
cable and pins to be connected. OEM & quantity 
discounts available to qualified customers. On 
prepaid orders add $4.50 for shipping/handling. 

We also supply DEC 
and IBM Compatible cables. 

Communication 
Cable Company 

31 9 Louella Ave. Wayne, PA 1 9087 
215-964-9404 



Circle 86 on inquiry card. 



J 



C LANGUAGE 
PROGRAMMERS 

c-systems 
C COMPILER 
Now with: c-window™ 

Trie first c language source level 

program testing and debugging tool. 

• Single step by c source line. 

• Set breakpoints at line numbers. 

• Display and alter variables by symbol 
name, using c expression syntax. 

• No more printf or assembler levet 
debugging! 

c-window is a support package for 
the c-systemB C COMPILER for 
8086/8088 based systems. 



Contact: 
c-syateme 

P.O. Box 3253 

TM c-systems 



Fuller-ton, C A 92634 
714-637-5362 



Circle 159 on Inquiry card. 



circle 182 on Inquiry card. 



Circle 67 on Inquiry card. 



AD CONVERTER 




JBEs 16 channel A-D Converter plugs in- 
to your Apple II computer. It uses an 
ADC0817 which incorporates a 16 chan- 
nel multiplexer and an 8 bit A-D Con- 
verter. The 16 inputs are high impedance 
and the voltage range is to 5.12 volts. 
Conversion time is < 100>isec. The 
resolution is 8 bits or 256 steps, linearity 
is ± 1/2 step. Two 16 pin DIP sockets are 
used for input, GND & reference voltage 
connections. There are 3 single bit TTL 
inputs. Doc. includes sample program, 
81-132AAssm. $89.95 

81-132B Bare Board $29.95 



6522 APPLE II INTERFACE 



EPROM EXPANSION CARD 




J BE EPROM Expander for the Apple II 
holds sfe 5V 2716s for a total of 12K 
bytes of EPROM. This board takes the 
place of the on board ROM in the Apple. 
It is software switchable by the same 
technique used by the Apple II firmware 
card. Solder jumpers are for reset to the 
Apple ROM or EPROM Expansion Card. 
Use JBE EPROM Programmer and 
Parallel I/O to program your EPROMs. 
EPROMs sold separately. 
81-085AAssm. $59.95 

81 -085B Bare Board $39.95 



EXTENDER $12.95 




The JBE 6522 Parallel Interface for the 
Apple II Computer, plugs directly into 
any slot 1 through 7 in the Apple. This 
card has 2 6522 VIA's that provide: 

• Four8 bit bi-directional I/O ports 

• Four 16 bit programmable timer/ 
counters 

• Serial shift registers 

• Handshaking 

A 74LS05 is for timing. Four 16 pin 
sockets provide easy connections to 
other peripheral devices. (Dip jumpers 
with ribbon cables are also available 
from JBE.) The 6522 Parallel I/O 
card interfaces to the JBE EPROM pro- 
grammer. 

Understanding of machine language re- 
quired to use this board. Inputs and out- 
puts are TTL compatible. 
79-295AAssm. $69.95 

79-295B Bare Board $29.95 



SPEECH SYNTHESIZERS 




EPROM PROGRAMMER 




SPEECH SYNTHESIZERS 

JBEs Speech Synthesizers use the 
Votrax SC-01 Phoneme Synthesizer 
chip. The SC-01 phonetically syn- 
thesizes continuous speech of 
unlimited vocabulary. The SC-01 con- 
tains 64 different phonemes and 4 
levels of inflection accessed by an 8 bit 
code. It requires 10 Bytes per second 
for continuous speech. Both boards 
have an audio amp for direct connec- 
tion to an 8 ohm speaker. 

Documentation includes basic user 
programs, a phoneme chart and listing 
of coded words to help you get started. 
Documentation for the Apple 
ll® Speech Synthesizer includes a disk 
with text to speech program. 
81 -088 Apple II Speech 

Synthesizer $129.95 

81 -1 20 Parallel I nput Speech 

Synthesizer $149.95 

Prices include the SC-01 Chip 
SC-01 sold separately for $39.95 



DISPLAY BOARD 



JBE's EPROM Programmer Is de- 
signed to program 5V 251 6's, 2532's & 
2716's. It interfaces to the JBE Parallel 
I/O card using four ribbon cables. An 
LED indicates when the EPROM is be- 
ing programmed. A textool zero inser- 
tion force socket is used for the 
EPROM. Comes with complete 
documentation for writing and reading 
EPROM's in the Apple II or Apple II 
Plus. Cables available separately. 
80-244A Assm. $49.95 

80-244B Bare Board $29.95 

4 Jumpers $17.00 




This handy little (3x7") board is ideal 
for teaching and troubleshooting. It 
has a run— stop, single step switch 
which makes identification of shorted 
lines between address or data-bits 
easy and shows single steps for 
teaching computer logic. The display 
board has 16 Address LEDS, 8 Data 
LEDS & 1 RDY LED. All lines are buf- 
fered. 



80-1 44A Assm. 
80-1 44B Bare Board 



$49.95 
$39.95 



Johiv Bell Engiiveeriivg, live, 



MC 



ALL PRODUCTS ARE A VAILABLE FROM JOHN BELL ENGINEERING, INC. • 1014 CENTER ST., SAN CARLOS, CA 94070 
ADD SALES TAX IN CALIFORNIA • ADD 5% SHIPPING & HANDLING 3% FOR ORDERS OVER $100 

SEND $1.00 FOR CATALOG (415)592-8411 SSSmforcoO 

WILL CALL HOURS: 9am - 4pm ADD $150 FOH COa 



VISA 



PConnection 

modem card for IBM PC 

Plug your PC into the exciting world 
of telecommunications with the 
PConnection, Micropenpheral's 
new Bel! 103/113 compatible 
modem card. This quality direct con- 
nect modem card fits inside the PC 
leaving your work area uncluttered 
by stacks of hardware Features in- 
clude autodialing (Touch Tone or 
pulse), autoanswer, built-in speaker 
for line monitoring, and an addi- 
tional RS-232 port Software selec- 
table protocol and modes. S350 
Dealer inquiries welcome, 

the microperipheral corporation 

2565 152nd Ave. N.E.. Redmond. WA 98052 
[206) 881-7544 

IBM is a Registered Trademark 
of International Business Machine. Corp 



MEMOREX 
Flexible Discs 



SAVE 40% isSiSX 



5^/a " Specify soli, Prlce/10 

'*• 10 or 16 sector 

1 Side, double density $24.70 

2 Sides, double density 36.40 

1 Side, 80 track, double density 32.50 

2 Sides, 80 track, double density 44.20 

(All 5 1 /4" have Hub-rings) 

8" Specify toft 
or 32 sector 

1 Side, single density 23.40 

1 Side, double density 30.60 

2 Sides, double density 35.80 



CHECKS — VISA — MC— COD. 
(313) 777-7780 ADD $2 SHIPPING 

LYBEN COMPUTER SYSTEMS 

27204 Harper Ave. 

St. Clair Shores, Ml 48081 



FORECASTING 

EASt/ARIMA — The first and only microcom- 
puter program to develop and run ARIMA 
(Box-Jenkins) models. ..all automatically. De- 
signed for the stock or commodity trader. 
Create a database or read Compu Trac files 
directly. Requires no knowledge of statistics. 
$300. 

TWG/ARIMA — The statistician's version of 
EASI/ARIMA. Complete control and more op- 
tions, such as seasional models and Box-Cox 
transformations. $300. 

ELF is our general purpose statistical 
package. $200. 

All are for the Apple II* with 48K of 
memory, Applesoft* and DOS 3.3. 

Visa and MasterCard accepted. 

Call or write: 



lie. 70i*ct4«cU* $>u>44ft 
3907 Lakota Road 
P.O. Box 10114 
Alexandria, VA 22310 
(7031 960-2587 

■Trademarks of Apple Computer, Inc. 



Circle 270 on inquiry card. 



Circle 234 on inquiry card. 



Circle 430 on Inquiry card. 



USURER <&-<& 
ISA's DATABASE 

The only DBMS with all these features: 

■k PROVEN in one year of test marketing 

• TOUGH, reliable file structure 

• MENU driven for simplicity and easy use 

• ARITHMETIC with stored calculations 

• FAST set-up and report formating 

• CLEAR user-oriented documentation 

• PRINTS totals & subtotals - mail labels 

• REFORMATS and merges data files 

• MULTI-DISK files: Up to 128K records 

• SORTS full disks on up to 40 fields 

• PRODUCTION input of repetitive data 

• USE existing data files 

• COUPLES to word processors 

• POSTS transactions to master file 

■k SEARCH by strings, ranges, comparisons 

• DATA COMPRESSION: Over twice as 
many labels as the other system 

For TRS-80* Models I, II, III, 6 16 - 250.00 
CP/Mt - 295.00 

Ask your Dealer or Write: 

Institute for Scientific Analysis, Inc. 

P. O. Box 7186, Dept. B-2 

Wilmington, DE 19803 (215) 358-3735 

t T.M. Digital Research 



*T.M. Tandy Corp. 



maxell 

Floppy Disks 



irsis 



BEST PRICES 
IN THE U.S. 

Call for our special dealer 
program. C.O.D.'s accepted. 
TOLL FREE (800) 652-8168 
In California (213) 901-8881 



m 



EXCHANGE 



U.S. EXCHANGE 

14831 Bessemer St. 

Van Nuys, CA 91411-2773 



5 'A" Tandon Drives 



• TM 100-1 S189 

(single sided, 40 TRK, single Free 

or double density) Shipping 



• TM 100-2 


$259 


(double sided, 40 TRK/side 


Free 


single or double density) 


Shipping 


• TM 100-4 


$349 


Idouble sided, 80 TRK/side 


Free 


96 TPI, double density) 


Shipping 



ORDER - TOLL FREE 

1-800-531-5475 |lf outside of Texas) 

(512) 250-1523 (If inside of Texas) 

"If we can't ship the next working day, 
we won't take the order." 

Master Card/Visa or check 
Texas Residents add 5% sales tax. 



CompuAdd Corp. 

13010 Research Blvd -#218 
^^^Austjnjexas78750^^^ 



Circle 200 on inquiry card. 



Circle 413 on Inquiry card. 



Circle 92 on Inquiry card. 



BREAKTHROUGH 



Originate/Answer UDS 212 LP Modem 

$420 




IMMEDIATE DELIVERY 

' Compatible with Bell 212 modems (1200 bps only) 
1 Telco powered — no AC connection required 
■ Simplified controls -talk/data and originate/answer only 
1 Direct -connect to dial-up network 

JOTlfcBlJftJflEtt fiflilP. 

1111 W. Oundm And 

Wh.tlmg, II 80090 

S«l»i-I312l 469-8866 

Sarvice— 1312) 4598674 



Circle 209 on inquiry card. 



Convert your TRS-80 into a 

DEVELOPMENT SYSTEM 

Z-80 In-Circuit 
emulation and 
EPROM/EEPROM 
programming in 
a single compact 
unit. 

Debug stand-alone 

systems with 

program in 

TRS-80 RAM, 

then copy working program into PROM. 

Only $329 including personality module 
for2716, 2516, 2758, 2508, 2532, 2816, 
2808, 48016. (2732A,2764PM's$15ea.) 

ORION INSTRUMENTS 

172 Otis Ave, Woodside, CA 94062 
(415)851-1172 



Circle 305 on inquiry card. 



6800 Family 
Software 




SOFTWARE: WIZRD multitasking DOS. editor. 

assembler. C PL/W. PASCAL, FORTRAN. 12K BASIC 

FIRMWARE: FANTOM monitor/debugger, MATH 

long integer ana* floating point. 4K industrial 

BASIC 

CROSS SOFTWARE: Assembler. PL/W, linker, 

math/science, simulator 



H' I V 'I 1 K V I ie01 Sou,h s,reet 
1 ■ *» ■ "^ ■* I Lafayette IN 47904 



Circle 431 on inquiry card. 




"THE ORIGINAL BIG BOARD" 
OEM - INDUSTRIAL - BUSINESS - SCIENTIFIC 

SINGLE BOARD COMPUTER KIT! 

Z-80 CPU! 64K RAM! 



(DO NOT CONFUSE WITH ANY OF OUR FLATTERING IMITATORS!) 



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THE BIG BOARD PROJECT: With thousands sold worldwide and over two years of field experience, the Big 
Board may just be one of the most reliable single board computers available today. This is the same design that 
was licensed by Xerox Corp. as the basis for their 820 computer. 

The Big Board gives you the right mix of most needed computing features all on one board. The Big Board was 
designed from scratch to run the latest version of CP/M*. Just imagine all the off-the-shelf software that can be 
run on the Big Board without any modifications needed. 



$319 



00 (64K KIT 
TY BASIC I/O) 



FULLY SOCKETED! 



FEATURES: (Remember, all this on one board!) 



SIZE: S'/i x 13% IN. 
SAME AS AN 8 IN. DRIVE. 
REQUIRES: +5V @ 3 AMPS 
+ - 12V @ .5 AMPS. 



64K RAM 

Uses Industry standard 4116 RAM's. All 64K is available to the user, our VIDEO 
and EPROM sections do not make holes in system RAM. Also, very special care 
was taken in the RAM array PC layout to eliminate potential noise and glitches. 



Z-80 CPU 

Running at 2.5 MHZ. Handles all 4116 RAM refresh and supports Mode 2 
INTERUPTS. Fully buttered and runs 8080 software 



24 x 80 CHARACTER VIDEO 

With a crisp, flicker-free display that looks extremely sharp even on small 
monitors. Hardware scroll and full cursor control. Composite video or split video 
and sync. Character set is supplied on a 2716 style ROM, making customized 
fonts easy. Sync pulses can be any desired length or polarity. Video may be 
inverted or true. 5x7 Matrix - Upper & Lower Case. 



SERIAL I/O (OPTIONAL) 

Full 2 channels using the Z80 SIO and the SMC 8116 Baud Rate Generator. FULL 
RS232! For synchronous or asynchronous communication. In synchronous 
mode, the clocks can be transmitted or received by a modem. Both channels can 
be set up for either data-communication or data-terminals. Supports mode 2 Int. 
Price (or all parts and connectors: $39.95 



FLOPPY DISC CONTROLLER 

Uses WD1771 controller chip with a TTL Data Separator for enhanced reliability. 
IBM 3740 compatible. Supports up to four 8 inch disc drives. Directly compatible 
with standard Shugart drives such as the SA800 or SA801. Drives can be 
configured for remote AC oft-on. Runs CP/M* 2.2. 



BASIC I/O 

Consists of separate parallel port (Z80 PIO) for use with an ASCII encoded 
keyboard for input. Output would be on the 80 x 24 Video Display. 



TWO PORT PARALLEL I/O (OPTIONAL) 

Uses Z-80 PIO. Full 16 bits, fully buffered, bi-directional. Uses selectable hand 
shake polarity. Set of all parts and connectors for parallel I/O: $19.95 



BLANK PC BOARD — $119 
The blank Big Board PC Board comes complete with full 
documentation (including schematics), the character ROM, 
the PFM 3.3 MONITOR ROM, and a diskette with the source 
of our BIOS, BOOT, and PFM 3.3 MONITOR. 



REAL TIME CLOCK (OPTIONAL) 

Uses Z-80 CTC. Can be configured as a Counter on Real Time Clock. Set of all 
parts: $9.95 



CP/M* 2.2 FOR BIG BOARD 

The popular CP/M* D.O.S. to run on Big Board is available for S139.00. 



BIG BOARD SOFTWARE SPECIAL — $149 

Through special arrangement with COL we offer a powerful package ot TDL Z-80 
software that has a suggested retail ol almost $600. Includes: Extended Disk 
Business Basic, ZEDIT text editor, MACRO II Macro Assembler, LINKER, 
DEBUG I and DEBUG II. Supplied on 8 in. diskette with extensive manual. 



PFM 3.3 2K SYSTEM MONITOR 



The real power ol the Big Board lies in its PFM 3.3 on board monitor. PFM commands include: Dump Memory, Boot CP/M", Copy, Examine, Fill Memory, Test Memory, Go To, 
Read and Write I/O Ports, Disc Read (Drive, Track, Sector), and Search PFM occupies one ol the four 2716 EPROM locations provided. Z-80 is a Trademark ot Zilog. 



Digital Research Computers 

w (OF TEXAS) 

P.O. BOX 401565 • GARLAND, TEXAS 75040 • (214)271-3538 



TERMS: Shipments will be made approximately 3 to 6 weeks after we 

receive your order. VISA, MC, cash accepted. We will accept COD'S (for the 

Big Board only) with a $75 deposit. Balance UPS COD. Add $4.00 shipping. 

USA AND CANADA ONLY 



'TRADEMARK OF DIGITAL RESEARCH. NOT ASSOCIATED WITH DIGITAL RESEARCH OF CALIFORNIA, THE ORIGINATORS OF CPM SOFTWARE 

"1 TO 4 PIECE DOMESTIC USA PRICE. 



DON'T READ THIS 

UNLESS YOU ARE INTERESTED IN 
SOPHISTICATED SOFTWARE WITH 
EXCELLENT DOCUMENTATION 
Our general accounting programs operate 
on CP/M 1 & MP/M 2 compatible systems, 
including TurboDos' and MMMost 4 . 

1 . C. A.T.S. ( 3 levels of User help - 
Computer Assisted Tutorial Software. 

2 OUTSTANDING 
DOCUMENTATION. 

3. MULTI-USER (w/file & record lock.) 

i. MULTI-COMPANY 

( w/consolidation ) 

5. FULLY INTEGRATED w/singie 

source entry (or stand alone) 

DEALER INQUIRIES INVITED 

MONEY BACK GUARANTEE 

COUGAR MOUNTAIN SOFTWARE 

10 S.Latah Box 6886 

Boise, Idaho 83707 

208-344-2540 

TM: 1. & 2. Digital Research; 3. Software 2000; 
4. TeleVideo. 



JUTvnawncvru 



TEKALIKE 

The Graphics Terminal Program 







TEKALIKE turns the Apple II computer into 

on intelligent graphical work station 

for communication with remote host computers. 

It simulates the features of □ Tektronix 4010 graphics 

terminal, provides local plotting capabilities and more... 



Remote Terminal Mode: 



Compatible with 



£,°3i» 



Plot 10 ('antioitdl 

Mo«- sol! we 'ai :-t 

IWtro-ia Wt Fom.lv 

►UPiOT OMP ='t>:ie". (Houttoii iuu«* 

hP7»7D Pisf.p. asltor. ' 

-e.e:i Paoorc) 

<dpie «.•: «*»- (306 "<..«:. 

(DC Hoves! 
CCS 7710A IJOC-960G Boudi 
;Coi.'e".io Computet Syi'.»n>») 



Local Computer Mode: 



WE Software 

800 Greenwich Drive 

Chico, CA 95926 



DEBUG FAST 



2 




NEW 



NEW QUICK LOW-COST M P DEBUG AID. If you 

program, engineer, test, or repair micros, try 
this new invention and save endless time and 
effort. Shows you program flow, address, 
data, I/O, timing, and stability info on 256 
LEDs. Telescopic and microscopic views. Easy, 
quick, rugged, portable. A smart alternative 
or addition to multi-thousand dollar instru- 
ments. MICRO VIEW" is just $995 complete. 
Order today on 14-day trial or circle our 
number for color brochure. Micro Logic Corp. 
POB 174, MS-H, 100 2nd St, Hackensack, NJ 
07602. (201) 342-6518. 



Circle 259 on inquiry card. 



SOURCE SOFTWARE 



A professional-quality, CP/M compatible Z- 
80 assembler in manual form with complete 
source code listing, 200 page manual 
includes full tutorial on assembler theory 
with explanation of Radix 40, binary search, 
recursive expression processing, and other 
professional techniques. Assembler accepts 
standard Z-80 mnemonics, prints a sorted 
symbol table, and contains 19 pseudo-ops 
including XLIST, TITLE, and nested con- 
ditionals with ELSE, Modular construction 
makes it easily adaptable to other Z-80 
operating systems and other assembly 
languages. 

Manual containing complete source 
code and tutorial: $25, ppd. in U S 

Source also available on standard 
formal 8" SD diskette 

KING SOFTWARE 

115 CONOVER LANE 

RED BANK, NJ 07701 

(2011 530-7245 

NJ residents please add 5% sales tax 
CP/M is a trademark of Digital Research 



Garden Of Eden 
Computers 

"The Apple Paradise" 





LIST SALE 


OC Heyee Mcromodem 


• 378 »269 All 3 


Source Subscription 


PieceB 


Pee 


•100 *7S. 1399 


ASCII Express II 


• 79.96 *B9 95 



"Don't Mob The Great FIANA Oiek Drive Sele** 



RANA Disk Drive Controller 




(Controls up to 4 Drives] 


199 


•Completely Apple compatible. Mix up to A Apple and RANA drives 


on the same RANA controller: 




RANA Drives: 




1 Drive w/o controller , . , 


«323 


1 Drive w/controJIer ... 


*422 


2 Drives w/o controller 


$630 


2 Drives w/controiler 


$725 



NEC 1 2" Green Monitor Econo [JB 1 260] 


• 113,00 


Rh Electronics Super Fan II 


$62.50 


M<:rosoft 1 6K Remcard 


Now Juit $79 


T G Joystick . . 


$39.95 


NEC 8023A Desk Top Graphes Printer 


• 469 


The Grappter + Graphic Printer Interface 


• 129 



We Discount all lines of hard- 
ware and software. 
We accept Vsa, Mastercard, 
Casr 1 M Same Cay 
shipments 2% ser chg on 

Ah orders shipped vie UPS 



PHONE: 714-894-9528 

"Aak lor our newest pnee tot '■' 

Garden Of Eden 

Computers 

9909 Gladiola Drive 

Fountain Valley, CA 92708 

Mail order only 



Circle 178 on Inquiry card. 



LOOKING AT 

PRINTER BUFFERS? 




BE CERTAIN... 

YOU GET WHAT YOU THINK YOU'RE GETTING: 

SP®®[t>2-© t „ isTHE 

COMPLETE , NOTHING ELSE TO BUY, 
STAND ALONE PARALLEL PRINTER 
BUFFER PLUS FEATURES NOT FOUND ON 
OTHER BUFFERS SUCH AS: 

• SWITCH SELE CTABIi 'PAUSE ON FOflM FEED" MODE, FOR SINGLE SHEET PAINTING 

• AUTOMATIC SPACE CHARACTER COMPRESSION 

• 32X CHARACTERS CAPACITY STANDARD, 64K AND 12BK MODELS AVAILABLE. 
USER EXPANDABLE. 

• NO HARDWARE DR SOFTWARE MODIFICATIONS REQUIRED 

• AND MUCH MORE. WRITE OR CALL FOR FULL DETAILS. 

PRICE (32K INCLUDES CABLE) $279.96 

JVB ELECTRONICS 

1601 Fulton Avenue, Suite 1 

Sacramento, California 95825 

Phone: (916)483-0709 




Circle 424 on inquiry card. 



Circle 225 on inquiry card. 



Circle 221 on inquiry card. 



H Dysan 



Solve you-oatc problem*, buy 100% surface 
tested Dyaan daterJea. AD octet ahtoped 
from Block, wKWn 24 hour*. Call toll FREE 
(800) 235-4137 tor price* and aifuMii a tt u iL 
VlM and Matter Card accepted. 



PACIFIC 

EXCHANGES 

100 Foothill Blvd 
San Luis Obispo. CA 
93401 (InCal, call 
(805) 543-1037 ) 



Circle 310 on inquiry card. 




DISCOUNT 
SOFTWARE 
PRODUCTS 



Over 600 Vendors, 3000 
Products & 54 Formats 



BUSINESS, EDUCATION 

TECHNICALS GAMES 

FREE CATALOG 

"call today save time and money" 

public & dealers invited 
international shipping 

orders (800) 547-5995 

inquiries (214)631-5998 

CRC, 8730 king george dr., ste. 1 15, 

dallas, texas 75235 




Maxell 
Diskettes 



The floppy disks that meet 
or exceed every standard 
of quality. Dealer inquiries 
invited. 

Call Toll Free N 
1-800-237-8931. 

In Florida, call 
813-577-2794. J 



TL 



Tech* Data Corporation 

3251 Tech Drive North 
St. Petersburg, FL 33702 



Circle 76 on inquiry card. 



Circle 395 on Inquiry card, 



WE WILL NOT BE UNDERSOLD 



TERMINALS 



APPLE ACCESSORIES 



MONITORS 



Zenith ZT-1 
Zenith ZT-1 00 
Televideo 910+ 
Televideo 925 
Televideo 950 



$679.00 
$595.00 
$595.00 
$779.00 
$969.00 



RAM 



16K Ram Kit for Apple II. TRS80 

200 nano seconds; 41 1 6 chips $1 7.50 



DISKETTES 



Maxell 5'/>" single side 
Maxell 8" single side 
Maxell 5V<r double side 
Maxell 8" double side 
BASF 5'/4" 
BASF 8" 
Verbatim 5'/4" 
Verbatim 8" 
Wabash 5W' 



$39.00 
$49.00 
$45.00 
$55.00 
$26.95 
$36.00 
$26.95 
$36.00 
$21.95 



TELECOMMUNICATIONS 



Novation Cat Modem 
Novation D-CAT 
Novation AUTO-CAT 
Novation APPLE CAT 
Hayes Smart Modem 
Hayes Smart Modem 1 200 
Hayes Micro-Modem 
Hayes Chronograph 
Signalman Mark I 



$139.00 
$155.00 
$209.00 
$319.00 
$249.00 
$589.00 
$319.00 
$229.00 
$85.00 



COMPUTERS 



Sanyo MBC 1000 64K CALL 
Call tor information on the complete Sanyo line. 
CALIFORNIA COMPUTER SYSTEM 

Mainframe 2200a $485.00 

Z-80 CPU 2810a $265.00 

64K RAM 2065 $569.00 

Floppy Controller 2422a $369.00 
ZENITH 

Z-89 48K CALL 

Z-90 64K CALL 

Z-100 CALL 
Call For Prices On The Complete Zenith Line. 

Casio FX702P Pocket Computer $1 79.00 



SOFTWARE 



MICROPRO" 

WordStar 

MailMerge 

Customization Notes 

SpellStar 

DataStar 

CalcStar 

MICROSOFT 

Basic Interpreter 

Basic Compiler 

Fortran 80 

Cobol 80 

DATA BASE 

dBase II 



$239.00 
$89.00 
$359.00 
$239.00 
$199.00 
$199.00 

$349.00 
$389.00 
$499.00 
$695.00 

$495.00 



DEALER INQUIRIES PLEASE 
CALL 1 -800-343-7036 



For fast delivery, send certified checks, money 
orders, or call to arrange direct bank wire 
transfers Personal or company checks require 
one to three weeks to clear. All prices are 
mail order only and are subject to change 
without notice. Call for shipping charges. 



Z-80 Card by Microsoft 

16K Card by Microsoft 

32K Card by Saturn 

Keyboard Enhancer II by Videx 

Videoterm by Videx 

Game Paddles by TG 

Joystick by TG 

Pkaso Cards 

ALF 3 Voice Board 

System Saver by Kensington 

Microbuffer II 16K w/graphics 

Microbuffer II 32K w/graphics 

APPLE INTERFACE CARDS BY CCS 

Serial Asynch #7710 

Centronics #7729 

ADVANCED LOGIC 

Add-Ram 16K Card 

Z-Card CP/M for the Apple II 

Smarterm 80 Column Board w/Softswitch 



$319.00 

$165.00 

$199.00 

$125.00 

$259.00 

$49.00 

$49.00 

CALL 

$229.00 

$75.00 

$259.00 

$229.00 

$139.00 
$149.00 

$79.00 
$225.00 
$249.00 



APPLE SOFTWARE 



MICROPRO- 

WordStar 

MailMerge 

SpellStar 

DataStar 

CalcStar 

VISICORP 

VisiCalc 

VisiTerm 

VisiDex 

VisiPlot 

VisiFile 

VisiSchedule 

VisiTrend/Plot 

MISCELLANEOUS 

Micro/Terminal 

Screenwriter II 

Executive Briefing System 

Supercalc 

Personal Filing System 

PFS Report Writer 

Word Handler 



$199.00 
$99.00 
$149.00 
$199.00 
$189.00 

$199.00 
$79.00 
$199.00 
$169.00 
$199.00 
$259.00 
$239.00 

$79.00 
$129.00 
$169.00 
$279.00 
$115.00 

$75.00 
$169.00 



PRINTERS 




NEC 7710 Serial 


$2395.00 


NEC 7720 KSR 


$2749.00 


NEC 7730 Parallel 


$2395.00 


NEC 3510 Serial 


$1 850.00 


NEC 3520 


$2099.00 



NEC 3530 Parallel $1850.00 

NEC 3550 for the IBM PC $2095.00 

Antex "Generic Model of the Prowriter" $479.00 

Epson MX-80 CALL 

Epson MX-80FT CALL 

Epson MX- 100 CALL 

IDS Micro Prism CALL 

IDS PRISM 80 CALL 

IDS PRISM 132 CALL 

Okidata Microline 80 CALL 

Okidata Microline 82A CALL 

Okidata Microline 83A CALL 

Okidata Microline 84 CALL 



The CPU Computer Corporation 
• Announces: 

CPU net 

The Local Area Network that uses real 

CP/M " for Apples. CPUnet " allows you 

to run hundreds of popular CP/M " 

programs, on your Apple terminals, 

without disk drives! 

Call for more information. 

$2995.00 



Sanyo9"B&W $159.00 

Sanyo 9" Green $165.00 

Sanyo 12" B&W $179.00 

Sanyo 12" Green $199.00 

Sanyo 13" Color $399.00 

SMD 13" Color $329.00 

Zenith 1 2" Green $99.00 

Zenith 13" Color $339.00 
Electrohome 13" HI-RES Color Monitor $829.00 

Electrohome 1 3" Color $379.00 

Electrohome 1 2' B&W $1 79.00 

Electrohome 12" Green $189.00 

Electrohome 9" B&W $149.00 

Electrohome 9" Green $159.00 



DISK DRIVES 



CCI 100 for the TRS-80 Model 1 

5'/4" 40 track $299.00 

CCI1 89 for the Zenith Z-89 5V4 n 40 track $379.00 

CORVUS 5M with Mirror $3089.00 

CORVUS 10M with Mirror $4489.00 

CORVUS 20M with Mirror $5389.00 

CORVUS Interfaces CALL 
RANA SYSTEMS add-on Disc Drive for the Apple II 

Elite Two 80 Track CALL 

Elite One 40 Track CALL 

Elite Controller CALL 

Tandon TM 100-2 for the IBM CALL 

IRM PC ACCESSORIES 



64K Card by Microsoft 

Joystick by TG 

128KCard 

192K Card 

256K Card 

Quaddram 

Combo Card by Apparat 

Call for more IBM PC add-ons. 



$435.00 
$49.00 
$579.00 
$629.00 
$699.00 
CALL 
$249.00 



SPECIAL OF THE MONTH 

sanyo mbc 1000 

includes 

WordStar, CalcStar 

cci add-on drive 

$2195.00 



IBM PC SOFTWARE 



INFORMATION UNLIMITED 

Easy Writer 

Easy Speller 

Easy Filer 

VISICORP 

VisiCalc 256K 

VisiFile 

VisiTrend/VisiPlot 

VisiDex 

VisiTerm 

MICROPRO" 

MailMerge 

WordStar 

MISCELLANEOUS 

Supercalc by Sorcim 

Superwriter by Sorcim 

Home Accounting Plus 

ENTERTAINMENT 

Deadline 

Temple of Apshai 

Curse of Ra 



$289.00 
$149.00 
$319.00 

$199.00 
$219.00 
$259.00 
$209.00 
$99.00 

$119.00 
$299.00 

$279.00 
$289.00 
$139.00 

$39.00 
$29.00 
$15.99 




The CPU Sh 

TO ORDER CALL TOLL FREE 1 -800-343-6522 



Call For More IBM Software And Accessories 
CP/M is a registered trademark of Digital Research. 



I I 



420-438 Rutherford Ave, Dept. BY13 Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129 



VtSA" 



Hours 9 AM - 9 PM (EST) Mon-Fri. (Sat. 'til 6) 
Technical information call 61 7/242/3361 



TWX- 710-348-1796 

Circle 126 on inquiry card. 



Massachusetts Residents call 617/242-3361 
Massachusetts Residents add 5% Sales Tax 



SMITH-CORONA TP-I 

Letter Quality 




• SERIAL OR 
PARALLEL INTERFACE 

• MICROPROCESSOR ELECTRONICS 



ORDER 

TOLL FREE 

FREE SHIPPING 



$569 



[800) 531-5475 (if outside of Texas) 
(512)250-1523 (in Texas) 

CompuAdd Corp. 

13010 Research Blvd. No. 218 
Austin. Texas 78705 



Circle 93 on Inquiry card. 



TAXMAN-83 

An Interactive TAX MANagement Program for 

VisiCalcn Super Calc™ Users 

TAXMWM3 provides you with the capability to easily calculate your 1 982 

taxes by using the already proven VisiCalc and SuperCalc™ electronic 

spreadsheets. 

TAXMAN-83 prepares and prints 1982 individual income tax returns. 
TAXMAN*3oons«ers all ax alternatives, computes tne lowest tax possible 
tests reasonableness and tells you which forms are necessary for filing. 
TAXMAN* includes the following forms/schedules: Federal 1040; 
Schedules A, B, C. D. E. F, G. R, RP, SE, ES. U; Forms 1116. 2106, 2119. 
2210. 2440, 2441, 3466, 3903, 4136, 4137, 4255, 4562, 4625, 4684, 4726, 
4797, 4798, 4835, 4874, 4952, 4970, 4972, 5329, 5405, 5544, 5695, 5864, 
6249, 6251, 6252, 6476, 6765; Tax schedules X, YS. YJ, Z; Tax tables; 
Sales tax tables for all states. 

TAXMAN43 is available for most mwocomputers utilizing visCaJc™ or 
SuperCalc™ 

PRICED AT ONLY 



$95.00 

Call: 1-805-533-7590 



IATSUKO 
COMPUTING 
INTERNATIONAL 

303 WHIIimi Avcnu*. Hunltvlllt, AL 35801 



i- J«wy Si lib 

■ of v i,Cce SupwC4c i ■ 



>' SOAClM CorpoWon 



Circle 41 on inquiry card. 



Expand Your 



IkHl 



. ■: ■ ■ ■■..■.. 




With the new ASCI Four Port intelligent 
switch all your HS-232G networking 
problems can he solved. Whatever 
your switching applications the ASCI 
Switch allows you to switch with ease. 
Because the switch is intelligent it 
allows you to change between peri- 
pherals from your keyboard. The code 
can even be imbedded in your text, 
when you consider the time you 
saved due to the simplicity of install- 
ation, the elimination of extra cabling 
and the exclusion of knob turning the 
ASCI Four Port intelligent switch is the 
perfect way to expand your net- 
working capabilities. 



ft 



Advanced Systems Concepts, Inc. 

PO BOX O • ALTADENA. CALIFORNIA 91001 



Speaking )x( Computers 

THE 

SOUNDING 

BOARD 

• S-100/IEEE696 

• unlimited vocabulary 

• CP/M software included 

• numerous applications 
(talking terminals, morse 
code training, electronic 
music . . .) 

For more information, call or write: 

Cygnus Systems 
(303) 393-6526 

1245 Columbine #402 
Denver, CO 80206 

WE LISTEN! 



Circle 134 on inquiry card. 



When it conies to scientific software 
for microsystems, DYNACOMP delivers: 




The Systems ...Apple TRS-80 PET/CBM NEC Atari 
Osborne SuperSrain North Star CP/M 

The Software ... 

REGRESSION! I/REGRESSION II LOGIC DESIGNER 

MULTILINEAR REGRESSION! ACTIVE CIRCUIT ANALYSIS 

LOGIC SIMULATOR 
ROOTS 

fOURJER ANALYZER 
TRAN5FER FUNCTION ANALYZER 
HARMONIC ANALYZER 
BASIC SCIEMTlf IC SUBROUTINES 

VOLUME I VOLUME II 
BASIC STATISTICAL SUBROUllNES 



ST ATTEST 

ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE 

NUMBERKRUNCHER 

STATSORT 

OtGITAL FILTER 

DATA SMOOTHER 

SOFTNET/MATCHNET 

FILTER ANALYSIS 



CALL OR WRITE FOR A FREE CATALOG 

DYNACOMP. INC. 

1427 Monroe Avenue. Rochester. N.Y. 14618 

Telephone: (716)442-8960 



Circle 153 on inquiry card. 




Scotch 

DISKETTES 



SAVE 40% .SSSJSgC 

51/ tt Specify soft. Price/ 10 
/* 1 or 1 6 sector 

#744D 1 slde/sgl/dbl dens $2670 

#745 1 side/dbldens 31.20 

#746 1 side/77 track 33.80 

#747 2 sides/77 track 45.50 

8/ * Specify soft 
or 32 sector 

#740 1 side/sgl dens 27.30 

#741 1 side/dbl dens 35.80 

#743 2 sides/dbl dens 43.60 

CHECKS - VISA - MC - C.O.D. 
(313) 777-7780 ADD $2 SHIPPING 

LYBEN COMPUTER SYSTEMS 

27204 Harper Ave. 

St. Clair Shores, Ml 48081 

Authorized Distributor 
Information Processing Products 



Atlantic Cabinet Computer Furniture 




A complete range of quality work stations 
designed specifically to house all micro- 
computers. 

i Delivered heavily packed, in self-assembly 
form needing only a Phillips screwdriver and 
a few minutes of your time to assemble. 

• Manufactured from 1" all wood particle 
board surfaced with hard-wearing melamine 
veneer, in Oak or Walnut. 

< Dealer and Distributor inquiries welcome. 

i For more information, contact your local 
dealer, write or call Atlantic Cabinet (301) 
223-8900. 

ATLANTIC CABINET CORPORATION 

P.O. Box 100, Williamsport, Maryland 21795 



Circle 40 on inquiry card. 



Wm 



MEI 

(415) 873-3055 

DYNAMIC RAM! 

4164-1 50ns 5.75 

4164-200ns 5.50 

4116.150ns 1.30 

4116-200ns 1.15 

STATIC RAMs 

2016P 3.85 

2016P-1 4.50 

6116P-3 4.75 

61 16LP-3 5.50 

6264 CALL 

2114LC3-200ns 1.35 

EPROMs 

2708 3.50 

2716 3.85 

2716-1 4.25 

2732 4.50 

2732200ns 9.50 

2764-250ns 15.00 

2764.350ns 13.00 

2764-450ns 11.00 

2532-450ns 5.75 

2546 18.00 

Z80 FAMILY CALL 

CALL FOR WHOLESALE PRICING. 

MORE "I C'i" In STOCK 

MINIMUM ORDER: $25.00 



Circle 278 on Inquiry card. 






A Spooler that 
will Spoil You 

Add master Paper Tape Handler 
with Big New 7W Reels 




Optional serial interfaces for RS232C or TTY 
or parallel interface/TTL. X-on/X-off 
capability, bi-directional reading and slew, 
reads 150 CPS, rewinds 300 CPS. Stops on 
character, contains power supply and 
Addmaster Model 601 paper tape reader. 
Sensibly priced Addmaster Corporation, 
416 Junipero Serra Drive, San Gabriel, CA 
91776.(213)285-1121. 



Circle 12 on Inquiry card. 



Circle 235 on inquiry card. 



Circle 6 on Inquiry card. 



FOR ONLY $129.95 Learn Computing 
From The Ground 




Build a Computer kit thai grows 
with you, and can expand to 64k 
RAM, Microsoft BASIC, lext Edi- 
tor/Assembler, WDrd Processor, 
Floppy Disks and more. 

EXPLORER/85 

Here's the low cosl way to leam Ihe fundamentals of com- 
puting, the ail-important basics you'll need more and 
more as you advance in computer skills For jusl $129.95 
you get the advanced -design Explorer/85 motherboard, 
with all Ihe features you need to learn how to write and 
use programs. And it can grow inlo a system that is a 
match for any personal computer on Ihe market. Look at 
these features: 8085 Cenlrol Processing Unit, the 
microprocessor "heart" of the Explorer/85, (join the 
millions who will buy and use Ihe 8060/8085 this year 
alone!). . . Four 8-hitp/us nne6-hH input/output ports from 
which you can input and output your programs, as well as 
control exterior switches, relays, lights, etc. a cassette 
interface lhat lets you store and reload programs you've 
learned to write . deluxe 2,000 byte operating 
system /monitor makes il easy to learn computing in 
several important ways: • It allows simpler, faster writ- 
ing and entering of programs • It permits access by you 
to all parts of the system so you can check on the status of 
any point in the program • It allows tracing each pro- 
gram step by step, with provision for displaying all the 
contents of the CPU (registers, flags, etc.) • . and it 
does much more! 

You get all this in the starting level (Level A) of the 
Explorer/BS for only $129.95 Incredible! To use. just 
plug in your 8VDC power supply and terminal or 
keyboard/display — if you don't have ihem. see our 
special offers below. 
D Level A computer kit (Terminal Version) . $129.95 

Sim S3 Pit* 
Level A kit (Hex Keypad /Display Version) . $129.95 
plus $3 PAL* 

LEVEL B — This "building block'' converts Ihe mother- 
board into a two-slot SlOO bus (industry standard) com- 
puter. Now you can plug in any of Ihe hundreds of S100 
cards available. 
D Level B kil , . $49.95 plus $2 P&l .* 

□ S100 bus connectors (two required} . $4.85 each, 
postpaid 

LEVEL C — Add still more 
computing power, this "build- 
ing block'" mounts directly on 
the motherboard and expands 
Ihe S100 bus to six slots. 
G Level C kit . . . $39.95 plus $2 

BH* 

O S100 bus connectors (five 
required) . . . $4.85 each, 
postpaid. 

LEVEL D — When you reach the point in learning that re- 
quires more memory, we offvr two choices: either add 4k 
of a memory directly on the motherboard, or add 16k to 
64k of memory by means of a single S100 card, our famous 
"lAWS." 

Level D kit: (CHECK ONE) . . , D 4k on-board , $49.95 
plus $2 P&l*: D 16k S100 "JAWS ": . . $149.95 plus $2 
P&IVO 32kS100 "JAWS" . $199.95 plus S2PSIVO 48k 
S100 "JAWS'' . , $249.95 plus $2 P&l': Q 64k S100 
")AWS" $299.95 plus SZ P&I*. 
LEVEL E — An important "building block;'' il activates 
the 8k ROM/EPROM space on the motherboard Now just 
plug in out 8k Microsoft BASIC or your own cuslom 
programs. 

D Level E kit . . . $5.95 plus 50tt P&l." 
Microsoft BASIC — It's Ihe language thai allows you to 
talk English to your computer! It is available three ways: 
D 8k cassette version of Microsoft BASIC: (reouires Level 
B and 12k of RAM minimum: we suggest a 16k SlOO 
"JAWS" — see above) $64.95 postpaid. 
D 8k ROM version of Microsoft BASIC: (requires Level B 
A Level E and 4k RAM; just plug into your Level E sockets. 
We suggest either the 4k Level DRAM expansion or a 16k 

sioo 'Taws.") . . . $99.95 plus $2 p&i. • 

a Disk version of Microsoft BASIC: (requires Level B. 
32k of RAM. floppy disk controller, ft" floppy disk drive) 
. . $325 postpaid 

TEXT EDITOR/ASSEMBLER — The editor/assembler 
is a software tool (a program) designed to simplify Ihe task 
of writing programs As your programs become longer 
and more complex, Ihe assrtnbler can save you many 
hours of programming time. This software includes an 
editor program that enters the programs you write, makes 
changes, and saves the programs on cassettes The assem- 
bler performs the clerical task of translating symbolic 
code into Ihe computer- readable objecl code. The editor/ 
assembler program is available either in cassette or a 
ROM version 

□ Editor/Assembler (Cassette version: requires Level 
"B" and 8k (min.) of RAM — we suggest 16k "JAWS" — 
see above) $59.95 plus $2 P&I * 

D Editor/Assembler (ROM version supplied on an SlOO 
card; requires Level B and 4k RAM (mm t — we suggest 
either Level Dor 16k "JAWS'") $99.95 plus $2 P&I.* 
8" FLOPPY DISK — A remarkable building block." 
Add our 8" floppy disk when you need fasler operation. 
more convenient program storage, perhaps a business ap- 
plication, and access to the literally thousands of programs 
and program languages available today. You simply plug 
Ihem into your Explorer/85 disk system — it accepts all 
lBM-formatled CP/M*pVograms 
D 8" Floppy Disk Drive . $499.95 plus S12 P&l ' 
D Floppy Controller Card . . $199.95 plus $2 P&l. * 
D Disk Drive Cabinet & Power Supply . . . $69,95 plus 
$3 P&l ' 

□ Drive Cables (set up for two drives) , . $25.00 plus 
$150 P&l ' 

□ CP/M 2.2 Disk Operating System; includes Text 
Editor/ Assembler, dynamic debugger, and other features 
that give your Explorer /B5 access to thousands of existing 
CP/M-based programs . $150 00 postpaid 

NEED A POWER SUPPLY? Consider our API. It can 
supply all the power you need for a fully expanded Ex- 
plorer/85 (note: disk drives have their own power supply). 
Plus the AP-1 fits neatly into the attractive Explorer steel 
cabinet (see below). 

□ AP-1 Power Supply kil (8V 5 amps ) in d eluxe sleel 
cabinet , . $39.95 plus $2 P&l.' 
NEED A TERMINAL? We 
offer you choices: the least ex- Jl 
pensive one is our Hex 
Keypad/Display kit that dis- 
plays the information on a 
calculator-type screen. The 
other choice is our ASCII 
Keyboard /Computer Terminal 
kil. that can be used with either 




jentS Microsoft BASIC n 

1. Plug in Netronin's Hnx Editor/ A s.wrnb.r;r in ROM 
Keypod/Disploy 5. Add two SlOO hrxirds 

2. Add Level B to convert (o 6. Add you own cuslom oil 
SlOO cuils (prololyping (iron) 

3. Add 4k RAM 7. Connect Ic-rminfil 



a CRT monitor or a TV set (if you have an RF modulator). 
D Hex Keypad/Display kil .... $69.95 plus $2 P&I.* 

D FASTERM - 64 TERMINAL KIT - Featuring a 56 key 
ASCII Keyboard, 128 character set upper and lower case, 
75 ohm output. 8 baud rates 150 to 19.200 (switch select 
able], RS232/C or 20 MA output. 32 or 64 character by 16 
line formats, complete w 
Deluxe Steel Cabinet a 
Power Supply ... . $199.95 | 
plus S3 P&I.* 



n RF Modulalor kit (allows you to use your TV set as a 

monitor) . . . $8.95 postpaid. 

□ 12" Video Monitor (10MHz bandwidth) . . . $139.95 

plus 55 P&L* 

D Deluxe Steel Cabinet for the 

Explorer/85 . . . $49.95 pli 



+*., 




PSI. - 

□ Fan for cabinet 

plus SI. 50 P&l.* 



:t for the MgSgaSflMHHBtefe^. a 
plus S3 W " 

$15.00 Hl * sa« 



ORDER A SPECIAL-PRICE 

EXPLORER/85 PAK— THERE'S 

ONE FOR EVERY NEED. 



D Beginner P«k (Save $26.00) — You get Level A (Ter- 
minal Version) with Monitor Source Listing ($25 value) 
AP-1. 5-amp. power supply, Intel 8085 Users Manual . , . 
(Reg. S199.95) SPECIAL S169.95 plus $4 P&I.* 
D Experimenter Pak (Save $53.40) — You gel Level A 
(Hex Keypad/Display Version) with Hex Keypad/ 
Display. Intel 8085 User Manual. Level A Hex Monitor 
Source Listing, and AP-1 ,5-amp. power supply , . . (Reg, 
$279.95) SPECIAL $219.95 plus $6 P&I.* 

□ Special Microsoft BASIC Pak (Save $103.00)— You get 
Levels A (Terminal Version), B. D (4k RAM), E. 8k 
Microsoft in ROM, Intel 8085 User Manual, Level A Moni- 
tor Source Listing, and AP-1, 5-amp. power supply . . . 
(Reg. $439.70) SPECIAL $329.95 plus $7 P&L* 

□ Add ■ Rom-Version Text Editor /Assembler (Requires 
levels B«nd Dor SlOO Memory) . $99.95 plus $2 PW. 
Starter 8" Disk System - Includes Level A, B floppy disk 
controller, one CDC 8" disk-drive, two-drive cable, two 
SlOO connectors; jusl add your own power supplies, 
cabinets and hardware . . . U (Reg. $1065.00) SPECIAL 
$999,95 plus $13 P&l." . . ,Q 32k Starter System, $1045.95 
plus $13 P&I * □ 48k Starter System. $1095.95 plus $13 
P&l.* Q 64k Starter System, $1145.95 plus $13 P&I,* 

Q Add to any of above Explorer steel cabinel. AP-1 five 
amp. power supply. Level C wilh two SlOO connectors, 
disk drive cabinet and power supply, two sub-D connec- 
lors for connecting your printer and terminal . . . (Reg. 
$225,951 SPECIAL5199.95 plus $13 P&I.* 
O Complete 64K System Wired & Tested $1650.00 

plus $26 P&l.' 

□ Special! Complete Business Software Pak (Save 
$625.00) — Includes CP/M 2.2 Microsoft BASIC. General 
Ledger, Accounts Receivable, Accounts Payable. Payroll 
Package . . . (Reg. $1325) SPECIAL $699.95 postpaid. 



" For Ctinodkin (i 



Continental Credit Card Buyers Outside Connecticut: 

TO ORDER 

Call Toll Free: 

800-243-7428 

To Order From Connecticut, 

or For Technical Assistance, 

Call (203) 354-9375 



CP/M is a reg. trademark of Digital Research 



y^ (Clip and mail entire od)y% 

SEND ME THE ITEMS CHECKED ABOVE 

Total Enclosed (Conn. Residents add sales lax)- S 

Paid by: 

□ Personal Check □ Cashier's Check/Money Order 
D VISA □ MASTER CARD (Bank No. 



Signature- 



Print Name _ 
Address 



City_ 



J^^ETRONICSResearch&DevelopmentLtd 




ANNOUNCING TWO 
NEW TERMINALS 

Smart* Fast • Graphics • Matching Modem and $295 Printer 

Netronics announces a state of the art 
breakthrough in terminals. Now at prices you 
can afford, you can go on-line with data-bank 
and computer phone-line services. It's ail 
yours: "electronic newspapers.'' educational 
services, Dow-Jones stock reports, games, 
recipes, personal computing with any level 
language, program exchanges, electronic bul- 
letin boards . . ... and more every day!!! 

Netronics offers two new terminals, both 
feature a full 56 key/128 character typewriter- 
style keyboard, baud rates to 19.2 kilobaud, a 
rugged steel cabinet and power supply. The 
simplest one, FASTERM-64, is a 16 line by 64 or 32 character per line unit, with a serial 
printer port for making hard copy of all incoming data, and optional provisions for block and 
special character graphics. The "smart" version, SMARTERM-80, features either 24 line by 80 
characters per line or 16 by 40 characters per line, it offers onscreen editing with page-at-a- 
time printing, 12,000 pixel graphics, line graphics, absolute cursor addressing, underlining, 
reverse video, one-half intensity and much more . . . simply plug them into your computer or 
our phone modem and be on-line instantly. Use your TV set (RF modulator required) or our 
delux green-phosphor monitor pictured above. For hard copy just add our matched printer. 

Price breakthrough!!! Own the FASTERM-64, a complete terminal kit, ready to plug in for 
just $199.95 or order the SMARTERM-80 kit for just $299.95, (both available wired and tested.) 
Be on-line with the million-dollar computers and data services today ... we even supply the 
necessary subscription forms. 

More good news: All the components in our terminals are available separately (see 
coupon), so you buy only what you need!!! 

FASTERM-64 . . . DISPLAY FORMAT: 64 or 32 characters/line by 16 lines ... 96 displayable 
ASCII characters (upper & lower case) ... 8 baud rates: 150, 300, 600, 1200, 2400, 4800, 9600, 
19, 200, (switch sel.) . . . LINE OUTPUT: RS232/C or 20 ma current loop . . . VIDEO OUTPUT: 1V 
P/P (EIA RS-170} , . . CURSOR MODES: home & clear screen, erase to end of line, erase cursor 
line, cursor up & down, auto carriage return/line feed at end of line & auto scrolling . . . 
REVERSE VIDEO . . . BLINKING CURSOR . . . PARITY: off, even or odd . , . STOP BITS: 1, 1.5, 
2 . . . DATA BITS PER CHARACTER: 5, 6, 7 or 8 . . . CHARACTER OUTPUT: 5 by 7 dot matrix 
in a 7 by 12 cell . . . PRINTER OUTPUT: prints alt incoming data , . . 1K ON BOARD RAM . . . 
2K ON BOARD ROM . . . CRYSTAL CONTROLLED , , . COMPLETE WITH POWER SUPPLY . . , 
OPTIONAL GRAPHICS MODE: includes 34 Greek & math characters plus 30 special graphics 
characters . . . ASCII ENCODED KEYBOARD: 56 key/128 characters. 

SMARTERM-80 . , , DISPLAY FORMAT: 80 characters by 24 lines or 40 characters by 16 lines 
128 displayable ASCII characters (upper & lower case) 8 baud rates: 1 10, 300, 600, 1200, 2400, 
4800, 9600, 19, 200 .. . LINE OUTPUT: RS232/C or 20 ma current loop . . . VIDEO OUTPUT: 1V 
pp (EIA RS-170) . . . EDITING FEATURES: insert/delete line, insert/delete character, for- 
ward/back tab . . . LINE OR PAGE TRANSMIT . . . PAGE PRINT FUNCTION . . . CURSOR POSI- 
TIONING: up, down, right, left, plus absolute cursor positioning with read back . . . VISUAL 
ATTRIBUTES: underline, blink, reverse video, half intensity, & blank . . , GRAPHICS: 12,000 
pixel resolution block plus line graphics . . . ON-SCREEN PARITY INDICATOR . . . PARITY: off, 
even or odd . . . STOP BITS: 110 baud 2, all others % ... CHAR. OUTPUT: 7 by 1 1 character in 
a 9 by 12 block . . . PRINTER OUTPUT ... 60 OR 50 Hz VERTICAL REFRESH . . . BLINKING 
BLOCK CURSOR , . . CRYSTAL CONTROLLED . . . 2K ON BOARD RAM . . , ASCII ENCODED 
KEYBOARD: 56 key/128 character . . . 4K ON BOARD ROM . . . COMPLETE WITH POWER 
SUPPLY. 

TELEPHONE MODEM 103 0/A . . . FULL DUPLEX, FCC APPROVED . . . DATA RATE: 300 baud 
. . . INTERFACE: RS232/C and TTY . . . CONTROLS: talk/data switch (no need to connect and 
disconnect phone), originate/answer switch on rear panel . . . NO POWER SUPPLY RE- 
QUIRED. 

ASCII KEYBOARD ASCII-3 ... 56 KEY/128 CHARACTER ASCII 
ENCODED . . . UPPER & LOWER CASE . . . FULLY DEBOUNCED . 
2 KEY ROLLOVER . . . POS OR NEG LOGIC WITH POS STROBE . 
REQUIRES +5 & -12V DC (SUPPLIED FROM VIDEO BOARDS) 
PRINTER COMET I . . . SERIAL I/O TO 9600 BAUD ... 80 
CHARACTER COLUMN (132 COMPRESSED) . . . 10" TRACTOR FEED * 
. . . UPPER/LOWER CASE . . . INDUSTRY STANDARD RIBBONS . . . 
4 CHARACTER SIZES ... 9 BY 7 DOT MATRIX . . . BI-DIRECTIONAL 
PRINTING 




Continental U.S.A. Credit Card Buyers Outside Connecticut 

CALL TOLL FREE 800-243-7428 

To Order From Connecticut Or For Tech. Assist. Call (203) 354-9375 

NETRONICS R&D LTD. o. P t. 

333 Litchfield Road, New Mllford, CT 06776 

Please send the Hems checked below: 

O COMPLETE FASTERM-64 TERMINAL (Includes FASTVID-64 video board 

ASCII-3 keyboard, steel cabinet and power supply) ... kit $199.95 plus $3 P&l 

. . . wired & tested $249.95 plus $3 P&l . . . graphics option: add $19.95 to 

each of above 

D COMPLETE SMARTERM-80 TERMINAL (includes SMARTVID-80 video 

board, ASCII-3 keyboard, steel cabinet and power supply) ... kit $299.95 plus 

$3 P&l . . . wired and tested $369.95 plus $3 P&l 

D FASTVID-64 VIDEO BOARD (requires + 5 & -12V DC) . . . kit $99.95 plus $3 

P&l . . . graphics option add $19.95 . . . wired & tested $129.95 plus $3 P&l . . . 

graphics option add $19.95 

□ SMARTVID-80 VIDEO BOARD (requires +5 & +/-12V DC) . . . kit $199.95 
plus $3 P&l . . . wired & tested $249.95 plus $3 P&l 

D DELUXE STEEL TERMINAL CABINET . . . $19.95 plus $3 P&l 

D ASCII-3 KEYBOARD (requires +5& -12VDC) ... kit $69.95 plus $3 P&l . . . 

wired and tested $89.95 plus $3 P&l 

D POWER SUPPLY (powers ASCII-3 keyboard & video boards) ... kit only 

$19.95 plus $2 P&l 

D ZENITH VIDEO MONITOR (high resolution green phosphor) . . . wired & 

tested $149.95 plus $6 P&l 

D TELEPHONE MODEM MODEL 103 O/A . . . wired & tested $189.95 plus $3 

P&l 

D DOT MATRIX PRINTER Comet I . . . wired & tested $299.95 plus $10 P&l 

D RF MODULATOR MOD RF-1 ... kit only $8.95 plus $1 P&l 

D 3FT-25 LEAD MODEM/TERMINAL OR PRINTER/TERMINAL CONNECTOR 

CABLE . . . $14.95 ea plus $2 P&l 

For Canadian orders, double the postage . Conn. res. add sales tax. 

Total Enclosed $ 

□ Personal Check □ Cashier's Check/Money Order 

□ VISA □ MasterCard (Bank No ) 

Acct. No Exp. Date 

Signature 

Print Name 

Address 

City 



State 



Zip 



BYTE January 1983 511 



SPECIAL OFFER 




$1295.00 

Complete System With Networking Capability. 

• 7 slots S-100 BUS • Power supply • Cables & fans 

• CP/M 2.2 software • Z80A CPU, 64KB memory & 
floppy disc controller. Runs CP/M and TurboDos. 
master/slave. 

• With 2 floppy disks, double/double. 3.2MB 
assembled 4 tested 2349.00 

• System W/20MB Winchester and one 

floppy $3995.00 

• Okidata Printer 82A with tractor feed $469.00 

• ADDS Viewpoint Al w/green screen $505.00 

*VISA/MASTER CHARGE* 
Call Now — Reserve Your System 

ADVANCED COMP. TECH. 

SAN DIEGO, CA (619) 571-2746 



Circle 509 on Inquiry card. 



COM 



: 64 

TM 

SlO action part* game* 



I GREXMOUMD RACING 



VISh/MC « CHECK- MOVJSV OHOER EKP BHi " 



P.O. BOX 161562 

MEMPWS.TENW 



New Sources of S-100 Buss 

Mainframes & Disk 
Enclosures 

Power Regulation 
meeting previous standards 

Ann Arbor Terminals 

60 Lines Display 

48 Programmable Keys 

1,499 prepaid 

CALL FOR PRICES 
MICRO MIDWEST 

10205 W. 69 TERR. 

MERRIAM, KS. 66203 

913-362-3462 



/ Epson \ 
Giveaway 



•">• 



Epson MX70/80 Cartridges 



$5 



OO EACH 

Min. 3 of same color 



Reloads $2.50 each Min. 12 
$30.00 a Doz. of Same Color 

Cartridges and Reloads Available 
In Black, Red, Green, Blue, Brown 

B.T. Enterprises 

Dept. 15A 
J .$& lOB Carlough Rd. 
~rr~m Bohemia. N.Y. 11716 



Oidef roll rice *-»c« j NYS C-ceisCall 

80Q-&4S-I165 ^^^"" 516 567-8155 

Puces SuOject 10 Ciiasige 
N Y S Residents Add Tax A0d S2 00 Shipping & Hand , 
B r Enterprises is a division ol B l-.v Eilteipiises inc 



Circle 35 on Inquiry card. 



8086 SOURCE CODE 



-C5E: A full-screen editor written in C 

• Powerful command set includes cursor control, 
find/replace, block move, file inclusion, and nested 
macro commands 

• Installation program allows easy customization for most 
popular terminals 

• Requires 64K CP/M-86 1 or equivalent MP/M-86 

• Available soon for CP/M 2.2', MS-DOS J , and IBM PC 

• Includes manual and complete C source code 

• Available in 8" SSSD format 

• $60.00, including UPS 

-SIM80: An 8080 simulator (or the 8086/8088 

• Run CP/M object code {.COM files) on any CP/M-86 or 
MP/M-86 system : ASM, DDT, dBase IP, C/80, MBASK '•'. 
etc, 

• Retain applications software when upgrading from 
CP/M to CP/M-86 

• Develop and debug CP/M software on CP/M-86 
- Requires less than BK overhead 

• TPA can be up to 61K 

• Traps all BDOS and BIOS calls and executes them at full 
8086/8088 processor speed 

t 1/3 to 1/10 as fast as a 5 Mhz 8085 (NOT RECOM- 
MENDED for highly interactive programs such as 
Wordstar*, or very large, slow interpreted BASIC 
progams) 

• Includes manual and ASM-86 source code 

• Available in 8" SSSD format 
■ $50.00. including UPS 

Both CSE and SIM80 for $90.00 

NORTHWEST MICROSYSTEM DESIGN 

P.O. Box 10853 • Eugene, OR 97401 

(503) 68*1-7010 

tm. Digital Research: 'tm, Microsoft; >lm, AshtonTate; 1m, Micropro 



GAME DESIGNER 



HAVE YOU HEARD ABOUT 

the raw 



The Game Development System 
For the Atari® VCS™ 

Now Available for 
the Atari 5200 HES™ 

It allows just about anyone the 
opportunity to design home video 
cartridges for the Atari game consoles. 

The Miracle of Creation 
Can be Yours 7 " 

Call: 408-429-1552 
or write:- Frobco P.O. Box 2780 
Santa Cruz, CA n 5063 



^° TM 




Circle 282 on Inquiry card. 



\ferbatim 

flexible disks 

Call Free (800) 235-4137 for 

prices and information. Dealer 
inquiries invited. C.O.D. and 
charge cards accepted. 




VISA' 



PACIFIC 
EXCHANGES 

100 Foothill Blvd. 
San Luis Obispo, CA 
93401. In Cal. call 
(800) 592-5935 or 
(805) 543-1037. 



Circle 310 on inquiry card. 



IBM Bisync for Your Apple II 

Now your Apple II can operate as an 
IBM 2780/3780 terminal. Send local 
Apple tiles to corporate data centers, 
and download needed files from main- 
frame databases. Works with Apple 
DOS files. 

Ergolinx 2780/3780 extends 

Applesoft basic with special commands. 
And Ergolinx comes with complete, 
ready to run, file transfer programs 
using these commands. Use these pro- 
grams as supplied, copy and modify 
them, or create new programs to meet 
your unique requirements. Circuit 
board, programs and manual for $850. 
Call or write for details. 

Ergonomic Software 

P.O. Box K, New York, NY 10028 
212 427-2373 

Dealer/Rep inquiries invited. 

Apple is a trademark of Apple Computer Int. 

IBM i* a trademark of IBM Corporation. 

Ergolinx is a trademark of Ergonomic Software Inc. 



Circle 261 on inquiry card. 



Circle 316 on inquiry card. 



Circle 169 on Inquiry card. 



We Have It!. . At the best prices. 



Call For Super Value 

On S 100 System With 

Dbl. Dens. 8" Drives! 



INTERTECSUPERBRAIN II 
Free ! Microsoft Basic 80 

Self-contained computer with dual disks and 
two RS232C ports Complete with CP M 2.2. 

64K Jr $2099 

64K QD $2495 

64KSD $2949 

10 Meg. DDS Hard Disk $2995 

VIDEO TERMINALS 

SOROC IQ 130 595 

SOROC IQ 135 749 

SOROC IQ135G 799 

SOROC IQ 140 1149 

HAZELTINE ESPRIT CALL 

ESPRIT-II CALL 

1420 CALL 

1500 CALL 

1510 CALL 

1520 CALL 

TELEVIDEO 910C CALL 

912C CALL 

920C CALL 

925C CALL 

950C CALL 

TEXAS INST, 940 BASIC 1599 

940 Package 2079 

745 Portable Terminal 1399 

745 Portable Terminal w'U L Case . 1495 

INTERTECINTERTUBEIII 749 

ZENITH Z 19 729 



PRINTERS 

ANADEX DP-9000 A/01 A $1379 

DP-9501A 1469 

PAPER TIGER IDS 445G Special! 599 

PRISM PRINTER IDS-80, w/o color. . . Call 

IDS-80, w/color Call 

IDS-132, w/color 1695 

NEC 3510, RORS232C35CPS. . New Low, $1699 
NEC 3530. ro. centr mier 35CPS. . Special, 1859 

NEC 7710, RORS232C55CPS 2395 

NEC 7720, KSR, RS232C55CPS 2999 

NEC 7730, RO, Centr Inter, 55CPS 2395 

QUME Sprint 9/45 

Ltd or Full, 45CPS. RS232C , . . Only 2049 

C.ITOH Pro Writer, Parallel 549 

SeriaJ and Parallel 649 

DIABLO 630 RO RS232C, 55CPS 2299 

CENTRONICS 730-1, Parallel 349 

737-3, RS232C 389 

704-11, Parallel 1695 

704-9, RS232C 1595 

122G, Parallel, 120 CPS 949 

EPSON 

MX80 489 

MX80FT 589 

MX100FT 789 

RS232 Serial Interface 65 

RS232/2K Bufferlnterface 125 

Graftrax II 90 

Apple Printer Interface 75 

TI810 Basic, RS232C 1349 

810 Basic, RS232C & Parallel 1395 

810 w/full ASCII, vertical forms 

control compressed print 1599 

820 RO, Basic 1645 

820 KSR, Basic 1839 



OKIDATA Microline80 359 

Tractor-feed option 50 

Microline82A 479 

Microline83A 759 

Microline84 parallel 1149 

Microline 84 serial 1249 

MONITORS 

ZENITH ZYM-121, 12" Green Phos., . , $125 

AMDEK 100, 12" NEW LOW, 99 

100G, 12" Green Phosphor 149 

300, 12" Green Phos., Hi. Res 199 

Color-1, 13" 359 

Color II, 13", R.G.B. Hi Res 799 

Apple adapt, for RGB 159 

BMC -12A, 12" Gr. Phos NewLow99 



NorthStar 
Call For Prices 



FLOPPY DISK SYSTEMS 

MORROW DESIGNS 

Discus 2D, single drive DD $898* 

Dual Discus 2D, dual drive DD 1549* 

Discus 2 * 2, double sided DD 1239* 

Dual Discus 2^2 2139 

Dual DMA Discus 2D 1619* 

HARD DISK SUBSYSTEMS 

MORROW DESIGNS 

DiscusM-5 5 Meg ... New Low $1559* 

Discus M 10 10 Meg 3095* 

Discus M 26, 26 Meg 3795* 

CORVUS 5 Meg 2699 

10 Meg 4245 

20 Meg 5095 

MAEZON 5 Meg 1695 

10 Meg 1949 

15 Meg 2799 

INTERTEC 10 Meg SPECIAL S2995 

•Includes CPIM"'2. 2 and Microsoft Basic. 

FLOPPY DISK CONTROLLER 
BOARDS 

CROMEMCO 16FDC DD $499 

NORTH STAR DD 479 

MORROW Disk Jockey 2D, AEtT 329 

INTERSYSTEMS, FDC-2, A&T 439 

TARBELL DD, A&T 445 

SYSTEMS GROUP DD DMA 439 

ESCON CONVERSION FOR 
IBMSELECTRIC 

Complete with microprocessor controller and 
power supply. Factory built. User installs 
solenoid assembly or it can be done at 
ESCON Factory. 

RS232 Serial & Parallel $534 

Cable for above 25 

PROM PROGRAMMERS 

SSMPB1 Kit $152 

SSMPB1. A&T 225 

MODEMS 

NOVATION CAT Acoustic Modem $149 

D-Cat Direct Connect (300 Baud) 155 

AUTO CAT Auto Answer 219 

APPLE CAT 329 

D-CAT (1200) Baud 599 

103 JLP Auto Answer 219 

DC HAYES MICROMODEM II (Apple!.. 339 

Smart Modem (300 Baud) 239 

Smart Modem (1200 Baud) 595 

Potomac Micro Magic (S 100) 339 



CALIFORNIA COMPUTER 
SYSTEMS 

Z80 CPU Board $$269 

Disk Controller 2422, w/CP'M 359 

16K Static, A&T 259 

32K Static, A&T 399 

64K Dynamic RAM 335 

System 2210 w'64K, CPM2 2 . 1895 

CPU BOARDS 

(assembled unless noted! 

NORTHSTAR Z-80A (ZPB-A/AI $269 

INTERSYSTEMS (MPU-80I 349 

SSMCB 18080, A&T 214 

CB2, Z80, A&T 289 

CB2.Z-80, Kit 219 

SYSTEMSGROUPZ BOvv'th I O 419 

MEMORY BOARDS 

NORTHSTAR 16K RAM $199 

HRAM64K 589 

HRAM32K 419 

CROMEMCO 16KZ 419 

CROMEMCO 64KZ 595 

MEMORY MERCHANT 

16K Static, 4MHz 159 

64K Static, 4MHz 549 

SYSTEMS GROUP 
(Measurement System** tt Controls' 

DM4800 48K Board 499 

DM6400 64K Board 529 

DMB6400 64K Board 595 

GODBOUTIA&T) 

CPUZ $$249 

CPU 8085 88 359 

RAM 20 32 359 

RAM 17 64 510 

RAM 21 1149 

Interfacer 1 215 

Interfaced 215 

Disk 1 425 

System Support 1 335 

Enclosure 2 (Desk) 699 

Enclosure 2 (Rack) 759 

VIDEO BOARDS I/O Mapped 

SSM VB2I/0, Kit 169 

VB2I/0, A&T 229 

MEMORY MAPPED 

VB1C, 16x64, Kit 152 

VB1C, 16x64, A&T 206 

VB3. 80 Char. 4MHz, Kit 359 

VB3, 80 Char. 4MHz, A&T 419 

APPLE BOARDS 

CALIFORNIA COMPUTER 

7710A Asynchronous Ser Interface. . . $139 

7712A Synchronous Ser. Interface . . 149 

7424A Calender Clock 99 

7728A Centronics Printer Interface ... 99 



MicroPro WordStar, 
SpellStar, Mai/Merge. 

lis. $895 -Special, $399- 

(popular formats only) 

—Limited Supply, Limited Time— 



MicroPro DataStar, CalcStar, 
SuperSort. List, $895 only $399 



(popular formats only) 



SuperCalc, . . $179 

{popular forrru-ts only) 

—Limited Supply, Limited Time— 



Mini MicroMart, Inc. 



943 W.Genesee St. 
P.O. Box 2991 B 
Syracuse, New York 13220 



(315) 422-4467 * 



TWX 710^42-0431 



Alt prices F.O.B. shipping point, subject to 
change. All offers subject to withdrawl with- 
out notice. Advertised prices reflect a 2% 
cash discount (orders prepaid prior to ship- 
ment). C.O.D.'s & Credit Cards, 2% higher. 



Circle 277 on inquiry card. 



BYTE January 1983 513 



ENTERING INTO A 

MARKET OVER 263000000 

PEOPLE 

We translate to Spanish 

* PROGRAMS 
'TITLES 

* BOOKS 

* BOOKLETS 
'SOFTWARE 
'OPERATING SYSTEMS 

RPG — PASCAL 
— ADVANCED BASIC 
'General Ledger; Inventory; 
'Lists and so forth. 

Sra. MARIS EL A BASTARDO 
CARRERA 9 #27-A 
MATURIN 6201 
MONAGAS VENEZUELA 
TEL 091-24710 



CROMEMCO OWNERS 

DOUBLE DENSITY 

FORTHE4FDC!!! 



Ttie FDCX4 Double Density Upgrade Board installs on your 4FDC Mfv 
density disk controller board in seconds and doubles your disk storage 
you haye a single density Cromemco system you'll want an FDCX4 
Some features of the FDCX4 are: 

• Analog Phase Locked Loop data separator 

• Write Precompensation Allows reliable Double Density operation vn. 
PerSci 277 and Shugart type 8" drives 

• Works with CDOS. CP/M, and CROMIX 

• Reads, Writes and Formats double density, single density, 5" arti 
disks. Densities and sizes may be mixed. 

• Installs in seconds Just unplug two chips from the 4F DC and p>ug i 
FDCX4 into the two vacated sockets One solder joint completes ir-siai 
tion for use with 8" drives. No soldering at all is required it the F DC 
will be used exclusively with 5" drives 

• Presently being used by Government agencies. Universities, Hospi'j 
large corporations, and sma 

• No Risk 15 day Trial Period 



JVB ELECTRONICS 
1601 Fulton Ave. Suite 1 
Sacramento, CA 95825 
(916) 483-0709 



CDOS b CflOMIX are TM's of U 



a TM of Digital Reseaii. 



MICRO-USERS: 

PUBLICATION EXPLOSION 
BUGGING YOU? 

Now, up-to-date abstracts of fea- 
tures, hardware/software, book 
reviews, programs, etc. from pop- j 
ular micro publications. 
Search and select YOUR topics of 
interest, Subscribe to: 

Peek 

Journal of Micro Abstracts 

$30.00/ 12 months 

Send check/MO, name & address to: 



Peek 



B. Skovronek, Ed, 

88 Moraine Road 

Morris Plains, N.J. 07950 

Systems, business, utility, education, home, 

technical, and occasionally, games. 



Circle 513 on inquiry card. 



Circle 222 on inquiry card. 



Good news for 
TeWideo® users! 

Two new programs that teach your 
TeleVideo terminal and computer to 
be all they can be. 

OneTime-Set- Customizes your TeleVideo 950 
keyboard and terminal, or the 800 series Tele- 
Video computers. Programs all function keys, 
teaches them to do all that they're capable of 
doing - automatically - every time you boot. 
Works on any CP/rVT compatible operating 
systems, 

TV-Security - Sets up a sophisticated but 
easy-to-use security and menu system for 
yourTeleVideo computer. Separately secures 
your system, applications, and commands. 

OneTime-Set $ 90 

TV-Security $190 

Both programs $260 

Note; Both programs are from the creators of 

Informa X" - the first multi-user, multi-tasking. 

multi-processing database management system 

that was created from the ground up. 

See our other ad on pages 336, 337 

CP M" is a reg. Iraiiemark of Digital Research. Inc 

abacus data, inc. f "><"! * 

1 920 San Marco Boulevard I ^ rf I 
Jacksonville, Florida 32207 '■JJLJ 
1-800-874-8555 In Florida 904-398-8547 



I WILL BEAT ANY COMPETITOR'S PRICE 
PROVIDED IT IS NOT BELOW MY COST 
TRY TO BEAT THESE IC PRICES: 





DYNAMIC RAM 




64K 


200 ns 


$4.99 


64K 


150 ns 


5.25 


16K 


150 ns 
EPROM 


1.25 


2764 


250 ns 


$10.00 


2732 


450 ns 


4.15 


2716 


450 ns 


3.43 


2532 


450 ns 
STATIC RAM 


4.94 


6116P-3 150 ns 


$4.38 


6116LP-3 150 ns 


5.25 


2114 


200 ns 
Z80A FAMILY 


1.60 


CPU, 


CTC, or PIO 


$ 3.39 


DART 




7.50 


DMA 


or SIO/0 


13.50 



MasterCard VISA or UPS CASH COD 

All Prime Parts 
MICROPROCESSORS UNLIMITED 



(918) 267-4796 



NflWH 



Circle 510 on inquiry card. 



Circle 271 on inquiry card. 



Circle 145 on inquiry card. 




maxell 

Floppy Disks 
SAVE 40% X2S&C 



5"1/a ' ' Specify soil, Price/10 
'** 10 or 16 sector 

MD1 or MH1 SS/DD $33 

MD2 or MH2 DS/DD 47 

MD1-DDM SS/QD/96 TP1 43 

MD2-DDM DS/QD/96TP1 53 

8 "specify soft 
or 32 sector 

FD1 or FH1 SS/DD 43 

FD2 or FH2 DS/DD 53 

CHECKS — VISA — MC — COD. 
(313)777-7760 ADD S2 SHIPPING 

LYBEN COMPUTER SYSTEMS 

27204 Harper Ave. 

St. Clair Shores, Ml 48081 



RAMS 
EPROMS 



Circle 236 on inquiry card. 



Large quantity 74S/74LS 

HANDWELL CORP. 

(415) 962-9265 

4962 El Camino Real, #119 

Los Altos, CA 94022 

WHOLESALE - RETAIL 



Circle 186 on inquiry card. 



Four (as in Quad) Function 
IBM PC Board 



" ' 



Mil III I HI 

ffJlSSflll i " ' 

1*1*11**1, « ;? 



• Up to 256KB of Parity Memory 

• Async Communication Port 

• Clock-Calendar with Battery Back-up 

• Allows Full I Megabyte Addressing 

• One Year Warranty 

• Parallel Port can be added for an extra S50 

• Free Software — Super Disk and Super Spooler 

order 64K . . $3591 

TOLL FREE >28K $419 

192K $469 

FREE SHIPPING 256K $569 | 

|800) 531-5475 [if outside of Texas) 
(512) 250-1523 (if in Texas) 

CompuAdd Corp. 

13010 Research Blvd. No. 218 
Austin, Texas 78750 



Circle 94 on inquiry card. 



wabash 



for 
as 

low 
as 



diskettes 

$1.39 each! 

Now.. .Get High Quality at a Low Price 

Wabash means quality products that you can depend on. 
For over 1 6 years, Wabash has been making high quality 
computer products. Wabash diskettes are made to provide 
error-free performance on your computer system. Every 
Wabash diskette is individually tested and is 1 00% certified 
to insure premium performance. 

Why Wabash is Special 

The quality of Wabash diskettes is stressed throughout 
the entire manufacturing process. After coating, all Wabash 
diskettes go through a unique burnishing process that 
gives each diskette a mirror-smooth appearance. Wabash 
then carefully applies a lubricant that is specially form- 
ulated to increase diskette life. This saves you money, 
since your discs may last longer. It also assists your disk 
drives in maintaining constant speed which can reduce 
read and write errors. 

Special Seal. ..Helps Prevent Contamination 

To keep out foreign particles, a unique heat seal bonds the 
jacket and liner together. A special thermal seal which 
avoids contamination from adhesives, is then used to fold 
and seal the jacket. This results in outstanding perfor- 
mance and true reliability. Wabash then packages each 
diskette, (except bulk pack) in a super strong and tear 
resistant Tyvek® evelope. The final Wabash product is 
then shrink-wrapped to insure cleanliness and reduce 
contamination during shipment. 

Each Diskette is 100% Critically Tested 

Since each step in the Wabash diskette manufacturing 
process is subject to strict quality control procedures, you 
can be sure Wabash diskettes will perform for you. And 
every Wabash diskette meets the ultra-high standards of 
ANSI, ECMA, IBM and ISO in addition to the many critical 
quality control tests performed by Wabash. Wabash does 
all of this testing to provide you with consistently high 
quality diskettes. Reliability and data integrity - that's 
what Wabash quality is all about. 

Flexible Disc Quantity Discounts Available 

Wabash diskettes are packed 1 discs to a carton and 1 
cartons to a case. The economy bulk pack is packaged 
100 discs to a case without envelopes or labels. Please 
order only in increments of 100 units for quantity 100 
pricing. With the exception of bulk pack, we are also 
willing to accommodate your smaller orders. Quantities 
less than 1 00 units are available in increments of 1 units 
at a 10% surcharge. Quantity discounts are also avail- 
able. Order 500 or more discs at the same time and deduct 
1 %; 1 ,000 or more saves you 2%; 2,000 or more saves you 
3%; 5,000 or more saves you 4%; 1 0,000 or more saves 
you 5%; 25,000 or more saves you 6%; 50,000 or more 
saves you 7% and 1 00,000 or more discs earns you an 8% 
discount off our super low quantity 100 price. Almost all 
Wabash diskettes are immediately available from CE. Our 
warehouse facilities are equipped to help us get you the 
quality product you need, when you need it. If you need 
further assistance to find the flexible disc that's right for 
you, call the Wabash diskette compatibility hotline. Dial 
toll-free 800-323-9868 and ask for your compatibility 
representative. In Illinois or outside the United States dial 
31 2-593-6363 between 9 AM to 4 PM Central Time. 

Circle 87 on inquiry card. 



Part# 


CE quant. 
100 price 
per disc ($) 


F111 


1.99 


F111B 


1.79 


F31A 


1.99 


F131 


2.49 


F14A 


3.19 


F144 


3.19 


F145 


3.19 


F147 


3.19 


M11A 


1.59 


M11AB 


1.39 


M41A 


1.59 


M51A 


1.59 


M51F 


2.99 


M13A 


1.89 


M13AB 


1.69 


M18A 


2.79 


M43A 


1.89 


M53A 


1.89 


M14A 


2.79 


M44A 


2.79 


M54A 


2.79 


M15A 


2.69 


M16A 


3.79 



SAVE ON WABASH DISKETTES 

Product Description 

8" SSSD IBM Compatible (128 B/S, 26 Sectors) 

8" Same as above, but bulk pack w/o envelope 

8" SSSD Shugart Compatible, 32 Hard Sector 

8" SSDD IBM Compatible (128 B/S, 26 Sectors) 

8" DSDD Soft Sector (Unformatted) 

8" DSDD Soft Sector (256 B/S, 26 Sectors) 

8" DSDD Soft Sector (512 B/S, 15 Sectors) 

8" DSDD Soft Sector (1024 B/S, 8 Sectors) 

5Vt" SSSD Soft Sector w/Hub Ring 

5 1 A" Same as above, but bulk pack w/o envelope 

5Vi" SSSD 10 Hard Sector w/Hub Ring 

514" SSSD 16 Hard Sector w/Hub Ring 

5Vt" SSDD Lanier No-problem compatible 

5 1 /i" SSDD Soft Sector w/Hub Ring 

5'/4" Same as above, but bulk pack w/o envelope 

5V4" SSDD Soft Sector Flippy Disk (use both sides) 

5V4" SSDD 10 Hard Sector w/Hub Ring 

5 1 A" SSDD 16 Hard Sector w/Hub Ring 

5'A" DSDD Soft Sector w/Hub Ring 

5'/4" DSDD 10 Hard Sector w/Hub Ring 

5 1 /4" DSDD 16 Hard Sector w/Hub Ring 

5'A" SSQD Soft Sector w/Hub Ring (96 TPI) 

5'A" DSQD Soft Sector w/Hub Ring (96 TPI) 

SSSD = Single Sided Single Density; SSDD = Single Sided Double Density; 
DSDD = Double Sided Double Density; SSQD = Single Sided Quad Density; 
DSQD = Double Sided Quad Density; TPI = Tracks per inch. 

Buy with Confidence 

To get the fastest delivery from CE of your Wabash computer 
products, send or phone your order directly to our Computer 
Products Division. Be sure to calculate your price using the CE 
prices in this ad. Michigan residents please add 4% sales tax or 
supply your tax I.D. number. Written purchase orders are accep- 
ted from approved government agencies and most well rated 
firms at a 30% surcharge for net 30 billing. All sales are subject to 
availability, acceptance and verification. All sales are final. Prices, 
terms and specifications are subject to change without notice. All 
prices are in U.S. dollars. Out of stock items will be placed on 
backorder automatically unless CE is instructed differently. Min- 
imum prepaid order $50.00. Minimum purchase order $200.00. 
International orders are invited with a $20.00 surcharge for 
special handling in addition to shipping charges. All shipments 
are F.O.B. Ann Arbor, Michigan. No COD's please. Non-certified 
and foreign checks require bank clearance. 

For shipping charges add $8.00 per case or partial-case of 
1 00 8-inch discs or $6.00 per case or partial-case of 1 00 5 1 /4-inch 
mini-discs for U.P.S. ground shipping and handling in the con- 
tinental United States. 

Mail orders to: Communications Electronics, Box 1002, 
Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106 U.S.A. If you have a Master Card 
or Visa card, you may call and place a credit card order. Order 
toll-free in the U.S. Dial 800-521 -441 4. If you are outside the 
U.S. or in Michigan, dial 31 3-994-4444. Order your Wabash 
diskettes from Communications Electronics today. 
Copyright '1982 Communications Electronics'" Ad # 1 1 0582 



MasterCard 




MtMBtH mmm 

<!S=5v>(=y' 

DIRECT MAIl^^^ m. M 

MARKETING ASSOCIHTKM ^B^ 



Order Toil-Free! wabash 

800-52 1 -441 4 error-free 

In Michigan 313-994-4444 diskettes 




COMMUNICATIONS 
ELECTRONICS" 

Computer Products Division 

854 Phoenix D Box 1002 □ Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106 U.S.A. 
Call TOLL-FREE (800) 521-4414 or outside U.S.A. (31 3) 994-4444 

BYTE January 1983 515 



CHIPS. 



>& DALE C3 

THE INFLATION FIGHTERS! 

4116 250ns 8/*9.50 100+ I1,0S«. 

41 16 200ns 8/t 11.00 100+ 11.18 ea. 

4116 150ns 8/113.50 100+ *1.40ea. 

4116 120ns 8/M5.30 100+ 11.65 ea. 

2114L 300ns 6/* 10.50 

2114L 200ns 8/t 12.00 
•4164 200ns »5. 45 es. 
•4164 150ns 16.25 M. 
■6116 150ns 15.50 ea. 
•6116 200ns 14.50 ea. 

•1791 Disk Controller S20.00 

177? Disk Controller 117.50 
•Z80ACPU »3.00e«. 

8251A 14.00 ea. 

2716-1 (5V)350ns8/*5.50ea.*6.25ea. 

2716(5V)450ns»3.25ea. 
•2732 (5V>450ns «4.75 ea. 
•2532 <5V)450ns 14.75 ea. 
• 2764 5 V 300ns 28 pin 1 1 2.00 ea. 
•2764 5V 24 pin CALL 
•2564 5V CALL 

••8087 CALL 

68000 CALL 

Allow up to 3 wks. for personal checks to clear. Please include 
phone number. Prices subject to change without notice. Shipping & 
Handling for Chips $3.50, FOB Bellevue, WA. for all else. Wash, 
residents add 6.5% Sales Tax. 



CHIPS & DALE 

10655 rl.E. 4th St., Suite 400 

Bellevue, WA 98004 



1-206-451-9770 



TELEVIDEO 

DEALERS & DIST. 

Our general accounting programs 
operate on CP/M 1 & MP/M 2 
compatible systems, including 
TurboDos 5 and MMMost 4 . 

1. C.A.T.S. ( i levels of User help — 
Oimputer Assisted Tutorial Software. 

2 OUTSTANDING 
DOCUMENTATION. 

3. MULTI-USER (w/filc 8c record lock.) 

4 MULTI-COMPANY 

( w/ consolidation ) 

5. FULLY INTEGRATED w/smgie 

source entry (or stand alone) 

MONEY BACK GUARANTEE 

COUGAR MOUNTAIN SOFTWARE 

10 S.Latah Box 6886 

Boise, Idaho 83707 

208-344-2540 

TM: 1 . Hi 2. Digital Research; 3 Software 2000; 
4. TeleVideo. 



TRS-80 MODEL 16 AND 
68 000 SYSTE MS 

DATABASE AND FILE 
SOFTWARE 

Relational Database System 
Easy To Use - Powerful 

INTRODUCTORY OFFER $595 

Menus & English Subset 

Query Language 

68000 Code Efficiency 

Features Never Seen Before. 
Send For Catalog. 

DATA MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS 

211 N. EL CAMINO REAL. 10 1C 

ENCINITAS, CA 92024 

or Phone: (619) 942-0744 

TRS-SO is a trademark of Fandy Corp. 



I 



Circle 80 on Inquiry card. 



Circle 139 on Inquiry card. 



-o 



MORROW OESIGN5 

DECISION 1 



If you also buy either an 
upgrade or a terminal & 
printer Else S3295 



$3195 



W5MEGHD 
SSDD 
FLOPPY DISK 



INCLUDING MORROW aaaap W 5MEGHD&5' , DSDD & 
■ TERMINAL. ELSE $3595 apOSSJO 54995 w- 1 6 MEG H DISK 
Decision '4SlolS-100 Z-80 65K Sialic. 110 6 user (Need more memory Sotlware.S 
1 'or 6 users) Desk lop. wim CPM Wordstar S Microsoft Basic SO 3Sena:filP 

Board swap maintenance program for customers. 
Factory warranty We cater to professionals, however we do have a beginners help pack- 
age at S750 extra Call 9 AM - 1 PM CDT for ma|or savings on al! Morrow products. 

Wilh the same software as Micro- Decision 8 more" 
r> nmn , ,n rA CPU 68000 cost plus 8%; M 
VW 1 1 pU riU Dnve cost plus r/fc%; SYS A. B 

or C cost plus 9%. Shipment from distributor's stock. Call for 
our terrific prices on all CompuPro. 

TELEVIDEO COMPUTERS & TERMINALS 

TV TERMINALS: TVI9I0 $569. TVL912C $689. TVI925 
$725, TVI950 $925 COMPUTERS: 802H $4495, 806 $51 95 

PRINTERS: 

Okidata 80 80 CPS $349, 82A 1 20 CPS $429. 83A (Wide 82) 
$699. S4P 200 CPS $999, 84S (Serial 84} $1099. 2350S&P 

WE CATER TO PROFESSIONALS 

Join our Computer Professionals' User Group. 
We lease and lease/sell. 

TERMS: Cash with order 

FOB Ship Pt 

Prices subieci to change 

10% cancellation. 
CALL US 9 AM lo 10 PM 

oSr !2jSb p ° Bo)( 61 u ' Birmingham, AL 35259-6114 
205 0/9-4/ 60 Ourbank,; ' " 



CostPlus 

COMPUTERS 



• HOLIDAY SALE* 



-DRIVES- 

Tandon TM 100-1 (For IBM) 185°° 

Tandon TM100-2 (For IBM) 265°° 



-TERMINALS- 



_* Televideo 9 IOC 

■' Televideo 920C 

Televideo 925C 

Televideo 950C 



580°« 
765°° 

770°° 
970"° 



-PRINTERS- 



nec 8023A 100CPS Matrix 485°° 

NEW Serial Adapter For 8023A 89« s 
Package-SenalAdapterS8023A 565°° 

| -MONITORS- 



-MODEMS- 

Hays Smartmodem {300 Baud) 224< 

Smartmodem (1200 Baud) 600°° 

Micromodem 100 (S100) 315°° 



1501-B Pine Street 

P.O.Box 2233 
Oxnard, CA 93030 



rxr 



CALL (805) 487-1665 or 487-1666 
For FAST Delivery 



NEW! M-6SOOO 
SINGLE BOARD COMPUTER 



•yittp«fii 




Jiilll 



It bit Motorola MOM (PI operattn| * lOMHi. UK byleaof on board la.i tunc RAM, 
ttK byt« of on board EPROM tpaet, 7 If nil of priorilied auto tec tor td inli rrupls, 
2 memory i.paniion buan (up (o 2**K), 1 aerial communication porli (RS-2320,, 
I r. bit bidirectional parallel port, MOO peripheral accomodation bus. Sil S-blt counter/ 
rim en with vectored interrupt!, on board real limt iIihI. toTrwart compatible with 
Motorola MEXttKOM board. 

nuesi 

Bart board *ith doeumenlalion ., I».»S 

MEXMKDM compatible monilor in 1 <■' fcPROM'a 1110.00 

MM000 CPU * memory map PROM II15.M 

Shipping and handling (Domttlicl S3.M 

(Foreipi) I15.W 

*-#*▼»» £■— "'" 714-553-0133 

PO BOXItUS IRVINE. CA 92(136114 



Circle 125 on inquiry card. 



Circle 168 on inquiry card. 



Circle 163 on inquiry card. 



SMITH-CORONA TP-1 

Letter Ouallty'Dalsy Wheel Printers 



$565 



. BROTHER HR-1 (2k Buffer, 16 cps) $775 

• DAISY WRITER (48k Buffer) $999 

• BYTEWRITER (Typriter/Printer) . . $699 

• C-ITOH F-10 (40 cps) $1295 




STAR * MICRONICS $299 

OKIDATA 82 A $420 

OKIDATA 83 A $625 

Please see ofher AD page 560 



MICRO TECHNOLOGY 

7817 Ivanhoe Ave.. La Jolla, CA 92037 
(619) 457-2149 




ATR8000: THE DOUBLE DENSITY 
DISK INTERFACE FOR 
ATARI® 
800/400 

• 16K RAM 
I upgradable 
! to 64K. 

• With OSA+ 
Version 4 is double density. 

• Runs standard 5%" or 8" drives. 

• AZ80 4 MHz controller. 

• A serial and a parallel port. 

• Software compatible with existing 
ATARI software. 

• Is CP/M compatible (with 64K). 

ATR8000 $499.95 

OSA+ Version 4 $ 49.95 

5V»" drive $399.95 

64K Upgrade — Call— 

SOFTWARE PUBLISHERS, INC. 

2500 E. Randol Mill Rd., Suite 125 
Arlington, TX 76011 (817)469-1181 



MEMOREX 

FLEXIBLE DISCS 



WE WILL NOT BE UNDER- 
SOLD!! Call Free (800)235-4137 

for prices and information. Dealer 
inquiries invited and CO.D.'s 
accepted 




PACIFIC 
EXCHANGES 

100 Foothill Blvd 
San Luis Obispo. CA 
93401 InCal. call 
(800)592-5935 or 
1805)543-1037 



Circle 264 on Inquiry card. 



Circle 376 on Inquiry card. 



Circle 310 on Inquiry card. 



Why use other computer media 

when you could be using 

Scotch 

high quality error free media? 

Get Scotch Diskettes Directly From Communications Electronics 

There's a lot of valuable data stored on the diskettes in 
your computer or word processing system. In 1981, a 
diskette manufacturer calculated that the "true cost of a 
diskette" was $186.50 after data loading. With inflation, 
the actual cost is well over $200.00 today. That is why you 
don't want to use just any diskette, you want the high 
reliability and quality of Scotch diskettes. You can trust 
Scotch diskettes to deliver that accuracy because each 
diskette is tested before it leaves the factory and is 
certified error-free. That means fewer errors and less lost 
data. Flexible discs may look alike, but they don't all 
perform alike. Scotch diskettes can deliver all the perform- 
ance you'll ever need. The low abrasivity of Scotch 
diskettes, 32% below industry average, saves wear and 
tear on you r read/write heads, which means fewer service 
calls due to head problems. Longer and more reliable 
service is yours when you buy Scotch diskettes since they 
far exceed the industry standard durability tests. Finally, 
your Scotch diskettes are packaged in units of 10, com- 
plete with color-coded labels (except bulk product) to 
make your filing easier. 

Flexible Disc Quantity Discounts Available 

Scotch diskettes are packed 1 discs to a carton and five 
cartons to a case. Please order only in increments of 1 00 
units for quantity 100 pricing. We are also willing to 
accommodate your smaller orders. Quantities less than 
100 units are available in increments of 10 units at a 10% 
surcharge. Quantity discounts are also available. Order 
500 or more discs at the same time and deduct 1 %; 1 ,000 
or more saves you 2%; 2,000 or more saves you 3%; 5,000 
or more saves you 4%; 10,000 or more saves you 5%; 
25,000 or more saves you 6%; 50,000 or more saves you 
7% and 1 00,000 or more discs earns you an 8% discount 
off our super low quantity 100 price. Almost all Scotch 
diskettes are immediately available from CE. Our ware- 
house facilities are equipped to help us get you the quality 
product you need, when you need it. If you need further 
assistance to find the flexible disc that's right for you, call 
the 3M/Scotch flexible disc compatibility hotline. Dial toll- 
free 800-328-1 300 and ask for the Data Recording Prod- 
ucts Division. In Minnesota or outside the United States 
dial 61 2-736-9625 between 9 AM to 4 PM Central Time. 



SAVE ON SCOTCH FLEXIBLE DISCS 

Product Description 

8" SSSD IBM Compatible (128 B/S, 26 Sectors) 
8" Same as above, but bulk pack w/o envelope 
8" SSSD Shugart Compatible, 32 Hard Sector 
8" SSSD CPT 8000 Compatible, Soft Sector 
8" SSDD IBM Compatible (128 B/S, 26 Sectors) 
8" DSDD Soft Sector (Unformatted) 
8" DSDD Soft Sector (256 B/S, 26 Sectors) 
8" DSDD Soft Sector (512 B/S, 15 Sectors) 
8" DSDD Soft Sector (1024 B/S, 8 Sectors) 



Part# 

740-0 

740-0 B 

740-32 

7400-8000 

741-0 

743-0 

743-0/256 

743-0/51 2 

743-0/1024 

5'/>" SSDD Soft Sector w/Hub Ring 744D-0RH 

5'A" Same as above, but bulk pack w/o envelope 744D-0RHB 



5'A" SSDD 10 Hard Sector w/Hub Ring 744D-10RH 

5'A" SSDD 1 6 Hard Sector w/Hub Ring 744D-1 6RH 
5'A" DSDD Soft Sector w/Hub Ring 745-ORH 

5'A" DSDD 10 Hard Sector w/Hub Ring 745-10RH 

5'A" DSDD 1 6 Hard Sector w/Hub Ring 745-1 6RH 
5'A" SSQD Soft Sector w/Hub Ring (96 TPI) 746-ORH 

5'A" DSQD Soft Sector w/Hub Ring (96 TPI) 747-ORH 

SSSD = Single Sided Single Density; SSDD = Single Sided Double 
DSDD = Double Sided Double Density; SSQD = Single Sided Quad 
DSQD = Double Sided Quad Density; TPI = Tracks per inch. 

Circle 88 on inquiry card. 



CE quant. 
100 price 
per disc ($) 

2.19 
1.99 
2.19 
2.89 
2.89 
3.49 
3.49 
3.49 
3.49 
2.34 
2.14 
2.34 
2.34 
3.09 
3.09 
3.09 
2.99 
3.99 



Density; 
Density; 



Save on Scotch Static Control Floor Mats 

Scotch Velostat Electrically Conductive Floor Mats, drain static charge 
before it can cause serious problems with computer or word processing 
equipment. Order number 1 853 is a black 4' x 5' size mat with lip. Cost 
is $170.00 each. Order number 9453 is the same mat, but the color is 
earthtone brown, which is designed to blend with any office decor. 
Cost on the 9453 mat is $259.00 each. All Velostat mats come 
complete with 1 5 feet of ground cord. All mats are shipped freight collect. 

Save on Scotch Data Cartridges 

Scotch Data Cartridges are available from CE in three different 
configurations. The DC100A data cartridge is a small version of the 
DC300A data cartridge. The DC1 00 A contains 1 40 feet of 0. 1 50" tape 
in a package measuring 2.4x3.2 x0.5 inches. Cost is $1 4.00 each. The 
DC300A is a pre-loaded tape cartridge containing 300 feet of one mil 
thick by 'A" computer tape. The DC300A costs $18.00 each. The 
DC300XL is an extra length data cartridge with 450 feet of tape. It is 
the same size and interchangeable with the DC300A. The DC300XL 
provides a total storage capacity of 34.5 million bits at 1 600 BPI. The 
cost of the DC300XL is $22.00 each. 

Scotch Head Cleaning Diskettes- Helps Cut Downtime 

When the read/write heads on information processing machines 
are dirty, that can cause you a lot of grief. Now.. .with Scotch brand 
head cleaning diskettes, you can clean the read/write heads on 
the diskette drives yourself in just 30 seconds and as often as they 
need it. Simply apply the cleaning solution to the special white 
cleaning fabric. Insert the cleaning diskette into the drive and 
access the heads for 30 seconds. That's all there is to it. Regular 
use of the head cleaning diskettes can save you much of the grief 
caused by dirty heads. We recommend you use them once a 
week, or more often if your system gets heavy use. Each kit 
contains two head cleaning diskettes, and enough solution for 30 
cleanings. Order # 5-CLE is for 5 1 A" drives and order # 8-CLE is 
for 8" drives. Only $25.00 each plus $3.00 shipping per kit. 

Buy with Confidence 

To get the fastest delivery from CE of your Scotch computer products, 
send or phone your order directly to our Computer Products Division. 
Be sure to calculate your price using the CE prices in this ad. Michigan 
residents please add 4% sales tax or supply your tax I.D. number. 
Written purchase orders are accepted from approved government 
agencies and most well rated firms at a 30% surcharge for net 30 
billing. All sales are subject to availability, acceptance and verification. 
All sales are final. Prices, terms and specifications are subject to 
change without notice. All prices are in U.S. dollars. Out of stock items 
will be placed on backorder automatically unless CE is instructed 
differently. Minimum prepaid order $50.00. Minimum purchase order 
$200.00. International orders are invited with a $20.00 surcharge for 
special handling in addition to shipping charges. All shipments are 
F.O.B. Ann Arbor, Michigan. No COD's please. Non-certified and 
foreign checks require bank clearance. 

For shipping charges add $8.00 per 100 diskettes and/or any 
fraction of 1 00 8-inch diskettes, or $6.00 per 1 00 diskettes and/or any 
fraction of 1 00 5'A-inch mini-discs. For cleaning kits, add $3.00 per kit. 
For tape data cartridges, add $1.00 per cartridge, for U.P.S. ground 
shipping and handling in the continental United States. 

Mail orders to: Communications Electronics, Box 1002, 
Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106 U.S.A. If you have a MasterCard 
or Visa card, you may call and place a credit card order. Order 
toll-free in the U.S. Dial 800-521 -441 4. If you are outside the 
U.S. or in Michigan, dial 313-994-4444. Order your Scotch 
computer products from Communications Electronics today. 

Copyright "1982 Communications Electronics" 



Ad #120182 





MEMBER 




Order Toll-Free! 
(800)521-4414 

In Michigan (313) 994-4444 




Authorized Distributor 




COMMUNICATIONS 
ELECTRONICS" 

Computer Products Division 

854 Phoenix □ Box 1002 D Ann Arbor, Michigan 481 06 U.S.A. 
Call TOLL-FREE (BOO) 521 -441 4 or outside U.S.A. (31 3) 994-4444 

BYTE January 1983 517 




M 



The Mega Super Computer 

'-» r— - » 

: . . 

• i '-■'• H_ 

.. i. ,23 awfc 

■; ; . .- :■:■;■- ■.-■ . ■'■■■■ 



At last! A professional expandable single board computer 
which offers all you could ever desire and afford: 



m MEGA CO. x 

2318 S Park Street, Madison, Wl 5371 3 (608)255-7400 



wiicwcscQik 

SPEECH SYNTHESIZER 




VodMnc" 



$70 Each 
(5 or more, 
+*++++++*+* $55 each) 
Order in Ones or Thousands 

Tha SC-01A Speech Synthesizer is a completely self- 
contained solid state device. This single chip phoneti- 
cally synthesizes continuous speech of unlimited 
vocabulary. 

The SC-01A contains 64 different phonemes which 
are accessed by a 6-bit code. Computer interfaces 
and text-to-speech algorithms also available for prod- 
uct development. 
Votrax is a trademark of Federal Screw Works 

Call 1-800-645-3479, in N.Y. 1-516-374-6793 

MICROMINTINC. 
917 Midway 
Woodmere, N.Y. 11598 



Call tor 
quantity pricing. 




^ 



TYCOMP 

PRINTERS Dot Matrix 

Prowriter 9 IN - Parallel - 459°° 

Serial - 630 M 

Prowriter II • 15 IN - Parallel - 650" 

Serial - 725 00 

NEC - 8023 A - 489™ 

OKIOATA - ML 60 - 348°° 

ML 82A - 425™ 

ML 83A - 700™ 

ML 84 - Parallel - 1000™ 

ML 84 -Serial - 1150™ 

We also carry a lull line of letter 
quality printers ■ Please call or 

MONITORS 
AMDEK3006- 160™ 
ZENITH ZUM- 121 - 100™ 



AMDEK Color I - 330™ 
AMDEK Color II - 700™ 
NGC HI - RES - REB • 699™ 
USI - PI - 1 - 122™ 
PI - 3 - 170™ 
PI - 2 - 148™ 
PI - 4 - 150™ 

DAVONG 5-10-15 MEG 
Hard Disks For IBM, Osborne 
Apple II 8; Apple III 
Call For Prices 



RANA DISK DRIVES 
Elite 1 w/cont - 390™ 
Elite 1 w/o - 295™ 
Elite 2 w/cont -600™ 
w/o - 520°° 
Elite 3 w/cont - 725™ 
w/o - 650™ 



We Carry A Full Line of Hard- 
ware, Software, and Com- 
puters. 

Columbia, Bell & Howell & 
More!!! 

CALL: (803) 877-2468 

or 

WRITE 

THE TYCOMP CO. 

700 W.Poinsett St. 

Greer, S.C. 29651 

CALL OR WRITE FOR FREE CATALOG! 



Circle 251 on inquiry card. 



Circle 525 on inquiry card. 



Circle 408 on inquiry card. 



IBM PC Software 

SOFTSPOOL <tm> — printer spooler 
•Creates true foreground/background operation 
•Buffer sizes user modifiable (1-12BK) 
■Program execution no longer linked to printer speed. 
$49.95 (includes disk & doc) 

KEYSWAP (tm> — typing utility 

•Transforms the PC's keyboard into a standard type- 
writer keyboard 

'Poorly positioned keys are relocated and replaced 
•Optional audible feedback on "toggle" keys 
'Increases "touch typist" efficiency 
'$69.95 (includes disk, stick-on labels & doc) 

BOTH PROGRAMS 

•Work with any program that runs under DOS 
(EASYWRITER (,m) , VISICALC (,m) , WORDSTAR"™, 
etc.) 

•Ideal for Business or Software development 

PROCRYPr tm> — software protection program 
•Encrypts, serializes, and copy protects your programs- 
Call for price! 

NOW til 2/1/83 SOFTSPOOL & KEYSWAP for $99.95 

FOR ORDERS OR INFO CALL—<617) 662-0856 

OR SEND CHECK TO: 

Rickerdata MC & visa 

P.O. Box 288 accepted 

Burlington, MA 01803 Add $2.50 S&H 
terms 8. conditions may change w/o notice 



LABELS 

ttite, pressure sensitive, pin feed, continuous (no box breaks). 



Minimum order one box. 



label 
Width 

2'/2 

2'/2 
2'/2 
2'/2 
2'/2 
3'/2 
3'/2 
3'/2 
3 1 /2 

4 
4 
4 



Stock 

Number 
10250-1 
10250-2 
10250-3 
1 0250-4 
10250-5 
10350-1 
10350-2 
10350-3 
10350-4 
10400-1 
10400-2 
10400-3 



Labels 
Across 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

1 

2 

3 

4 

1 

2 

3 



Cost per 

1000 Labels 
+(.50 handling/ 

shipping) 
$4.05+50 

2794 

3 064 

2,87 4 

2,124 

2 404 

2 40 4 

2 40 4 



50 
,50 
,50 
,50 
,50 
50 
,50 



2.40 + ,50 

4 82 + . 50 

4.55 + .50 

4.08 + .50 

All labels are 15/16 inch high and have 1/16 inch up spacing (one inch 
repeat), and 1/10 inch side spacing. 



Qty 
per Box 
(1.000's) 

5 
10 
15 
20 
25 

5 
10 
15 
20 

5 
10 
15 



Cost 
per Box 
Delivered 
$22,75 
32.90 
53.40 
67.40 
65.50 
14.50 
29.00 
43.50 
58.00 
26.60 
50.50 
68.70 



TERMS: Visa & MC. (add 4%), check or 

money order. No C.O.D.'s. Minimum order 

$12.00. CA residents add 6% Sales Tax. 

1 COMPUTER 
SUPPLY CO. 

25422 TRABUCO RD. SUITE #200 
EL TORO, CA. 92630 • (714) 768-0370 



&vT\ 



APPLE HARDWARE 

40% to 70% off!! 

Stock Retail Now 

Number Price Only 

API0I I6K RAM card $149 $49 67% 

APIQ2 80 Column card 295 159 46% 

API03 9" Monitor green (very sharp) .... 199 119 40% 

API04 Clock cal card 195 109 44% 

API 05 Disk-ll drive wo /con (roller 498 249 50% 

API 06 Disk-ll controller I SO 89 4 1 % 

API07 joy-stick delux 49 25 49% 

API 08 Language card only 295 159 46% 

API09 Lowercase 45 25 44% 

API 10 Parallel card 150 59 61% 

API 1 1 Serial card 195 89 54% 

API 1 2 Sup-R-Mod 39 25 36% 

API 13 Tel-Modem (RS-232) 120 75 38% 

API 14 Z-80 card 298 139 53% 

AP20I Apple-ll + compat. 4BK kit 599 320 47% 

AP202 Hardcase for AP20I (plastic) 175 119 32% 

AP203 Keyboard for AP20I 139 78 44% 

AP204 Power supply for AP20 1 120 75 3B% 

We accept Visa, Master Chg. C.O.D., Personal checks. 
AH prices good thru Jan. 31.1 983 

K & D ELECTRONICS CO. 

1440 PACIFIC COAST HWY„ #104 

HARBOR CITY, CA 90710 

(213) 530-2577 



Circle 357 on inquiry card. 



Circle 359 on inquiry card. 



Circle 511 on inquiry card. 



INTRODUCING.. 

SOUTHWEST LOGIC 

CORPORATIONS' 

PROGRAMMABLE CONTROLLER LINE 

ULTRA COUNT 1™ 

•6802/08 CPU 

•2K RAM 

•2K/4K EPROM 

•6522 VIA 

• FULLY BUFFERED BUSSES 

•COMPACT DESIGN 6.5" X 5" 

STD MODULES* (partial listing) 
ULTRA COUNT1 6802 cpu $317 

8 board bus recepticle $129 

32K memory (accepts 2, 4 & 

8K PARTS) HD $228 

system utilities 1 $185 

HIGH DENSITY MODULES 
ULTRA COUNT 11 6809 CPU. $417 

SOUTHWEST LOGIC CORPORATION 

P.O. Box 2712, Casper, WY 82602 

(307) 577-9230 



HH 



DISKETTES 

3M Scotch BRAND 



AT SUPER LOW PRICES 

WE WILL SHIP YOUR 

ORDER WITHIN 24 HOURS 

AND WE PAY THE 

SHIPPING CHARGES 



««___ fj-p C OD ACCEPTED 

DEALER INQUIRIES INVITED 

CALL TOLL FREE 
800 922-8193 

IN CALIFORNIA 
800 468-1068 



Tayco Business Forms 
Computer Supplies 
Post Office Box 605 

Newbury Park, CA 91320 




pa ( 



•as 



w* 






Circle 393 on inquiry card. 



Ivw 

Circle 512 on inquiry card. 




333EHHE 





IBM® PC OUTFIT 

System uit with 64K, 2 
double-sided double- 
density Disk Drive 640K, 
Monochrome display & 
printeradapter, DOS, Disk 
Drive controller 

Call or Write 



SOFTWARE & ACCES. 

IBM Orig. 5V<" Disk 

SS/DD pk. of 10 34.95 

IBM Orig. 5V." Disk 

DS/DD pk. of 10 49.95 

TAN DON DS/DD Disk Drive 

320K 279.95 

IBM is a registered trademark of IBM, Inc. 
BIG BLUE CP/M Card . .469.95 
OUADRAM Parallel 

printer card 129.95 

OUADRAM 129.95 

QUAD Board 64K 449.00 

QUAD Board 256K 749.00 

MICROSOFT RAM Card 
64K .279.95 2S6K 629.95 
VISICALC/256K 185.00 

SUPERCALC 209.95 

VISITREND/VISIPLOT .239.95 

VISIDEX 184.95 

VISIFILE 239.95 

CURTIS PC Pedestal for 
Monochrome Display. . . .69.95 
POWER TEXT Word Proc299.95 
PEECH TREE Accounting 
GL, AP&AR 3-pk 469.00 



1000 

Hardware and software 
compatible w/Appie" tt 
plus'" 64 K RAM, Upper & 
tower case, 12-key numeric 
keypad, Built-in fan. Type- 
writer style keyboard 
ACE 1000 64K, Franklin - 
Disk Dr. w/controller, 12" | 
high res. green monitor, | 
Magic window processor &1 
a one year extended 
warranty 



Apple II plus 48K, 16K 
mem. expansion, Apple 
Disk Drive II with inter- 
face DOS 3.3, Apple III, 
12" monitor and the Ap- 
ple Monitor stand, One 
year extended warranty 



apple® 



All for Only 



$ 1795 00 



BUSINESSMAN'S 
SPECIAL 

Apple II plus 48K, 16K 

mem. expansion, Apple 

Disk Drive w/interface 

DOS 3.3, 12" Hi Res 

Green Monitor, Visicalc 

3.3, Planning & Financial 

Forecasting Software, One 

year extended warranty 

Only $ 1979 00 




WORD PROCESSOR 
SYSTEM 

Apple II plus 48K, 16K 
mem. expansion, Apple 
Disk Dr. w/interface DOS 

3.3, 12" Hi Res Green 

Monitor, OKIDATA 80 
Printer, Interface Card & 

Cable, Screenwriter II 

Only *2249 00 



SOFTWARE & ACCESSORIES FOR APPLE® and FRANKLIN® 



RANA 

Elite 1 Disc Drive, with 15% more storage 
capacity than Apples' drive . . .Only $ 319 50 
Controller Card Only 109.95 

MICRO SCI 

A-2 Disc Drive, the cost effective alternative to 

the Disc II, with controller Only $ 409" 

without controller Only 329.95 

KENSINGTON 

System Saver Fan, with built-in surge protec- 
tor for Apple* II Only $ 74" 

MICRO PRO Spec/a/ Offer! 
Word Pack Includes WordStar, MailMerge, and 
SpellStar All 3 for Only *329 00 

NOVATION 

Apple Cat II, direct line modemOn/y $ 299 ,a 

Apple Cat II, 212 Upgrade Only $ 329" 

Apple is a registered trademark of Apple Computer, Inc. 

COMPUTER SPECIALS! 

TEXAS INSTRUMENTS 

Tl 99 4/A with RF Modulator . .'199 1 " 

After Mfg's Cash Rebate, Plus 2 FREE 

offers from Tl Call or Write lor details! 



COMMODORE 

VIC-20 with RF Modulator «179" 

RCA VP-3501 built-in modem '329" 

ATARI 400 -269" 

TIMEX Sinclair 1000 'Be" 

48K Memory 49.95 32K Memory . 99.95 

SHARP (Handheld) 
PC-1500 with CE-150 Printer '349" 

PC-1211 with CE-122 Printer M19" 



VISICORP PROGRAMS 

Visicalc *184" Visifile $ 184" 

Visiplot $ 239" Visiterm $ 79'» 

Visidex »184" Visischedule. $ 239" 

Desktop Plan II $ 194 ,s 

ADDITIONAL "ADD-ONS" 

DC HAYES Micromodem II $ 289" 

VIDEX Keyboard Enhancer II s 119" 

VIDEX Videoterm 80 Col. Board . . $ 259'= 

VIDEX Function Strip (f/use w/Ennancer II) $ 62" 5 

TKC Numeric Keypad (Apple- omy) . . . *134 ,s 

ABT Numeric Keypad (Apple- only) sgg's 

THUNDERCLOCK PLUS $ 119" 

PKASO Parallel interface $ 134" 

MICROSOFT Z-80 CP/M Card *259" 

MICROSOFT 16K Ram Card $ 99" 

TG Joystick s 47«° TKC Joystick s 44 ,s 



,„- HEWLETT 
CM PACKARD! 



VOTRAX TYPE N-TALK 

Lets your computer talk to you Only $ 199 95 
Available lor Apple/Franklin/Atari/VIC-20 

NEW! APPLI CARD 

Z-80 Card with 64K RAM Only s 369 95 

FORMAT II WORD PROCESSOR 

with mail list, user friendly. . .Only s 199 95 
MICROSOFT PREMIUM PACK 

Z-80 CPM Card, VIDEX Videoterm 80 Col. board, 

CPM user's guide & MICROSOFT RAM Card 

All lor only $ 549 9s 
Plus you receive a FREE Videx Soft Switch (a s 30 Value!) 

MICROBUFFER llby Practical Peripherals 

32K . ..Only *249 95 16K . . .Only s 214 9s 

MICROBUFFER for EPSON 

16K Parallel s 134 95 8K Serial . , s 134 95 

Franklin ACE is a trademark of Franklin Computer Co. 

DISKETTE SPECIALS! 



HP-83A *1149** 

HP-85A »2099 9s 

HP-87Aw>i28K $ 2394 M 
HP-87 XM ... *2495* s 

HP-125 *2099» 8 



HP Accessories 

82901M SVa" Dual 

Dfsc Drive .... M894 M 

82905A Serial Printer«ei9*» 
HP-7470A Graphics plotter 
also avatl. in Serial f/Apple*" 
Pranklin* and IBM* »ia9**« 



ATARI 




WORD PROCESSOR 

Atari 800 48K, Atari 810 Disk Drive, 

Atari Word Processor, 850 

Interface, Okidata Microline 82A 

Printer with Connecting Cable 

Now Only $ 1999 00 

Atari 800 48K complete with 
a 13" color TV 

Wow Only «849 00 



EPSON 

MX-80 III F/T 80-136 Column Dot 
Matrix, Tractor or Friction Feed, Bidirec- 
tional, 80 CPS, Graftrax Plus Call 

MX-100IIIF/T 136-233 Column, Tractor 
or Friction Feed, Bidirectional, 80 CPS, 

Graftrax Plus Call 

OKIDATA 
MICROLINE 82A 120 CPS, Bidirec- 
tional, Parallel-Serial, 80/132 Columns. 

Friction & Pin Feed 449.95 

MICROLINE 83A F/T 120 CPS, Bidirec- 
tional, 136 Columns, Serial/Parallel, Fric- 
tion and Tractor 699.00 

New! MICROLINE 84A F/T 200 CPS, 
Bidirctional, 136 Column, Parallel, Fric- 
tion and Tractor 1099.00 

Serial w/2K Buffer 1199.00 

NEC 8023 Pro writer, 100 CPS, 136 Col- 
umn, Parallel, Bidirectional, Tractor & 
friction, High resolution graphics .514.95 



PRINTERS 

SMITH CORONA TP-1 Letter quality 
Daisy wheel printer, Microprocessor elec- 
tronics, Serial or Parallel interface, 120 



(10 pk except where indicated) 

MAXELL MD-1 SS SV4" 34.95 

MAXELL MD-2 DS/DD 5V«" 49.95 

MAXELL FD-2 DS/DD 8" (Soft Sector)59.95 

VERBATIM SS/DD 5V<" 31.95 

VERBATIM DS/DD S'A" 46.50 

MEMOREX SS/DD 5V." 23.95 

CONTROL DATA SS/DD 5 V." (12 pk)25.95 

NEW! IBM SS/DD 5%" 34.95 

NEW! IBM DS/DD 5V4" 49.95 

For quantity discount prices 
please call or write! 

OSBORNE 



words per minute . 



639.00 



MONITORS 



USI PI-2 12" High Res. Green 159.00 

USI PI-3 12" High Res. Amber 189.00 

SANYO 13" Color 389.95 

AMDEK 300 12" Green 149.95 

AMDEK 13" Color I 329.00 

AMDEK Color II RGB High Res. . . .699.95 
AMDEK Color Interface Board f/RGB159.00 

NEC JB 12" Green 179.95 

NEC JC 12" Color 349.95 

EPSON CR-5500 12" Green 109.95 

ELECTROHOME 
ECM-1302-1 13" RGB Monitor Hi-Res. 

with NTSC Interface 399.95 

1302-2 High Res. RGB 599.95 

COLOR BOARD for APPLE® II . 199.95 




Complete w/the following software: Word- 

star, Mailmerge. Supercalc. C Basic and 

M Basic. 

Call for Low Price! 
Software & Accessories 

X-MON monitor adapter 39.95 

CENTRONIX printer cable 59.95 

Keyboard extender cable 4 ft 49.95 

RS232 Serial cable 39.95 

Games for Osborne 

Velor 20.00 Star Trek 1 5.00 

Trapper . . . .15.00 Catacomb . 18.00 



Items 
°nces 



CORPORATE ACCOUNTS WELCOME (212)260-4410 

TOLL FREE OUT-OF-STATE 

800-221-7774 
800-221-5858 

67 West 47th Street, New York, N.Y. 10036 

115 West 45th Street, New York, N.Y. 10036 

MAIL ORDER ADDRESS: 36 E. 19th St. New York. N.Y. 10003 

on sale for limited time only, and are subject to limited availability. Not responsible for typographical errors. This ad supersedes all other ads prior to Jan 1983 
effective as of Nov. 28. 1982 and are subject to change without notice. Ail orders subject to verification and acceptance. Minimum shipping and handling $4.95 




Circle 1 on inquiry card. 



BYTE January 1983 519 




MICROPROCESSOR COMPONENTS 



SN7472N 14 

SN7473N 14 

SN7474N 14 

SN7475N 16 

SN7476N 1G 

SN7479N 14 i 

SN7480N 14 

SN7482N t4 

SN7483N 16 

SN7485N 16 

SN7486N 14 

SN7489N 16 : 

SN7490N 14 

SN7491N 14 

SN7492N 14 

SN7493N 14 

SM7494N 14 

SN7495N 14 

SN7496N 16 

SN7497N IB : 

SN74100N 24 

SN74104N 14 

SN74105N 14 

SN74107N 14 

SN74109N 16 

SN741I6N 24 

SN74121N 14 

SN74122N 14 

SN74123N 16 

SN74125N 14 

SN74126N 14 

SN74132N 14 

SN74136N 14 

SN74141N 16 

SN74142N 16 

SN74143N Z4 

SN74144N 24 

SN74145N 16 

SN74147N 16 

SN74148N 16 

SN74150N 24 

SN74151N 16 

SN74152N 14 

SN74153N. 16 

SN74154N 24 

SN74155N 16 



SN74156N 
SN74157N 

SN74160N 
SN74161N 
SN74162N 
SN74163N 
SN74164N 
SN74165N 
SN74166N 
SN74167N 
SN7417QN 
SN74172N 
SN74173N 
SN74174N 
SN74175N 
SN74176N 
SN74177N 
SN74179N 
SN7418QN 
SN74181N 
SN74182N 
SN741B4N 
SN74185N 
SN74190N 
SN74191N 
SN74192N 
SN74193N 
SN74194N 
SN74195N 
SN74196N 
SN74197N 
SN74198N 
SN74199N 
SN74221N 
SN74251N 
SN74276N 
SN74279N 
SN74283N 
SN74284N 
SN74285N 
SN74365N 
SN74366N 
SN74367N 
SN74368N 
SN74390N 
SN74393N 



14 



-MICROPROCESSOR CHIPS- 



Part Na. "Pins Function 



piica 



CDP1802 40 CPU 

2650 40 MPU 

IDM2901ADC 40 CPU— 4-bit slice (Com. Temp. 6c) 

MCS6502 40 MPU w/Clock (65K rjyles mem.) . 

MC6802CP 40 MPU w/Clock and RAM 

INS8035N-6 40 MPU— 8-bit (6MHz) 

INS8039N-6 40 CPU-Sgl.ctiip8-bit(128bts.ftam). 

INS8040N-6 40 CPU (256 Bytes BAM) 

INS8070N 40 CPU (64 byles RAM) 

INS8073N 40 CPU w/Basic Micro Interpreter . 

P8085A 40 CPU 

Z80, Z80A, Z8DB, Z80O0 SERIES 

ZBO 40 CPU (MK3880N|(780C| 2MHz . . . 

Z80-CTC 26 Counter Timer Circuit 

Z80-DART 40 Dual Asynchronous Rec. /Trans. . 

Z80-DMA 40 Direct Memory Access Circuit ... 

Z80-P10 40 Parallel I/O Interface Controller . . 

Z80-S10/0 40 Serial I/O (TxCB and RxCS Bonded] 

Z60-S10/1 40 Serial I/O (Lacks DTRB) 

Z80-S10/2 40 Serial I/O (Lacks SYNCB) 

Z80-S1Q/9 40 Serial I/O 

7R(1fl 40 CPU(MK3880N-4)(780C-1)4MHz 

" Counter Timer Circuit 5.95 

Dual Asynchronous Rec./T[ 



Z80A-CTC 

Z80A-DART 

Z80A-DMA 

Z80A-P10 

Z80A-S10/0 

Z80A-S10/ 



..5.95 



..$4,95 



1595 
15.95 
15.95 
.15.95 
..5.95 



40 Dual Asynchronous Rec./Trar 

40 Direct Memory Access Circuit 

40 Parallel I/O Interface Controller 5.95 

40 Serial I/O (TxCB and R*CB Bonded) . 16.95 

40 Serial I/O (Lacks DTR8) 16.95 

Z80A-S10/2 40 Serial I/O (Lacks SVNCB) 16.95 

Z8OA-S10/9 40 Serial I/O 16.95 

40 CPU (MK3880N-6) 6MHz 11.95 

28 Counter Timer Circuit 13.95 

40 Parallel I/O Interlace Controller 13.95 

48 CPU Segmented 51.95 

40 CPU Non-Segmented . 55.95 

40 SerlalComm. Controller 44.95 

40 Counter/TimerS, Parallel I/O Unit ..29.95 
6800/68000 SERIES 



Z80B-CTC 

Z80B-P10 

Z8O01 

Z8002 

Z8030 



MC68QO 

MC6802CP 

MC6810AP! 

MC6821 

MC6828 

MC6830L8 

MC6850 

MC6852 

MC6B60 

MC6S62 

MC6880A 



40 MPU 



74LS92 
74LS93 
74LS95 
74LS96 

74LS107 14 

74LS109 16 

74LS112 16 

74LS113 14 

74LS114 14 

74LS122 14 

74LS123 18 

74LS125 14 

74LS126 14 

74LS132 14 

74LS133 16 

74LS136 14 

74LS138 16 

74LS139 16 

74LS151 IB 

74LS153 16 

74LS154 24 

74LS155 16 

74LS156 16 

74LS157 16 

74LS158 16 

74LS160 18 

74LS161 16 

74LS162 16 

74LS163 1fi 

74LS164 14 

74LS165 16 

74LS168 16 

74LS169 16 

74LS170 16 

74LS173 IB 

74LS174 16 

74LS175 16 

74LS181 24 

74LS190 16 

74LS191 16 



74LS192 16 

74LS193 16 

74LS194 16 

74LS195 16 

74LS197 14 

74LS221 16 

74LS240 20 

74LS241 20 

74LS242 14 

74LSZ43 14 

74LS244 20 

74LS245 20 

74LS247 16 

74LS248 16 

74LS249 16 

74LS251 16 

74LS253 16 

74LS257 16 

74LS258 18 

74LS260 14 

74LS266 14 

74LS273 20 

74LS279 16 

74LS283 16 

74LS290 14 

74LS293 14 

74LS298 16 

74LS352 16 

74LS353 16 

74LS365 16 

74LS366 16 

74LS387 16 

74LS368 16 

74LS373 20 

74LS374 20 

74LS375 IB 

74LS386 14 

74LS393 14 

74LS399 16 

74LS670 16 

8US95 20 

81LS97 20 



..4.95 

ith clock and RAM 7.95 

24 128x8 Static RAM 3.95 

40 Peripheral Inter. Adapt (MC6820) . .4.95 

24 Priority Interrupt Controller 15.95 

24 1G24x8-b.it ROM (MC68A30-8) 10.95 

24 Asynchronous Comm. Adapter 4.95 

24 Synchronous Serial Data Adapter ....5.75 

24 0-600bps Digital MODEM 9.95 

24 2400bps Modulator 12.95 

16 Quad 3-state bus. trans. (MC8T26) ..2.25 

MC68000L8 64 MPU 16-811 (8MHz) 69.95 

MC68488P 40 Genera! Purpose Int. Adapter . 8.95 

MC68652P2 40 Multl. Protocol Comm. Controller. . . .24.95 

MC68661PB 28 Enhanced Prog. Comm. Int , . .8.95 

8080A SERIES 





4n 


CPU 


.3.95 


TMS5501 


411 


Synchronous Data interface (SBC) - 








128 Byte RAM 16-Bltl/O 

Octal 6 Flip Flop Tri-State (74C374) 




INS82C06 


a 






M 


8-bit lnput/0utpul(74S412) 




DP8214 


74 


Priority Interrupt Control 








Bi- Directional Bus Driver 




DP8224 


in 








Iti 


Bus Driver 




DP8228 


78 


System Cont./Bus Driver (74S428) 




DP8238 








74 


I/O Expander for 48 Series 


.5.95 


INS8245 


ia 


16-Key Keyboard Encoder (74C922) 




INS8246 


Ml 


20-Key Keyboard Encoder (74C923) 




INSB247 


76 


Display Controller <74C91 1 ) 




INS8248 


n 


DisplayController(74C912) 






40 


Asyn. Comm Element (INSB250) . . 
Prog Comm. I/O (USART) 




DP8251 


M 












0P8255 


40 


Prog. Peripheral I/O (PPI) 






40 


Prog. DMA Control 




DP8259 


?B 


Prog. Interrupt Control 




DP8275 


40 


Prog. CRT Controller 






40 


Prog. keyboard/Display Interface . . 








8-Bit Trl-State Bl-Dlrectlcnal Trans. 






711 


8-bit Bi-Dlrectional Receiver 




DPB307 


711 


8-bit Bi- Directional Receiver 






?n 


8-bit Bi-Directional Receiver 






N 


Oclal Latched Peripheral Driver . . 




DP8311 


n 


Octal Latched Peripheral Driver . . . 




MICROPROCESSOR MANUALS & DATA BOOKS 




Us 












M-2650 








1982 Intel Data Book (1405 pg.) 






1981 Nat. CMOS Book (628 pg.) 

1980 Nat. Interlace Book (640 pg.). . . . 




30002 






1982Nal. Linear Book (1952 pg.)--. . 






19 


1 Nat. TTL Book (624 pg.) 




30008 


1980 Nat Memory Data Book (464 pg.) 




30011 


1980 Nat. Linear Applications (736 pg.) 





Part No. 



"Pins 



-DYNAMIC RAMS- 



Price 



1103 
4027 

4116N-2 

4116N-3 

4116N-4 

4164N-150 

4164N-200 

MM5261 

MM 5262 

MM5270 

MM5280 

MM5290-2 

MM5290-3 

MM 5290-4 

MM5298-3 



(300ns 



.99 



1101 
2101 
2102 
21L02 



18 1024x' 

16 4096x1 (250ns) 2. 

16 16,384x1 (150ns) 1.89 -8/14.95 

16 16,384x1 (200ns) 1.69-8/12.95 

16 16,384x1 (250ns) 1.49-8/10.95 

16 65.536x1 (150ns) ... .. 7.95-8/59.95 

16 65.536x1 (200ns) 7.49 - 8/54.95 

18 1024x1 (300ns) 49-8/1.95 

22 2048x1 (365ns) 49 — 8/1.95 

18 4096x1 (250ns) MK4096 4.95 

22 4096x1 (200ns) 2107 3.95 

1B 16,384x1 150ns) 1.89-8/14.95 

16 16, 3B4X1 (200ns) 1.69-8/12.95 

IB 16,384x1 (250ns) 1.49-8/10.95 

16 8192x1 (2O0ns) 1-69 

STATIC RAMS 

16 256x1 (650ns) 1.49 

22 256x4 (450ns) 8101 2.49 

1024x1 (350ns). 



16 1024x 
18 256x4 
16 256x4 



(450ns>LP. . 



1.49 



2114L-2 

2141-3 

2147 

2148 

TMS4044 

TMS4045 

5101 

MM5257 

HM6116P-3 

HM6116-4 

HM6116LP-4 

7489 

74C920 

74C921 

74C929 

74C930 

74S189 

74S200 

74S206 

74S289 

82S10 

B2S25 



1702A 

2708 

2708-5 

TMS2516 

TMS2532 

TMS2564 

TMS2716 

2716 

2716-1 

2732 

27560 

MM2764 

MM2764-3 



(450ns)8111 2.95 

(450ns) MOS 2.95 

„ 1024x4 (450ns) 1.95-8/13.95 

IB 1024x4 (450ns) L.P 2.25-8/15.95 

IB 1024x4 (2O0ns) 2.25-8/15.95 

IB 1024x4 (200ns) L.P 2.49-8/17 95 

IB 4096x1 (150ns) 3.95 

16 4096x1 (70ns) 4.95 

18 1024x4 70ns) 8.95 

18 4096x1 (450ns) 3.95 

IB 1024x4 (450ns) 3.95 

22 256x4 (450ns)CM0S 4.95 

18 4096x1 (450ns)4044 4.95 

24 2048x8 (150ns)CM0S 7.95 

24 2048x8 (200ns)CMOS 6.95 

24 2048x8 (200ns) L.P. CMOS 7.95 

16 16x4 (50ns) 3101 2.25 

22 256x4 (250ns) CMOS (6551) . ...3.95 

18 256x4 (250ns)CMQS 3.95 

16 1024x1 (250ns) CMDS (6501) 3.95 

18 1024x1 (25Dns)CM0S(6518) 3.95 

16 16x4 (35ns)93405 1.95 

16 256x1 (80ns)93410 3.95 

16 256x1 (60ns)93411 3.95 

16 16x4 35ns) 3101 2.25 

16 1024x1 (50ns) O.C. (93415) 3.95 

16 16x4 (50ns) O.C. (74S289) 2.25 

EPROMS 

24 256x8 (1us) 



Pari No. 



•11— 



74S188 
74S287 
74S288 
74S387 
74S471 
74S472 
74S473 
74S474 
74S475 
74S478 
74S570 
74S571 
74S572 
74S573 
B2S23 
82S115 

&'2- 

82S126 
82S129 
82S130 
82S1B5 



24 1024x8 

24 1024x8 (550ns) SM00246 .. 

24 2048x8 450ns 2716 

24 4096x8 450ns) NMC2532 . 

28 8192x8 450ns) 

24 2048x8 (450ns) 3 voltage . 

24 2048x8 (450ns) 

24 2048x8 (350ns) 

24 4096XB [450ns) 

24 1024x8 (450ns) single +5V . 

2B 8192x8 (450ns) 

2B 8192x8 (300ns) 

PROMS- 



PROM O.C. (6330-1) 

PROM T.S. (6301-1 

PROM T.S. (6331-1 

PROM O.C (6300-1) .... 

PROM T.S. (6309-1) 

PROM T.S. (6349-1).. .. 

PROM O.C. (8348) 

PROM T.S. (DM87S296N) . 

„ PROM O.C. (6340) 

24 1024x8 PROM T.S. (T8P28S86) . 

16 512x4 PROM O.C. (6305) 

18 512x4 PROM T-S. (B306) 

18 1024x4 PROM O.C. 6352) 

1024x4 PROMT. S.(82S137) .... 



16 32x8 

16 256x4 

16 32x8 

16 256x4 

20 256x8 

20 512x8 

20 512xB 

24 512x8 

24 512x8 



7045IP1 

7045EV/Kit* 

7106CPL 

7106EV/KH' 

7107CPL 

7107EV/Kit* 

7116CPL 

7117CPL 

7201 IUS 

7205IPG 

7205EV/KH* 

7206CJPE 

7206CEV/KH- 

7207AIPD 

7207AEV/Kif 

720B1PI 

7209IPA 

7215IPG 

7215EV/Kit* 

7216AIJI 

7216CIJI 

7216DIPI 

7217IJI 

7217AIPI 

7224IPL 

7226AIJL 

7226AEV/Kit* 

7240IJE 

7242IJA 

7250IJE 

72601JE 

7555IPA 

7556IPD 

7611BCPA 

7612BCPA 

7621 BCPA 

7631CCPE 

7641 CCPO 

7642CCPD 

7660CPA 

B038CCPD 

8046CCPE 

8069CCQ 

8211CPA 

8212CPA 



CMOS Precision Timer 

Stopwatch Chip, XTL 
3ft DigiIA/D(LCDD'ive) 
IC. Circuit Board, Display 
3ft Digit A/D(LEDDnvei 
IC, Circuit Board. Dlsptty 
3Vi Digit A/D LCD OlS HLO 
3V? Digit A/D LED Dis HLC 
Low Battery Volt Indicator 
CMOS LED Stopwatch/ Timer 
Stopwatch Chip. XTL 

Tone Generalof 

Tone Generator Chip Mi 
Oscillator Controller 
Frerj. Counter Chip, XU 
Seven Decade Counter 
Clock Generator. . . 
4Func. CMOS Stopwatch CK1 

4 Func. Stopwatch Ciic-. XTi 
8 Digit Univ. Counter C A 

5 Digit Freq. Counter C A . 
8 Digit Freq. Counter C C 

4 Digit LED Up/Down Counier C A 

4 Digit LED Up/Down Courtier C C 
LCD 4 Vi Digit Up Counter Dfil 

8 Digit Univ. Counte' 

5 Function Counter Chip. XU 
CMOS Bin Prog. Timer /Counter 
CMOS Divide-by-256RC Timer 
CMOS BCD Prog. Tirser/ Counter 
CMOS BCD Prog liner/ Counter 
CMOS 555 Timer.. 

CMOS 556 Timer... 
CMOS Op Amp Comparator 
CMOS Op Amp Ext. Cmvr 
CMOS Dual Op Amp Comp 
CMOSTriOpAmpCc-Tip . 
CMOS Quad Op Amp Comp 
CMOS Quad Op Amp Comp . . . 
Voltage Converter . 
Waveform Generate.' 
Monolithic Logarithmic Amp 
50ppm Band-GAP Volt Ret Diorle 
Volt Ref/ Indicator 
Volt Rel/ Indicator . 



29 95 
16 95 
15 95 
2 25 
12 95 



10 95 
29 95 
74 95 



1.45 



2 20 



5MV 2 25 

5MV 2 95 

5MV 3 95 

10MV 5 35 

10MV 7 50 

10MV 7 50 
295 




74HC High Speed CMOS 



16 32x8 PROM O.C. (27S18) 

24 512x8 PROMT. S ■;27S1;j! 

16 32x8 PROM T.S. (27S19) 

16 256x4 PROM O.C (27S20) 3.95 

1B 256x4 PROM T.S. (27S24 ... 

10 512x4 PROM O.C. (27S12) 

IB 2048x4 PROMT. S.(TBP24S81) ..9.95 

DM87S180N 24 1024x8 PROM O.C. (82S180) 9.95 

DM87S181N 24 1024x8 PROM T.S. (82S181) 9.95 

DM87S184N 16 2048x4 PROM O.C. (82S184) , ,.9.95 

DM87S185N 18 2048x4 PROM T.S. (B2S185) 9.95 

DM87S190N 24 2048x4 PROM O.C. (B2S190) .. .19.95 

DM87S191N 24 2048x8 PROM T.S. (82S191) ... .19.95 
DATA ACQUISITION 





74HC00 




2 55 


74HC02 


14 


2 95 


•74HCU04 


14 


■i 95 


74HC08 


14 


4.95 


74HC10 


14 


2 95 


74HC20 


14 


9.95 


74HC27 


14 


2 9fj 


74HC74 


14 




74HC75 


1K 




74HC86 


14 


:: 9 ! ! 


74HC109 


16 















74HC139 


10 


1.49 


74HC251 






74HC147 


1h 


1.19 


74HC266 


14 




74HC151 


10 


1.19 


74KC280 


14 




74HC157 


10 


1.19 


74HC373 


n 


3.95 


74HC160 


10 


1.79 


74HC374 


?n 






1ft 


1.79 


74HC533 


711 


.19(1 


74HC164 


14 


1.79 


74HC534 


70 


a. 95 


74HC174 


in 


1.39 


74HC4075 


14 


7b 


74HC175 


10 


1.39 


74HC4538 


16 




74HC242 


14 


2.79 


74HC4543 


1b 


4.9b 



/Programmable Array Logic (PALS) 



DC10 

MC3470P 1 

MC1408L7 1 

MC1408L8 1 



Mostek DC/DC Convert. +5Vto-9V., 



7-bit 6/A Converter (DAC0607LCN) . 

8-oltD/ACcnverter(DAC0808LCN) . 

8-bil A/D Converter (1LSB) 

DAC0806 16 8-bit 0/ A Converter (0 .78'/« Lin.). . 
ADC0809 28 8-bit A/D Converter (8-Ch. Multl.} . . 
AY-5-1O13A40 30K Bmd Uart<TR1B02) 4.8S 



Pirt No. "Pins Function 




PAL10HB 
PAL12H6 
PAL14H4 
PAL10L8 
PAL12L6 
PAL14L4 
PAL16L8 
PAL16R8 
PAL16R6 
PAL16R4 



Octal 10-lnputAND-OR Gate Array (High Output) $5.95 

Hex 1 2-lnput ANO-OR Gate Array (Higri Output) 5.95 

Quad 14-lnputAND-OR Gate Array (High Output) 5.95 

Octal 10-lnputArJD-OR-lnvert Gate Array (Low Output).. .5.95 
Hex 12-lnput AND-OR-lnverl Gate Array (Low Oulput) . . . .5.95 
Quad 14-lnputAND-OR-lnvert Gate Array (Low Output) . . .5.95 
Oclal 16-lnput AND-OR-lnvert Gate Array (Low Output) . 

Octal 16-lnput Register AND-OR Gate Array 

Hex 16-lnput Register AND-OR Gate Array B.9S 

Quad 16-lnput Register AND-OR Gate Array 9.95 



. .9,95 



30012 1982 NATIONALPAL Data Book (176p) . $5.95 



CA306ON 


16 


3.25 


CA3080E 


• 


.89 


CA3081N 


1ft 


1.49 


CA3082N 


16 


1.49 


CA3083N 


1B 


1.49 


CA3086N 


14 


.69 


CD4040 


16 


M 

79 


CD4041 


14 


79 


CD4042 


18 


.69 


CD4043 


16 


.79 


CD4044 


16 


.79 


CD4046 


1B 


89 


CD4047 


14 


M 








CD4049 


16 


.39 


CD4050 


16 


.39 


CD4051 


16 


.71) 


CD4052 


16 


.79 


CD4053 


16 


79 


CD4056 


16 


2.9!) 


CD4059 


74 


7fft 


CD4060 


16 


.89 


CD4066 


14 


,3S 


CD4068 


14 


3t 


CD4069 


14 


.25 


CD4070 


14 


.3d 


CD4071 


14 


n 


CD4072 


14 


.25 


CD4073 


14 


.2! 


CD4075 


14 


Jli 


C04076 


16 


;fl 


C04078 


14 


,4i 


CD4081 


14 


.2! 


CD4082 


14 


.21 


CD4093 


14 


.49 



CD4098 16 

CD4506 16 

CD4507 14 

CD4508 24 

CD4510 16 

CD4511 16 

CD4512 16 

CD4514 24 

CD4515 24 

CD4516 16 

CD4518 16 

CD4519 16 

CD4520 16 

CD4526 16 

C04528 16 

CD4529 IB 

CD4543 16 

CD4562 14 

CD4566 16 

CD4583 16 

CD4584 14 

C04723 16 

CD4724 16 

MC14409 16 

MC14410 16 

MC14411 24 

MC14412 16 

MC14419 16 

MC14433 24 

MC14538 16 

MC14541 14 



IC SOCKETS 



For Socket Required, See Column After The IC Part No. 
LOW PROFILE (TIN) SOCKETS WIRE WRAP (GOLD) SOCKETS 

V9 10-99 100-999 LEVE L #3 i-9 19-99 100-999 



16 p 



LP 



IB pin LP .26 .24 .23 

2D ptn LP 30 .27 .25 

22 pin LP .31 .28 .26 

24 pin LP .33 .30 .28 

28 pin LP .40 .37 .38 

36 pin LP .46 .42 .39 

40 pin LP .49 .46 .43 
— Solrfertall Standard Tin & Gold Also Available - 



TL071CP 8 
T1072CP 8 
TL074CN 14 
TL081CP B 
TL082CP 8 
TL084CN 14 
LM301CN B 
LM302H 
LM304H 
LM305H 
LM307CN 8 
LM308CN B 
LM309K 
LM310CN 8 
LM311CN B 
LM312H 
LM317T 
LM317K 
LM318CN 8 
LM319N 14 
LM320K-5 
LM320K-12 
LM320K-15 
LM320T-5 
LM320T-12 
LM320T-15 
LM323K 
LM324N 14 
LM337T 
LM338K 
LM339N 14 
LM340K-5 



LM340K-15 
LM340T-5 
LM340T-12 
LM340T-15 
LM348N 1 
LM350K 
LF355N 
LF356N 
* LM370N 1 
LM373N 1 
LM377N 1 
LM380N 1 
LM381N 1 
LM382N 1 
LM384N 1 
LM386N-3 
TL494CN ■ 
TL496CP 

NE510A 

NE529A 

NE531V 

NE536H 

NE540H 

NE544N 

NE550A 

NE555V 

LM556N 

NE564N 

LM565N 

LM566CN 
J567V 



NE570N 

LM703CN 

LM709N 

LM710N 

LM711N 



16 3.95 



14 



,79 



LM723N 

LM733N 14 1.00 

LM739N 14 1.95 

LM741CN 8 .35 

LM747N 14 .69 

LM748N 8 .59 

LM1310N 14 1.49 

LM1458CN 8 .59 

LM1488N 14 .69 

LM1489N 14 .69 

LM1496N 14 1.95 

LM1800N 16 1.49 

LM1889N 18 1.95 

LM1896N 14 2.95 

LM2002T 1.49 

LM3189N 16 1.59 

LM39O0N 14 .59 

LM3905CN 8 1.19 

LM3909N 8 .99 

LM3914N 18 3.49 

LM3915N 18 3 49 

LM3916N 18 3.49 

BC4136N 14 1.25 

RC4151NB 8 1.95 

ICL8038B 14 3.95 

LM13080N 8 1.19 

LM13600N 16 1.19 

mohe Available 



8 pin WW 
10 pin WW 
14 pin WW 
16 pin WW 
18 pin WW 
20 pin WW 
22 pin WW 
24 pin WW 
28 pin WW 



1.09 



$10.00 Minimum Order — U.S. Funds Only 
California Residents Add 6'/i% Sales Tax 
Postage — Add 5% plus $1.50 Insurance 
Send S.A.S.E. for Monthly Sales Flyer! 



Spec Sheets — 30c each 
Send $1.00 Postage for your 
FREE 1983 JAMECO CATALOG 
Prices Subject to Change 



S call f° r 
Quantity 
Discounts^ 




^ $3 9 21H ^ 

1355 SHOREWAY ROAD, BELMONT, CA 94002 
1/83 PHONE ORDERS WELCOME — (415) 592-8097 Telex: 176043 



CAPACITOR CORNER 



50 VOLT CERAMIC DISC CAPACITORS 







10-99 


100 + 


Value 


1-9 


10-99 


100+ 




.08 


I* 


.05 


.QOljiF 










.08 


.06 


.05 


.004 7uF 












.06 


.05 










.08 


.06 


.05 


.022M' T 










.08 


.06 


.05 


.XnW 








470 pf 


.08 


.06 


.05 








MINI. ALUMINUM 


ELEC 


rROLYTIC CAPACITORS 




1-99 


100-49 


500+ 


Radial 


1-99 


100-4* 


500+ 






.14 


.10 


.47/25V 


.15 


.13 


.12 






.16 


.12 


.47/50V 












15 


.11 


1.0/16V 












.15 


.11 












.18 


.15 


.11 


1.0/50V 














.12 












.19 


.16 


.12 


4.7/25V 












.20 


.18 












.25 


.21 


.19 


10/16V 












.25 


.23 














.24 


.22 












.41 


.37 


.34 














.34 


.33 












.49 


.45 


.41 


100/25V 












.49 


.45 












.79 


.69 


.61 


220/16V 








2200/ 16 V 


.89 


.79 


.69 











520 BYTE January 1983 



Circle 216 on inquiry card. 



consumer products POWER SUPPLIES — KEYBOARDS 



SECURITY ALARM SYSTEMS 

Home Alarm System 

• Sell-Installation » Presettatile w/lndividual 
| 3-digit code — no key nee. • Instant or 10-sbc. 

delayed warning system • Alarm syslem Incl. win- 
dow & door contacts • One 9V battery required (not 
I Incl | Low power consumption (0.01mA) • Loud 
[ audible alarm (90db) • Delayed exit lealure 

• System complete w/one control station with 
Built-in siren and test button; 4 magnetic contact 

i sets & connecting wires for entire system 
ST-05 Home Alarm Sysltm ... .. $59 . 95 




Door Security System 

• Coded door alarm • Instant or 7-second delay 
system. • Alarm activated as door Is opened. 

• Can be de-actlvated by pressing personal code. 

• Power: One 9V battery (not incl.). • SystBm in- 
cludes one personal coded keyboard and one 
magnetic sensor. 

ES-07 Ooor Alarm $29.95 






Anti-Theft Auto Alarm System 

• Audible born is activated when door or trunk is 
opened • Alarm sounds tor 3 min. — unless turned 
otf by secret 3-digit code. • Wire cutting will not 
deactivate alarm. • Code set by owner. • Uses only 
O.OtrnA power. • System complete w/one Black- 
box control unit: one personal coded keyboard; 2 
sels ot sensors; one audible horn: 8, wiring (incl. 
one 10A tuse). 
CA-06 Auto Alarm $59.95 



Stereo 
Cassette Player 

with FM Stereo Tuner Pack 

• Lightweight Headphones 

• Cr02/Metal/Normal 
Tape Selector 

• Anti-Rolling Mechanism 

FEATURES: • Blue carrying case, shoulder strap, belt strap, 
lightweight headphones, FM stereo tuner pack & Instruction manual 
• Talkllne * Tone selector • Cr02/MetaJ/Normai tape selector • LED 
operation indicator • Built-in microphone • Stop/eject, play, 
rewind/ review, fast forward/cue. tape/radio selector functions ■ Vol. 
control • Ext. power Input Jack • Headphone jack •Auto-stop 
mechanism (shuts off player when tape ends) • Anti-rolling 
mechanism (prevents 30und from quivering when walking, jogging, 
etc.) • Weight: 13 oz. • Requires 4 AA batteries (not Included) • Size: 




6"L * 



"Wx 



-im"M 



Model TWF-802 $69.95 

AM 3-4 AA Alkaline Batteries 4/S3.95 




Mini Stereo 
AM/FM 
Receiver 

WITH HEADPHONES 
For Joggers, Cyclists, 
Skaters £ Sport i Events 

FEATURES: Lightweight headphones. Left/right balance control. Full 
fidelity stereo sound. Additional black soft carrying case and 
shoulder strap. Belt clip (hands free). Operates on 3 AA cell batteries 
(not fncl. • Bee below). Compact size: 3-1^8 "H x 4-7/8"L x 1 "D. Wt. 6 oz. 

Model 2830 $29.95 

AM3 3 AA Alkaline Batteries 3/S2.95 



TV GAME SWITCH 

Switches TV to video game 
. or computer operation. 
Used on Atari. 

TGS-1...$2.95ea. 



#i 



16Y'Lx5'/j"Wx1Y'H 



23 , 'U5 1 VWx1-3/8 , 'H 



POWER SUPPLY +5VDC @ 1 AMP REGULATED Transact/on Tech 

Output +5V0C @ 1A (also +30V0C) reg. Input 11 5VAC 60Hz. Mone (black/beige) sell -enclosed 
case E ft 3 cond black power cord. 6v,"W . 7"D i 2V."H Wt. 3 lbs. Data sheet incl. 

Part No. PS51194 $19-95 «"" 



POWER SUPPLY +5V0C @ 1 AMP REGULATED 

Output + 5VDC @ 1 imp, ♦ 36-4ZVDC ad). 400mA or Ibss. 30VAC (isol.l @ 1 5 ai 

SMz. Circ.brkr." re-set button. Blk. self-end case <nli rubber lea . 6 It. 3 com 
n/ofl switch. 6% — 



B Industries 
i. Input 115VAC 

S.,!! button. Blk. sell-encl case w/4 rubber leet. 6 It. 3 cr- J 
n/oft switch 6%"W * 7%"D x 3-7/B"H - wt. 7 lbs. Data sheet Included. 

Part No. PS407D $24.95 each 



POWER SUPPLY +5VDC @ 3 AMP REGULATED 

Input: 115VAC, 47-440H;. Output: 5VDC Adjustable @ 3 amp. 6VDC 



Del iron 



.__ J2.5ai . 
rent limit. Ripple & Noise: 1MV rms, 5MV p-p - 2 mounting surfaces. UL recognized. Size: 4"W t 
4V>"L x 2-7/ IB' H - wt. 2 lbs. Data sheel included. 

Part No. QPS-1 SZ9.95 each 



MULTI-VOLTAGE POWER SUPPLY +5, + 12,-12VDC REGULATED 

Input: 105 125VAC. 47-63Hz / 2G5-250VAC. 47-G3HZ. Output: + 5VDC @ 2 imps Adj., SVDC @ 
50mA Fixed. +12VDC@ 1 amp Adj., -12V @ 2 amp adj. Ovorvolta go protection. Size; 12Vi"Lx 
4-7/B"W x 3%"D. Data sheet included. 
Part No. RA0250 $39.95 each 



POWER SUPPLY +5VDC @ 7.5 AMP, 12VDC @ 1.5 AMP SWITCHING 
Input: 115VAC, 50-GOHz @3 amp/230VAC, 50Hz @ 1.6 amp. Fan vott./power supply select swit- 
ches (115/230VAC). Output: 5VDC £ 7.B amp, 12VDC (n> 1 .6 Birp. 6 tt. blk. pow. cord. 11Vi"Wx 
m"Dx3»"H. Wt. Gibs. 

Part No. PS94V0 $49.95 each 



POWER SUPPLY 4-Channel Switching Power Supply 

Microprocessor, mini- computer, terminal, medical equipment and process control applications. In- 
put: 90-130VAC 47-440HZ. Output: +5V0C@5A, -5VDC @ 1A; +12VDC @ 1A, -12V0C @ 1A. 
Line rea ±0.2%. Ripple: 30mV p-p. Load reg.: ±1%. Overcurrent protection. Adj: SV main out- 
put* 10W 6-3/8"L x t-7/8"W x 4-t5/16"H. Wt, Vh lbs. 

Part No. FCS-604A $69.95 each 



POWER SUPPLY Adjustable Switching 4-24VDC to 5 Amps 

Ad[. 4-24VDC, 5VDC ® 5A, 6VDC @ 4.BA. SVDC @ 4.1A, 12VDC @ 3.3A, 18VDC @ 1.9A, 24VDC 
@ .5A. Overvollage Protection. Input: 115VAC 50760HI. Output variations within 20mV. 8.25"L x 
*.25"Wx 2.25"H. Wt. 3.Z5 lbs. 

JE224 Kit $79.95 each 

JE224A Assembled STested $99.95 each 



MICRO SWITCH 69-KFY KEYBOARD 

Dots Entry Keyboard, Encoded Output: 8 -tot Parallel EBC OIC. Switching: Hall Effect, 24-pin Edge 

Card Connection. Complete w/PIn Connection. Can easily be modified to ASCII code. 

Part No. KB69SD12-2 (Fits into DTE-20 Enclosure) $19.95 each 



MICRO SWITCH 85-KEY KEYBOARD 

Word Processing Keyboard, 26 Pin Edge Card Connection. Supply Voltage + 5VDC. Main Keyboard 

Is QWERTY. Additional Key Pads tor Cursor and word processing functions. 

Part No. B5SD18-1 $29.95 each 



MICRO SWITCH B8-KEY KEYBOARD (PARALLEL) 
Data Entry Keyboard used In a Diablo 1640 Terminal. Supply Voltage: 
Effect — m-pin Edge Card Connection. Schematic included. Uses BO 

Part No. 88SD22 (Fits into DTE-20 Enclosure) $69.95 each 



84-Key Keyboard 



CA153A. 



.$69.95 



95-Key Keyboard 



CA154A... $79.95 



CONTROL 
DATA 

Data Entry 
Keyboards 

RS232_lntorface 

FT2 Shielded Base 

SPST Switching 

Momentary 

Contact 

Key switches 

30" Interface 

Cable 

Attractive 

Case 



104-Key Keyboard 




CA148 ...$99.95 



80-Key Keyboard 




CA150C $89.95 



Colon keycaps: black, blue, red - cover: black w/belge base. 21 V* "x9"x3 1 /2 ". 6 lbs. 



BUG BOX™ — 30 individual compartments 

• Stores 60 8-pln or 30 14- or 16-pln DIPS • Heavy du- 
ty injection molded plastic • Clear plastic cover 
elides 4 locks •Cover marked vWnumbers 1-30 

• Compartment size: 1" x 3.75" x .5" deep "Box 
size: 4.9- x 3.3" x .8" • Weight: 1.75 oz. 

BUG BOXTM 

Please specify color code: (B) Blue, (R) Red, (W) 

White, (V) Yellow 

Part NoJColor Code ___ QTY PRICE 



BUG BOX™ 

STORAGE 

SYSTEMS 



e3E3 



BUG CAGE' m (BQC-001- ) With Bug Bok.b 




ANTI-STATIC 



JOYSTICKS 

JSA(2)...$6.95/pair 



PADDLES 

JSP(2)...$4.95/pair 



Mostek DC/ DC Converter 
+ 5 VOLTS TO -9 VOLTS 

Input: +5V. Output: -9V (regulated) @ 30mA. 
Printed circuit mounting. Specifications incl. 
DC10 $2.95 ea. or 2/S4.95 



Universal 




Computer Keyboard Enclosure 

"DTE" Blank Desk-Top Enclosures 
are designed lor easy modifica- 
tion. High strength epoxy molded 
end pieces in mocha brown finish 
Sliding rear/Bottom panel tor service/ 
component access. Top/bolt, panels .080" 
thick alum, alodine type 1200 finish (gold tint 
color) tor best paint adhesion after modification. 
Vented top & bottom panels for cooling efficiency. 
DTE-20 Panel width20" $34.95 




JOYSTICKS 



Taper Pols S5.25 



i« innw '00K Linear 
■"•'^" "TanerPols S4.95 



ic iriw 150K Linear 

■ib-iau n TaperP |,, s t<75 



JVC 40 40K ' 2| vide0 Con " 
js-5K (Piciur.ni troller in Case $4.95 

JS KNOB KnoblorJS5K.100K.150K $.99 ea. 

JVC KNOB Knob for JVC-40 S.99 ea. 



Wall Transformers 
AC and DC Types 



AC250 (Pictured) 

Part No. Input 


Output 


Price 


AC 250 (above) 


117V/60HZ 

117V760HI 
117V/60HZ 
117V/60H* 
120V/60HZ 
120V/60H2 
117V/60HZ 
120V/60Hz 
12OV/60HZ 
117V/6DHZ 










AC100O 
AC9004 
DC 800 
DC6912 


12VAC lamp 

9.2V AC 2.5 amp 

BVDC 400mA 

6,9,1 2VDC 300mA 


S5.95 

$3.95 
$1.95 

$8.95 








DC12O0 


12VDC 300mA 

9VAC 200mA 


$2.95 
$3.25 



)AS 
)AS . 



10 



10 



$ 2.29 
1S.99 



BUG CAGE™ — 12 locations store Bug Boxes, 
Big Bug Boxes or Bug Trays • Modular and In- 
terlocking • Heavy duty Injection molded plastic 
• Each cage has 6 slip-on locations • 2 cages per 
pkg. "Cage size: 5-1'8" x 5" x 3-7/8" »4 colors 
available — please specify color code: (B) Blue, (fl) 
fled, (W) White, (Y) Yellow 
Pert No.JColor Code Price 



BGC-001( ) 2 Cages (6 loc. ea.) $11 -95/pkg. 

BUG TRAY™ — stores in Bug Cage • Molded 
plastic • Three styles: Open (1 compartment 3.05" x 
43" x .6"); Vertical (5 compartments .5"x 4.6" x .6"); 
and Horizontal (8 compartments .4" x 3.95" x .6"j 
• Ideal for tools, hardware, components, etc. • Tray 
size: 3.55" x 5.05" x .6" • Black color only 
PART NO. DESCRIPTION PRICE 



BTH-001 Horizontal Bug Ttay $1.95 

BTV-001 Vertical Bug Ttay 1.95 

BTO-001 Open Bug Tray ... 1 .95 

BTX-003 1 of each Bug Tray (3) 4.98 



LSI BIG BUG BOX™ — Designed to store 
large IC's, Resistors, Capacitors and Diodes • Divid- 
ed into three compartments measuring 1 " x 4.15" x 
.5" deep 'Three vertical and three horizontal 
dividers Included • Heavy duty Injection molded 
plastic* Box size: 4.9 "x 3.3 "x .6" -Weight: 1.75 oz. 

LSI BIG BUG BOX™ 

Please specify color code: (B) Blue, (R) Red, (W) 

White, (Y) Yetiow 

PART NO.ICOLOR CODE QTY PRICE 



(AS.. 



10 



10 



BACK PACK™ — Self-adhesive labels for the 
back of iCs • Shows exact internal logic In relation 
to IC pins • 532 labels In each package (including 
several blank labels) • Each package for 8, 14, 16, 
24, 28 and 40-pln ICs • Combo package includes 
1,068 labels for TTL and CMOS ICs 
• Microprocessor package contains 744 labels 
Part No. Description Price 



BPT-012 TTL $7.95 

BPC-012 CMOS 8.95 

BPM-012 Combo 14.BS 

BPU-012 Microprocessor 9.95 



JUMPER AND CABLE ASSEMBLIES 



STANDARD DIP JUMPERS 



924102-24 

924102-36 

, 924106 12 

| 924106 24 




























DJ40-1 


flW 


3212 


40 smalt 'n 


12" 


5.39 












6.19 












6.89 












9.49 












10.29 


DJ40-3-40 


924 


36-36 


40 Uoubil. I 


m 36" 


10.95 



STANDARD DB25 SERIES CABLES 

Now you can order DB25 P or S connectors with the 
cable necessary lo fit your application. Choose from 
our standard flat cable in 4-foot lengths. Call today. 






STANDARD C 
Cable Length 



DB25P-4 
DB25S-4 
DB25P-4-P 

DB25P-4-S 
DB25S4-S 



1 D825P 
1 DS25S 
2-OB25P 
1-DB25P/1-DB25S 
2-OB25S 



S7.95 
8.49 
13.49 
13.75 
13.95 



$10.00 Minimum Order — U.S. Funds Only 
California Residents Add 6Va% Sales Tax 
Postage — Add 5% plus $1.50 Insurance 
Sond S.A.S.E. for Monthly Sales Flyer! 



Spec Sheets — 30c each 
Send $1.00 Postage for your 
FREE 1983 JAMECO CATALOG 
Prices Subject to Change 




In I'll iTi m 



s 



*r» 



ameco 



ELECTRONICS 



1355 SHOREWAY ROAD, BELMONT, CA 94002 
1/83 PHONE ORDERS WELCOME — (415) 592-8097 Telex: 176043 




EXPAND YOUR MEMORY 



TRS-80 to 16K, 32K, or 48K 

"Model 1 = From 4K to 16K Requires (1) One Kit 
Model 3 « From 4K to 48K Requires (3) Three Kits 
Color = From 4K to 1GK Requires (1) One Kit 

"Modal 1 equipped with Enpanilon Board up to 48K Two Kits Required 
— Oim Kit Haquirad for each 16K of Expansion — 

TRS-16K3 *200ns for Color & Model til $12.95 

TRS-16K4 *250ns for Model I $10.95 

Kit comes complete with 8 ea. 4164-2 (200ns). 64K Dyn. RAMs & con- 
version documentation. Converts TRS-80 color computers from 
4K-32K Memory or 16K-64K Memory. 
TRS-64K2 (200ns) $54.95 

5Va" Mini-Floppy Disc Drive rsr^wu 

FOR TRS-80 MODEL I (Industry Standard) £" Pertec % 
Features single or double density. Recording C Computer < 
mode: FM single, MFM double density. "^^Corp. tS 
Power: +12VDC (±0.6V) 1.6 amps max., HAAT^ 
5VDC (* 0.25V) 0.8 amps max. Unit as pic- 
tured at left (does not Incl. case, power supplv Jffc 
or cables). 30-page data book included. ^SUPHfe 
Weighs V/a pounds Size: 5 WW x 8"D * — ^^W:." : wK&- 

nrtH.. """""*"»"»' MM ■ . " 

FD200 $179.95 ■ 

Single-sided, 40 tracks, 2S0K bytes capacity ^^HH Hp^ 

FD250 $199.95 ^^W 

Double-sided, 35 tracks, 438K bytes capacity 

sjjj^s 8 „ F | ppy Djsk orive 




• Single-Sided 

• 77 Tracks 

• 400/800K Bytes 
Capacity 

• Industry Standard 



The FDD100-8 8' Floppy Disk Drive (Industry Standard) features 
single or double density. Recording mode: FM single, MFM double 
density. Transfer rate: 250K bits/sec. single density; 500K bits/sec. 
double density. The FDD100-8 Is designed to work with the single- 
sided soft sectored IBM Diskette I, or eq. disk cartridge. Hard- 
sectored option available. Power: 115/230VAC @ 50-60Hz, +24VDC 
@ 1.7 amps max., +5VDC @ 1.2 amps max, Unit as pictured above 
(does not Include case, power supply, or cables). Size: 8.55*Wx14"L 
x 4.5"H. Weighs 12 lbs. Incl. 96-pg. manual. 
Part No. Price 

FDD100-8 Buy 1 for $269.95each 

FDD100-8 Buy 2 for $259.95 each 

FDD100-8 Buy 10 for $249.95 each 

2708,2716,2732 & 2764 EPROM Programmer 

JE664 EPROM PROGRAMMER 

8K TO 64K EPROMS — 24 AND 28 PIN PACKAGES 

Self-Contained — Requires No Additional Systems for Operation 



NJVV! 




• Programs, validates and checks lor properly erased EPROM* • Emulalas PflOMt 
or EPROMt • RS232C Computer Interface lor eaitliro/ program loading • Loads data 
Into RAM by keyboard a Changes date In RAM by keyboard ■ Load* RAM from an 
EPROM • Compares EPROMi for content differences • Copies EPROMt • Power In- 
put: 115VAC, 60Hz, -« 10W power consumption • Enclosure: Color-coordinated, 
light tan panels w/molded mocha brown end placet • Size: 15-5/H "L * B'A"D * 
3Vi"H • Wt.: SV> lbs 

JE664-A EPROM Programmer $995.00 

Assembled & Testsd [ Includes JM16A Module) 

JE6B5 - RS232C INTERFACE OPTION — The JE665RS232C interface 
Option Implements computer access lo the JE664's RAM. Sample software written In 
BASIC provided tor TRS-80® Model I. Level II Computer. Baud rate; 9800. Word 
Lgth: 6 bits - odd parity. Stop bits: 2. Option may be adapted to other computers. 

JE664-ARS EPROM Prog W/JE665 Option $11 95.00 

Assembled and Tested (includes JM15A Module) 

EPROM JUMPER MODULES — The JE664s JUMPER MODULE (Personali- 
ty Module) is a plug-in Module that pre-sots JE664 tor proper programming pulses to 
the EPROM & configures EPROM socket connections for that particular EPROM 

Part 

No. EPROM EPROM MANUFACTURER PRICE 

JMOBA 2708 AMD, Motorola, National. Intel, Tl S14.95 

JM16A 2716JMS2516 Intel, Motorola. National. NEC, Tl $14,95 

JM16B TMS2716 Motorola, Tl (+5,-12. +12) $14,95 

JM32A TMS2532 Molorola, Tl $14.95 

JM32B 2732 AMD, Fujitsu, NEC, Hitachi. Intel $14.95 

JM64A MCM68764, 

MCM68L764 Molorola $14.95 

JM64B 2764 Intel $14,95 

JM64C TMS2564 Tl $14.95 

UV-EPROM Eraser 



8 Chips — 51 Minutes | 



| 1 Chip — 37 Minutes 



Erases 270S, 2716, 2732. 2764, 2516, 2532, 2564. Erases up to 6 chips 
within 51 minutes (1 chip In 37 minutes). Maintains constant exposure 
distance of one Inch. Special conductive foam liner eliminates static 
build-up. Built-in safety lock to prevent UV exposure. Compact — only 
9.00* x 3.70' x 2.60". Complete with holding tray tor 8 chips. 

UVS-11EL Replacement Bulb M6.95 

DE-4 UV-EPROM Eraser . . . S 79.95 



D 



Sprite-style Fan 

• 36cfm free air delivery jvvwi_ 

• 3.125" sq. x 1.665" depth y*Metai> 

• 10 yrs. cont. duty at 20°C f^wSj* 

• 115V50/60HZ -WW* 

.$ 9.95 ea. 
, $14.95 ea. 




Muffin-style Fan 

• 105cfm tree air delivery S^u? 

I • 4.68" sq. x 1.50" depth. Ze!.*, 

[ • 10 yrs. cont. duty at 20°C H-vV 

■ • Impedance protected, ambients to 70°C 
I • 115V 50/60HZ 14W Wt. 17 oz. 

MU2A1-U sastL, $9 - 95 ea ' 

•MU2A-1N "." ! S14.95ea. 



Circle 216 on inquiry card. 



BYTE January 1983 521 



A Z=^CQMPUTER 



MICROPROCESSORS 



16K Apple™ Ramcard 




LIST 195 
ACP 

95 



$ 59 



• FulM year warranty 
• Top quality — gold fingers 
• Expand Apple II 48K to 64K 
• Compatible with Z-80 Softcard" 
• Allows system to run with CP/M", PASCAL, 
DOS 3.3, COBAL, Visicalc, etc. 
Supplied with extra 16K RAM & has (2) LEDs 



32 K STATIC RAM 

2 or 4 MHz 
Expandable 

Dies 
21141/1 

16K4MHzKit $159.95 

16K4MH2A8T 217.95 

32K4MHzKit 51 "- ao -2e9^5. 
• 32K 4 MHz A&T • 339.00 

BARE BOARD 39.95 

BareBdw/allpartslessmem. 99.95 




BARE BOARDS 



S-100 Sound Board 

8080ACPU 

32K Static RAM (2114) 

8K EPROM (2708) 

2708/2716 EPROM 

ACP Proto Board 

Vector 8800 Proto 

Vector 8803 1 1 slot MB 

ACP Extender with connector 

13 Slot Mother Board (WMC) 

9 Slot Mother Board (WMC) 

SSIotMotherBd(Expandable) 

Floppy PCB (8" SHUGART) 

S100(AY5-8910) Sound Board 

Apple Sound Board 



£34-95 
34.95 
34.95 
24.95 
34.95 
22.95 
22.20 
29.95 
18.95 
32.95 
29.95 
34.95 
39.95 
34.95 
24.95 



"EPROM" 

ERASER 




16K Memory 
Expansion Kits 

for Apple/TRS-80 

8pcs4116 16K 

200/250nS (t!1 O QC 

Specify computer Cp I ^ . v?0 

CALL FOR VOLUME PRICING 



"D" SUB CONNECTORS 



«r 



Unreal price. DB37 
male, DB25 female. 
Gold PC mount with 
mounting holes. 
Mfg. AMP. 
Specify 25 or 37 pins. 



BD37 $2.50 DB25 $1 .95 



Astec RF Modulator 




B/W 



P/N 1082 Channel 3 or 4 



1200 BAUD MODEM IC 

^^p^iw Features: 

.^n^fl^OHIp • 1200 Baud 

SPffllP 1 " * 40Pin 

^IIU"' •5VoltsOnly 

SL1200 .....$129.00 



64K CMOS RAM 

S100(200nS) 

Uses2716's SQQQOO 
or6116's ^v7v7 

Assembled & Tested $399.00 



MOSTEKra 4 ^ 

290ea 




200,000 pieces in 
stock — priced to move. 
Same as MK4027 except 1 mS 
refresh. MK4015 4Kx1 RAM. 



STEPPER MOTOR 

Operates by applying 
12VDC in one direc- 
tion and then revers- 
ing polarity (or square 
wave). Uses 12VDC, 
Clock Wise Rotation, 
Rated 3 RPM at 4 
P.P.S. with a 5 degree 
stepping angle. 

10 for $39.95 




4K STATIC RAM 
iELL-OFF 

10/S9.90 




Same as TMS4044 
but designed specifically 
for Z-80 based systems. This 
is a full-spec 4Kx1 RAM, 450nS. 
Order P/N Zilog 61 04-4 while suppty lasts. 



Zilog 

Z8CPU 

with 
TINY 
BASIC 
Debug prog. 

Plus 6132 companion 
quasi-static RAM 29.95 



l 4? 

rog. $49.95 



Stepper Motor 



we* 



USED IN 

DATA 

PRODUCTS 

PRINTER 
$19.95ea. 



CONNECTORS 



DB25P (RS232) 

DB25S Female 

Hood 

Set with Hood. Sale 

22/44 S/T, KIM 

43/86 S/T, MOT 

50/100 S-100 Connector W/W 

50/100 S-100 Connector S/T 



$3.25 
3.75 
1.25 
7.50 

2.95 
6.50 
4.95 
3.95 




PARALLEL ALPHA NUMERIC 
PRINTER 



1 9 Column Printer prints 1 6 numerical columns plus 3 
columns which have math, alpha and other notations. 
Each wheel has 12 positions with position 12 blank. 
Position 1 1 on numerical columns have decimal point or #. Utilizes 2.75" 
wide adding machine tape and a dual color ink ribbon. Input data parallel 
with four bit BCDcomparatorcircuit(schematic provided). Print rate, 3 lines 
per second. Operating voltage 22-28VDC with typical cycle time of 
340mS. Size6'/!"Wx3VB"Hx5%"Dp. New. $9.95 ea. 3/$27 



Z80A 1 1 .95 

F-8 (3850) 16.95 

2650 '6.95 

1802 9.75 

8080A 4.75 

8085 14.95 



4116-2 1.99 
4116-2 8/12.95 

2101 3.99 

2102 .79 
21L02-2 1.49 
21 L02-4 
2111 



8008-1 $14.95 6802P 14.95 

2901 9.90 8035 14.95 

2901A 14.95 8039 12.95 

9900JL 49.95 8073N 34.95 

6502 9.95 8755 49.95 

6502A 16.95 8748 49.95 

1M6100 29.95 6809 30.00 

6800 11.75 8086 49.95 

6800B 19.95 68000 129.95 



1.29 



2112 
2114 
2114L-2 
2114L-4 

2125 



3.25 
2.29 
6.96 



8155S9.95 
8156 9.95 
8202 29.95 
8205 2.69 
8212 2.75 
8214 4.95 
8216 2.75 
8224 2.95 
8226 2.95 
8228 3.95 
8243 9.50 

8250 14.95 

8251 6.50 
8253 1 1 .95 
8255 4.50 
8257 9.50 




l ' I U.V.,J 



8259 $8.95 
8275 19.95 
8279 9.50 
6810 4.75 

6820 6.50 

6821 6.50 
6828 10.50 
6834 16.95 
6845 22.95 
6847 27.95 
6850 5.25 
6852 5.25 
6860 10.95 
6862 10.95 
6875 5.95 
6880 2.49 



Z80-PIO 

Z80A-PIO 
Z80-CTC 

Z80A-CTC 
Z80-DMA 
Z60A-DMA 27.95 
Z80-SIO 24.95 
Z80A-SIO 29.95 



6.50 
9.50 
6.50 
9.50 
19.95 



MOS PROMS 



2764 (8Kx8) TS 
2732 (4Kx8) TS 
2716/2516; 5V 
(2Kx8) TS 
TMS2716, 5V, 12V 
2758. 5V, (450nS) 



2708 (450nS) $5.75 
2708(650nS) 5.25 
1702A 5.75 

MW5203AQ 14.50 
MM5204Q 9.95 



■ !! ! ,, ^ ! l 



2513-001 <5V) Upper S9.5C 
2513-005 (SV) Lower 10.9S 
2513-ADM3(5V) Lower 14.95 
MCM66710ASCII Shifted 1235 

MCMf.67.lCI Math Symbol 13.95 

MCM66750 Alpha Control 13.45 
1771-01 8" & Minifloppy 24.95 
1781 Dual Floppy 29 95 

1791-01 Dual Floppy 36.95 
1791-02 Dual Floppy 44.95 
1793 DD.DS Floppy 44.95 
1 797 DD, DS Floppy 54.95 
1691 Data Separator 18.95 
2143 Clock Generator 



l ::t '.>■■• 



8701 10 Bit Binary 
8703 8 bit TS 
9400 Volt to FreqConv. 
8750 3<h Digit BCD 
1408L6 6 bit 
1408L8 8 bit 
DAC01 DMA 



DAC08 $9.95 

DAC100 9.95 

8038 Function Generator 4.50 

MC4024 VCO 2.95 

LM566VCO 1.95 
XH2206 Function Generator 5.25 

TR1602B(5V, 12V) 3.95 

AY51013I5V.12V) 4.95 

AY51Ct4A/1612(5-14vl 6.95 

AV51015An863(5V) 6.95 

IM6402 7.95 

IM6403 8.95 

2350 USBT 9.95 

1671BAstros 24.95 

MC14411 11.95 

4702 14,95 

WD 1941 9.95 

COM5016 16.95 

INS8250 15.95 

AV5-2376 13.75 

AY5-3600 13.75 

MM5740AAC B.95 



E5S35B 






LOW PROFILE 
SOCKETS (TIN) 



8 pin LP .16 .15 

14 pin LP .20 .19 

16 pin LP ,22 .21 

18 pin LP .29 .28 

20 pin LP .34 .32 

22 pin LP .29 .27 

24 pin LP .38 .37 

28 pin LP .45 .44 

40 pin LP .60 .59 

3L WIREWRAP 
SOCKETS (GOLD) 



1-24 

8 pin WW .55 

10 pin WW (Tin) .65 
14 pin WW .75 

1 6 pin WW 
18 pin WW 
20 pin WW 
22 pin WW 
24 pin WW 
28 pin WW 



40 pin WW 



.80 
.95 
1.15 
1.45 
1.35 
1.60 
2.20 



.54 
.63 
.73 
.77 
.90 
1.08 
1.35 
1.26 
1.53 



1.23 
1.14 

1.38 



78H05K 

78M06 

78M.G. 

LM108AH 

LM300H 

LM301CN 

LM304H 

LM305H 

LM306H 

LM307CN 

LM308CN 

LM309K 

LM310CN 

LM311D/CN 

LM312H 

LM317T 

LM318CN 

LM319N/H 

LM320K-XX* 

LM320T-XX* 

LM320H-XX* 

LM323K 

LM324N 

LM337K 

LM338K 

LM339N 

LM340K-XX* 

LM340T-XX- 

LM340H-XX* 

LM344H 

LM348N 

LM350K 

LM358CN 

LM360N 

LM372N 

LM376N 

LM377N 

LM380CN/N 

LM381 N 

LM383T 

LM386N 

LM387N 

LM390N 

NE531V/T 

NE555V 

NE556N 

NE561T 

NE565N/H 

NE566H/V 

NE567V/H 

NE592N 

LM702H 

LM709N/H 

LM710N/H 

LM711N/H 

LM715N 

LM723N/H 

LM733N/H 

LM739N 

LM741 CN/H 

LM741CN-14 

LM747N/H 

LM748N/H 

LM760CN 

LM1310N 

MCI 330 

MCI 350 

MC1358 



74S0O$ .39 

74502 .43 

74503 .45 

74504 .52 

74505 .52 

74508 .49 

74509 .49 

74510 .42 

7451 1 .42 
74S1 5 .42 
74S20 .42 
74S22 .42 
74S30 .42 
74S32 .49 
74S38 1.19 
74S40 .49 
74S51 .42 

74564 46 

74565 .46 
74S74 .69 
74S86 .72 

745112 .72 

745113 .72 

745114 .72 



LM1414N $1.90 
LM1458CN/N .49 

MC1488N .99 

MC1489N .99 

LM1496N .89 

LM1556N 1.50 
LM1820N 



1.25 
1.35 
1.39 
1.25 



5.95 
6.95 



1.20 

5.60 
.98 
1.49 
1.95 
3.75 
2.75 
1.25 
1.79 
1.95 
1.25 
1.40 
1.95 
3.75 
.39 
.98 
19.95 
1.25 
1.75 
1.50 
2.75 
1.99 
.29 



.39 

2.95 
1.90 
1.95 
1.95 
1.75 



LM1850N 

LM1889N 

LM21 1 1 N 

LM2900N 

LM2901N 

LM2917N 

CA3013T 

CA3018T 

CA3021T 

CA3023T 

CA3035T 

CA3039T 

CA3046N 

LM3053N 

CA3059N 

CA3060N 

CA3062N 

LM3065N 

CA3080T 

CA3081N 

CA3082N 

CA3083N 

CA3086N 

CA3089N 

CA3096N 

CA3097N 

CA3130T 

CA3140T 

CA3146N 

CA3160T 

CA3190N 

CA3410N 

MC3423N 

MC3460N 

SG3524N 

CA3600N 

LM3900N 

LM3905N 

LM3909N 

LM391 4N 

LM3915N 

LM3916N 

RC4131N 

RC4136N 

RC4151N 

RC4194TK 

RC4195TK 

ULN2001 

ULN2003 

SN75450N 

SN75451N 

SN75452N 

SN75453N 

SN75454N 

SN75491 N 

SN75492N 

SN75493N 

SN75494N 

TL494CN 

TL496CP 



.95 



2.50 
2.95 
2.19 
1.99 
3.49 
2.99 
2.75 



3.19 
4.95 
1.49 
1.29 



3.49 
1.99 
1.30 



1.49 
3.95 
3.95 



3.75 
3.95 
3.75 
2.95 
1.10 
3.70 
4.95 
5.40 
1.25 
1.50 
.59 



74S124 
74S133 
74S134 
74S135 
74S136 
74S138 
74S139 
74S140 
74S151 
74S153 
74S157 
74S158 
74S160 
74S174 
74S175 
74S188 
74S194 
74S195 
74S196 
74S240 
74S241 
74S242 
74S243 



3.69 



74S244 $2.99 

74S251 1 .35 

74S253 1 .35 

745257 1 .29 

745258 1 .29 
74S260 .75 
74S280 2.79 

745287 2.99 

745288 2.55 

745373 3.10 

745374 3.10 
74S387 2.75 

745471 7.95 

745472 7.95 

745473 7.95 

745474 9.95 

745475 9.95 

745570 5.75 

745571 5.75 

745572 8.95 

745573 8.95 

745940 2,90 

745941 2.90 



DIP 
SWITCHES 



2 Position $ .99 

4 Position 1.19 

5 Position 1 .29 

6 Position 1 .35 




7 Position $1.39 

8 Position 1.49 

9 Position 1 .65 
10 Position 1.69 



MUFFIN® FAN 




The dependable, low 
cost, largest selling fan 

for commercial cooling 
applications. 

• 105cfm free air delivery 

• 4.68" sq.x 1.50" deep. 
Weight- 17 oz. 

SPECIAL PURCHASE 



*«* $9.50 



ea. 



SUPER IC CLOSEOUT SPECIALS 



ULN2003 2/$1 .99 

74LS668 3/1 .99 

74LS377 2/1 .99 

74LS241 2/1 .99 

8259 6.95 

6561 RAM 2.95 

LM733CN 3/1.99 

MC1414 3/1.99 



2N6121 3/S1.00 

SIG 2652 3.95 

74S287 1 .95 

2758 EPROM 2.95 
74173/8T10 5/1.99 
Z80A CPU 4.95 

6522 6.95 

6502 CPU 5.95 



8080ACPU 
2102 RAM 
4060 RAM 
8X300 CPU 
74S387 
2708 EPROM 
74LS93 
2114 



2.95 
.75 

1.49 

14.95 

1.96 

8/29.95 

3/1.00 

8/14.50 



5027 CRT $9.95 
11C24 6.95 

95H03 

MM5320 

9131 RAM 

EMM4402 

11 03 RAM 3/1.50 

8700 A/D 2/16.95 



2.89 



1.99 



TOLL FREE 

800-854-8230 

TWX 

910-595-1565 



.33 



4010 
4011 
4012 
4013 



4022 1.15 

4023 .29 

4024 .75 

4025 .25 

4027 .65 

4028 .85 

4029 1.29 

4030 .45 

4031 3.25 

4032 2.15 

4034 3.25 

4035 .95 



7402 
7403 
7404 
7405 
7406 
7407 
7408 
7409 
7410 
7411 
7412 
7413 
7414 
7416 
7417 
7420 
7421 
7422 
7423 
7425 
7426 
7427 
7429 
7430 
7432 
7437 
7438 
7439 
7440 
7441 
7442 
7443 
7444 
7445 
7446 
7447 
7448 
7450 
7451 
7453 
7454 
7459 
7460 
7470 
7472 
7473 
7474 



74LS00$ .26 

74LS01 .28 

74LS02 .28 

74LS03 .28 

74LS04 .35 

74LS05 .28 

74LS08 .28 

74LS09 .35 

74LS10 ,28 

74LS11 .39 
74LS12 
74LS13 
74LS14 
74LS15 
74LS20 

74LS21 .33 

74LS22 .33 

74LS26 .33 

74LS27 .33 

74LS28 .33 

74LS30 .26 

74LS32 .33 

74LS33 .55 

74LS37 .45 

74LS38 .39 

74LS40 .26 

74LS42 .79 

74LS47 .79 

74LS48 .95 

74LS51 .26 

74LS54 .29 

74LS55 .29 

74LS73 .45 

74LS74 .42 

74LS75 .59 

74LS76 .45 

74LS78 .45 
74LS83A .79 

74LS85 1.19 

74LS86 .45 

74LS90 .57 

74LS92 .75 

74LS93 .75 

74LS95 .88 

74LS96 .98 

74LS107 .45 

74LS109 .45 

74LS112 .43 



4000 $ .35 

4001 .35 

4002 .35 

4006 1.05 

4007 .25 

4008 1.39 

4009 .45 



7475 $ .38 

7476 .34 

7479 4.60 

7480 .49 

7482 .95 

7483 .55 

7485 .65 

7486 .35 

7489 1.75 

7490 .39 

7491 .57 

7492 .45 

7493 .45 

7494 .69 

7495 .65 

7496 .69 

7497 2.90 
74100 2.90 
74107 .32 
74109 .37 
74116 1.95 
74121 .29 
74122 
74123 
74125 
74126 
74128 
74132 
74136 
74139 .95 



1.75 



.39 



7414 



.79 



74142 2.95 

74143 2.95 

74144 2.95 

74145 .62 

74147 1.95 

74148 1.20 

74150 1.09 

74151 .67 

74152 ,67 

74153 .67 

74154 1.19 

74155 .78 

741 56 .78 

74157 .69 

741 58 1 ,65 

74159 2.49 

74160 .88 



74161 $ .88 

74162 ,89 

74163 .87 

74164 .87 

74165 .87 

74166 1.20 

74167 1.95 
74170 1.69 

74172 4.75 

74173 .79 

74174 .89 

74175 .85 

74176 .75 

74177 .75 

74179 1.34 

74180 .75 
74181 
74182 

74184 2.25 

74185 2.25 

74186 9.95 
74188 3.90 

74190 1.15 

74191 1.15 

74192 ,85 
74193 
74194 
74195 
74196 
74197 

74198 1.39 

74199 1.39 
74221 
74251 
74273 1 .05 
74276 1 .89 
74279 .75 

74283 1 .40 

74284 3.90 

74285 3.90 
74290 1 ,25 
74298 .95 

74365 .68 

74366 .68 

74367 .68 

74368 .68 
74390 1 .45 
74393 1 .90 
74490 1 .90 



.85 



1.19 



74LS113$ 
74LS114 
74LS122 
74LS123 1 
74LS124 1 
74LS125 
74LS126 
74LS132 
74LS136 
74LS138 
74LS139 
74LS145 1 
74LS148 1 
74LS151 
74LS153 
74LS154 1 
74LS155 1 
74LS156 
74LS157 
74LS158 
74LS160 1 
74LS161 1 
74LS162 1 
74LS163 1 
74LS164 1 
74LS165 
74LS166 2. 
74LS168 1. 
74LS169 1. 
74LS170 1. 
74LS173 , 
74LS174 
74LS1 75 
74LS181 2. 
74LS190 1. 
74LS191 1. 
74LS192 . 
74LS193 
74LS194 1. 
74LS195 . 
74LS196 . 
74LS197 . 
74LS221 1. 
74LS240 1. 
74LS242 1. 
74LS243 1. 
74LS244 1. 



1.25 



4041 
4042 
4043 

4044 .85 

4046 1.75 

4047 1 .25 

4048 .99 

4049 ,45 

4050 .69 

4051 1.10 



4055 3.95 

4056 2.95 
4059 9.25 



4070 .*■ 

4071 .G 

4072 .; 

4073 .; 

4075 .; 

4076 1 .1 

4077 .; 

4078 c 

4081 C 

4082 .G 



74LS245$2.20 
74LS247 1.10 
74LS248 1.10 
74LS249 1.19 
74LS251 1.40 
74LS253 1.40 
74LS257 .85 
74LS258 .98 
74LS259 2.95 
74LS260 .65 
74LS261 2.49 
74LS266 .59 
74LS273 1.75 
74LS275 4.40 
74LS279 .59 
74LS283 .99 
74LS290 .99 
74LS293 .99 
74LS295 1.10 
74LS298 1.19 
74LS324 1,75 
74LS347 1.95 
74LS348 1.95 
74LS352 1.19 
74LS353 1.19 
74LS363 1.49 
74LS365 .69 
74LS366 .69 
74LS367 .69 
74LS368 .69 
74LS373 1.89 
74LS374 1.89 
74LS375 .69 
74LS377 1.95 
74LS385 1.95 
74LS386 .65 
74LS390 1.95 
74LS393 1.95 
74LS395 1.70 
74LS399 2.35 
74LS424 2.95 
74LS668 1.75 
74LS670 2.29 
81LS95 1.69 
81LS96 1,69 
81 LS97 1 .69 
81LS98 1.69 

VOLUME PRICING 
CALL 
TOLL FREE 

4089 $2.95 

4093 .99 

4094 2.95 

4098 2.29 

4099 2.25 

14408 12.95 

14409 12.95 

14410 12.95 
14412 12.96 
14415 8.95 
14419 4.95 
4501 .39 
4502 
4503 
4505 
4506 
4507 
4508 
4510 
4511 
4512 
4515 
4516 
4518 
4520 
4555 
4556 
4566 
80C95 1.50 
80C97 1.25 



1.65 
.69 



119 
1.39 
2.75 
1.45 



Mail Order P.O. Box 17329 Irvine. CA 92713 

Retail: 1 31 OB E. Edlnger, Santa Ana CA 92705 
(714) 558-8813 
542 W. Trimble. San Jose, CA 95131 
(408) 946-7010 



License and credit card #s Visa. AMEX. CB add 3% 
service charge. Add 3% shipping a handling or $2.50. 
whichever is greater. Add 10% lor foreign orders or 
US Parcel Post Include Telephone number MO CODs. 
Prices subject to change without nolice. Some items 
subject toorior sale. We reserve the right tosubstitute 
manufacturer Retail prices may vary. 



522 BYTE January 1983 



Circle 9 on inquiry card. 



V-/UIASVNCED 
^■"X/TOODUC 






OTRONPI RTTRCHE 



Vista 



DM 



Vision 80 

) as reviewed in 
May BYTE pg. 266 

£ *H^5* This is the widely discussed 
■*-' ~~^ Cadillac 80 column cardforthe 
Apple II. The Vision 80 responds to more Apple text screen commands than 
any other board. It supports PASCAL, Microsofts Z80 Softcard and can be 
used as an intelligent terminal. 
List Price. . . . $395.00 Special Low Price $269.00 

The Vision 80 can also be used in conjunction with the Vision 40 (allows 
■ enhanced character sets) and the Vision 20 for lower case. 



cP 



** 



** 



UNBEATABLE 
memory ADD-ON PRICES! 

VISTA 576K Expandable In 64K Increments 

Z/t» • W/256K populated C8 y 10' . w only $699 

-,» • W/512K populated „«* l""^- . only 999 

pB^' • W/576K populated only 1 099 

VISTA/SUPERCALC/SUPERCACHE- 

• 192K with IBM SUP6RCALC, Serial, Parallel Clock 459 

MICROSOFT RAMCARD 

• 64K w/RAMDRIVE (expandable) 399 

• 256K w/RAMDRIVE 699 

AST MEMORY CARD 

• 64K EXPANDABLE 299 

• 256K w/PARITY 595 

AST "COMBO CARD" 

• MEMORY, ASYNCHCOMM, PARALLEL 

• 64K SP 399 

• 256K SP 749 

• INTERFACE CARDS 

AST ADVANCED COMMUNICATIONS 

• 2 RS232 PORTS 1 99 

• BABY BLUE Z80 CARD 499 

• PROTOTYPE CARD 69 

• EXTENDER CARD 29 

• DISK DRIVES - ADD-IN (Compatible) 239 

• EPSON ADD-ON PRINTER 429 

• SUPR'MODVRF MODULATOR 49 

• EPSON TO IBM CABLE 49 



" B J 

MX80 S429.0O 

MX80FT 529.00 

MX100FT 725.00 

Apple I/O w/cable 54.95 

Serial I/O w/cable 95.0O 

Serial I/O w/2k & cable 1 29.00 

Grapf Tax 89.00 

Printer Pa! (P80) 29.95 

Printer Pai(PIOO) 39.95 



C. Itoh 



STARWRITERF-10 

40 CPS Daisy Wheel $1 475 

PRO-WRITER 8510A 



DIABLO 630 



COEX 80-FT 





• Truly Portable 18 lbs. 

• Includes; CP/M™. 
Wordstar- pi us" Basic 80, 
ValetS, Chartoa 

• Includes: (2) Double 
Density, Double Sided thin 
drives. • 380K Bytes each. 

ACP PRICE $ CALL 



tifc KAYCOMPII 



• Full 9" Green Screen 

• CP/M Based 

• Portable Business 
Computer 

• Complete w/CP/M 2.2 M BASIC, Magic Work- 
sheet, Selec Word Processing, and Teach. 

ACP Price only $1 795 



Best of all, the price . . . 

$34900 

I Optional COEX Interface Card I 
1 to Apple... $39,951 



• 120cps 
» • Logic 

M seeking 
* • Double 
width & 
condensed 
print • Font 
seletion, char- 
acter pitch & line spacing program cont- 
rollable* Bi-directional printing 

82A 1 20 cps w/tractor $499.00 

83A 1 20 cps 1 36 columns .... 740.0O 

84A-P200cps136col 999.00 

84A-S Serial w/2K Buffer 11 99.00 

Apple Card 49.95 

Apple Cable 1 9.95 

Serial Card w/2K 1 29.95 

Graphics ROM (82A/B3A) 75.00 



AATAR 




MODEL 
800 with 16K 
800 with 48K 
800with32K4 
810 Disk Drive 
825 Printer 
830 Acoustic Modem 
850 Interface Module 
Atari Visicalc 
Atari PAC-MAN 
Microtek 16K RAM 
Microtek 32K RAM 
Axalon128KRAM 
400 with 16K 



99.00 
199.00 



5 1 A' DISK DRIVES 



TM100-1 SSDD. $1 99.00 

SA400 SSDD 225.00 

TM100-2 DSDD 268.00 

TM1 0O-3 SSDD 268.00 

TM100-4 DSDD 374.00 

B-51 SSDD 224.95 

B-52 DSDD 334.95 

B-91 SSDD 259.00 

B-92 DSDD 459.95 

5VV Cabinets with Power Supply 

Single cabinet w/power supply $69.95 

Dual cabinet w/powersupply 94.95 

SA801 R SSDD. $386.00 

SA851 R DSDD 525.00 

TM848-1 SSDD 369.00 

TM848-2 DSDD 499.00 

DT-8 DSDD 499.00 

FDD1 00-8 SSDD 1 99.00 

FD020O-8 DSDD 399.00 

V1000 Case/Power Supply 375.00 

Dual 8" Power Supply $99.00 

Surge Suppressor Fan $ Tf Q95 

Double Outlet Receptacle I v 



APPLE System Saver FAN 



©SANYO 



FCC CLASS 2 APPROVED 



<J5i 



MODEL 


LIST ACP 


4509 9" B/W 


$210 $169 


5109CX 9" Greer 


220 179 


801 2C 12" B/W 


250 219 


801 2CX 12" Green 


260 229 


6013 13" Color 


470 422 


6113 13" RGB 


995 889 


NEW Down & Dirty 


2012 12" B/W 


145 139 


2112 12" Green 


169 155 



USI Computer Products 



SANYO 
EQUIVALENT 

MODEL LIST ACP 

Pi I 9" Green $199 $159 
Pill 12" Green 199 149 
Pi III 12" Orange 249 199 



s 



TERMINALS 




IDS PAPER TIGER 



Dot Resolution Grap- 
hics* 9-wire stag. 
■j* 4 printhead 

• Lowercase 
decenders 
• Over 1 50cps 
» Bi-directional, 
logic seeking* 8 
character sizes* 80-132 col. •Hi-res 
dot graphics* Proportional spacing 
• Text justification. L|ST ftCp 

Prism 60 $899 $ 699 

IDS Paper Tiger 560G 1 395 1 099 
Prism 132 (color) 1995 1875 



Circle 9 on inquiry card. 




• 144 x 160 dots/inch* Proportional spac- 
ing • Lower case descenders* Nx9 dot 
matrix* 8 char, sizes* 5 unique alphabets 

• Greek character set* Graphic symbols 

• 100 cps* Bi-directional logic seeking 

• Adjustable tractors* Single-sheet friction 
feed* Vertical & horizontal tabbing 

NEC 8023 List $795 ACP $549 



TELEVIDEO 

91 OC $599 

920C 769 

925C 749 

950 969 

SOROC 

IQ120 $695 

IQ130 595 

IQ140 999 



NOW AVAILABLE 

FREE 

IBM PC Catalog 



Apple II 

Compatible 
Disk Drive 

Totally compatible to Apple Drives. 



only 



$ 



269 



00 



Controller $99.00 

Just plug in and run. 



^^^^ Computer Company 



•H' 

Add 8" Disk Drives 
To Your Apple II 

Up To 2.4 Megabyte! 

Now "TRIMLINE V1 1 00" with 
TandonThinline DS DD Drives. 

Tandon Dual DS DD $1 895.00 

QumeDualDSDD 1699.00 

Shugart Dual 801 R 1 295.00 

Vista Quartet 




only 



$ 



00 



TOLL FREE 



UST ACP 

Apple II Plus W/48K $1530.00 $999.00 

Apple II Plus w/64K 1729.00 1049.00 
Apple II System Special w/64K, 

ZSOCard, VisionSO 2519.00 1499.00 

Apple ill W/128K 3495.00 2695.00 

Apple III W/256K 4295.00 2995.00 

ProFile Hard Disk Drive 3499.00 2095.00 

VistaApple III Timecard 195.00 169.00 

"Apple Products Available In-store Only" 



APPLE HARDWARE 



LIST 

$645.00 
525.00 

2495.00 
24.00 
450.00 
225.00 
195.00 
195.00 
795.00 
"Available In-store Only 



Apple II Disk II w/Controfr 
Apple II Disk II w/o 
Apple Family System 
Prototype Card 
IEEE-488 Interface 
Extended Warranty- 1 yr 
Super Serial Card 
Language Card 
Graphic Tabiet w/IO 



.ACP 

$449.00 
389.00 
CALL 
21.95 
375.00 
199.0O 
1 74.95 
149.95 
695.00 



699 



fKcippfe computer 

WW- Authorized Dealer 



ON DISK FOR APPLE 

SAVE UP TO 40% OFF 

ACP 

Visicalc 3.3 $1 89 

Supercalc 1B9 

Visi Trend/Visl Plot 235 

Vlsi Dex 199 

Visi File 199 

Vist Plot 159 

Desk top Plan ll/lll 1 99 

Visi Schedule 219 

Visi Term 79 

Zork 34 

Versa Form 287 

dBase II Ashton-Tate. 439 

Wordstar 365 

Mail Merge 1 80 

Spell Star 1 80 

Data Star 1 89 

Calc Star 99 

Super Sort 1 70 

Speliguard 1 50 

DB Master (new) 155 

DB Utility 89 

PFS ll/lll 85 

Report ll/lll 65 

Locksmith 4.0 74 

Accounting Plus 1 1 95 

Microcourier. 229 

Microtelegraph 229 

Magic Window II 69 



HEWLETT 
PACKARD 



CALCULATORS 

HP41 C Prog. Scientific $1 89 

HP41CV W/2.2K Memory 256 

HP41 Memory Module 26 

HP41 Quad RAM 83 

HP41 Card Reader 1 69 

HP41 Printer 292 

HP41 Optical Wand 99 

HP-IL Interface Loop 119 

HP1 1 C Advanced Scientific 119 

HP1 2C Financial 1 29 

HP34C Prog. Scientific 112 

HP38C Prog. Business 116 



Mailorder P.O. Box 17329 Irvine, CA 92713 



MORE HARDWARE 



MICROSOFT LIST ACP 

ZBO Softcard $395.00 $249.00 

16KRamcard 195.00 89.00 

The Premium Package 899.00 579.00 

SSM 
AlO-ll 4 Function Serial/ 

Parallel 225.00 179.00 

AIO Serial/ Parallel 195.00 165.00 

KEYBOARD COMPANY 

Numeric Keypad 149.95 124.95 

Apple II Joystick 49.95 44.50 

Apple II Handcontrolters 29.95 25.95 

PROMETHEUS 

VERSAbox Spool/Bufr 249.00 199.00 

VERSAcard FouMn-1 199.00 166.00 

AUTO-DOC diagnostics 1 27.00 1 1 7.00 

VISTA COMPUTER CO. 

Vision 80 80x24 Card 395.00 269.0O 
Vision 40 40 col. 

enhance 199.00 149.00 

Vision 20 Lo case ROM 29.95 25.00 

A800 8"DS, DD 595.00 399.00 

Quartet Disk Drive 699.00 

Duet Disk Drive 499.00 

Solo Disk Drive 269.00 

40 Char Type-ahead 49.95 35.00 

WildCard 129.95 115.00 

VI DEX 

Videoterm 80x24 Card 345.00 279.00 

Keyboard Enhancer II 149.00 129.00 

Soft Switch 35.00 30.00 

Function Strip Keys 79.00 69.00 

PRACTICAL PERIPHERALS 

16K Micro-buffer 259.00 220.00 

32K Microbuffer 299.00 253.00 

Snapshot Option 69.00 59.00 

VOTRAX 

Type rf Talk Speech 375.00 339.00 

SCOTT INSTRUMENTS 

Voice Recognita VET80 799.00 675.00 

CORVUS 

5 Mb Hard Disk 3750.00 2495.00 

10 Mb Hard Disk 5350.00 2895.00 

20 Mb Hard Disk 6450.00 3995.00 

ORANGE MICRO 

The Grappler I/O (Plus) 195.00 1 29.95 

SATURN SYSTEMS 

32K RAM Card 239.00 1 89.00 

64K RAM Card 425.00 355.00 

128K RAM Card 599.00 505.00 

NOVATION 

Apple-Cat II 389.00 329.00 

HAYES MICROCOMPUTER 

Hayes Chronograph 249.00 229.00 

Micromodem II 349.00 289.00 

Smartmodem 299.00 229.00 

MOUNTAIN COMPUTER 

CPS Multifunction 239.00 169.00 

RAMPIus 189.00 139.00 

Expansion Chassis 750.00 699.00 

Music System 395.00 335.00 

100,000 DayClock 375.00 325.00 

The Clock 280.00 249.00 

A/D plus D/A 350.00 299.00 

Supertalker 199.00 169.00 

lntrolX-10 Controller 200.00 175.00 

ROM Plus 155.00 129.00 

Keyboard Filter ROM 55.00 44.00 

Copy ROM 55.00 44.00 

ROM Writer 175,00 159.0O 

M&R ENTERPRISES 

SupTterm 80x24 Card 395.00 279.0O 
Sup'rSwitchere Amp 

Power Supply 295.00 239.00 
SupYMod II RF 

Modulator 69.00 49.00 

Apple Fan 55.00 43.00 

ALS 

The CP/M Plus Z80 card 399.00 299.00 

Smarterm 80x24 Card 349.00 279.00 

The Synergizer Package 699.00 549.00 



16K RAM CARD 



Apple II 16K 

Compatible with 
ZBO Softcard" ... PASCAL CP/M™ 

Full 1 year Warranty. Top Quality by COEX 



59 



95 



NEW a 
LOW * 

PRICE 

Also from COEX NEW EPSON 

Parallel Interface for Apple. 

With cable $39.95 



800-854-8230 Re,al,: ,3,0BE ^r^r, 8 " 92705 



910-595-1565 



542 W. Trimble. Sin Jose. CA 95131 
(408) 946-7010 



TERMS: MO Cashier's Check. Bankwire. Personal 
checks allow 2 weeks lor processing. Include Drivers 
License and credit card #s Visa, AMEX, CB add 3% 
service charge. Add 3% shipping & handling or $2.50. 
whichever is greater. Add 1 0% for foreign orders or 
US Parcel Post. Include Telephone number. NO COOs. 
Prices subject to change without notice. Some items 
subjeci to prior sale. We reserve the right tosubstttute 
manutacturer. Retail prices may vary. 



BYTE January 1983 523 



DoKOtU Computer 




Products, 



VISIT OUR RETAIL STORE 
AND RECEIVE A 5% DISCOUNT' 

3250 KELLER STREET, #9 • SANTA CLARA, CA 95050 



16 K APPLE* II 
RAM CARD 

BARE BOARD 14.00I 

KIT 39.90 

ASSEMBLED 45.00I 

•Apple is a trademark of Apple Computer, Inc. 



INTERFACE 



8T26 

8T28 

8T95 

8T96 

8T97 

8T98 

DM8131 

DP8304 

DS8836 



1.65 

1.95 

.95 

.95 

.95 

.95 

2.90 

2.25 

1.25 



1702 

2708 

2758 

TMS 2516 

2716 

2716-1 

TMS 2716 

2532 

2732 

2764 

MC 68764 



EPROMS 

ins 

450ns 

5V 450ns 

5V 450ns 

5V 450ns 

5V 350ns 

450ns 

5V 450ns 

5V 450ns 

5V 450ns 

(5V 450ns) 

(24 pin) 



STATIC RAMS 



DYNAMIC RAMS 



TMS 4027 

MK 4108 

MM 5298 

4116-1 

4116-2 

4116-3 

2118 

MK 4816 

4164-200 

4164-150 



250ns 

200ns 

250ns 

150ns 

200ns 

250ns 

5V 150ns 

5V 300ns 

5V 200ns 

5V 150ns 



3.00 
2.99 
9.75 
5.75 
3.49 
7.85 
8.75 
7.85 
6.49 
Call 
Call 



2.00 
1.75 
1.75 
1.75 
1.25 
1.15 
Call 
Call 
Call 
Call 



2101 


450ns 


1.85 


2102-1 


450ns 


.75 


2102L-2 


250ns LP 


1.55 


2111 


450ns 


2.49 


2112 


450ns 


2.69 


2114 


450ns 


1.75 


2114 L-3 


300ns LP 


1.85 


2114 L-2 


200ns LP 


1.95 


2147 


55ns 


8.95 


TMS 4044-4 


450ns 


3.20 


TMS 4044-3 


300ns 


3.50 


TMS 4044-2 


200ns 


3.95 


MK 4118 


250ns 


9.75 


TMM 2016 


200ns 


5.49 


TMM2016 


150ns 


6.4S 


TMM 2016 


100ns 


7.49 


HM6116-4 


200ns 


Call 


HM6116-3 


150ns 


Call 


HM6116-2 


120ns 


Call 


Z-6132 


300ns 


Call 



LP ■ Low Power 



RESISTORS 

>/4 WATT 5% CARBON FILM 

ALL STANDARD VALUES 

FROM 1 OHM TO 10 MEG OHM 

50 PCS. SAME VALUE .0200 

100 PCS. SAME VALUE .0150 

1000 PCS. SAME VALUE .0125 



We Will Beat 

Any Competitors' 

Prices! 



6500 



6502 
6504 
6505 
6507 
6520 
6522 
6532 
6545 
6551 



5.49 
6.90 
7.65 
9.90 
4.35 
7.95 
9.95 
19.95 
11.75 



2 MHZ 

6502A 9.45 



6522A 
6532A 
6545A 
6551A 



10.95 
11.95 
27.95 
11.95 



3 MHZ 
6502B 11.95 







74LS00 SERIES 






UARTS 


74LS00 


.24 


74LS123 


.95 


74LS253 


.80 


AY5 1014 


5.85 


74LS01 


.24 


74LS124 


2.90 


74LS25 7 


.80 


AY5 1013 


3.90 


74LS02 


.24 


74LS125 


.95 


74LS258 


.80 


AY5 2376 


10.95 


74LS03 


.24 


74 LSI 26 


.79 


74LS259 


2.80 


TR 1602 


3.90 


74LS04 


.24 


74LS132 


.75 


74LS260 


.60 


1M 6402 


7.85 


74LS05 


.24 


74LS13b 


.49 


74LS266 


.49 


1M 6403 


8.85 


74LS08 
74LS10 


.24 
.24 


74LS137 
74LS138 


.95 
.75 


74LS2 73 
74LS275 


1.60 
3.25 






LEDS 




74 LSI 1 


.30 


74LS139 


.75 


74LS279 


.49 




74 LSI 2 


.30 


74LS145 


1.10 


74LS280 


1.95 


Jumbo Red 
Jumbo Green 


10/1.00 
6/1.00 
6/1.00 


74LS13 


.40 


74LS147 


2.20 


74LS283 


.95 


74LS14 


.89 


74LS148 


1.20 


74LS290 


1.20 


74LS15 


.30 


74LS151 


.75 


74LS293 


1.79 


Jumbo Yellow 


74LS20 
74LS21 
74LS22 


.24 

.30 
.24 


74LS153 
74LS154 
74LS155 


.75 

1.75 

.89 


74LS2 95 
74LS2 98 
74LS3 24 


.99 

.99 

1.7b 






DIP SWITCHES 


74LS26 


.30 


74LS156 


.89 


74LS3 5 2 


1.49 


4 Position 


.85 


74LS27 


.24 


74LS157 


.75 


74LS353 


1.49 


5 Position 


.90 


74LS28 


.30 


74LS158 


.75 


74LS363 


1.49 


6 Position 


.90 


74LS30 


.24 


74LS160 


.95 


74LS364 


1.95 


7 Position 


.90 


74LS32 
74LS33 
74LS3 7 


.36 
.55 

.55 


74LS161 
74LS162 
74LS163 


.95 
95 


74LS365 
74LS366 


.89 
89 


8 Position 


.95 


.95 


74LS367 


.69 


EXAR 




74LS3 8 


.35 


74LS164 


.95 


74LS368 


.69 




3.75 

3.75 
3.90 
5.25 
3.25 


74LS4 


.30 


74LS165 


.95 


74LS373 


.99 


XR 2206 


74LS42 


.49 


74LS166 


1.95 


74LS374 


1.69 


XR 2207 


74LS47 


.75 


74LS168 


1.69 


74LS377 


1.40 


X R 2208 
XR 2211 
XR 2240 


74LS4 8 


.75 


74LS169 


1.69 


74LS378 


1.15 


74LS49 
74LS51 


.75 
.30 


74LS170 
74LS173 


1.69 
.75 


74LS379 
74LS385 


1.35 
1.89 


RCA 




74LS54 


.35 


74LS174 


.89 


74LS386 


.59 




74LS55 


.35 


74LS175 


.89 


74LS3 90 


1.79 


CA 3010 


.95 


74LS6 3 


1.20 


74LS181 


1.99 


74LS3 93 


1.79 


CA 3013 


1.99 


74LS73 


.39 


74LS189 


9.50 


74LS395 


1.59 


CA 3023 


2.75 


74LS74 


.44 


74LS190 


.89 


74LS399 


1.59 


CA 3035 


2.49 


74LS75 


.49 


74LS191 


.89 


74LS4 24 


2.89 


CA 3039 


1.25 


74LS76 


.39 


74LS192 


.89 


74LS447 


.75 


CA 3046 


1.25 


74LS78 


.49 


74LS193 


.89 


74LS490 


1.89 


CA 3053 


1.45 


/4LS83 


.75 


74LS194 


.89 


74LS668 


1.65 


CA 3059 


2.90 


/4LS85 


.95 


74LS195 


.89 


74LS669 


1.85 


CA 3060 


2.90 


74LS86 


.39 


74 LSI 96 


.79 


74LS670 


2.10 


CA 3065 


1.75 


74LS90 


.65 


74LS197 


.79 


74LS6 74 


9.50 


CA 3080 


1.10 


74LS91 


.79 


74LS221 


1.10 


74LS6 82 


2.99 


CA 3081 


1.65 


74LS92 


.65 


74LS240 


.95 


74LS683 


2.39 


CA 3082 


1.65 


74LS93 


.59 


74LS241 


.95 


74LS6 84 


2.39 


CA 3083 


1.65 


74LS95 


.79 


74LS242 


1.79 


74LS6 85 


2.39 


CA 3086 


.80 


74LS96 


.79 


74LS243 


1.79 


74LS6 88 


2.39 


CA 3089 


2.90 


74LS107 


.39 


74LS244 


.95 


74LS6 89 


2.39 


CA 3130 


1.25 


74LS109 


.39 


74LS245 


1.89 






CA 3140 


1.15 


74 LSI 12 


.39 


74LS24 7 


.79 


81LS95 


1.65 


CA 3146 


1.75 


74LS1 13 


.39 


74LS248 


1.20 


81LS96 


1.65 


1 CA 3160 


1.15 


74LS114 


.49 


74LS249 


.89 


81LS97 


1.65 


I CA 3401 


.59 


74LS122 


.45 


74LS251 


1.25 


81LS98 


1.65 


1 CA 3600 


3.45 > 



CMOS 



L/O IvCXU Computer Products, Inc 
3250 Keller Street, #9 
Santa Clara, CA 95050 
(800) 538-8800 
Calif Residents Local Phoni 

(800)848 8008 '408) 988 06' 



STORE HOURS: 

MONFRI 8:30 A.M. -6:00 P.M. 

SAT 10:00 A.M. -3:00 P.M. 



4000 
4001 
4002 
4006 
4007 
4008 
4009 
4010 
4011 
4012 
4013 
4014 
4015 
4016 
4017 
4018 
4019 
4020 
4021 
4022 
"023 
4024 
4025 
4026 
4027 
4028 
4029 
4030 
4034 
4035 
4040 
4041 
4042 
4043 
4044 
4046 
404 7 
4049 
4050 
4051 
4053 
4060 
4066 
4068 
4069 
4070 
4071 
4072 
4073 
4075 
4076 
4078 
4081 
4082 
4085 



.25 
.30 
.30 
.90 
.25 
.90 
.45 
.45 
.30 
.30 
.4 5 
.90 
.90 
.45 

1.15 
.90 
.45 
.90 
.90 

1.10 
.35 
.75 
.35 

1.60 
.60 
.75 
.90 
.45 

2.90 
.85 
.90 

1.20 
.75 
.75 
.75 
.90 
.90 
.50 
.50 
.90 
.90 

1.39 
.75 
.39 
.30 
.35 
.30 
.30 
30 
.30 
.90 
.30 
.30 
.30 
.90 



4086 
4093 
4098 
4099 
4502 
1503 
,508 
4510 
4511 
4512 
4514 
4515 
4516 
4518 
4519 
4520 
4522 
4526 
4527 
4528 
4531 
4532 
4538 
4539 
4543 
4555 
4556 
4581 
4582 
4584 
4585 

80C07 
80C95 
80C96 
80C97 
80C98 

74C00 
74C02 
74C04 
74C08 
74C10 
74C14 
74C20 
74C30 
74C32 
74C42 
74C48 
74C73 
74C74 
74C76 
74C83 
74C85 
74C86 



.90 

.90 

2.49 

1.90 

.90 

.60 

1.90 

.90 

.90 

.90 

1.20 

2.20 

1.50 

1.20 

1.20 

1.20 

1.20 

1.20 

1.90 

1.20 

.90 

1.90 

1.90 

1.90 

2.70 

.90 

.90 

1.90 

1.90 

.90 

.90 

.90 
.90 
.90 
.90 
1.15 

.35 

.35 

.35 

.35 

.35 

1.50 

.35 

.35 

.50 

1.75 

1.20 

.65 

.85 

.80 

1.95 

1.95 

.95 



74C89 

74C90 

74C93 

74C95 

74C107 

74C150 

74C151 

74C154 

74C157 

74C160 

74C161 

74C162 

74C163 

74C164 

74C165 

74C173 

74C174 

74C175 

74C192 

74C193 

74C195 

74C200 

74C221 

74C373 

74C374 

74C901 

74C902 

74C903 

74C905 

74C906 

74C907 

74C908 

74C909 

74C910 

74C911 

74C912 

74C914 

74C915 

74C918 

74C920 

74C921 

74C922 

74C923 

74C925 

74C926 

74C927 

74C928 

74C929 

74C930 

14409 
14410 
14411 
14412 
14419 



4.50 

1.75 

1.75 

1.75 

1.00 

5.75 

2.25 

3.25 

1.75 

2.00 

2.00 

2.00 

2.00 

2.00 

2.00 

2.00 

2.25 

2.25 

2.25 

2.25 

2.25 

5.75 

2.25 

2.75 

2.75 

.80 

.85 

.85 

10.95 

.95 

1.00 

2.00 

2.75 

9.95 

10.00 

10.00 

1.95 

2.00 

2.75 

17.95 

15.95 

5.59 

5.95 

6.75 

7.95 

7.95 

7.95 

19.95 

19.95 

12.90 
12.90 
11.90 
12.90 
4.90 







VISA 










1 




TERMS: For shipping include $2.00 for UPS 
Ground. $3.00 for UPS Blue Label Air. $10.00 
minimum order. Bay Area residents add 6Vi% Sales 
Tax. California residents add 6% Sales Tax. We 
reserve the right to limit quantities and substitute 
manufacturer. Prices subject to change without 
notice. Send SASE for complete l.ist. 



524 BYTE January 1983 



Circle 151 on Inquiry card. 



r APPLE II USERS 
DISK DRIVE! 

279P° 



Includes metal cabinet 

Color matches Apple 

35 Tracks/Single side 

Includes cable 

Use with Apple II Controller 



WITH CONTROLLER CARD - 359.95 



DoKOtU Computer 




Products, 



VISIT OUR RETAIL STORE 
AMD RECEIVE A 5 ';. DISCOUNT 



,v* 



UPGRADE 

4116 -200«. 
8/10.00 



X 



*o 



2.5 MHZ 
Z80-CPU 
Z80-PIO 
Z80-CTC 
Z80-DMA 
Z80-DART 
Z80-SIO/0 
Z80-SIO/1 
Z80-SIO/2 
Z80-SIO/9 

4.0 MHZ 
Z80A-CPU 
Z80A-PIO 
Z80A-CTC 



CLOCK 
CIRCUITS 

MM 5314 4.90 
MM 5369 3.90 
MM 5375 4.90 
MM 58167 8.90 
MM 58174 10.95 

MSM 5832 6.90 



3.75 
4.95 
4.95 
16.95 
14.95 
17.95 
17.95 
17.95 
16.95 



Z80 

SERIES 



Z80A-DMA 

Z80A-DART 

Z80A-SIO/0 

Z80A-SIO/1 

Z80A-SIO/2 

Z80A-SIO/9 

6.0 MHZ 
Z80B-CPU 
Z80B-PIO 
Z80B-CTC 



4.95 
4.95 
6.95 



ZILOG 



Z6132 
Z8671 



25.95 
17.95 
21.95 
21.95 
21.95 
18.95 

16.95 
14.95 
14.95 

Call 
Call 



3250 KELLER STREET. *9 



Diskettes 



5% 



ATHANA 
SSSDSOFT. 

ATHANA 
SS DD SOFT 

ATHANA 
DS DD SOFT 



. 23.95 
. 24.95 
. 31.95 



BULK 

SS DD SOFT 
$1.85ea 



ORDER TOLL FREE 

(BOO) 538-8800 
(800) 848-8008 

(CALIFORNIA RESIDENTS) 

ALL MERCHANDISE IS 100% GUARANTEED 



SANTA CLARA, CA 95050 



LIMEAR 



LM301 

LM308 

LM309K 

LM31 1 

LM317T 

LM31 7K 

LM318 

LM323K 

LM324 

LM337K 

LM339 

LM377 

LM380 

LM386 

LM555 

LM556 

LM565 

LM566 

LM56 7 

LM723 

LM733 



.32 

. 75 

1.2b 

.04 

1.65 

1.70 

1.49 

3.75 

.59 

3.90 

.79 

2.25 

1.25 

1.00 

.38 

.65 

.95 

1.45 

.99 

.49 

.95 



LM/.l 1 

LM/47 

LM748 

LM1310 

MC1330 

MC1350 

MC1358 

LM1414 

LM1458 

LM1488 

LM1489 

LM1600 

LM1889 

LM3900 

L.M3909 

LM3914 

LM3915 

LM3916 

75451 

75452 

75453 



.29 

.75 

.49 

2.45 

1.69 

1.25 

1.69 

1.49 

.55 

.95 

.95 

2.45 

2.45 

.59 

.95 

3.70 

3.70 

3.70 

.35 

.35 

.35 



Disc 
Controllers 



1771 
1791 
1793 
1795 
1797 
1691 
UPD 765 



16.00 
27.95 
29.95 
49.95 
49.95 
17.95 
34.95 



9000 SERIES 



3316 
3334 
3368 
3401 
3601 
3602 
36 SO 2 



.95 
2.39 
3.69 
8.95 

.69 
1.39 
1.79 



MISC. 



11 C 90 
3242 
MC 3470 
MC 3480 
ULN 2003 
CA 3146 
2513-001 up 
2513-002 low 



12.95 
6.95 
7.95 
8.95 
5.95 
1.75 
9.69 
9.69 



VOLTAGE REGULATORS 



7805T 
7808T 
7812T 
7815T 
7824T 

7805K 
7812K 
7815K 
7824K 

7905T 



.75 
.75 
.75 
.75 
.85 

1.29 
1.29 
1.29 
1.29 
.85 



7908T 
7912T 
7915T 
7924T 



.85 
.85 
.85 
.95 



7905K 1.39 

7912K 1.39 

7915K 1.39 

7924K 1.39 

T = TO-220 
K • TO-3 



CONNECTORS 

RS232 Male 

RS232 Female 

RS232 Female Right Angle 

RS232 Hood 

30 pin Edge 

44 pin Edge 

50 pin Edge 

86 pin Edge 

100 pin ST 

100 pin W/W 



3.00 
3.50 
4.95 
1.20 
2.49 
2.49 
2.69 
3.90 
3.90 
4.90 



DoKau 



CRYSTALS 



32.768 KHZ 

10 MHZ 

1.8432 

2.0 

2.097152 

2.4576 

3.2768 

3.579545 

4.0 

5.0 

5.0688 



1.90 
4.50 
4.50 
3.90 
3.90 
3.90 
3.90 
3.00 
3.00 
3.00 
3.90 



5.185 

5.7143 

6.5536 

8.0 

10.0 

14.31818 

18.0 

18.432 

20.0 

22.1184 

32.0 



3.90 
3.90 
3.90 
3.00 
3.00 
3.90 
3.00 
3.00 
3.00 
3.00 
3.90 



8000 



8035 

8039 

8080A 

8085A 

8088 

8155 

8156 

8185 

8741 

8748 

8755 

8202 

8205 

8212 

8214 

8216 

8224 

8226 

8228 

8237 

8238 



6.95 

7.59 

3.90 

7.95 

34.95 

7.75 

8.75 

29.00 

39.00 

14.95 

29.95 

27.95 

3.45 

1.80 

3.75 

1.75 

2.45 

1.80 

4.50 

19.00 

4 75 



8239 

8243 

8250 

8251 

8253 

8253- 

8255 

8255- 

8257 

8259 

8272 

8275 

8279 

8279- 

8282 

8283 

8284 

8286 

8287 

8288 

8289 



4.75 

4.75 

14.90 

4.50 

8.75 

9.75 

4.50 

5.20 

8.50 

6.85 

39.00 

29.00 

9.25 

9.95 

6.50 

6.50 

5.50 

6.50 

6.50 

25.00 

49 00 



IC Sockets 



8 PIN 
14 PIN 
16 PIN 
18 PIN 
20 PIN 
22 PIN 
24 PIN 
28 PIN 
40 PIN 



ST 
.10 

.12 
.15 
.20 
.25 
.25 
.25 
.35 
.40 



W/W 

.49 

.50 

.5 7 

.85 

.99 

1.30 

1.40 

1.50 

1.80 



ST = Soldertail 
W/W « Wirewrap 



6800 



6800 

6802 

6808 

6809 

6809 E 

6810 

6820 

6821 

6828 

6840 

6843 

6844 

6845 

6847 

6850 

6852 

6860 

6862 

6875 

6880 

6883 



6BB00 

68B02 

68B09 

68B09 E 

68B10 

68B21 

68B45 

68B50 



4 
8 

8 

11 

17 

2 

3 

3 

14 

7 

32 

32 

16 

11 

3 

3 

10 

11 

6 

1 

22 



75 
65 
45 
95 
95 
90 
50 
50 
90 
95 
95 
95 
90 
.95 
.20 
.50 
.90 
90 
90 
80 
95 



10.00 
21.95 
28.95 
29.90 
7.90 
12.00 
34.00 
12.00 



8 MHz 

68000 95.95 



Power Supplies 



MOUNTED ON PC BOARD 

MANUFACTURED BY CONVER 

+5 VOLT 4 AMP 

±12 VOLT 1 AMP 




34.95 




kSKJ iVVA vj Computer Products, Inc. 

13250 Keller Street, #9 

Santa Clara, CA 95050 

(800) 538-8800 

Calif. Residents Local Phone 

(300) 848 8008 (408) 988 0697 



STORE HOURS: 

MON-FRI 8:30 A.M. -6:00 P.M. 

SAT 10:00 A.M. -3:00 P.M. 



BankAmericard 



[master charge] 



TERMS: For shipping include $2.00 for UPS 
Ground. $3.00 for UPS Blue Label Air. $10.00 
minimum order. Bay Area residents add 6%% Sales 
Tax. California residents add 6% Sales Tax. We 
reserve the right to limit quantities and substitute 
manufacturer. Prices subject to change without 
notice. Send SASE for complete list. 



Circle 151 on Inquiry card. 



BYTE January 1983 525 



CaMFornja DiqiTAl 

Post Office Box 3097 B • Torrance, California 90503 



FREE* 

Plastic library case supplied with all 
| diskettes purchased from Cal iforn ia Digital 

*24?s 

Private labeled tor California Digital by one of the mc 

respected producers of magnetic media Each distiet 

is certified double density al 40 tracks To insur 

extended media life all diskette are manufactured with 

reinforced hub. 

Each box of diskettes is supplied wiih a free plastic 

library case 

Soft sector CAL-501 Ten sector CAL-510 



Ten boxes '22.75 One hundred boxes '21.50 




5 1 /." DISKETTES 

WITH LIBRARY CASE 



26P° 



Your Choice 

SCOTCH 

MEMOREX 

VERBATIM 



Single Side Double Density 
Sort Sector 10 Sector 16 Sector 



SCOTCH 


744D-0 


744D-10 


7440-16 


26.50 


MEMOREX 


3481 


3483 


3485 


26.50 


VERBATIM 


525-01 


525-10 


NA 


26.50 


MAXELL 


MD1 


MH1-10 


MH1-16 


29.85 


DYSAN 


104/10 


107/1D 


NA 


45.00 





Double Side Double Density 




SCOTCH 


745-0 


745-10 


745-16 


42.50 


VERBATIM 


550-01 


550-10 


NA 


42.50 


MAXELL 


MD2-D 


MH2-10D 


MH2-16D 


45.00 


DYSAN 


104/2D 


107/2D 


NA 


49.50 


DYSAN 96 


204/2D 


NA 


NA 


59.50 



EIGHT INCH DISKETTES 



Single Side Single Density 



SCOTCH 



MEMOREX 



DYSAN 



740-0 



3060 



3740/1 39.50 



29.50 



29.50 



Thirty Two Sector 



SCOTCH 740-32 29.50 



Scale* Head C*im«e 't: 
Pla«« l*rar> EMM W 
fti.ene ftp TuBs Mty«K 



Single Side Double Density 



SCOTCH 741-0 



MEMOREX 



DYSAN 



3090 



3740/D 57.50 



39.00 



35.00 



Double side Double Density 



SCOTCH 743-0 



MEMOREX 



DYSAN 



3114 



3740/2D 



47.50 



39.50 



65.00 



Microswitch \ 

ASCII 

KEYBOARD 



$ 79 Si 




Each keyboard contains 81 high reliability Hall Effect keys. 
Outputs seven bit parallel ASCII MIC81SD5 3 Lbs. 



S 



119 



WINCHESTER SWITCHING 

POWER SUPPLY 

POWER TWO 5 1 /4 " WINCHES- 
TERS OR TWO OF THE NEW 
HALF HEIGHT 8 " DISK DRIVES. 



rely 



ir Cadti 



aD* 



lilal by one of Ihe Worlds largest i 
witching power supplies 
Jni| supplies 5 volis at 5 Amps and 1 2 volts 
I 3 Amps ion 5 volts al 3 Amps and 2t 
oils al 3 Amps. Ideal supply lor powermy 
ivo of the new Tandon 648 of Shugart 

I SA880 Will accepl either 115 60Hz or 230 

150Hz CAD-53OI062LD5 



VISA 



MEMORY 




16K DYNAMIC 2732 EPROM 

1.95 4.95 



4116 150ns. 



64K DYNAMIC 16K STATIC 



6.95 

4164 150ns. 



450ns. 



200ns 



2764 EPROM 

SALE $ 9.95 



DYNAMIC MEMORY 



4027 4K dynamic 250ns. 

4116 150ns 16K 

4116 200ns 16K 

4164 150ns 64K 128 refresh 

41256 150ns 256K 



21L02 2O0ns IK static 
21L02 450ns IK static 
2112 450ns 2K static 
2114 300ns 1Kk4 
4044TMS 450ns 4K x 1 
5257 300ns 4K * 1 
6116P4 200ns 2K * 8 
6116P3150fis 2K k8 
6167/2167 100ns 16K i 



2708 450ns 1K*8 
2716 450ns. 2Kx 8 
2716TME 450ns Tnvollage 
2732 450ns. 4K x 8 
2732 350ns 4K x 8 
2532 450ns 4K I B 
2764 350ns BK i 8 
27128 350ns 16K * 8 



ICM-4027250 
ICM-41161S0 
ICM-41 16200 
ICM-4164150 
hCM-4 12561 50 

STATIC MEMORY 

ICM21L02200 
ICM-2 1 L02450 
ICM-2 112450 
ICM-21 14300 
ICM -4044450 
ICM-52573Q0 
ICM-61 16200 
ICM-6'16150 
?0pm) ICM-6167100 

EPROMS 

kOE-2708 
ICE -27 16 
ICE-2716TMS 
ICE-2732 
ICE -2732350 
CE-2532 
ICE -2764 
ICE -27 128 



9 50 

9 95 

March 83 



CONNECTORS 




DB25P 



S- 100 Gold 

$2.95 



/■■■'■• 


i n nrtn 




tU 


twi'i'i 1 ' 1 '' 


™ Tl j 



$2.50 



GOLD EDGE CONNECTORS 

S-100 .125" centers trad 

Ims-ai solder .2fi0" row $2.y: 
Imsai wire wrap (TO 3.9! 

SuUlns Hi-Rel. .250" 4.51 

SuUlns Hi-Rel. W/W 5.3: 

SUUina /Altair . 140 4.9: 



.156" Centers (standard) 
22/44 Kim Evelet 
36/72 Digital Croup SIX 
36/72 Digital Croup W/W 
43/86 Motorola 6800 S/T 
43/85 Mote. 6600 W/W 



4.00 
4.00 
4.30 



6.60 
6.60 
7.00 



1KT&GRA1 ED CIRCUIT SOCKETS 

Lrtw ProIUe Wire Wr^p 

each 1CO+ each 100+ 

8 pin $.10 S.0D 



16 pin 
IB pin 

24 pin 
40 pin 



UAir,s fl 



male 2.35 



S female 

DA hood 2/P 1.60 

UB25P male 2-50 

DB29S female £.36 

i.in hood a/p 1.35 
DC37P male 4.20 
DC37S female B.00 
IJCho.:it 2/i' 2.25 
UliriOP n;„|i 5.M 
IJlJIiOS feu, die SH.40 
LMJ50 huu.l S/P IXiO 



itlUBOK CABLE CONNECTORS 
17/34 5" disk 4.8'i 4.15 3.;*; 
20/40 TRS-80 5.65 5.05 4.70 
B3/SQ 8" disk 5.30 5.15 4.IJ0 



COMPOSITE 

MONITOR 




Ideal monitor 

for classroom 

demonstrations. 



Ever try gathenr 

purchase a 23 h _ 

These unils accept slandarO composit video signals generated tiy most personal computers mci 

Ihe Apple and IBM Attach it your computer and m second you are shooting down Klmgons ui 



Eight Inch Single Sided 

One Two 



Ten 



SHUGART SA801R 


s 395 


385 


375 


SIEMENS FDD100-8 


259 


259 


225 


TANDON 848-1 SLIMLINE 


379 


369 


359 



Eight Inch Double Sided 



SHUGART SA851R 


525 


495 


475 


QUME DATA TRACK 8 


525 


495 


475 


MITSUBISHI M2894-63 


485 


475 


469 


OLIVETTI 802/851 


369 


359 


349 


TANDON 848-2 SLIMLINE 


495 


485 


475 


SHUGART 860 THINLINE 


569 


549 


539 



Five Inch Single Sided 



SHUGART SA400 


215 


209 


199 


TANDON TM 100-1 


209 


199 


195 



Five Inch Double Sided 



SHUGART SA450 


349 


329 


315 


TANDON TM 100-2 


295 


269 


259 


TANDON 96TPI TM 100-4 


369 


355 


350 


OLIVETTI 502 V 3 height 


239 


225 


215 



Three Inch Rigid Floppy 



HITACHI-AMDEK 



call for pricing 



Five Inch Winchesters 



SEAGATE 506 6 Megabyte 


759 


725 


695 


SEAGATE 512 12 Megabyte 


995 


960 


960 


TANDON 603SE 14 Megabyte 


995 


960 


895 


WESTERN DYNAX removable 


995 


960 


950 



Upon request, all drives are supplied 
with power connectors and manual 




Eight Inch Subsystem 



Two Siemens FDD 100-8 disk drives with power supply. 

4" exhaust fan complete with al necessary power cables. 

Same as above but witb: 

Shugart801R MSD2801 '1195 Olivetti 802 CAL2801 1250 

Shugart 851 R MSD2851 1450 QumeDTB MSD80T 1450 

ECLIPSl 
100 

*695< 

INDUSTRIAL S-lOO MAINFRAME 

Suitable tot hospital and industrial applications. Constructed from 304 
brushed stainless steel Modualar 500 watt toroid power supply provides 
8 volts at 30 Amps and i_T6 volts al 4 Amps Supplied with standard 18 slot 
Faraday mother board Auxtlary switched AC receptacles The Eclipse 1 00 
can be either table or rack mounted. Provisions for internally mounting a ten 
megabyte Winchester disk drive 

The Eclipse 100 is the perfect mainframe io (ill the void led by the 
now defunct TEI Corporalion EPS-1 00 50 lbs 



TOLL FREE ORDER LINE 

800)421-5041 

TECHNICAL & CALIFORNIA 

213679-9001 



CAlifoRNJA DiqiTAl 

Post Office Box 3097 B • Torrance, California 90503 



uper Buy $ 259 

SIEMENS 

FDD 100-8 
8" DISK DRIVE 

10 Drives s 225 • 100 Drives 209 

California Digital has recently participated in the purchase of several thousand Siemens FDD 100-8 floppy disk 
drives. These units are electronically and physically similar to that of the Shugart 801 R disk drive. Any application 
that will accept an 801R will work with the Siemens FDD 100-8 drive. 

All units are new and shipped in factory sealed boxes. Because of the extremely low price we expect a quick sell 
out. Please reserve your units early. SEA-F1008 17lbs. Manual and connectors supplied free upon request. Also 
available: Two drive subsystem supplied in steel enclosure with power supply and fan. S750.00 CAL-2F1008 



PRINTERS 



256K DYNAMIC 

MEMORY BOARD 




$. 



495 



• 256 kilobytes of memory using 64K dynamic RAM. 

• Over one megabyte of memory using the new 256K 
dynamic RAM chips. 

• Error detection-trap capability. 

• Individual 16K block can be relocated to any 
boundary within a megabyte of RAM. 

• 24 bit addressing and phantom mode capability. 

The California Digital 256K RAM board represeDls an out standing value in S-iQO memory technology. Priced slighly above earlier generation 64K 

dynamic ram boards it gives you tMM aodJBcnal features 256K of memory with parity Parity error feature can be |umpered to any of the mierrupt 

lines, a Status port. ERROR LED. or IEEE-696 'ERROR signal 24 or 16 bil addressing with memory management 

Proper operation with front panel equipped systems, DMA disk controllers, and IEEE-696 Temporary Buss Masters assured with anon the board Ml 

generator tor memory refresh timing. CAS and RAS liming is controlled with tapped digital delay lines tor proper operation over the entire operating 

temperature range. 

The board is very recent in design using |lhe National Semiconductor DP-8409 RAM Controller chip Split termination networks are used on all address 

Imes. CAS line, and RAS lines eliminating the last traces ol ringing The board uses two separate voltage regulators One for the DRAMs and one for 

the interface logic increasing the noise immunity of the ram array. Typical power dissipation is 8 waits. 



s theory ot oper 



;on!igu ration guide. 



andapplic 



eofth 






it options 



TERMINALS 




MATRIX PRINTERS 

Okidata B2A serial & parallel 9.5"' paper 0K.I-82A 459.00 

Okirtflta 83A senal & parallel 15' paper 0KI-B3A 69500 

Okiriata 84A parallel only 15' paper QKI-84AP 1 079.00 

Okidata 84A serial & parallel 15' papei 0KI-84AS 1,319 00 
Ppson MXBO with graphics and tractor feed EPS-MX80 
Epson MX80FT with graphics. Inchon S tractor feed 

EPS-MXB0FT 539 00 

Epson MX100 with graphics 15" paper EPS-MX100 69500 

NEC 8033A parallel 9 5 paper graphics NEC-8023A -189.00 
Artade/ 9500A high speed dot malm printer 15" 

ADX-9500A 127900 

Anadex 9501 A 15' paper with graphics ADX-9501A 1 279.00 
Texas Instruments 810 serial 15" upper 8 lower case 

TEX-etOL 1299 00 

Oatasouth 0S180 high speed 180 chai /sec 15" DSi-180 1 295 00 

Ptuwriter B510 parallel 9.5' PRO-8510P 49500 

Prownier 8510 serial 9.5" PRO-S510S 639 00 

Prownter II 15 paper PH0-2P 750 00 
Pnnttonix P300 high speed printer 300 lines/mm 

PTX-P300 4 500 00 
Prmtromx P600 higfi speed printer 600 lines/mirt 

PTX-P600 6 15000 

IDS prism 80 column graphics, (non-color) IDS-P80G 1 150 00 
IDS prism 132 COLOR with graphics 15" paper 

IDS-P132CG 1650 00 

Mannesmann Tally 1805 200 cps. serial MAN- 1805 1.650.00 

WORD PROCESSING PRINTERS 

NEC7710 55 char/sec thimble, serial only NEC-7710 2,379 00 

NEC7730 same as above parallel only NEC-7730 2.379.00 

NEC3510 serial 15" NEC-3510 1 775.00 

Diablo 620R101 25 cps serial D8L-620 1 27000 

Oiaolo 630 40 cps serial DBL-630 2,250 OC 

Smith Corona TP-1 daisy wheel parallel SCMTP1P 659 00 

Smith Corona TP-1 daisy wheel serial SCM-TP1S 65900 

Brother HR11 daisy wheel pnnlei parallel BTH-HR1P 85500 

Brother HR11 serial interface BTH-HR1S 89500 

Diablo 630 DBL-630 2 095 00 

Sla-wiiltir FID serial PR0-F10S 1 47500 

Starwriler F10 parallel PRO-F10P 1 47500 

MONITORS 

Zenith Z12! green phosphor 12" 40/80 column switch ZTH-7121 115 00 

BMC 12A green phosphor 15 Mtv. composit video BMC-12A 00 "" 

BMC 12EN green phosphor 20Mhz. high resolution BMC-12EM 

NEC JB1201 green phosphor 18 Mhz composit video NEC-JB1201 

NEC JB1260 green phosphor commercial qrade composit NEC-1260 

Motorola ?3 open frame blk/white composit video M0T-BW23 

Motorola 12' open frame hlk/ white reqires horz sync. & pow M0T-GW12 

Comae 9" open Irame requires horz sync & power supply C0N-BV/9 

(COLOR) 

NEC JC12Q1 composit color NEC-JC1201 

NEC RGB monitor NEC-1202DM 

BMC 13" Composit video BMC-1400CL 

BMC 13" RG8 color monitor BMC-1401RGB 

BMC interface card tor Apple II tor above RGB BMC-81HGB 

Comrex/Hitachi 13" RGB high res monitor COM-660O 

Comrex /Hitachi 13" Composit color monitor COM-6500 

Amdek color #1 composit video AM0-100 

AmdeR color #2 high res. RGB color monitor AMD-200 

Amdek color #3 commercial grade color RGB AMD-300 



139.00 
169 00 
129 00 



273.00 
329 00 
149 00 




Direct Connect 

MODEMS 



Hayes Micromodem 100 S-100 modem HYS-100 

Hayes Smart Model RS232 HYS-232 

Hayes Micromodem II Apple direct conned HVS-MM2 

Hayes Chronograph time & dale HYS-CHR232 

Novation Cat acoustic connect NOV-CAT 

Novation D Cat direct connect via handset NOV-DCAT 

Novation 212 Aulocal Sell 212A N0V-212 

Novation Auto Cat 103 N0V-AUT0 

Universal 103LP direct connect, line powered UDS-103LP 

Universal 103LPJ direct connect auto answer UDS-103LPJ 

jrsal 202 direct conned 1200 baud half duplex UDS-202LP 
trsal 212LP direct connect 1200 baud, lull duplex U0S-212LP 
kSignalman Mark I direct connect with terminal cable SGL-MK1 



319 00 
229 00 
279.00 
199 00 
149.00 
169 00 
59500 
219.00 





■UJ^ ^^ > ttilCJL 



Ampex Dialogue 80 green screen, two gage funcnon keys APX-D80C 

Ampex Dialogue 80 amber screen, two page 'function keys APX-D80A 

Ampex Dialogue 80 green screen Selectnc keyboard APX-D81G 

Ampex Dialogue 81 amber screen. Selectric keyboard APX-D81A 

Ampex Touch Term screen command for data entry APX-T80 

Wyse horz & vert split screen, metal case detalch keybd WYS-100 

Televideo 910C emulator TVI-910C 

Televideo 910 Plus block mode TVI-910P 

Televideo 925C deiatchable keyboard 22 (unction keys T VI -925 

Televideo 950 graphic char . split screen. 22 functions TVI-950 

IBM 3101-10 detachable keyboard green IBM-3101 

Zenith Z-19 keyboard ZTH-Z19 

Adds Viewpoint A1 detachable keyboard ADD-VP1 

Adds Viewpoint A2 xy cursor green screen AD0-VP2 

Adds Viewpoint A3 emulator ADD-VP3 



595 00 
795 00 
985 00 
1.195.00 
765 00 
498 00 
595 00 
575 00 



APPLE 

48K Plus 

*1089 



APPLE BRAND PRODUCTS 



APL-48P 
APL-DSK1 
APL-DSK2 



Apple Plus 48K RAM 

Apple disk with controller card 

Apple disk without controller card 



Xiten 10 Megabyte Gallium hard disl 
16K RAM card lor Apple II 



RANA SYSTEMS 



CALIFORNIA COMPUTER SYSTEMS 

7710 Asynchronous Serial Interface 

7728 Centronics Parallel Interlace 

7720 Apple Parallel Interface 

7114 12K Rom/Prom Module 

7424 Calendar /Clock Module 

7440 Programmable Timet 

78118 Arithmetic Processor for Apple II plus 

MOUNTAIN COMPUTERS, INC. 

MTN-CPS CPS Multifunction Card 

MTN-TCLK Clock/Calendar 

MTN-STLK Supertalker SD200 

MTN-R0MF Rom Plus with Keyboard titter 

MTN-R0MRTR Rom Writer with Eprom socket 

MTN-ADDA A-07D-A Converter 

MTN-BSR X-10 Control Card for BSR system 

MICRO SOFT 



MCI-CNTRL Micro So disk drive controller 

FOURTH DIMENSION 

FDN-SPRDRV Super Drive- 35 track Apple add on 

SORRENTO VALLEY ASSOC 

SVA-221 Single sided, Single density controller 

SVA-222 Double sided, single density controller 

SVA-223 Single or double sided double density 

ADVANCED BUSINESS TECH 

ABT-13KEYN 13-Key pad for new Apple 



ate supporte 
l" Dun & Br; 



149 00 
169 00 
145.00 



475 00 
95.00 



S-lOO 
BOARDS 



16 BIT MICROPROCESSORS 

GBT-86B7 Godboul 80 
GBT B687 Godboul ft! 




Seattle Computer 16 bi 



SINGLE BOARD COMPUTERS 

WAV-BLT1 wavemate Bullet I wilh (loppy. ffi6K 

(not S-100) 7! 

AMO-Z80 Advanced Micro Digital floppy 8 MK 7! 

TEL-FOCI Teletek FDC1 Single Board NEC765 




FLOPPY DISK CONTROLLERS 

GBT-0SK1 Godboul Disk One double density NLC-7K 3 
XI2 Morrow [lesion-, [ink Jncfeyll witbCPM 3 
),11 Morrow Designs Disk Jockey I single 



G8T-CPM86D Godbout CPM R6 lor Disk One lor use 

with 8088 
GBT-CPM86 Gotllwut CPM 86 lor ooeraiion with 

8086 board 

HARD DISK CONTROLLER 

GBT-DSK2 Godhout Disk II baid disk controller 
GBT-0SK3 GoflOoul Disk 111 hard disk conlroller 
MDS-W506 Mono* Designs Winchester for 

Seagate 506 
WDI-10Q0 Western Digital WD-1000 (not S-1001 

EPROM BOARDS 

ADS-PB10D Ackarman Digital Prom Blaster 100 
SDS-P100 SD Systems Prom- too programmer 
SSM-PB1 SKM Piciii !Jii.!Min:-Fr up to ?716 
0GR-P32 Digital Research 32K Eprom read only 



GBT-R20 
GBT-R21 

CCS-2116 



STATIC MEMORY BOARDS 

i California Digital Static 64 8/16 bi 

(6167) 
5 Godboul Ram 16 64K memory 8/V 
? Godboul Ram 17 64K memory 8 01 

24 bit add 
Godboul Ram 20 32k static memo 

Godboul Ram 21 128K 8/16 bit sts 



760 00 



California Comuter 2116 16K st 
memory 

DYNAMIC MEMORY BOARDS 

CAL-D256 California Digital 256K dynamic memory 

8 bit 
SDS-EX3 SD Systems Expanflni am lit 256K dynamic i 

!■■:■■: ■:■;*;'; r, ■!■■■! .1 i::v p -■-.-, ?m--AV: ;lv.l.>m:L 

MSM-DMB64 Mr-a;i.n-:i„:i'l Syslrmis DMB6400 (Alpha 

Micro) ! 



995 00 



SPECIAL FUNCTION BOARDS 

s*HW DC Hayes Micromodem S-100 FCC 



OCR READER 

OPTICAL RECOGNITION EQUIPMENT 



$ 




DISPLAYED ASCII OUTPUT 



WAND TEST D0CIWENT 
M01301t-001 REV. A 






register at you. local 



it any application where 



mminmiMBi 



This optical recognition reader is the same u 

Sears, Roebuck or J.C. Penney retail outlets. 

These units can be used lor inputing data for inventory control, point of s 

accuracy and speed are essential. See OCR font above. 

Interfaces eight bit ASCII parallel with "handshaking". Documentation and application notes included. 

Each reader is brand new in factory sealed bones. Original acquisition is aproximately S2 500 

OCR-720 15 lbs. 



TOLL FREE ORDER LINE 

800)421-5041 

TECHNICAL & CALIFORNIA 

213679-9001 



A^GA 64K DYNAMIC ! 
^T I W*T 200 NS 

ALL MERCHANDISE 100% GUARANTEED! 



TMM2016 



2KX8 STATIC 
200 NS 



CALL US FOR VOLUME QUOTES 



STATIC RAMS 



2101 


256x4 


(450ns) 


1.95 


5101 


256x4 


(450ns) (cmos) 


3.95 


2102-1 


1024 x 1 


(450ns) 


.89 


2102L-4 


1024 x 1 


(450ns) (LP) 


1.29 


2102L-2 


1024 x 1 


(250ns) (LP) 


1.69 


2111 


256x4 


(450ns) 


2.99 


2112 


256x4 


(450ns) 


2.99 


2114 


1024 x4 


(450ns) 


8/14.95 


2114L-4 


1024x4 


(450ns) (LP) 


8/15.25 


2114L-3 


1024x4 


(300ns) (LP) 


8/15.45 


2114L-2 


1024x4 


(200ns) (LP) 


8/15.95 


2147 


4096 x 1 


(55ns) 


4.95 


TMS4044-4 


4096 x 1 


(450ns) 


3.49 


TMS4044-3 


4096 x 1 


(300ns) 


3.99 


TMS4044-2 


4096 x 1 


(200ns) 


4.49 


MK4118 


1024x8 


(250ns) 


9.95 


TMM2016-200 


2048 x 8 


(200ns) 


4.15 


TMM2016-150 


2048 x 8 


(150ns) 


4.95 


TMM2016-100 


2048 x 8 


(100ns) 


6.15 


HM6116-4 


2048 x 8 


(200ns) (cmos) 


4.95 


HM6116-3 


2048 x 8 


(150ns) (cmos) 


5.95 


HM6116-2 


2048 x 8 


(120ns) (cmos) 


8.95 


HM6116LP-4 


2048 x 8 


(200ns) (cmos)(LP) 


6.95 


HM6116LP-3 


2048 x 8 


(150ns) (cmos)(LP) 


8.95 


HM6116LP-2 


2048 x 8 


(120ns) (cmos)(LP) 


10.95 


Z-6132 


4096 x 8 


(300ns) (Oslat) 


34.95 


LP = Low Power 


Ostat - Quasi-Static , 


DYNAMIC RAMS 




TMS4027 


4096 x 1 


(250ns) 


1.99 


UPD411 


4096 x 1 


(300ns) 


3.00 


MM5280 


4096 x 1 


(300ns) 


3.00 


MK410S 


8192 x 1 


(200ns) 


1.95 


MM5298 


8192 x 1 


(250ns) 


1.85 


4116-300 


16384 x 1 


(300ns) 


8/11.75 


4116-250 


16384 x 1 


(250ns) 


8/11.95 


4116-200 


16384 x 1 


(200ns) 


8/13.95 


4116-150 


16384 x 1 


I (150ns) 


8/15.95 


4116-120 


16384 x 1 


I (120ns) 


8/29.95 


2118 


16384 x 1 


I (150ns) (5v) 


4.95 


4164-200 


65536 x 1 


I (200ns) (Sv) 


6.25 


4164-150 


65536 x 1 


I (150ns) (5v) 


7.25 




5V = single 5 volt supply 






EPROMS 




1702 


256x8 


(1us) 


4.50 


2708 


1024 x 8 


(450ns) 


3.95 


2758 


1024x8 


(450ns)(5v) 


5.95 


2716 


2048 x 8 


(450ns)(5v) 


3.95 


2716-1 


2048 x 8 


(350ns)(5v) 


6.25 


TMS2516 


2048 x 8 


(450ns)(5v) 


5.50 


TMS2716 


2048 x 8 


(450ns) 


7.95 


TMS2532 


4096 x 8 


(450ns)(5v) 


7.95 


2732 


4096 x 8 


(450ns)(5v) 


4.95 


2732-250 


4096 x 8 


(250ns)(5v) 


12.95 


2732-200 


4096 x 8 


(200ns)(5v) 


16.95 


2764 


8192 x 8 


(450ns)(5v) 


16.95 


2764-250 


8192 x 8 


(250ns)(5v) 


.18.95 


2764-200 


8192x8 


(200ns)(5v) 


24.95 


TMS2564 


8192x8 


(450ns)(5v) 


24.95 


MC68764 


8192x8 


(450ns)(5v)(24 pin) 


39.95 




5v ■ Single 5 Volt Supply 





EPROM ERASERS 



PE-14 
PE-14T 
PE-24T 
PL-265T 
PR-125T 
.PR-320 



Capacity 
Chip 

6 

6 

9 
20 
16 
32 



Intensity 
(uW/Cm') 

5,200 
5,200 
6,700 
6,700 
15,000 
15,000 



83.00 
119.00 
175.00 
255.00 
349.00 
595.00 . 



DISC 
CONTROLLERS 

1771 16.95 

1791 29.95 

1793 38.95 

1795 54.95 

1797 54.95 

6843 34.95 

8272 39.95 

UPD765 39.95 

1691 18.95 

2143 18.95 

INTERFACE 

8T26 1.69 

8T28 2.49 

8T95 .99 

8T96 .99 

8T97 .99 

8T98 .99 

DM8131 2.95 

DP8304 2.29 
DS8835 1.99 

DS8836 .99 

MISC. 

3242 7.95 

3341 4.95 

MC3470 4.95 
MC3480 900 

11C90 13.95 
95H90 7.95 

2513-001 UP 9.95 
2513-002 LOW 9.95 

SOUND CHIPS 

76477 3.95 

76489 8.95 

AY3-8910 12.95 
MC3340 1.49 

CRT 
CONTROLLERS 

6845 14.95 

| 68B45 35.95 

HD46505SP 15.95 

] 6847 12.25 
MC1372 6.95 

68047 24.95 

8275 29.95 

7220 99.95 

CRT5027 39.95 

| CRT5037 49.95 

TMS9918A 39.95 

i DP8350 49.95 

BIT-RATE 
GENERATORS 

MC14411 11.95 

BR1941 11.95 

| 4702 12.95 

COM5016 16.95 

COM8116 10.95 

MM5307 10.95 

UARTS 

AY3-1014 

AY5-1013 

AY3-1015 

PT1472 

TR1602 

2350 

2651 

TMS6011 

IM6402 

IM6403 

INS8250 



6.95 
3.95 
6.95 
9.95 
3.95 
9.95 
8.95 
5.95 
7.95 
8.95 
14.95 

KEYBOARD 
CHIPS 

I AY5-2376 11.95 

| AY5-3600 11.95 

CLOCK 
CIRCUITS 

MM5314 4.95 

MM5369 3.95 

MM5375 4.95 

MM58167 8.95 

I MM58174 11.95 

1MSM5832 6.95 



Z-80 

2.5 Mhz 

280-CPU 3.95 

Z80-CTC 5.95 

Z80-DART 15.25 

Z80-DMA 17.50 

Z80-PIO 5.75 

Z80-SIO/0 18.50 

Z80-SIO/1 18.50 

Z80-SIO/2 18.50 

Z80-SIO/9 16.95 

4.0 Mhz 

Z80A-CPU 6.00 

Z80A-CTC 8.65 

Z80A-DART 18.75 

Z80A-DMA 27.50 

Z80A-PIO 6.00 

Z80A-SIO/0 22.50 

Z80A-SIO/1 22.50 

Z80A-SIO/2 22.50 

Z80A-SIO/9 19.95 

6.0 Mhz 

Z80B-CPU 17.95 

Z80B-CTC 15.50 

Z80B-PIO 15.50 

ZILOG 

Z6132 34.95 

.Z8671 39.95 j 



8000 



6800 



CRYSTALS 


32.768 khz 


1.95 


1.0 mhz 


4.95 


1.8432 


4.95 


2.0 


3.95 


2.097152 


3.95 


2.4576 


3.95 


3.2768 


3.95 


3.579535 


3.95 


4.0 


3.95 


5.0 


3.95 


5.0688 


3.95 


5.185 


3.95 


5.7143 


3.95 


6.0 


3.95 


6.144 


3.95 


6.5536 


3.95 


8.0 


3.95 


10.738635 


3.95 


14.31818 


3.95 


15.0 


3.95 


16.0 


3.95 


17.430 


3.95 


18.0 


3.95 


18.432 


3.95 


20.0 


3.95 


22.1184 


3.95 


32.0 


3.95 



DATA 
ACQUISITION 

ADC0800 15.55 

ADC0804 3.49 

ADC0809 4.49 

ADC0817 9.95 

DAC0800 4.95 

OAC0806 1.95 

DAC0806 2.95 

DAC1020 8.25 

DAC1022 5.95 

MC1408L6 1.95 

MC1408L8 2.95. 



8035 


5.95 


8039 


6.95 


INS-8060 


17.95 


INS-8073 


24.95 


8080 


3.95 


8085 


5.95 


808SA-2 


11.95 


8086 


29.95 


8087 


CALL 


8088 


39.95 


8089 


89.95 


8155 


7.95 


8156 


8.95 


8185 


29.95 


8185-2 


39.95 


8741 


39.95 


8748 


29.95 


8755 


32.00 



8200 



8202 


29.95 . 


8203 


39.95 


8205 


3.50 


8212 


1.80 


8214 


3.85 


8216 


1.75 


8224 


2.25 


8226 


1.80 


8228 


3.49 


8237 


19.95 


8238 


4.49 


8243 


4.45 


8250 


10.95 


8251 


4.49 


8253 


6.95 


8253-5 


7.95 


8255 


4.49 


8255-5 


5.25 


8257 


7.95 


8257-5 


8.95 


8259 


6.90 


8259-5 


7.50 


8271 


39.95 


8272 


39.95 


8275 


29.95 


8279 


8.95 


8279-5 


10.00 


8282 


6.50 


8283 


6.50 


8284 


5.50 


8286 


6.50 


8287 


6.50 


8288 


25.00 


8289 


49.95 




FUNCTION 


GENERATORS 


MC4024 


3.95 


LM566 


1.49 


XR2206 


3.75 


8038 


3.95 



INTERSIL 

ICL7103 9.50 I 

ICL7106 9.95 

ICL7107 12.95 

ICL7660 2.95 

ICL8038 3.95 

ICM7207A 5.59 

, ICM7208 15.95 j 



68000 


59.95 


6800 


4.95 


6802 


7.95 


6808 


13.90 


6809E 


19.95 


6809 


12.95 


6810 


2.95 


6820 


4.95 


6821 


3.25 


6828 


14.95 


6840 


12.95 


6843 


34.95 


6844 


25.95 


6845 


14.95 


6847 


12.25 


6850 


3.45 


6852 


5.75 


6860 


9.95 


6862 


11.95 


6875 


6.95 


6880 


2.25 


6883 


24.95 


68047 


24.95 


68488 


19.95 


6800 = 1MHZ 


68B00 


10.95 


68B02 


22.25 


68B09E 


29.95 


68B09 


29.95' 


68B10 


7.95 


68B21 


12.95 


68B45 


35.95 


68B50 


12.95 


68B00 > 2 MHZ 




6500 




1 MHZ 




6502 


5.95 


6504 


6.95 


6505 


8 95 


6507 


9.95 


6520 


4.35 


6522 


8.75 


6532 


11.25 


6545 


22.50 


6551 


11.85 


2 MHZ 




6502A 


9.95 


6522A 


11.70 


6532A 


12.40 


6545A 


28.50 


6551 A 


12.95 



EXAR 

XR 2206 3.75 

XR 2207 3.85 

XR 2208 3.90 

XR2211 5.25 

XR 2240 3.25 



9000 SERIES 

9316 1.00 

9334 2.50 

9368 3.95 

9401 9.95 

9601 .75 

9602 1.50 
96S02 1.95 



JDR MICRODEVICES, INC. 

1224 S. Bascom Avenue 

San Jose, CA 95128 

800-538-5000 • 800-662-6279 (CA) 



(408) 995-5430 • Telex 171-110 

©1982 JDR MICRODEVICES. INC. 



VISIT OUR - NEW HOURS - 

VIZI I UUM M-W-F, 9-5 

RETAIL STORE T-Th.,9-9 Sat. 11-3 

PLEASE USE YOUR CUSTOMER NUMBER WHEN ORDERING 

TERMS: For shipping include $2 for UPS Ground or S3 tor UPS Blue 
Label Air. Items over 5 pounds require additional shipping charges. 
Foreign orders, include sufficient amount for shipping. There is a $10 
minimum order. Bay Area and Los Angeles Counties add 6V'o Sales 
Tax. Other California residents add 6% Sales Tax.- We reserve the 
right to substitute manufacturer. Not responsible for typographical 
errors. Prices are subject to change without notice. We will match or 
beat any competitor's price provided it is not below our cost. 



528 BYTE January 1983 



Circle 217 on inquiry card. 



2716 



16K EPROMS 



2732 



32K EPROMS 



ALL MERCHANDISE 100% GUARANTEED! 



CALL US FOR VOLUME QUOTES 



74LS00 



74LS00 
74LS01 
74LS02 
74LS03 
74LS04 
74LS05 
74LS08 
74LS09 
74LS10 
74LS11 
74LS12 
74LS13 
74LS14 
74LS15 
74LS20 
74LS21 
74LS22 
74LS26 
74LS27 
74LS28 
74LS30 
74LS32 
74LS33 
74LS37 
74LS38 
74LS40 
74LS42 
74LS47 
74LS48 
74LS49 
74LS51 
74LSS4 
74LS55 
74LS63 
74LS73 
74LS74 
74LS75 
74LS76 
74LS78 
74LS83 
74LS85 



74LS86 

74LS90 

74LS91 

74LS92 

74LS93 

74LS95 

74LS96 

74LS107 

74LS109 

74LS112 

74LS113 

74LS114 

74LS122 

74LS123 

74LS124 

74LS125 

74LS126 

74LS132 

74LS133 

74LS136 

74LS137 

74LS138 

74LS139 

74LS145 

74LS147 

74LS148 

74LS151 

74LS153 

74LS154 

74LS155 

74LS156 

74LS157 

74LS1S8 

74LS160 

74LS161 

74LS162 

74LS163 

74LS164 

74LS165 

74LS166 

74LS1S8 



Prices Slashed! 
74S00 



74S00 

74S02 

74S03 

74S04 

74S05 

74S08 

74S09 

74S10 

74S11 

74S15 

74S20 

74S22 

74S30 

74S32 

74S37 

74S38 

74S40 

74S51 

74S64 

74S65 

74S74 

74S85 

74S86 

74S112 

74S113 

74S114 

74S124 

74S132 

74S133 

74S134 

74S135 

74S138 

74S139 

74S140 

74S151 

74S153 

74S157 

74S1S8 

74S161 

74S162 



.32 
.35 
.35 
.35 
.35 
.35 
.40 
.35 
.35 
.35 
.35 
.35 
.35 
.40 
.88 
.85 
.35 
.35 
.40 
.40 
.50 
1.99 
.50 
.50 
.50 
.55 
2.75 
1.24 
.45 
.50 
.89 
.85 
.85 
.55 
.95 
.95 
.95 
.95 
1.95 
1.95 



74S163 
74S168 
74S169 
74S174 
74S175 
74S181 
74S182 
74S188 
74S189 
74S194 
74S19S 
74S196 
74S197 
74S201 
74S225 
74S240 
74S241 
74S244 
74S251 
74S253 
74S257 
74S258 
74S260 
74S274 
74S275 
71S280 
74S287 
74S288 
74S289 
74S301 
74S373 
74S374 
74S381 
74S387 
74S412 
74S471 
74S472 
74S474 
74S482 
74S570 
74S571 



1.95 

3.95 

3.95 

.95 

.95 

3.95 

2.95 

1.95 

6.95 

1.49 

1.49 

1.49 

1.49 

6.95 

7.95 

2.20 

2.20 

2.20 

.95 

.95 

.95 

.95 

.79 

19.95 

19.95 

1.95 

1.90 

1.90 

6.89 

6.95 

2.45 

2.45 

7.95 

1.95 

2.98 

4.95 

4.95 

4.95 

15.25 

2.95 

2.95 , 



74LS169 
74LS170 
74LS173 
74LS174 
74LS175 
74LS181 
74LS189 
74LS190 
74LS191 
74LS192 
74LS193 
74LS194 
74LS195 
74LS196 
74LS197 
74LS221 
74LS240 
74LS241 
74LS242 
74LS243 
74LS244 
74LS245 
74LS247 
74LS248 
74LS249 
74LS251 
74LS253 
74LS257 
74LS258 
74LS259 
74LS260 
74LS266 
74LS273 
74LS275 
74LS279 
74LS280 
74LS283 
74LS290 
74LS293 
74LS295 
74LS298 
74LS299 



MasterCard 



74LS323 


3.50 


74LS324 


1.75 


74LS352 


1.29 


74LS353 


1.29 


74LS363 


1.35 


74LS364 


1.95 


74LS365 


.49 


74LS366 


.49 


74LS367 


.45 


74LS368 


.45 


74LS373 


.99 


74LS374 


.99 


74LS377 


1.39 


74LS378 


1.18 


74LS379 


1.35 


74LS385 


1.90 


74LS386 


.45 


74LS390 


1.19 


74LS393 


1.19 


74LS395 


1.19 


74LS399 


1.49 


74LS424 


2.95 


74LS447 


.37 


74LS490 


1.95 


74LS624 


3.99 


74LS668 


1.69 


74LS669 


1.89 


74LS670 


1.49 


74LS674 


9.65 


74LS682 


3.20 


74LS683 


3.20 


74LS684 


3.20 


74LS685 


3.20 


74LS688 


2.40 


74LS689 


3.20 


74LS783 


24.95 


81LS95 


1.49 


81LS96 


1.49 


81LS97 


1.49 


81LS98 


1.49 


25LS2521 


2.80 


25LS2569 


4.25 



IC SOCKETS 

1-99 100 
8 pin ST .13 .11 
14 pin ST .15 .12 
16 pin ST .17 .13 
18 pin ST .20 .18 
20 pin ST .29 .27 
22 pin ST .30 .27 
24 pin ST .30 .27 
28 pin ST .40 .32 
40 pin ST .49 .39 

64 pin ST 4.25 call 
ST = SOLDERTAIL 
8 pin WW .59 .49 
14 pin WW .69 .52 
16 pin WW .69 .58 
18 pin WW .99 .90 
20 pin WW 1.09 .98 

22 pin WW 1.39 1.28 

24 pin WW 1.49 1.35 

28 pin WW 1.69 1.49 

40 pin WW 1.99 1.80 

WW - WIREWRAP 

16 pin ZIF 6.75 call 

24 pin ZIF 9.95 call 

28 pin ZIF 10.95 call 

ZIF = TEXTOOL 
(Zero Insertion Force) 



CONNECTORS 



7400 



CMOS 



RS232 MALE 
RS232 FEMALE 
RS232 FEMALE 

RIGHT ANGLE 
RS232 HOOD 
S-100 ST 
. S-100WW 



DIP 
SWITCHES 

4 POSITION .I 

I 5 POSITION .I 

6 POSITION .I 

7 POSITION .! 
L8 POSITION .! 



2.95 
3.50 



ORDER TOLL FREE 

800-538-5000 
800-662-6279 

(CALIFORNIA RESIDENTS) 

IF YOU CAN FIND A PRICE LOWER 

ELSEWHERE, LET US KNOW AND 

WELL MEET OR BEA T THEIR PRICE! 

iSEE TERMS BELOW', 

* Computer managed inventory — 
virtually no back orders! 

* Very competitive prices! 

* Friendly staff! 

* Fast service — most orders 
shipped within 24 hours! 



LED DISPLAYS 



HP 5082-7760 
MAN 72 
MAN 74 
FND-357 (359) 
FND-500 (503) 
. FND-507 (510) 



.6' CC 

.3" CA 

.3" CC 

.375" CC 

.5' CC 



CA 1.4 



T 

I 



LED LAMPS' 

1-99 100-up 



7400 


.19 


74132 


.45 


7401 


.19 


74136 


.50 


7402 


.19 


74141 


.65 


7403 


.19 


74142 


2.95 


7404 


.19 


74143 


2.95 


7405 


.25 


74145 


.60 


7406 


.29 


74147 


1.75 


7407 


.29 


74148 


1.20 


7408 


.24 


74150 


1.35 


7409 


.19 


74151 


.55 


7410 


.19 


74152 


.65 


7411 


.25 


74153 


.55 


7412 


.30 


74154 


1.25 


7413 


.35 


74155 


.75 


7414 


.49 


74156 


.65 


7416 


.25 


74157 


.55 


7417 


.25 


74159 


1.65 


7420 


.19 


74160 


.85 


7421 


.35 


74161 


.69 


7422 


.35 


74162 


.85 


7423 


.29 


74163 


.69 


7425 


.29 


74164 


.85 


7426 


.29 


74165 


.85 


7427 


.29 


74166 


1.00 


7428 


.45 


74167 


2.95 


7430 


.19 


74170 


1.65 


7432 


.29 


74172 


5.95 


7433 


.45 


74173 


.75 


7437 


.29 


74174 


.89 


7438 


.29 


74175 


.89 


7440 


.19 


74176 


.89 


7442 


.49 


74177 


.75 


7443 


.65 


74178 


1.15 


7444 


.69 


74179 


1.75 


7445 


.69 


74180 


.75 


7446 


.69 


74181 


2.25 


7447 


.69 


74182 


.75 


7448 


.69 


74184 


2.00 


7450 


.19 


74185 


2.00 


7451 


.23 


74186 


18.50 


7453 


.23 


74190 


1.15 


7454 


.23 


74191 


1.15 


7460 


.23 


74192 




.79 


7470 


.35 


74193 


.79 


7472 


.29 


74194 


.85 


7473 


.34 


74195 


.85 


7474 


.33 


74196 


.79 


7475 


.45 


74197 


.75 


7476 


.35 


74198 


1.35 


7480 


.59 


74199 


1.35 


7481 


1.10 


74221 


1.35 


7482 


.95 


74246 


1.35 


7483 


.50 


74247 


1.25 


7485 


.59 


74248 


1.85 


7486 


.35 


74249 


1.95 


7489 


2.15 


74251 


.75 


7490 


.35 


74259 


2.25 


7491 


.40 


74265 


1.35 


7492 


.50 


74273 


1.95 


7493 


.35 


74276 


1.25 


7494 


.65 


74279 


.75 


7495 


.55 


74283 


2.00 


7496 


.70 


74284 


3.75 


7497 


2.75 


74285 


3.75 


74100 


1.75 


74290 


.95 


74107 


.30 


74293 


.75 


74109 


.45 


74298 


.85 


74110 


.45 


74351 


2.25 


74111 


.55 


74365 


.65 


74116 


1.55 


74366 


.65 


74120 


1.20 


74367 


.65 


74121 


.29 


74368 


.65 


74122 


.45 


74376 


2.20 


74123 


.49 


74390 


1.75 


74125 


.45 


74393 


1.35 


74126 


.45 


74425 


3.15 


74128 


.55 


74426 


.85 






74490 


2.55. 



4000 


.29 


4001 


.25 


4002 


.25 


4006 


.89 


4007 


.29 


4008 


.95 


4009 


.39 


4010 


.45 


4011 


.25 


4012 


.25 


4013 


.38 


4014 


.79 


4015 


.39 


4016 


.39 


4017 


.69 


4018 


.79 


4019 


.39 


4020 


.75 


4021 


.79 


4022 


.79 


4023 


.29 


4024 


.65 


4025 


.29 


4026 


1.65 


4027 


.45 


4028 


.69 


4029 


.79 


4030 


.39 


4034 


1.95 


4035 


.85 


4040 


.75 


4041 


.75 


4042 


.69 


4043 


.85 


4044 


.79 


4046 


.85 


4047 


.95 


4049 


.35 


4050 


.35 


4051 


.79 


4053 


.79 


4060 


.89 


4066 


.39 


4068 


.39 


4069 


.29 


4070 


.35 


4071 


.29 


4072 


.29 


4073 


.29 


4075 


.29 


4076 


.79 


4078 


.29 


4081 


.29 


4082 


.29 


4085 


.95 


4086 


.95 


4093 


.49 


4098 


2.49 


4099 


1.95 


14409 


12.95 


14410 


12.95 


14411 


11.95 


14412 


12.95 


14419 


7.95 


14433 


4.18 


4502 


.95 


4503 


.65 


4508 


1.95 


4510 


.85 


4511 


.85 


4512 


.85 


4514 


1.25 


4515 


1.79 


4516 


1.55 


4518 


.89 


4519 


.39 


4520 


.79 


4522 


1.25 


4526 


1.25 



4527 

4528 

4531 

4532 

4538 

4539 

4541 

4543 

4553 

4555 

4556 

4581 

4582 

4584 

4585 

4702 

74C00 

74C02 

74C04 

74C08 

74C10 

74C14 

74C20 

74C30 

74C32 

74C42 

74C48 

74C73 

74C74 

74C76 

74C83 

74C85 

74C86 

74C89 

74C90 

74C93 

74C95 

74C107 

74C150 

74C151 

74C154 

74C157 

74C160 

74C161 

74C162 

74C163 

74C164 

74C165 

74C173 

74C174 

74C175 

74C192 

74C193 

74C195 

74C200 

74C221 

74C373 

74C374 

74C901 

74C902 

74C903 

74C905 

74C906 

74C907 

74C908 

74C909 

74C911 

74C912 

74C914 

74C915 

74C918 

74C920 

74C921 

74C922 

74C923 

74C925 

74C926 

74C928 

74C929 



1.95 

1.19 

.95 

1.95 

1.95 

1.95 

2.64 

1.19 

5.79 

.95 

.95 

1.95 

1.95 

.75 

.75 

12.95 

.35 

.35 

.35 

.35 

.35 

.59 

.35 

.35 

.39 

1.29 

1.99 

.65 

.65 

.80 

1.95 

1.95 

.39 

4.50 

1.19 

1.75 

.99 

.89 

5.75 

2.25 

3.25 

1.75 

1.19 

1.19 

1.19 

1.19 

1.39 

2.00 

.79 

1.19 

1.19 

1.49 

1.49 

1.39 

5.75 

1.75 

2.45 

2.45 

.39 

.85 

.85 

10.95 

.95 

1.00 

2.00 

2.75 

8.95 

8.95 

1.95 

1.19 

2.75 

17.95 

15.95 

4.49 

4.95 

5.95 

7.95 

7.95 

19.95 



TRANSISTORS DIODES 



.10 



Jumbo 

Red 
Jumbo 

Green .18 
Jumbo 

Yellow .18 .15 



09 



15 



PN2222 
PN2907 
2N2222 
2N2907 
2N3055 
3055T 
2N3904 
2N3906 
IN4148 (IN914) 
v IN4004 



NPN SWITCH 
PNP SWITCH 
NPN SWITCH 
PNP SWITCH 
NPN POWER 
NPN POWER 
NPN SWITCH 
NPN SWITCH 
SWITCHING 
RECTIFIER 



TO-92 

TO-92 

TO-18 

TO-18 

TO-3 

TO-220 

TO-92 

TO-92 



10/1.00 

10/1.25 

.25 

.25 

.79 

.69 

10/1.00 

10/1.00 



100/8.99 I 

100/10.99 

50/10.99 

50/10.99 

10/6.99 

10/5.99 

100/8.99 

100/8.99 



25/1.00 1000/35.00 
10/1.00 100/8.99J 



1982 JDR MICRODEVICES, INC. 



Circle 217 on inquiry card. 



BYTE January 1983 529 









LINEAR 










RCA 






VOLTAGE 




LM301 
LM301H 


.34 
.79 


LM348 
LM350K 


.99 
4.95 


NE564 
LM565 


2.95 
.99 


LM1496 
LM1558H 


.85 
3.10 


CA 3023 
CA 3039 


2.75 
1.29 


CA 3082 
CA 3083 


1.65 1 
1.55 ■ 


REGULATORS 




LM307 


.45 


LM350T 


4.60 


LM566 


1.49 


LM1800 


2.37 


CA 3046 


1.25 


CA 3086 


.80 ■ 


7805T 


.89 


7905T 


.99 


LM308 


.69 


LM358 


.69 


LM567 


.89 


LM1812 


8.25 


CA 3059 


2.90 


CA 3089 


2.99 ■ 


7808T 


:89 


7908T 


.99 


LM306H 


1.15 


LM359 


1.79 


NE570 


3.95 


LM1830 


3.50 


CA 3060 


2.90 


CA 3096 


3.49 ■ 


781 2T 


.89 


791 2T 


.99 


LM309H 


1.95 


LM376 


fc75 


NE571 


2.95 


LM1871 


5.49 


CA 3065 


1.75 


CA3130 


1.30 ■ 


781 5T 


.89 


791 5T 


.99 


LM309K 


1.25 


LM377 


1.95 


NE592 


2.75 


LM1872 


5.49 


CA 3080 


1.10 


CA 3140 


1.15 ■ 


7824T 


.89 


7924T 


.99 


LM310 


1.75 


LM378 


2.50 


LM703 


.89 


LM1877 


3.25 


CA 3081 


1.69 


C A 3146 


1.85 H 










LM311 


.64 


LM379 


4.50 


LM709 


.59 


LM1889 


1.95 






CA3160 


1.19 ■ 


7805K 


1.39 


7905K 


1.49 


LM311H 


.89 


LM380 


.89 


LM710 


.75 


LM1896 


1.75 










7812K 


1.39 


791 2K 


1.49 


LM312H 


1.75 


LM380N-8 1.10 


LM711 


.79 


LM2877 


2.05 




■H 






7815K 


1.39 


791 5K 


1.49 


LM317K 


3.95 


LM381 


1.60 


LM723 


.49 


LM2878 


2.25 




Ti 




7824 K 


1.39 


7924K 


1.49 


LM317T 


1.19 


LM382 


1.60 


LM723H 


.55 


LM2900 


.85 


TL494 


4.20 


75365 


1.95 1 


78L05 


.69 


79L05 


.79 


LM318 


1.49 


LM383 


1.95 


LM733 


.98 


LM2901 


1.00 


TL496 


1.65 


75450 


.59 ■ 


78L12 


.69 


79L12 


.79 


LM318H 


1.59 


LM384 


1.95 


LM741 


.35 


LM3900 


.59 


TL497 


3.25 


75451 


.39 ■ 


78L15 


.69 


79L15 


.79 


LM319H 


1.90 


LM386 


.89 


LM741N-14 .35 


LM3905 


1.25 


75107 


1.49 


75452 


.39 ■ 


78H05K 
78H12K 


9.95 
9.95 


LM323K 
UA78S40 




LM319 1.25 

LM320 (see 7900) 


LM387 
LM389 


1.40 
1.35 


LM741H 
LM747 


.40 
.69 


LM3909 
LM3911 


.98 
2.25 


75110 
75150 


1.95 
1.95 


75453 
75454 


.39 ■ 
.39 ■ 


4.95 
1.95 


LM322 


1.65 


LM390 


1.95 


LM748 


.59 


LM3914 


3.95 


75154 


1.95 


75491 


.79 ■ 




T = TO-220 


K = TO-3 




LM323K 


4.95 
.59 


LM392 
LM394H 


.69 
4.60 


LM1014 
LM1303 


1.19 
1.95 


LM3915 
LM3916 


3.95 
3.95 


75188 
75189 


1.25 
1.25 


75492 
75493 
75494 


.79 ^H 
.89 ■ 
.89 ■ 




L = TO-92 




LM324 










LM329 


.65 
3.95 


LM399H 
NE531 


5.00 
2.95 


LM1310 
MC1330 


1.49 
1.69 


UC4024 
MC4044 


3.95 
4.50 


















LM331 










LM334 
LM33S 


1.19 
1.40 


NE536 
NE555 


6.00 
.34 


MC1349 
MC1350 


1.89 
1.19 


RC4136 

RC4151 


1.25 
3.95 




r^ ■ f™ 






DISK DRIVES 


LM336 


1.75 


NE556 


.65 


MCI 358 


1.69 


LM4250 


1.75 




Bl Ft ; 












LM337K 


3.95 


NE558 


1.50 


MC1372 


6.95 


LM4500 


3.25 


TL071 


.79 


TL084 


2.19 ^M 




TANDuin 




LM337T 
LM338K 


1.95 
6.95 


NE555 
NE556 


.34 
.65 


LM1414 
LM1458 


1.59 
.59 


LM13080 

LM13600 


1.29 
1.49 


TL072 
TL074 


1.19 
2.19 


LF347 
LF351 


2.19 fl 
.60 ■ 


TM100-1 5% " (FOB IBM) SS/DD 229.00 


LM339 


.99 


NE558 


1.50 


LM1488 


.69 


LM13700 


1.49 


TL081 


.79 


LF353 


1.00 ■ 


TM100-2 5% (for 


BM) DS/DO 295.00 


LM340(see78 


NE561 


24.95 


LM1489 


.69 






TL082 


1.19 


LF355 


1.10 B 


























TL083 


1.19 


LF356 


1.10 M 




SHUGAI T 
























LF357 


1.40 ■ 












H = TO-5 CAN 


T = 


TO-220 


K 


= TO-3 












SA4C 


I0L 5%" (40 TR 


ACK) SS/DD 19S 


>.95 



RIBBON CABLE 



CONTACTS 


SINGLE COLOR 


COLOR CODED 


V 


10' 


V 


10' 


10 


.50 


4.40 


.83 


7.30 


20 


.65 


5.70 


1.25 


11.00 


26 


.75 


6.60 


1.32 


11.60 


34 


.98 


8.60 


1.65 


14.50 


40 


1.32 


11.60 


1.92 


16.80 


50 


1.38 


12.10 


2.50 


22.00 




WE HAVE THE 
COMPLETE LINE 

OF IDC AND 

D-SUBMINIATURE 

CONNECTORS 



BEST SELLING 
BOOKS 

OSBORNE/MC GRAW-HILL 

Apple II User's Guide 16.95 

CRT Controllers Handbook 9.95 

68000 Assembly Language 

Programming 16.99 

CBASIC User Guide 15.00 

SYBEX 

Your Your First Computer 8.95 

The CP/M Handbook 14.95 

The PASCAL Handbook 18.95 

Microprocessor Interfacing 

Techniques 17.95 A 

MICROCOMPUTER 
HARDWARE HANDBOOK 

FROM ELCOMP — $14.95 
Over 800 pages of manufacturers data 
sheets on most commonly used IC's. 
Includes: 

* TTL — 74/74LS and 74F 

* CMOS 

* Voltage Regulators 

Memory — RAM, ROM, EPROM 

* CPU's — 6800, 6500, Z80, 8080, 
8085, 8086/8 

I • MPU support & interface — 6800, 
6500, Z80, 8200, etc. 



SIEMENS 

FD1 00-8 a ss/dd «*-« 

(801 REPLACEMENT) 259.00 

PERTEC 

FD-200 5% ss/dd 179.95 

FN-250 m ds/dd 199.95; 



CABINET FOR 5Vi" 
DISK DRIVE 

* COLOR MATCHES APPLE 

• FITS SHUGART 

SPECIAL — $ 29.95 

BYPASS CAPS 

.01 UF DISC 100/6.00 

.1 UF DISC 100/8.00 

.1 UF MONOLITHIC 100/15.00, 



WE NOW STOCK A 

COMPLETE LINE OF 

DISC, ELECTROLYTIC, 

MONOLITHIC AND 

TANTALUM CAPACITORS 



RESISTORS 

V, WATT 5% CARBON FILM ALL 

STANDARD VALUES 

FROM 1 OHM TO 10 MEG OHM 

50 PCS. SAME VALUE .025 EA. 

100 PCS. SAME VALUE .02 EA. 

1000 PCS. SAME VALUE .015 EA. , 



JDR MICRODEVICES, INC. 

1224 S. Bascom Avenue 

San Jose, CA 95128 

800-538-5000 • 800-662-6279 (CA) 

(408) 995-5430 • Telex 171-110 

,1982 JDR MICRODEVICES. INC. 



VISIT OUR 
RETAIL STORE 



— NEW HOURS — 

M-W-F, 9-5 

T-Th., 9-9 Sal. 11-3 



PLEASE USE YOUR CUSTOMER NUMBER WHEN ORDERING 

TERMS: For shipping include $2 lor UPS Ground or S3 lor UPS Blie 
Label Air. Items over 5 pounds require additional shipping charges 
Foreign orders include sufficient amount for shipping There is a $10 
minimum order Bay Area and Los Angeles Counties add 6' ; u Sales 
Tax Other California residents add 6 Sales Tan We reserve the 
right to substitute manufacturer Not responsible tor typographical 
errors. Prices are sub|ect to change without notice We will match or 
beat any competitor s price provided it is not below our cost 



530 BYTE January 1983 



Circle 218 on inquiry card. 



41 I 6 16K DYNAMIC RAMS 250NS 8/ $ 1 I 9 s 5 e 



ALL MERCHANDISE 100% GUARANTEED! 



CALL US FOR VOLUME QUOTES 



^ VIEWMAXSOlT DISK DRIVE WJDR 16K RAMCARD 



A Full Function 80 column card 
for Apple II* — Compare these 
features with any other: 

* 7x9 dot matrix; Upper and 
lower case with true 
descenders 

Soft Video switch 

Inverse video characters 

Shift key support 

Fully compatible with Apple* 
DOS, CP/M*, PASCAL, and 
most popular word 
processors 

2 YEAR WARRANTY 



$ 219 



95 



JDR COOLING FAN' 

FOR YOUR APPLE II 

Easy installation — no 

modification of Apple 

required 

Eliminates overheating 

problems 

Switch on front controls fan, 

Apple, and extra outlet 

Rotron whisper fan is the 

quietest, most reliable on the 

market 



$ 69 



95 



• Fully Apple* compatible 

• 35 Track — Will read half 
tracks! 

• Use with our controller 
(call for price) or with 
your Apple controller 

• Price includes case and 
cable — ready to plug in 

• Attractive cabinet 
matches Apple drive 

• 90-Day Warranty 



$ 299 



95 



ORDER TOLL FREE 

800-538-5000 
800-662-6279 

(CALIFORNIA RESIDENTS) 

IF YOU CAN FIND A PRICE LOWER 

ELSEWHERE. LET US KNOW AND 

WELL MEET OR BE A T THEIR PRICE 1 

I SEE TERMS BELOW: 

* Computer managed inventory — 
virtually no back orders! 

* Very competitive prices! 

* Friendly staff! 

* Fast service — most orders 
shipped within 24 hours! 



For Apple IT 

• Expand your 48K Apple to 64K 

• Fully compatible with Apple 
Language System — Use in 
place of Apple Language card 

• Provides extra memory for 
Visicalc™ 

• Run PASCAL, FORTRAN, 
Integer Basic with appropriate 
software 

• Highest quality card features: 
gold edge connector, sockets 
for all IC's 

NOW WITH 2 YEAR WARRANTY I 



ASSEMBLED & TESTED 
WITH WARRANTY 



KIT — INCLUDES ALL 
PARTS & INSTRUCTIONS. 

BARE PC CARD 

WITH INSTRUCTIONS 



S4495J 

$40 9 5t 
$■1495 




MONITORS 

GREEN PHOSPHOR 
NECJB1201M $ 169 00 

ZENITH zvm-i 21 *119 00 

COLOR 

AMDEK color 1 $ 335 00 



OKIDATA PRINTERS 

• 120 cps, 9x9 Dot Matrix 

• 50% faster than EPSON 

• Parallel and Serial interfaces 
are standard 

ML-82A *479 50 

ML-83A *699 95 

ML-84 PARALLEL... $ 1 059 00 
CALL FOR PRICES ON 82A TRACTOR OPTION 
AND 82A, 83A GRAPHICS OPTION. CABLES 
AND INTERFACE CARDS AVAILABLE 



5 1 /4" DISKETTES 

ATHANA ss sd soft . . . 24.95 
MEMOREX sssdsoft 26.95 
VERBATIM SS dd SOFT 29.95 
VERBATIM 10 sect, hard 29.95 

NASHUA 

TOP QUALITY — LOW PRICE! 

Single Sided, Single Density 
Soft Sectored with Hub Ring 

$19.95 box of 10 



NEWPORT 
PROSTICK 

Professional Quality 
Atari-Type Joystick 
Extremely Rugged — Actual 
Arcade game Joystick 
All parts are replaceable 
6 Month Warranty 



$ 31 



00 



EA 



$5995 



PR 




POWER SUPPLY *39 95 

MOUNTED ON PC BOARD 

MANUFACTURED BY CONVER 

+5 VOLT 4 AMP 

±12 VOLT 1 AMP 



SPECIAL THANKS TO 

MARC AND AL FOR 

THEIR HARD WORK 

AND DEDICATION 



•APPLE IS A TRADEMARK OF APPLE COMPUTER, INC. 



c 1982 JDR MICROOEVICES. INC. 



Circle 218 on inquiry card. 



BYTE January 1983 531 



The. 
great 

magic 

act? *" 



Palomar makes 
high prices disappear! 

HERE'S HOW 

If you find an advertised price lower than 
Palomar's, call us— we'll try to beat it. And 
we'll give you great backup when we do: (1) 
Expert technical advice. (2) Fast response 
on orders. (3) In-house service repairs. (4) 
Guaranteed satisfaction. 



HtANKUN SPECIAL 

Save 28% 

Franklin Ace 1000* . . . S1.330.00 Taxan 12" 

TEAC Super 5 Disk Drive Green Screen 169.00 

with Controller .... 495.00 Diskettes 35.00 

Gemini 10 499.00 Diskette Case 5.00 

Genie Graphics Card . . 159.00 S&69WM 

"Add $200 for Apple II /48K NOW— 1,945 



PERSONAL COMPUTERS 




ALTOS 

ACS 8000-2 3199.00 

ACS 8000-15 4399.00 

APPLE 

Apple II Plus CALL 

Disk II D.O.S. 3 CALL 

Disk II CALL 

BASIS 

108-0003 (64K) 1895.00 

108-0004 (128K) 1995.00 



OSBORNE 

Osborne I Portable, Includes $200 
Extras 1795.00 

KAYCOMP 

Kaypro Portable, Includes $250 
Extras 1795.00 

FRANKLIN 

ACE 1000 (64K) CALL 

ACE 10, Disk Drive CALL 



S-100 



HARDWARE 



CP/M 



SOFTWARE 



Tandon TM 100-1 Disk Drive 219.00 

Tandon TM 100-2 Disk Drive 299.00 

CCS Disk Controller/CPM 2.2 375.00 

CCS 16K Static Ram Module 259.00 

CCS 32K Static Ram Module 439.00 

CCS 2 Serial Port + 2Parallel 315.00 

Comrex Clock Card 119.00 

Hayes Micromodem 100 349.00 



CCS CP/M Control Program 2.2 129.00 

CCS CP/M Macro Assembler 79.00 

CCS CP/M Symb. Instr. Debug 65.00 

CCS CP/M Text Formatter 65.00 

Hayes Terminal Program (8") 22.00 

Microsoft Fortran 80 (8") 385.00 

Microsoft Basic Compiler (8") 299.00 

Microsoft Basic 80 (8") 269.00 



HARDWARE 

IBM PC CALL 

Amdek Color II RGB Monitor 799.00 

Amdek 3" Dual Disk Drive 785.00 

Corona 5MB Winchester CALL 

Corona 10MB Winchester CALL 

M & R SuperMod/5 59.00 

Percom Add On DiskDrive (Dual) . .450.00 

PMC Disk Drive 199.00 

STB I/O Printer Interface (4 Ports) 225.00 

STB 64K I/O Memory Card 479.00 

Tandon TM 100-1 Disk Drive 219.00 

Tandon TM 100-2 Disk Drive 299.00 

TG Joysticks 49.00 

Tech Adam & Eve Paddles i 29.00 

64K Kit (9 64K x 1 Chips) 119.00 



SOFTWARE 

BUSINESS 

d Base II 499.00 

Denver Accounting System 549.00 

Easy Filer 295.00 

Easy Planner 145.00 

Easy Writer II 259.00 

VisiCalc 205.00 

HOME & PERSONAL 

The Home Acccount + 109.00 

Money Decisions 145.00 

Mathmagic 65.00 

Graphmagic 65.00 

GAMES 

Temple of Apshai 29.00 

Zork III 29.00 



Many items are not listed. Please call our 800 number if 
you don't see what you're looking for. 




APPLE 



HARDWARE 

Apple II Plus . . . 
ALS Z Card 

ALS 2 Card, with Supercalc 
CCS IEEE Card 
CCS Analog/Digital Card 
CCS 12K ROM/PROM Module 
CCS Programmable Timer 
Comrex Clock Card 
CPS Multifunction Card 
Echo II Speech Synthesizer 
EDP AC Surge Protector 
EDP EMI-RFI Filter 



CALL 
219.00 
369 00 
175.00 
105.00 
109.00 
105.00 

69.00 
179.00 
17500 

49 00 

3900 



DISK DRIVES 

Corona 5MB Winchester CALL 

Corona 10MB Winchester CALL 

Disk II With Controller Card ... CALL 
Microsci A35 With Controller Card 375.00 



SYSTEMS & UTILITIES 



Microsci Controller Card 
Rana Disk Drive 
Rana Controller . .. . 
TEAC Super 5 Disc Drive 
TEAC Super 5 Controller Card 



99.00 
359 00 
109.00 
299.00 



Expandaport-6 Ports With Speaker 55.00 






Hayes Micromodem II 


299 00 






Microhutfer II 16K 












The Home Accountant 




Microsoft ZSO Sottcard 


265.00 


Sen si Die Speller 




Microtek 16K Ram Card 


79.00 














Microtek Graphics Card 


109.00 


PFS Graph 




Microtek Graphics Card-16K 


185.00 








145 00 












MPC Serial Printer Card 












Desktop Plan II 






299 00 




Novation Expansion Module 


35.00 










VisiTerm 




Numeric Key Pad 


150.00 


VisiDex 




Paymar Lower Case Adapters: 
















New (Rev. 7) 




Letter Perfect 




STB 64K Expansion Card 


239 00 


Data Perfect 








PERSONAL & HOME 




System Saver-Fan/Outlets/Switcr 


79.00 




TG Game Paddles 


29.00 


Algebra I 


29.00 






Algebra II 

CompuMath Arith Skill 




TG Select-A-Port 


. 45.00 


39.00 


VirJex 80 Column Card 


279.00 


CompuSpell (Reg Data Disk) 


21.00 


vi ilex Enhancer II (Rev 7) 


125.00 


CompuRead 


21.00 


Videx Function Strip 


65.00 


S.A.T. Word Attack Skill 


39.00 



Apple Mechanic 


21.00 


DOS Boss 


18.00 


Utility City 


21.00 


S.A.M. 


9900 


Apple Soft Compiler 


135.00 


Basic Compiler 


299.00 


The Artist 


59.00 


Zoom Graphics 


35 00 


GAMES 




Temple ot Apshai 


. 29.00 


Datestones of Ryn 


1500 


Morloc s Tower 


15.00 


Rescue at Rigel 


21.00 


Intro 3-Pak (Ryn. Morloc. Rigel) 


39 00 


Crush, Crumble and Chomp 


21.00 


Dragon s Eye 


19.00 


Chop Utter 


25.00 


Apple Panic 


2100 


Arcade Machine 


35.00 


Star Blazer 


25.00 


Serpentine . . 


25 00 


Raster Blaster 


21.00 


Deadline 


35.00 


Starcross 


29.00 






Zork II .......... 


29 00 


Zork III 


29.00 


Snack Attack 


21.00 


Prism 


. 15.00 


Castle Wolfenstein 


21.00 


Rooot Wars 


2900 


Three Mile Island 


29.00 






Cannon Ball Blitz 


25 00 


Warp Destroyer 


21.00 


Audex 


21.00 


Autobahn . . 


21.00 


Bandits 


25.00 


Beer Run 


21.00 



Cops & Robbers 

Palomar offers a complete selection of Apple Hardware and Software. 



MONITORS 



COMREX 

CR 5500-12" Green 155.00 

CR 6500-13" Composite 315.00 

CR 6600-13" RGB 429.00 

AMDEK 

Video 300-12" Green 165.00 

Color I -13" Color Composite 365.00 

Color II -Hi Res. RGB 799.00 

Color III -Lo Res. RGB 469.00 

RGB Apple II Card 165.00 

MODEMS 



U.S.I. 

9" Green Screen 119.00 

9" Amber Screen 155.00 

12" Green Screen 155.00 

12" Amber Screen 175.00 

TAXAN 

KG 12N-12" Green CALL 

KA 12N-12" Amber CALL 

RGB Vision 1-12" RGB CALL 

RGB Vision 11-12" RGB CALL 

RGB Apple II Card CALL 



HAYES 

Micromodem II (Apple II) 299.00 

Micromodem II With Terminal 

Program 315.00 

Micromodem 100 (S-100) 349.00 

Smartmodem (RS-232) 225.00 

Chronograph (RS-232) 195.00 

Terminal Program 75.00 

UDS 

103 LP Direct 175.00 

103 JLP Auto Answer 209.00 

202 SLP 1200 BAUD 255.00 

212 LP 469.00 

ACCESSORIES 

CABLES CENTRONICS 

Centronics/Centronics 25.00 

Centronics/Atari 30.00 

Centronics/IBM 30.00 

Centronics/Osborne 30.00 

Centronics/S-100 30.00 

Centronics/TRS I, III 30.00 



NOVATION 

CAT (Acoustic) 149.00 

D-CAT 165.00 

Auto CAT (300) 215.00 

212 Auto CAT 599.00 

Apple CAT II 299.00 

212 Apple CAT 615.00 

Expansion Module 35.00 

Handset 27.00 

Firmware ROM 27.00 

Palomar is pledged 
to your satisfaction. 



RS-232 

4 Wire, M/M.M/F-10 FT 16.00 

9 Wire, M/M.M/F-10 FT 20.00 

12 Wire, M/M,M/F-10 FT 21.00 

25 Wire, M/M,M/F-10 FT 25.00 

MANY MORE CABLES AVAILABLE CALL 

OUR 800#. 




PRINTERS 

COMREX 

Comriter CR-1C CALL 

Tractor Feed 89.00 

EPSON 

ASAP 2K Serial 59.00 

Comrex 4K Butter 139.00 

Microbuffer-16K Parallel 139.00 

Microbuffer-8K Serial 139.00 

NEC 

3510 RO Serial 1515.00 

3520 KSR Serial 2100.00 

3530 RO Parallel 1750.00 

3550 RO IBM 1880.00 

7710 RO Serial 2465.00 

7730 RO Parallel 2465.00 

8023-A Dot Matrix 549.00 

Bi-Directional Tractor (3500) 230.00 

Cut Sheet Guide (3500) 90.00 

Envelope Handler (3500) 270.00 

Horizontal Tractor (7700) 150.00 

Bi-Directional Tractor (7700) 345.00 

Friction Attachment (7700) 35.00 

NOVELL 

Image 800 999.00 

SUPPLIES 

PRINTWHEELS 

Comrex 18.00 

NEC (Thimble) 14.95 

Olympia(Whisperdisc) 30.00 

Smith Corona 4.95 

MEDIA BASF 

5Va" SSSO 2.99 



OKIDATA 

Microline 82-A 519.00 

Microline 83-A 775.00 

Microline 84-S 1250.00 

Microline 84-P 1150.00 

2K Parallel Interface 129.00 

Forms Tractor (82-A) 55.00 

OLYMPIA 

ES 100 KRO 999.00 

ES 100 799.00 

Serial/Parallel Interface 250.00 

CCS Apple Serial Card 135.00 

SMITH CORONA 

TP-I 649.00 

STAR MICRONICS 

Gemini 10 CALL 

Gemini 15 CALL 

TEC 

PMC 8510 Parallel 475.00 

ITOH 8510-A Parallel 499.00 

ITOH 8510-A Serial 650.00 

ITOH 1550 Parallel 750.00 

ITOH 1550 Serial 789.00 

ITOH F-10-40 1535.00 

ITOH F-10-55 1875.00 



MAXELL 

5%"SSSD 3.95 

5'/." DSDD 5.50 

PAPER 

SVi x 11 Register Bond 25.00 

9'/! x 11 Perforated 26.00 

14'/. x 11 Register Bond 30.00 



Palomar makes buying easy 



ORDER TOLL-FREE! Call 

800-237-3333 

In California call 800-338-5555 

Telex 697120-150 

TERMS OF SALE: Cash, Check, money order, bank wire transfer, credit card, or purchase orders 
from qualified firms and institutions. Please include telephone number with order and expiration 
date on credit card orders. California residents add 6% sales tax. Advertised prices are for 
prepaid orders FO.B. shipping point. Add 3% or $3.00 minimum for shipping in the U.S. Pricing 
and availability subject to change without notice. Address written orders to: 

910-105 W. San Marcos Blvd., Dept. B-1, San Marcos, CA 92069 



PALOMAR 



COMPUTER PRODUCTS 



Circle 317 on inquiry card. 



BYTE January 1983 533 



PRIORITY ONE ELECTRONICS 



THERE ARE NO BETTER BOARDS - THERE ARE NO BETTER PRICES! 

fSmpuPro ra ™ OB ,„ o» E « E cr mN .cs 




CPU BOARDS 

CO-PROCESSOR 8066/6067 

76 bit 8 or 10 MHz 8086 CPU with sockets 
tor 8087 and 80130 



Part No. 



Description 



List Price Our Price 



BAGBTI86A A&T 8MHz 8086 only $695.00 $625.00 
BAGBTI86C CSC 10MHz 8086 only$850.00 $765.00 
BAGBT186A87 A&T with 8087 option $995.00 $925.00 
BAGBT186C87 CSC with 8087 option'$1 150.00 $1065.00 
•8087 Limits clock speed to 5MHz 

© DUAL PROCESSOR 8085-8086 

6 or 8 MHz provides true 1 6 Bit Power with a standard 

8 bit S- 100 bus 
BAGBT1612A A&T 6MHz $425.00 $399.00 

BAGBT1612C CSC 6/8 MHz $525.00 $498.00 

68 K- 68000 16 BIT CPU 

16 bit 8 or 10 MHz on-board sockets 'or 2716. 2732, 

or 2764 EPROMs tor up to 8Kx 16 of memory 
8AGBT184A A&T 8MHz $695.00 $625.00 

BAGBT1MC CSC 10MHz $850.00 $765.00 

FORTH OPERATING SYSTEM FOR 68K CPU 

Requires a DISK 1. 64K o' CompuPro memory. 

and an INTERFACER 3 or 4. 

BAGBT68K0S FORTH operating syst m $200.00 

CPUZ - Z80D CPU NOW 6MHz! 

3/6 MHz Z80B CPU with 24 Bit Addressing. 

FASTEST Z80 CPU AVAILABLE! 

BAGBT160A 3/6 MHz A&T $295.00 $280.00 

BAGBTI60C 3/6 MHz CSC $395.00 $375.00 




DISK CONTROLLERS 

DISK 1 FLOPPY CONTROLLER 

Fast DMA Soft Sector. Controls 8" or 554" Single or 

Double Density. OUR BEST!! 

*With purchase ot 2 or more 8" Disk Drives and 

one Disk 1 Controller 

BAP0D171ACPM A&T w/CPM 2.2 & BIOS $670.00 

if purchased separately 

PDB17IACPM Disk 1 and CP/M BO 
GAPDBWICCPM CSC w/CP/M 2.2 S. BIOS $770.00 




CMOS RAM SALE! 
RAM 1 7 - 64K CMOS STATIC RAM 

12 MHz. RAM 1 7, 2 Watt, DMA Compatible24 Bit Addressing 



Parti 



Description 



List Price Our Price 



BAGBTRAMI 7 64 K A&T 10MHz 
BAGBT175A64 64K A&T 12MHz 
BAGBT175C64 64 K CSC 12MHz 



$319.00 
$599.00 $550.00 
5699.00 $650.00 



RAM 16 - 32K x 16 DIT CMOS STATIC RAM 

8 and/or 16 Bit 

© 12 MHz. RAM 16 , 32K x 16 or 64K x 8 

IEEE/696 16 Bit 2 Watt, 24 Bit Addressing 

BAGBTBAM16 64K A&T 10MHz $349.00 

BAGBT180A 64K A&T 12MHz $650 00 $599.00 

BAG8T180C 64K CSC 12MHz $ 750.00 $699.00 

NEW! RAM 21 - 128K STATIC RAM 

© RAM 21 12MHz, 128K x 8 or 64K X 16 

IEEE/696 8 or 16 Bit, 1.2 Amps, 24 Bit Addressing 

BAGBTI90A 128KA&T $1350.00 $1225.00 

BAGBTI90C 128KCSC $1450.00 $1375.00 

M-DRIVE SOLID STATE DISK DRIVE. 
3500% FASTER!! 

No! really, but the next best thing tor CompuPro 8085/88 

Users Call for Details on M-Dhve. 
M-Drive requires a 6MHz CPU 8085/88 dual processor. Disk 
1 DMA disk controller and System Support 
1 Multifunction Board. 
BAGBTMDI2IKA 128K of A&T memory S M-Drive Software $1191.00 
BAGBTMDI28KC I28K of CSC memory & M-Drive Software $1391.00 
BAGBTM0256KA 256K of A&T memory & M-Drive Software $2395.00 
BAG8TM0256KC 256 of CSC memory & M-Drive Software $2795.00 

M- DRIVE/ H HARDWARE LOGICAL DISK SYSTEM 

Interfaces through two I/O ports, and runs at 10MHz. 
IEEE 696 compatible. Requires any CompuPro CPU 
and a Disk 1. Each board contains 512K ot fast, low 

power (900mA) RAM, with parity checking. 
06BBTI97A M-DRIVE/H w/software, AST $189500 $1775.00 
06GBT197C M-DRIVE/H w/software. CSC $2095.00 $1950.00 

STATIC MEMORY DOARDS 

RAM 20 - 32K STATIC RAM 

RAM 20 10MHz, 4K byte block disable, bank select or 

24 bit addressing available 8. 16, 24 or 32K 
8AGBTI64AA0 8K A&T $210.00 $190.00 

BAGBT164AC8 8K CSC $280.00 $260.00 

BAGBT164AA16 16KA&T S285 00 $260.00 

BAGBT164AC16 16K CSC $355.00 $325.00 

BAGBT1MAA24 24 K A&T $355.00 $325.00 

BAGBT164AC24 24 K CSC $425.00 $385.00 

BAGBT164AA32 32 K A&T $425 00 $385.00 

BAGBTI64AC32 32K CSC $495.00 $450.00 



BAGBT171A 
BAGBT17IC 



CP/M 2.2 tor Z80/8085 
w/manuals & BIOS 8" 
S/D disk 

CP/M for 8086 with man- 
uals & BIOS 8" S/D disk 
Assembled & Tested 
CSC 200 hr. burn-in 



$450.00 
$495.00 

$450.00 
$600.00 
$175.00 



$495.00 
$595.00 



$300.00 

$450.00 
$555.00 



DISK 2/SELECTOR CHANNEL 
HARD DISK CONTROLLER 

Fast DMA 2 board set. controls 4 Shugart 4000 series 

or Fujitsu 2300 type drives Includes CP/M 2.2' 
BASBT177A Assembled & Tested $795.00 $750.00 
BAGBT177C CSC $895.00 $850.00 





I/O DOARDS 

SYSTEM SUPPORT 1 MULTIFUNCTION DOARD 

Serial port (software prog, baud), 4K EPROM or RAM 
provision, 15 levels of interrupt, real time clock, 

optional math processor 



Part No. 



Description 



list Price Our Price 



BAGBT162A Assembled & Tested 
BAGBT162C CSC 
BAGBT823I Math Chip 
BAGBT8232 Math Chip 
BA6BTI62AMI A&T w/8231 MathChip 
BAGBT162CMI CSCw/823) MathChip 
BAGBT162AM2 A&T w/8232 Math Chip 
BAGBTI62CM2 CSC w/8232 Math Chip 



$395.00 
$495.00 



$380.00 

$400.00 

$195.00 

$195.00 

$490.00 

$655.00 

$490.00 

$655.00 



MPX CHANNEL DOARD 

I/O Multiplexer, using 8085A-2 CPU on board W/4K RAM 

BAGBT166A4 Assembled & Tested $495.00 $445.00 

BAGBT166C4 CSC $595.00 $535.00 

With 16K RAM 

BAGBT166A16 Assembled & Tested $649.00 $585.00 

BAGBT166C16 CSC $749.00 $675.00 

INTERFACER 1 

Two Serial I/O 

BAGBT133A Assembled & Tested $249.00 $219.00 

BAGBT133C CSC $324 00 $298.00 

INTERFACER 2 

Three parallel, one serial I/O board 

BA6BTI50A Assembled & Tested $249.00 $219.00 

BAGBT150C CSC $324.00 $290.00 

INTERFACER 3 

Eight-channel multi-user serial I/O board 

BAGBT1748A Assembled & Tested $699.00 $629.00 

BAGBT1748C CSC 200 hr. 8 port $849.00 $775.00 

BAGBT1745A Assembled & Tested $599.00 $559.00 

BAGBT1745C CSC 200 hr. 5 port $699.00 $029.00 




i 



S-100 MAINFRAME 

1 10V 60Hz CVT Mainframe uses famous 20 slot 

CompuPro Motherboard (55 lbs.) 

BAGBTENC20RM 20 Slot Rackmount $895.00 $825.00 

BA6BTENC200K 20 Slot Desk Top $825.00 $760.00 



INTERFACER 4 

Three Serial, 1 Parallel, 1 Centronics Parallel 
BASBT107A Assembled & Tested $395.00 $350.00 
BAGBT187C CSC $495.00 $450.00 

SPECTRUM COLOR GRAPHICS 

Color Graphics board with Parallel I/O 
BAGBT144A Assembled & Tested $299.00 $285.00 
BAGBT144C CSC $395.00 $375.00 



p- 

S-100 MOTHERBOARDS 


* 




Active termination, 6 


12-20 Slot 




BAGBT153A 


A&T 6 slot, 2 lbs. 


$140.00 


$125.00 


BA6BT153C 


CSC 6 slot, 2 lbs. 


$190.00 


$155.00 


BAGBT154A 


A&T 12 slot, 3 lbs. 


$175.00 


$155.00 


BAGBT154C 


CSC 12 slot, 3 lbs. 


$240.00 


$220.00 


BAGBT155A 


A&T 20 slot, 4 lbs. 


$265.00 


$235.00 


BAGBT155C 


CSC 20 slot. 4 lbs. 


$340.00 


$310.00 



534 BYTE January 1983 



Circle 328 on inquiry card. 



PRIORITY ONE ELECTRONICS 



L ompuPro 1 0MHz 64KDyf es $299.00' 

S-100 STATIC RAM - ULTRA LOW POWER - ONLY 2 WATTS 
ASSEMBLED & TESTED — ONE YEAR WARRANTY 



UNBELIEVABLE! While the rest 
power consumption (400mA; 2 
the remainder of CompuPro's 

• Extremely low power consumption (2 watts 
typical) 

• Flawlessly handles any DMA device per IEEE 
696 specifications 

• Single +5 Volt operation (requires no other 
supply voltages) 

• Switch-Selectable choice ot 24 address lines 
conforming to IEEE 696/S-100 extended 
addressing 

• 2K windows, individually selectable at E00O, 
E800, F000, and F800 permits use with older 
memory-mapped disk controllers or ROM 
(i.e., Morrow, NorthStar) 

• Any 16K block may be disabled; dip switch 
selectable 2K disable from XXE000 - FFFF in 
2K increments 

• Switch Selectable PHANTOM disable 



of the industry struggles to attain 6MHz, CompuPro has effortlessly jumped from 10 to 12MHz. The 
Watts) is still the lowest in spite of running nearly twice as fast. Priority One Electronics has purchased 
10MHz boards and are offering them at these unprecedented prices. 



RAM 17 




prIce: $319.00 ea. 

List Price: $599.00 

More- $299.00 ea. 

BASBTRAM17 Assembled ft Tested 



• Board addressable as one 64 K x 8 or 32K x 1 6 
block; DIP switch selectable on any 64K 
boundary 

• Extremely low power consumption (2 watts 
typical) 

• Meets or exceeds all IEEE 696/S-1 00 speci- 
fications 

• Flawlessly handles any DMA device per IEEE 
696 specifications 

• Single +5 Volt operation (requires no other 
supply voltages) 

• 24 bit addressing; conforms to IEEE 696 
specifications 

• 8 or 1 6 bit data transfer dependant on SXTP.Q, 
Conforms with IEEE696 timing requirements 
for XTRQ and SIXTN 



RAM 16 




SSL $349.00 ea. 

List Price: $650.00 

wore: $325.00 ea. 

BAGBTRAM16 Assembled ft Tested 



CompuPro 




NEW 16 DIT 

12 USER 
SYSTEM 8 16/D 




SAVE OVER $4000.00 ON SYSTEM ft TERMINAL! 

The System 61 6/D is a high performance, multi-user, multi-tasking 1 6- 
bit system, with the power needed for involved applications such as 
software development. This is the preferred system for business, 
industrial or scientific environments. In addition, the 61 6/D delivers 
spooling (simultaneous printing and editing) to further increase 
productivity. 

• 10MHz 16 bit 8086 CPU with 80130 operating system firmware 
component 

• 51 2K bytes of low power RAM 

• 1 megabyte of M-DRIVE/H high speed solid state logical disk 
system 

• Fast DMA floppy controller with 2 double sided 8" disk drives; 2.4 
megabytes of storage 

• 20 slot desk top S-100 enclosure 

• 12 serial interlaces 

• 1 parallel, 1 Centronics parallel interface 
Software: CP/M-86, MP/M-86, SuperCalc 

Convenience features: clock/calendar; interrupt controllers; interval 
timers, and co-processor and Operating System Firmware option/" 
This SyiUm 81 6/D is priced at $1 3,995.00, a savings of over $3,000 if 
all of the components were purchased separately. 

Part No. Dmrlpllqn Price 

BAGBTSTS(1B0DA Multiuser 16 bit desk top system A&T $13,995.00 
BA6BTSYSJUDDC Multiuser 16 bit desk top system CSC $15,995.00 
BASBTSYSB16DDA21 Same as above with RAM 21s, A&T $14,395.00 
BAG8T$rSBiaB0C2l Same as above with RAM 21s, CSC $16,395.00 

OASIS 10 SYSTEM 010/016 

All the hardware mentioned with the System 81 6/D with the OASIS 1 6 

Operating System and utilities instead of CP/M-86, MP/M-86, and 

SuperCalc. 

6ACBTSr$6l60DA Multiuser 16 bit desk top system A&T $13,995.00 

BA68T$V$61600C Multiuser 16 bit desk top system CSC $15,995.00 

BA6BTS»S«160DA2I Same as above with RAM 21s, A&T $14,395.00 

BAGBTSTS61B00C21 Same as above with RAM 21s, CSC $16,395.00 

VISUAL 330 $1.00!! 

With the purchase of 
any CompuPro System D 
AN ADDITIONAL 
SAVINGS 
VALUE OF: 



VISUAL 

330 AND 300 

SORRY 

TELEVIDEO, 

THIS IS THE NEW STANDARD 

The microprocessor-based VISUAL 330 combines VISUAL ergonomic 
elegance with selectable emulations of the DEC VT52 1 *, Data General 
D200, Lear Siegler ADM-3A, and Hazeltine 1500 terminals. 




Specifications 



VISUAL 
330 



VISUAL 
300 



Teletldeo 
950 



ANSI X3.64 Specified NO STD NO 

Solid State Keyboard STD STD NO 

Programmable Non-volatile 

Function Keys STD STD NO 

Video Attributes Require No 

Display Space STD STD NO 

Smooth Scroll, Slow Scroll 

and Jump Scroll STD STD NO 

Non Volatile Set-up Modes, 

"Menu" Style STD STD NO 

Block Graphics STD STD NO 

Sculptured Keycaps, 

Matted for Low Glare STD STD NO 

Programmable Non Volatile 

Columnar Tabbing STD STD NO 

Choice of Typomatic/Non- 

Typomatic Keyboard STD STD ND 

14" Screen OPT OPT NO 

N-Key Rollover STD STD NO 

CR New Line Mode STD STD NO 

Tilt and Swivel CRT STD STD NO 

User Programmable Non- 
Volatile Answerback, 32 Codes STD STD NO 
Screen Brightness Control 

from Keyboard STD STD NO 

XON/XOFF Flow Control, 

Split for Xmitter and Receiver STD STD NO 



lijt Price Our Price 2 or More 



BAVSL3306N Green Screen 12" $1200.00 $1050.00 $905.00 
BAVSL33014EN Green Screen 14" $1250 00 $1005.90 $1050.00 
The VSL300 contains all of the same specifications as the 330 but with 
no multi-emulation capabilities. The VSL300 is ANSI X3.64 com- 
patible 



BAVSL3006N Green Screen 1 2" 
BAVSL300146N Green Screen 14" 



$1200 00 $1050.00 $ 995.00 
$1250.00 $1095.00 $1050.00 



LOW COST DAISYWRITER 2000 

WITH 40CPS EFFECTIVE SPEED AND 48K BUFFER 

ONLY $1495.00!! 



The SLMDW2000 may just be the best dollar value in a letter quality 
printer on the market today. Features include: 

• Effective printing speed raised from 16cps to 40cps by the intel- 
ligent interface 

• 48 K buffer memory 

• Daisyplot Graphics 

• Printwheel cassettes available in 1 2 styles and 1 5 languages 

• Standard IBM ribbon cartridges 

• MTBF of 4000 hours at 25% duty cycle 

This printer is DIP switch selectable for its personality protocols. This 
eliminates the need to replace a printer when the computer system is 
expanded, modified or adding additional printers that must be 
compatible with existing hardware and software. Included among the 
protocols that can be emulated are: 

• NEC 5510 • DIABLO 630 • QUME Sprint 9 
• IBM Personal Computer • ATARI (Centronics 737) 
INTERFACES: 

• RS232C and Current Loop • Centronics type parallel interface 

• IEEE/488 All are DIP switch selectable 
SPECIAL FEATURES: 

• Z80CPU • 12KR0M • Standard 48 K Buffer • 16Softwareor 
hardware selectable baud rates 50 - 1 9.2K baud • Micro-coded alarm 
differentiates error conditions with pulse combinations • Intelligent bi- 
directional printing with logic seeking • Complete word processing 
features, standard • Complete self test • Auto reprint up to 255 times 

• Auto clear error - printer automatically resumes printing upon 
correction of ribbon, paper or cover open conditions • Proportional 
spacing • Supports Automatic justification • Complete Vector 
plotting routines • Sheet feeder mode - allows easy interface to most 
mechanical sheet feeders • Quite - 60db • Front panel forms control 

• Universal power supply 115/220V 50/60 Hz 



Peril 



Description 



List Price Our Price 



BASLM0W2000 Printer with 48K buffer 
BASLMDtWFT Vertical Form Tractor 



$1595.00 $1496.00 
$ 125.00 

Pre-configured cables are available. Please call lor price and part number. 



$1049.00 



VSL330GN Specifications in column at right 



PRIORITY ONE ELECTRONICS 

9161 DEERING AVE • CHATSWORTH. CA 9131 1 Ltt; 
ORDER TOLL FREE (800) 420-5922 - CA, AK, HI CALL (210) 709-51 1 1 

Terms. U.S. VISA, MC, BAC, Check, Money Order, U.S. Funds Only. CA residentsadd 6fc% Sales Tax. MINIMUM PREPAlB ORDER515.00. Include MINIMUM 
SHIPPING & HANDLING of $3.00 for the first 3 lbs. plus 40C for each additional pound. Orders over 50 fbs. sent freight collect. Just in case, please include your 
phone number. Prices subject to change without notice. We will do our best to maintain prices through January, 1 983. Credit Card orders will be charged approp- 
riate freight, If you haven't received your Winter '83 Engineering Selection Guide, send $1.00 for your copy today! Sale prices for prepaid orders only. 



Circle 328 on inquiry card. 



BYTE January 1983 535 



PRIORITY ONE ELECTRONICS 



► 



SIEMENS FDD 100-8 



TRUCKLOAD PURCHASE! 

WE'VE CAPTURED THE 8 FLOPPY DRIVE MARKET 
WITH A HUGE FACTORY DIRECT PURCHASE!! 



•%& 







r SINGLE-SIDED 
DOUBLE DENSITY 



iilifi 90 DAY WARRANTY 



DUAL 8" SUBSYSTEM 

BACCS2422A Controller w/CP/M 2.2 1 

BASIEFDD1008 8" Drive 2 

IN A DUAL HORIZONTAL CABINET 

WITH POWER SUPPLY 

AND DATA CABLE 1 

SAVE $258.00 

$995.00 

(Include $30.00 'or shipping) 
Same as above, with CCS2S10 Z80 
4MHz CPU and CCS 2065 64K Dynamic RAM: 

$1090.00 

BAPDBSIESUB2 



SHUGART801R COMPATIBLE 



$425.00 
$498.00 
$295.00 

$ 35.00 



$1253.00 
BAPDDSIESUBK 



$265.00 1 X] 

$249,002-9 

5215.00 10+ 

BASIEFBD1008 
OEM INQUIRIES INVITED 

" /Include $7.00 per drive 'or shipping} 



A MITSUBISHI ELECTRIC 



DON'T MISS OUT! 

T 




Better Than 

QUME! 
Better Than 
SHU6ART! 



8" Double-sided, double-density, interchangeable with QUME & Shugart 
BAMITM289463 ShipingWeight 16 lbs. $450.00 

BAMITM2B9463M Manual $ 10.00 

2 or More: $435.00 each 

TWO MITSUBISHI 8" DRIVES 
DOUBLE SIDED DOUBLE DENSITY 
AND CABINET TOGETHER!!! 

$1150.00 

■ BAPOBMITFDE 

DRIVES AND CABINET SHIPPED SEPARATELY 



landan 




International 

Instrumentation 

Incorporated 




Positive Pressure Filler Cooling 
Power Supply:4AS»+5V,3A'o+24V 

IAW-SV 
Each output is individually fused 



Hinged top for easy access 
Heavy non-flex .090 alumin- 
um base 
Modular power connectors 



BUY BRIVES ANB CABINET 
TBGETHER ANB SAVE!! 

DUAL 8" SIEMENS FDD1 008, 

DUAL 8 CABINET POWER SUPPLY 

ANO INTERNAL POWER CABLES 

IF BOUGHT SEPARATELY: $910.00 



$695.00 



PRICED AT: 

BAPDBIIISIE 

ENVIRONMENT MONITOR PANEL 

Temperature and voltage monitor with visual and audible alarm tor 
overtemp condition. Direct Digital Readout of Internal temperature in 

C on standard DVM 
BAIIIFDE002 CABINET ONLY 'Sh. Wt. 38 Tosj $295.00 
BAPDBIIISIEEM 2-0rm> Ctfrntt i Oiv Vi "."-»--- -f:J S775.0O 
BAIIIFDE002EM Cabinet onl/ *t" ".',' vi".—V —,-"-' 537 S 00 



VISUAL 50 



• Low profile detached 
keyboard features sculptured 
keys with matte finish 

• Screen tiffs and swivels 

• 80 x 24 display with 25th 
status line 

• 7 x 9 dot matrix with full decenders 

• RS-232 Serial interface w/auxillary 
RS-232 port 

• 128 Character ASCII set and 31 
character line drawing set 

INTRODUCTORY OFFER!! 

BAVSL500BW Non-glare Black S, White List: $695 00 Our Price: $650.00 
BAVSL506N P31 green display List $750 00 Our Price: $685.00 

(Shipping Weight 37 lbs.} 




W 8-INCH 
THIN LINE 



INTERNATIONAL INSTRUMENTATION, INC. 



DUAL 8' FLOPPY DRIVE CABINET 

FEATURES. 

. Positive pressure forced air cooling tor reliable disk drive operation 
. AC input via 3 wire 7 loot international cord/socket set 
. AC input E M I filtered lo six amps to help prevent disk crashes due to 
power spikes and line noise 

• 14 gauge main chassis 

• Integral power supply with 5Viw4A/-5Vf!i)1A/24V<">6A 
. Double-sided custom PC power board and supply 

. Each DC supply and AC separately fused 

BAMIFDE002 Shiping Weight 38 lbs. $295.00 



Exactly one-half the height of any other model 
Proprietary, high-resolution, read-write heads patented 
by Tandon 

D.C. only operation - no AC. required 
Industry standard interface 

Three milisecond track-to-track access time (9 lbs.) 

BATNDTMB481 Single Sided $380.00 ? or more $370.00 ea. 

BATNDTMB482 Double Sided: $495.00 2 or more $485.00 ea. 

TANDON 5V4 DRIVES 

BATNDTMI00I Single Sided, 250KB (5 lbs.) $220.00 ea. 

2 or More: $200.00 each 

Double Sided, 500 KB $295.00 ea. 

2 or More: $270.00 each 

Single Sided, 500KB $295.00 ea. 

2 or More: $270.00 each 

Double Sided. 1000KB $395.00 ea. 

2 or More: $375.00 each 

DUAL THIN LINE CABINET by 1 



BATNDTM1002 



BATNDTMI003 



BATNDTMI004 



flipta 







BAMPI51* 

BAMPIS2' 
BAMPI9I* 
BAMPI92* 

*Replace 



5 V* DISK DRIVES 

Single-Sided Double-Density 48 TPI 



Double-Sided Double-Density 
Single-Sided Double Density 
Double-Sided Double-Density 



48 TPI 
96 TPI 
96 TPI 



$200.00 
$270.00 
$275.00 

$400.00 



" when order, with "m" for MPI style bezel, or 



' for Shugart style bezel. (Shipping Weight: 5 lbs.) 

2 HIGH 8 DISK DRIVES 





. Fan cooled 
. 24V LS 4A/5A Surge 
. 5V <s> 2A 
. Scratch Resistant 
Baked Enamel Finish 
BAJMRTLC Cabinets Power Supply List: S200 00 Our Price: $ 1 80.00 
(Shipping Weight 12 lbs.) 
DUY THE CADINET AND DRIVES TOGETHER: 

BAPBBJMBTNBl w/two TNDTM8481S (30 lbs.) $920.00 

BAP0BJMRTN02 w/two TNDTM8482S (30 lbs.) $1150.00 

Includes Power Cables 




The first 2" high 8" disk drive allows for mounting under 

the keyboard on CRT. etc. 

NO AC Required +5V +24VDC only 

FAST 3 msec track to track! 

BAMPI41M 'A High 1 side double-density $300.00 

BAMPI42M V? High 2 side double-density $460.00 

BAMPI41S Full height 1 side single drive, dble.-density $380.00 

BAMPI42S Full height 2 sides single drive, dble.-density $460.00 

BAMPI41 Full height 1 side dual drive, dble.-density $760.00 

BAMPI42B Full height 2 side dual drive, dble.-density $928.00 
(Shipping Weight: 1 1 lbs. per drive.) 



536 BYTE January 1983 



Circle 329 on inquiry card. 



PRIORITY ONE ELECTRONICS 



5" DISKETTES 

SOFT SECTOR 

J^t^ 40 TRACK SINGLE SIDED 

jflP^* DOUBLE DENSITY WITH 

4J§F HUB REINFORCING RINGS 

Package of 10: $ I 9.00 

BONUS! 

FREE!! KASSETTE 10 d 

LIBRARY CASE WITH *M 

PACKAGE OF 10 DISKETTES 

A $4.25 VALUE!! BAPRI5S00 (Shipping Weight: 2 lbs.) 

BAPRI580 package of 80, less Library Case $120.00 




EIA/RSZ32 WALL PLATES 

(Does not include connectors) 
BAIIIWPDB25I Single punched 

4/$ 10.00 

BAIIIWPDB252 Dual Punched 

4/S12.00 

RS-202 "D" SUB-MINIATURE 
CONNEaORS 

1-9 10-24 25-99 

BACNDDB25P 25 Pin Male $3.00 $2.75 $2.25 
BACNDDB25S 25 Pin Female $4.00 $3.75 $3.00 

BACND0B51212 2 Pc. Grey Hood $1.60 $1.45 $1.30 
BACNDP25H 2 Pc Grey Hood $1.50 $1.25 $1.10 

BACNDDB51226 2 Pc Black Hood $1.90 $1.65 $1.45 



sS) Texas Instruments 

16 PIN GOLD AND TIN 
DIP SOLDERTAIL SOCKETS 
TIN GOLD 

QTY BATIS16LP BATI6I6LP 

so $ 8.00 $ 10.00 
iooo $ 60.00 $ 80.00 
4500 $225.00 $315.00 




COMPLETE fo^JHiPro SYSTEMS 

FREE SUPERCALC-86! FREE dBASEII!! 

AND A VISUAL 50 TERMINAL FOR ONLY $1.00!! 

SYSTEM 6 16/ A 
ENTRY LEVEL SINGLE-USER SYSTEM 




System 81 6/A is an excellent choice for an entry level, single user system that's designed with future 
expansion in mind. 816/A includes Interfacder 4 (three serial I/O ports, parallel port, and 
Centronics/Epson-style port), two RAM 1 7s for 1 28K of fast, static memory, and System Support 1 
(clock calendar, RAM/ROM/match processor options, RS-232C serial port, interrupt controllers, 
interval timers, and more), and Ashton- Tate's dBase Junior"*, an upgradeable subset of their popular 
dBase II data base management software. This combination of components means superb computing 
today with an option for future expansion — all the way up to a multi-user system. System 81 6/A is 
priced at $5495,00, a savings of over $1 000.00 compared to ail components purchased separately. 



BAGBTSYS8I6ADA 
BAGBTSYS816ADC 

BAVS150BW 



$5495.00 
$6095.00 

Visual 50 Black & White with Purchase of above system: y I ■ UU 



Single User System Desk Top, A&T 
Single User System Desk Top, 200 hr. Burn-in 



S444A&A 



DIMENSION 



SYSTEMS 



APPLE DISK DRIVES 




Give your APPLE II® a Fourth Dimension— the totally compatible 5 1 A" 
drive that takes your system farther, faster. With read/write electronics 
so advanced that reading errors are virtually eliminated. With a track 
zero microswitch that keeps boot and track access smooth and quiet 
EXTENDED WARRANTY 

Fourth Dimension offers a 1 2 month parts and labor warranty at no cost 
to you! (Gee, this really looks GOOD!) 

BAFDS40A List Price: $34900 SALE: $289.00 

BAFDS40AC* Apple If Disk Drive Controller $115.00 

"Sold only with the purchase of Fourth Dimension Drive 



E 



j DATAGARD 
JSGLWABER 



LINE MONITOR POWER 
CONDITIONERS 




Before you plug in your computer, you'd better consider how you are 
going to insure or protect your investment from unwanted electrical 
pollution. 

D61 15 SERIES 
SINGLE STAGE SPIKE PROTECTION 



Part No. 



Description 



Wl. list SALE 



BAWBRDS115P 
BAWBRDG115S 



Wall unit plug in 2 lbs. 149.95 

6 outlet strip w/SW&LT 3 lbs. $61.95 



$34.95 
$42.00 



DG015 SERIES 
3 STA8E SPIKE FILTER AND FOUR STAGE NOISE FILTER 
BAWBRDG315P Wall unit plug in 2 lbs. S153.95 $ 99.95 

BAWBRDG315S 6 outlet strip W/SW&LT 3 lbs S193 95 $119.95 
BAWBRDG315R 6 outlet racks w/SW&LT 8lbs $193.00 $119.95 




COMPUTER 

SYSTFMS 

IMC. 



■■ 



Z-80 BEGINNER KIT 
Z80 CPU - 2 S- 100 
EXPANSION SLOTS 

• Z80 CPU 

• 2 S-100 slots for expansion 

• Wire wrap area for cutom circuitry 

• On board keyboard and display 

• Cassette interface for mass storage 

• 2k RAM included 

• 4k ROM (not included) 

• RS232 port 300-19 2K band 

• Comet Willi ZB0G Monitor on ROM 
with $10 driver routines 

• TINY BASIC available 




BAQTCZ80BEGA 

LIST PRICE: $400.00 
SALE PRICE: 

$340.00 

(Shipping weight 4 lbs) 

TINT BASIC ROM: 
BAQTCTBASIC $25.00 



COEX 80 F/T 
LOW COST 
m DOT MATRIX 

_ _-==. PRINTER. 

• 80 cps • 1 0, 1 2 or 1 6.5 cpi • 3 selectable line 
spacing • Vertical format control • Centronics 
parallel interface • Use a standard Underwood 
spooled ribbon • Friction or tractor feed. 
BAC0X80FT List. S399 00 OUR 6Q4Q QQ 
(Shipping Wt21 lbs.) PRICE yOHSli 

priority Tone 



LSfl U.S. ROBOTICS 



moU $495.00 

The AUTO DIAL 2I2A Modem is a direct connect 0-300 or 1 200 baud 
modem capable of dialing and calling for you. The AUTO DIAL 21 2A is 
compatible in function to the DC Igei SMARTM00EM *. 



AUTODIAL 
21 2A 



Part No. 



OeecrloMon 



Usl SALE Price 



BAUSRADIA1212A 0-300. 1200 baud dialing modem $599.00 $495.00 




ACOUSTIC MODEM 

The PHONE LINK Modem is a 300 baud RS232 compatible acoustic 
modem capable of operating as either an answer or originate modem. It 
is BELL 1 03/1 1 3 compatible and will accept most standard phone 
handsets. 



BAUSRPUK 



$149.00 $129.00 



0-300 8aud acoustic modem 

MICRO LINK 
DIRECT CONNECT MODEMS 

The MICRO LINK Modems are available in either 0-300 or 1 200 baud 
transmission rates and both are RS232 compatible. Operation can be 
answer or originate. 



BAUSRMLNK300 0-300 baud direct connect 
BAUSRMLNKI200 1200 baud direct connect 



$17900 $159.00 
$44900 $399.00 



AUTO LINK DIRECT CONNECT 
AUTO ANSWER MODEMS 

The AUTO LINK Modems are auto answer modems capable of operating 
at 0-300 baud or 1200 baud transmission rates. The AUTO LINK 
Modems can be operated in either answer or originate modes. 

BAUSIALNK300 0-300 baud auto/direct connect $219.00 $195.00 

BAUSRALHK1200 1 200 baud auto/direct conned $499.00 $449.00 
BAUSRALNI212A 0-300, 1 200 baud auto/direct $549 00 $475.00 



<&..v.v«* 



vrvv^> 



<*V 




Sptci 

1200 Battel 

300 8a in) 

Auto Bial 

iHayej Snerhiedoin 

comjwttble! 

Airts Answer 

Airta Mofe Select 

0T8 Override 

RS23? pins 2*3 

reversible 

LEO hidleatorr 
C wrier Detect 
Analog UoBftack/ 
SeH Teat 
Send Data 
Receive Data 
Terminal Heady 
fiffHMk 
Answer Hode 
Hint) Mttarte 
Nigfc Saeed 



^X\\\\ 




ELECTRONICS « 

9161 DEERING AVE • CHATSWORTH. CA9131 
ORDER TOLL FREE (600) 423-5922 - CA, AK, HI CALL (210) 709-51 f1 

Terms. US VISA. MC, BAC, Check, Money Order, US. Funds Only. CA residents add 614* Sales Tax. MINIMUM PREPAID ORDER $1 5.00. Include MINIMUM 
SHIPPING & HANDLING of $3.00 lor the first 3 lbs. plus 40C for each additional pound. Orders over 50 lbs. sent freight collect. Just in case, please include your 
phone number. Prices subject to change without notice. We will do our best to maintain prices through January, 1983. Credit Card orders will be charged approp- 
riate freight. If you haven't received your Winter '83 Engineering Selection Guide, send $1 00 for your copy today! Sale prices for prepaid orders only. 



A 



Circle 329 on inquiry card. 



BYTE January 1983 537 



Disk Drive 
for Apple II 

$269. 95 



Video Monitors 



HI-RES 12" GREEN SCREEN - Zenith 

75 MHz bandwith 700 lines/inch, P31 green phosphor, 
switchable 40 or 80 columns, small, light-weight & portable 
VDM-201201 List price $789.95 $115.95 

HI-RES GREEN MONITORS - NEC 

20 MHz bandwidth, P31 phosphor ultra-high resolution 
video monitor, high quality, extremely reliable. 

VDM-651200 Deluxe 12" $199.95 

VDM-651260 Economy 12" $149.95 

VDM-65092 Deluxe 9" $179.95 

12" COLOR MONITOR - NEC 

High resolution color monitor with audio. 

VDC-651212 Color monitor $389.95 

NEC-1202D RGB color monitor $999.95 



Apple II Accessories 



APPLE DISK DRIVE - Apple Compatible 

Totally Apple compatible, 143,360 bytes per drive on DOS 
3.3, track microswitch, high speed lead screw positioner, 
full one year factory warranty, half-track capability - reads all 
Apple software, plugs right in to Apple controller as second 
drive, DOS 3.3, 3.2.1, Pascal, S CP/M compatible, 

MSM-123200 Add-on Apple Drive $279.95 

MSM-123100 Controller w/DOS 3.3 $99.95 

16K RAM CARD - for Apple II 

Expand your Apple II to 64K, use as language card, full 1 year 

warranty. Why spend $175.00 ? 

MEX-16700A Save over $115.00 $59.95 

Z-CARD for Apple II - A.L.S. 

Two computers in one, Z-80 S 6502, more than doubles the 
power and potential of your Apple, includes Z-80 CPU card 
CP/M 2.2 and complete manual set, Pascal compatible, 
utilities are menu-driven, one year warranty. 
CPX-62S00A A S T with CP/M 2.2 $169.95 



SMARTERM II - A.L.S. 

80 column x 24 line video card for Apple II, addressable 25th 
status line, normal/inverse or high/low video, 128 ASCII 
characters, upper and lower case, 7x9 dot matrix with true 
descenders, standard data media terminal control codes, 
CP/M Pascal S Fortran compatible, 50/60 Hz, 40/80 column 
selection from keyboard 
IOV-2500A ALS Smarterm II $179.95 

SERIAL I/O CARD - A.L.S. 

Full feature serial card for modems S printers, baud rates 
from 110 to 19,200, CTC/RTS S X-on/X-otf protocols, auto 
line feed, RS-232C cable interface included. 
IOI-1000A AST $79.95 



MODEM CARD for APPLE — SSM 
Better than Hayes!! Better than Novation!! Direct connect 
ModemCard plugs directly into Apple - no external 
components, auto-dial, auto-answer. Bell 103 compatible, 
full and half duplex, touch-tone or pulse dialing generated 
on board, Micromodem It software compatible, displays 
modem information on screen, audio monitoring of phone 
line, no serial port required, two year factory warranty, FREE 
Source Subariptlon with purchase of Transend software. 

IOM-3000A ModemCard $289.95 

SFA-55770010M Transend 1 w/Source $79.95 

SFA-55770020M Transend 2 w/Source $129.95 

SFA-55770030M Transend 3 w/Source $239.95 

2 MEGABYTES for Apple II 

Complete package includes: Two 8" double-density disk 

drives, Vista double-density 8" disk controller, cabinet, 

power supply, S cables, DOS 3.2/3.3, CP/M 2.2, S Pascal 

compatible. 

1 MegaByte Package Kit $1495.00 

1 MegaByte Package A & T $1695.00 

2 MegaByte Package Kit $1795.00 

2 MegaByte Package AST $1995.95 



EPROM Erasers 



ULTRA-VIOLET EPROM ERASERS 

Inexpensive erasers for industry or home. 

XME-3100A Spectronics w/o timer $69.50 

XME-3101A Spectronics with timer $94.50 

XME-3200A Economy model $39.95 

E3 Computur Productt 



IBM PC Accessories 



ADD ON DISK DRIVE for IBM PC- Tandon 

Single sided or double sided, double density disk drives for 
IBM PC, these are exactly the same disk drives used by IBM 
at half the price 

MSM-551001 TM100-1 single sided $219.95 

MSM-551002 TM100-2 double sided $294.95 

SERIAL I/O for IBM PC - Profit Systems 

Two asynchronous serial RS-232C I/O ports, real time clock- 
calender, includes software 

IOI-8100A Card with 1 port $159.95 

IOI-8101 A Card with 2 ports $199.95 

SERIAL/PARALLEL for IBM PC - Profit Sys 

Two asynchronous serial RS-232C I/O ports, one parallel 
printer I/O port, real time clock-calender, includes software 

IOI-8110A 1 serial S 1 parallel $199.95 

IOI-8111 A 2 serial S 1 parallel $229.95 

TASC MASTER for IBM PC - Profit Systems 

The Tasc Master is an intelligent parallel printer and dual 
port asynchronous communication adapter with built in 
buffer, two RS-232C I/O ports, parallel printer I/O port, 16K 
or 64K buffer, on-board CPU increases system throughput 

101-81 20A 1 serial/ parallel/1 6K $329.95 

101-8121 A 1 serial! parallel/64K $399.95 

IOI-8122A 2 serial! parallel/ 16K $359.95 

I0I-8123A 2 serial! parallel/64K $429.95 

EXTENDER CARD for IBM PC - Profit System 

All bus signals extended, signal names silk screened on top 

of board, gold-plated card edge, low noise 

TSX-300A IBM PC extender $45.00 

PROTOTYPING CARD for PC - Prof it Systems 

Highly versatile wire-wrap or solder prototyping board for 
your IBM PC, large bread board area, power and ground 
planes to reduce noise, all holes are plated through, card is 
solder masked on both sides, all signals names are silk 
screened on both sides 
TSX-310A $59.95 

51 2K PC/RAM STACK - Hammond 

A high quality, high density memory expansion board for 
your PC, cool-quiet-reliable operation, full parity checking, 
unique stacking sockets, expandable from 256K to 512K, 
MDRIVE high speed RAMdisk software only $25.00 with 
board purchase 

MEX-25600A 256K Assembled S tested $795.00 

MEX-51200A 512K Assembled S tested $999.95 

MEX-25600S MDRIVE disk emulator $25.00 

256K PC/RAM - Hammond Engineering 

User expandable from 64K to 256K, same high quality as 
RAM STACK above, designed to meet all your medium 
memory expansion requirements 

MEX-64000A 64K Assembled S tested $299.95 

MEX-128000A 128K Assembled S tested $399.95 

MEX-192000A 192K Assembled & tested $499.95 

MEX-256000A 256K Assembled S tested $569.95 

PC/SASI RAM - Hammond Engineering 

Three boards in one, 256K of RAM, RS-232C asynchronous 
serial interface, and a SASI (Shugart Associates Standard 
Interface) hard disk interface 
IOX-6000A PC/SASI RAM $1095.00 



Circle 214 on inquiry card. 



12" COLOR MONITORS - Taxan 

18 MHz high resolution RGB color monitors fully compatible 
with Apple II and IBM PC, unlimited colors available. 

VDC-821210 RGBvision I, 380 lines $389.95 

VDC-821220 RGBvision II, 510 lines $589.95 

VDC-8221230 RGBvision III, 630 lines $689.95 

VDA-821200 RGB card for Apple II $99.95 

COLOR MONITORS - Amdek 

Reasonably priced color video monitors. 

VDC-80130 13" Color I $379.95 

VDC-801320 13" Color II $894.95 

IOV-2300A DVM board for Apple $199.95 

AMBER or GREEN MONITORS - Jade 

High resolution 18 MHz compact video monitors. 

VDM-751210 12" Amber phosphor $149.95 

VDM-751220 12" Green phosphor $139.95 

VDM-750910 9" Amber phosphor $149.95 

VDM-750920 9" Green phosphor $139.95 



Single Board Computer 



SUPERQUAD - Adv. Micro Digital 

Single board, standard size S-100 computer system, 4 MHz 
Z-80A, single or double density disk controller for 5 1 / 4 " or 8" 
drives, 64K RAM, extended addressing, up to 4K of EPROM, 
2 serial S 2 parallel I/O ports, real time interrupt dock, CP/M 
compatible. 

CPC-30800A A & T $724.95 

IOX-4232A Serial I/O adapter $29.95 



Z-80 STARTER KIT - SD Systems 

Complete Z-80 microcomputer with RAM, ROM, I/O, 
keyboard, display, kludge area, manual, S workbook. 

CPS-30100K Kit with workbook $299.95 

CPS-30100A A & T with workbook $469.95 



S-100 EPROM Boards 



PB-1 - SSM Microcomputer 

2708, 2716 EPROM board with on-board programmer. 

MEM-99510K Kit with manual $154.95 

MEM-99510A A 8, T with manual $219.95 

PROM-100 - SD Systems 

2708, 2716, 2732 EPROM programmer with software. 

MEM-99520K Kit with software $189.95 

MEM-99520A A & T with software $249.95 



S-100 MotherBoards 



ISO-BUS - Jade 

Silent, simple, and on sale - a better motherboard 

e siot (sv," x a'/,") 

MBS-061B Bare board $22.9! 

MBS-061K Kit $39.9! 

MBS-061 A A & T $69.9! 

12 Slot (»/," * «%"> 

MBS-121B Bare board $34.9! 

MBS-121K Kit $69.9! 

MBS-121A AST $109.9! 

18 Slot (14%" x S>/,") 

MBS-181B Bare board $54.9! 

MBS-181K Kit $99.9! 

MBS-181A AST $149.9! 

ACTIVE TERMINATOR - CompuPro 

A true mother's helper. 
TSX-100A AS T $59.45 



New !!! CP/M Plus 3.0 



NEW CP/M 3.0 - Digital Research 

CP/M 3.0 is Digital Research's latest version of the industry 
standard disk operating system. It features many 
performance improvements such as intelligent record 
buffering, improved directory handling. "HELP" facility, 
time/date stamping of files and many more improvements. 
AND A TREMENDOUS INCREASE IN SPEED .'.'.', it is fully 
CP/M 2.2 compatible and requires no changes to your 
existing application software. Available only to Versafloppy 
II owners with SBC-200 CPU's 

• CP/M 2.2 compatible 

• Easily customized 

• Easier to learn and use 

• High performance Hie system 

• Time and date stamps on tile 

• Automatic disk log-In of removable media 
m Support for 1 to 16 banks of HAM 

• Supports up to 76 drives of 512 Megabytes each 

• Up to ten times faster than CP/M 2.2 

• Console I/O re-dlrectlon 

• Easy to use system utilities with HELP facility 

• Power batch facility 

• Designed tor application programmers 

• Resident system extensions 

• Sophisticated programmer utilities 

• Designed with the business user In mind 

SFC-55009057F CP/M 3.0 8" with manuals $200.00 

SFC-55009057D CP/M 3.0 manual set $30.00 



S-100 Memory Boards 



256K RAMDISK - SD Systems 

ExpandoRAM III expandable from 64K to 2S6K using64Kx1 
RAM chips, compatible with CP/M, MP/M, Oasis. 
Cromemco, & most other Z-80 based systems, functions as 
ultra-high speed disk drive when used with optional 
RAMDISK software. 

MEM-65064A 64K A & T $474.95 

MEM-65128A 12BK A 4 T $574.95 

MEM-65192A 192K A & T $674.95 

MEM-65256A 256K A & T $774.95 

SFC-55009000F RAMDISK sftwr CP/M 2.2 $44.95 

SFC-55009000F RAMDISK with EXRAM III $24.95 

64K STATIC RAM - Jade 

Uses new 2K x 8 static RAMs, fully supports IEEE 696 24 bit 
extended addressing. 200ns RAMs, lower 32K or entire 
board phantomable, 2716 EPROMs may be subbed for 
RAMs, any 2K segment of upper 8K may be disabled, low 
power typically less than 500ma. 

MEM-99152B Bare board $49.95 

MEM-99152K Kit less RAM $99.95 

MEM-32152K 32K kit $199.95 

MEM-56152K 56K kit $289.95 

MEM-64152K 64 K kit $299.95 

Assembled & Tested add $50.00 

16K STATIC RAM - Mem Merchant 

4MHz lo-power static RAM board, IEEE S-100, bank 
selectable, addressable in 4K blocks, disable-able in IK 
segments extended addressing. 
MEM-16171A 16KA& T $149.95 



S-100 Disk Controllers 



DISK 1 - CompuPro 

8" or 5y 4 " DMA disk controller, single or double density, 
single or double sided, 10 MHz. 

IOD-1810A A & T $449.95 

IOD-1810C CSC $554.95 

VERSAFLOPPY II - SD Systems 

Double density disk controller for any combination of 5 y / & " 
and 8" single or double sided, analog phase-locked loop 
data separator, vectored Interrupts, CP/M 2.2 & Oasis 
compatible, control/diagnostic software PROM included. 

1OD-1160A A & T with PROM $359.95 

SFC-55009047F CP/M 3.0 with VF II $99.95 

2242 DISK CONTROLLER - CCS. 

5y 4 " or 8" double density disk controller with on-board boot 

loader ROM, free CP/M 2.2 & manual set. 

IOD-1300A A & T with CP/M 2.2 $399.95 

DOUBLE D - Jade 

High reliablity double density disk controller with on-board 
Z-80A, auxiliary printer port, IEEE S-100, can function in 
multi-user interrupt driven bus. 

IOO-1200B Bare board 4 hdwr man $59.95 

IOD-1200K Kit w/hdwr 4 sftwr man $299.95 

IOD-1200A A & T w/hdwr 4 sftwr man $325.95 

SFC-59002001F CP/M 2.2 with Double D $99.95 



New CP/M Plus 
Version 3.0 



Shopping for S-100 Boards ? 
WE CAN BEAT ANY PRICE!! 

* THREE BOARD SET - SD Systems ■ THREE BOARD SET - CCS * 

' CE CP/M 3.0 Save *»." \ M Save '700- j 

| F REE CP/ w | FREE W7 L|m|jed Quant|ty ^ 

I S-100 board set with 4 MHz Z-80A, 64K of RAM m S-100 board set featuring high speed DMA CPU and disk ■ 

expandable to 256K, serial and parallel I/O ports, ■ controller. Includes 4 MHz DMA Z-80A CPU, 64K of high I 

I double-density disk controller for 5'//' and 8" disk I speed RAM, 2 serial and 1 parallel I/O ports, double-density | 

I drives, new and improved CP/M 3.0 manual set, system ■ DMA disk controller for 5%" or 8" drives, FREE CP/M 2.2 on f 

monitor, control and diagnostic software. Includes SD I 8" disk with full manual set, all necessary diagnostic and I 

I Systems SBC-200, 64K ExpandoRAM III, Versafloppy II, Z control software. Package consists of the new CCS 282C ' 

I and FREE CP/M 3.0 -all boards are assembled 4 tested. | "£f2*?*l£2!£*" I'li™"™'!*' LT **]? ? d *? m * 

" 4 CCS 2065 64K RAM, and FREE CP/M 2.2 - all boards are , 

| * 64K Board Set with FREE CP/M 3.0 $1195.00 | assembled & tested with full factory warranty. 

. 256K Board Set with FREE CP/M 3.0 $1395.00 _ SPECIAL PACKAGE PRICE Save over $700.00 . . $694.95 . 

Call Jade Toll Free for Prices 

SD Systems, CCS, CompuPro, SSM Microcomputer, Memory Merchant 
Scion, Jade Computer, Dual Systems, Advanced Digital, Vector Graphics 



S-100 I/O Boards 



I/0-4 - SSM Microcomputer 

2 serial I/O ports plus 2 parallel I/O ports. 

IOI-1010B Bare board w/manual $35.00 

IOI-1010K Kit with manual $179.95 

IOI-1010A A & T with manual $249.95 

l/O-S - SSM Microcomputer 

Two serial 4 3 parallel I/O ports, 110-19.2K Baud 
IOI-1015A A & T $289.95 

INTERFACER 4 - CompuPro 

3 serial, 1 parallel, 1 Centronics parallel. 

1OI-1840A A&T $314.95 

IOI-1840C CSC $414.95 

THE BUS PROBE - Jade 

Inexpensive S-100 Diagnostic Analyzer 

So your computer is down. And you don't have an 
oscilloscope. And you don't have a front panel... You' re not 
alone - most computers have their occasional bad days. But 
without diagnostic equipment such as an oscilloscope 
(expensive!) or a front panel (expensive!), it can be very 
difficult to pinpoint the problem. Even if you have an 
extender board with a superfast logic probe, you can't see 
more than one signal at a time. You're stuck, right? 

Not anymore; Jade is proud to offer our cost-effective 
solution to the problems mentioned above: THE BUS 
PROBE. 

Whether you're a hobbyist with a cantankerous kluge or a 
field technician with an anxious computer owner breathing 
down your neck, you'll find THE BUS PROBE speeds your 
repair time remarkably. Just plug in THE BUS PROBE and 
you'll be able to see all the IEEE S-100 signals in action. THE 
BUS PROBE allows you to see inputs, outputs, memory 
reads and writes, instruction fetches, DMA channels, 
vectored interrupts, 8 or 16 bit wide data transfers, plus the 
three bus supply voltages. 

TSX-200B Bare board $59.95 

TSX-200K Kit $129.95 

TSX-200A A&T $159.95 

Circle 214 on inauirv card. 



S-100 CPU Boards 



SBC-200 - SD Systems 

4 MHz Z-80 A CPU with serial 4 parallel I/O, 1K RAM, 8K 

ROM space, monitor PROM included. 

CPC-30200A A & T $329.95 

THE BIG Z - Jade 

2 or 4 MHz switchable Z-80 CPU board with serial I/O, 
accomodates 2708, 2716, or 2732 EPROM, baud rates from 
75 to 9600. 

CPU-30201 B Bare board w/manual $35.00 

CPU-30201 K Kit with manual $149.95 

CPU-30210A A&T with manual $199.95 

2810 Z-80 CPU - CCS. 

2 or 4 MHZ Z-80 CPU with serial I/O port 4 on-board monitor 

PROM, front panel compatible. 

CPU-30400A A&T with PROM $289.95 

CPU-Z - CompuPro 

2/4 MHz Z80A CPU, 24 bit addressing. 

CPU-30500A 214 MHz A&T $279.95 

CPU-30500C 3/6 MHz CSC $374.95 

8085/8088 - CompuPro 

Both 8 4)6 bit CPUs, standard 8 bit S-100 bus, up to 8 MHz, 
accesses 16 Megabytes of memory. 

CPU-20510A 6 MHz A&T $398.95 

CPU-20510C 6/8 MHz CSC $497.95 



S-100 Video Boards 



MICROANGELO - Scion 

Ultra-high-resolution 512 x 480, 256 color or black 4 white S- 

100 video board 

IOV-1500A AST $799.95 



Computer Product* 



Disk Drive 
Double-Density 

$249. 95 



Printers on Sale 



8" Disk Drives 



Siemens FDD 100-8 single-sided double-density 
MSF-201120 $274.95 ea 2 for $249.95 ea 

Shugart SA810 hall-size single-sided double-density 
MSF-108100 $424.95 ea 2 for $394.95 ea 

Shugart SA860 half-size double-sided double-density 
MSF-108600 $574.95 ea 2 for $549.95 ea 

Shugart SA801R single-sided double-density 
MSF-10801R $394 .95 ea 2 for $389.95 ea 

Shugart SA851R double-sided double-density 
MSF-10851 R $554.95 ea 2 for $529.95 ea 

Tandon TM848-1 single-sided double-den thin-line 
MSF-558481 $379.95 ea 2 for $369.95 ea 

Tandon TM848-2 double-sided double-den thin-line 
MSF-558482 $494 95 ea 2 for $484.95 ea 

Qurrte DT-8 double-sided double-density 
MSF-750080 $524.95 ea 2 for $498.95 ea 



5 1 / 4 " Disk Drives 



Tandon TM100-1 single-sided double-density 48 TPI 
MSM-551001 $219.95 ea 2 for $199.95 ea 

Shugart SA400L single-sided double-density 40 track 
MSM-104000 $234.95 ea 2 for $224.95 ea 

Shugart SA455 hall-size double-sided 48 TPI 
MSM-104550 $349.95 ea 2 for $329.95 ea 

Shugart SA465 half-size doule-slded 98 TPI 
MSM-104650 $399.95 ea 2 for $379.95 ea 

Tandon TM100-2 double-sided double-density 48 TPI 
MSM-551002 $294 .95 ea 2 for $269.95 ea 

Shugart SA4S0 double-sided double-density 35 track 
MSM-104500 $349 .95 ea 2 for $329.95 ea 

Tandon TM100-3 single-sided double-density 96 TPI 
MSM-551003 $294.95 ea 2 for $269.95 ea 

Tandon TM 100-4 double-sided double-density 96 TPI 
MSM-551004 $394 .95 ea 2 for $374.95 ea 

NIPt B'51 single-sided double-density 40 track 
MSM-155100 $234 95 ea 2 for $224.95 ea 

MPt B-52 double-sided double-density 40 track 
MSM-1 55200 $344 .95 ea 2 for $334.95 ea 

5y 4 " Cabinets with Power Supply 

END-000216 Single cab w/power supply $69.95 

END-000226 Dual cab w/power supply $94.95 



■ Place Orders Toll Freem 
__ Continental U.S. Inside California * 



Dual Disk Sub-Systems 



Disk Sub-Systems - Jade 

Handsome metal cabinet with proportionally balanced air 
flow system, rugged dual drive power supply, power cable 
kit, power switch, line cord, fuse holder, cooling fan, never- 
mar rubber feet, all necessary hardware to mount 2-8" disk 
drives, power supply, and fan, does not include signal cable. 

Dual 8" Sub-Assembly Cabinet 

ENO-000420 Bare cabinet $49.95 

END-000421 Cabinet kit $199.95 

END-000431 AST $249.95 

8" Sub-Systems - Single Sided, Double Density 

END-000423 Kit wl2 FDWO-BDs $650.00 

END-000424 A 8, T iv/2 FD100-8DS $695.00 

END-000433 Kit w/2 SA-801RS $999.95 

END-000434 A « T w!2 SA-801RS $1195.00 

8" Sub-Systems - Double Sided, Double Density 

END 000426 KM w/2 DT-8S $1224.95 

END-000427 A 8, T w/2 DT-Bs $1424.95 

END-000436 Kit w/2 SA-851RS $1274.95 

END-000437 A & T w/2 SA-851RS $1474.95 



8" Slimline Sub-Systems 



Dual Slimline Sub-Systems - Jade 

Handsome vertical cabinet with scratch resistant baked 
enamel finish, proportionally balanced air flow system, quiet 
cooling fan, rugged dual drive power supply, power cables, 
power switch, line cord, fuse holder, cooling fan, all 
necessary hardware to mount 2-8" slimline disk drives, does 
not include signal cable. 

Dual 8" Slimline Cabinet 

END-000820 Bare cabinet $59.95 

END-000822 A & T w/o drives $179.95 

Dual 8" Slimline Sub-Systems 

END-000823 Kit w/2 TM848-1 $919.95 

END-000824 A & T w/2 TM848-1 $949.95 

END-000833 Kit w/2 TM848-2 $1149.95 

END-000834 A & T w/2 TM848-2 $1 179.95 



800-421-5500 800-262-1710 

For Technical Inquires or Customer Service call: 
213-973-7707 



: 



Computer Products 

4901 W. Rosecrans, Hawthorne, CA 90250 

I' We accept cash, checks, credit cards, or Purchase Orders [ 
from qualified firms & institutions. Minimum prepaid order $15 I 
. California residents add 6 1 / 2 % tax. Export customersoutsidethe I 
US or Canada please add 1 0% to all prices. Price* and avaHlbmty I 
j subject to change without node*. Shipping & handling charges | 
I via UPS Ground 50c/ib, UPS Air $1 00/lb minimum charge $3.0 



Modems 



SIGNALMAN - Anchor 

Direct-connect automatic answer/originate selection, 300 
Baud lull duplex, Bell 103, includes RS-232 cable, portable - 
perfect tor Osborne or KayPro II 
IOM-5600A Signalman $89.95 

SMARTMODEM - Hayes 

Sophisticated direct-connect auto-answer/auto-dial 
modem, touch-tone or pulse dialing, RS-232C interface, 
programmable 

IOM-5400A Smartmodem $224.95 

IOK-1500A Hayes Chronograph $218.95 

IOM-2010A Micromodem II w/Term prgm $329.95 

IOM-2012A Terminal program tor MMII $89.95 

IOM-1100A Micromodem 100 $368.95 



1200 BAUD SMARTMODEM - Hayes 

1200 and 300 baud, all the features of the standard 

Smartmodem plus 1200 baud, 212 compatible, full or half 

duplex. 

IOM-5500A Smartmodem 1200 $599.95 

1200 BAUD SMART CAT - Novaton 

103/212 Smart Cat & 103 Smart Cat, 1200 & 300 baud, built-in 
dialer, auto re-dial if busy, auto answer/disconnect, direct 
connect, LED readout displays mode, analog/digital loop- 
back self tests, usable with multi-line phones. 

IOM-5241A 300 baud 103 Smart Cat $229.95 

IOM-5251 A 1200 baud 212/103 Smart Cat $549.95 

IOM-5261 A 300 baud 103 J-Cat $129.95 

Circle 215 on inquiry card. 




PRINTER PRICES SLASHED III 

High speed dot matrix printers with all the features of the 
higher-priced best-selling machines for a lot less money!!'. 
100 CPS, 9x9 dot matrix with true lower case descenders, 
high-resolution bit image and block graphics, superscript & 
subscript, underlining, backspacing, double strike and 
emphasized print modes, proportional space font, friction 
feed, tractor feed , and roll paper, 5, 6, 8%, 10, 12, & 17 pitch, 
programable line spacing, FREE 2.3K butler, Epson pin and 
plug compatible, user replaceable print head, extended 6 
month factory warranty. 

PRM-66010 10" wide carriage $439.95 

PRM-66015 )5" wide carriage $569.95 

PRA-66100 Apple card & cable $45.00 

PR A-66200 Serial interface card $69.95 



HIGH-SPEED, HIGH QUALITY - Okidata 

Mlcrollne 82A 80/132 column, 120 CPS, 9 x 9 dot matrix, 
friction feed, pin feed, adjustable tractor teed (optional), 
handles 4 part forms up to 9.5" wide, rear & bottom feed, 
paper tear bar, 100% duty cycle/200,000,000 character print 
head, bi-directional/logic seeking, both serial A parallel 
Interfaces Included, front panel switch & program control of 
10 different form lengths, uses inexpensive spool type 
ribbons, double width & condensed characters, true lower 
case descenders & graphics 
PRM-43082 with FREE tractor CALL 

Mlcrollne 83A 132/232 column, 120 CPS, lorms up to 15" 
wide, removable tractor, plus all the features of the 82A. 
PRM-43083 with FREE tractor CALL 

Mlcrollne 84 132/232 column, Hi-speed 200 CPS, full dot 
graphics built in, plus all the features of the 83A. 

PRM-43084 Centronics parallel CALL 

PRM-43085 Serial with 2K buffer CALL 

PRA-27081 Apple card $39.95 

PRA-27082 Apple cable $19.95 

PRA-27087 TflS-80 cable $24.95 

PRA-43081 2K hi speed serial card $149.95 

PRA-43082 Hi-res graphics ROMs 82A $49.95 

PR A-43083 Hi-graphics ROMs 83A $49.95 

PR A-43088 Tractor option lor 82A $49.95 

PR A-43080 Extra ribbons pkg. of 2 $9.95 



8023 DOT MATRIX - NEC 

100 CPS, proportional spacing, hi-resolution graphics, 
correspondence quality printing, bi-directional tractor & 
friction feed. 

NEC-8023A 8023 parallel $499.95 

NEC-8023-01 8023 ribbon $11.95 



Letter Quality Printers 



LETTER QUALITY PRINTER - Jade 

Uses standard daisy wheels and ribbon cartridges, 16 CPS 
bi-directional printing, semi-automatic paper loader (single 
sheet or fan told), 10/12/15 pitch, up to 16" paper, built-in 
noise suppression cover. 

PRD-11001 Centronics parallel $899.95 

PRD-11002 RS-232C serial model $969.95 

PRA-11000 Tractor Option $119.95 

STARWRITER F-10 - C. Itoh 

New 40 CPS daisy wheel printer with full 15" carriage, uses 
standard Diablo print wheels and ribbons, both parallel and 
serial interfaces included. 
PRD-22010 Starwriter F-10 $1495.95 

TP-1 LETTER QUALITY - SCM 

12 CPS daisy wheel printer from Smith Corona. 

PRD-45101 Centronics parallel $648.95 

PRD-45102 RS-232C serial $648.95 

PRINTER PALS - F.M.J. Inc. 

Desk top printer stand and continuous form paper holder. 
PRA-99080 for MX-S0, MX-80FT, Oki 82A, NEC . . $29.95 

PRA-99100 tor MX-100, Oki 83 A S 84 $34.95 

PRA-99700 for letter quality printers $49.95 



Unclassified Ads 



WANTED: Used DOS equipment: Apple, IBM, TRS, etc. 
Vermont land trust is overwhelmed by accumulation of data from 
herbariums, museum collections, and literature searches on the 
habitats of endangered species- Your tax-deductible donations of 
used micro equipment will be most welcome. We will pay ship- 
ping. Robert Klein, Nature Conservancy, 7 Main St.. Montpelier, 
VT 05602, (802) 22<M425. 

FOR SALE: Microtek MT-80P parallel printer for the Apple II. 
Brand-new print head. Printer. 4-foot cable, and Apple parallel 
card for $550 or best offer. Also, an Apple Integer card for 
$100. Both like new. Doug Geoffray, 2404 Wells St., Fort 
Wayne, IN 46808, (219) 483-7939. 



FOR SALE: Apple Silentype printer (40 cps and dumps high- 
resolution screens) with interface card, instruction manual, and 
4 rolls of paper: $250. Sanyo VM 4509 monitor (9-inch black- 
and-white screeo} uses AC/DC: $ 1 20. Mountain Hardware 
Speechlab 20A (32-word vocabulary/speech-recognition card 
for the Apple). Includes disk of software and instruction 
manual: $ 1 1 5. Also, will sell TI-59 programmable calculator and 
PC ! 00-C printer for $ 300 or will trade for peripherals for Apple. 
Haydn Huntley. POB 1111, Fairfield, !A 52556, (515) 
472-81 16. 



WANTED: Expansion interface for TRS-80 Model I. Any con- 
dition, with or without memory. Also, disk drive. M. Braun, Rt. 
5, Box 582, Burlington, IA 52601. (319) 754-5027. 



FOR SALE: 1976 and 1977 issues of BYTE, Interface, 
Kilobaud Microcomputing, Microtek, Dr Dobbs, etc. $ 1 00 for set. 
Eric Schneck, 407 East 91 St., New York, NY 10028, (212) 
722-5728. 



WILL TRADE: Qualified individual will trade custom 
microcomputer software development for microcomputer hard- 
ware. William H. Roetzheim, 3891 American Ave., La Mesa. 
CA 92041, (714) 466-0400 or466-0618. 

FOR SALE: All Digital Group equipment in DG brown 
cabinets. 280+ processor, motherboard (with all sockets], and 
dual-density Controller III by RW Sales. Processor has on-board 
CMOS clock/calendar and 2708/27 1 6 EPROM boot pages with 
un-ROM control. Two SA-800 floppy disks, two 32K Bell Con- 
trols static memory. Centronics 737 printer, 9-inch monitor, and 
Keytronics Selectric-style keyboard. $2800 you ship. Pat Snyder, 
200) Brenner Ave. W„ Roseville, MN 551 13, (612) 636-5103. 

FOR SALE: Heath GR104A black-and-white TV in good 
working condition, makes good monitor. 1 1 0-VAC or 1 2-VDC 
power; $65. Electronic Systems Type 103 modem in new, 
never-used condition; $25. 16K memory board for expanding 
48K H/Z-89 computer to 64K in new condition, working fine; 
$65. Full documentation included for all items. Shipping 
charges paid. J. C. Williams, Rt. 2, Box 207E, Buchanan, VA 
24066, (703J 254-1686. 



FOR SALE: Ten 3M DC-300A magnetic-tape cartridges. 
New condition. R. Blair, Apt. # 1 02, 5800 Hollister Rd., Houston, 
TX 77040, (713) 462-7306. 



FOR SALE: 32K CBM/PET big keyboard computer, $800. 
4040 dual disks, S800. 2022 printer, $450. C2N cassette, $70. 
MTU visible graphics board, $300. Also, Toolkit, WP3, terminal 
software (PTERM3), JINSAM 3.0, and more than 100 pro- 
grams. Package worth more than S4500, will sell for S2400. or 
as individually priced. Jerry. (313) 763-4403 (days), 426-8690 
(nights). 



FOR SALE: TRS-80 Model I, with I6K and Level II BASIC. 
Keyboard unit, display, power supply, tape recorder, dust 
covers, some game and utility software, blank tapes, and all 
manuals. Excellent condition. $500 (I will pay shipping in U.S.). 
First certified check, cashier's check, or money order takes all. 
Offers considered. David Shinn, 28 Wagon Bridge Run. 
Moorestown. NJ 08057. 



FOR SALE: Two DECwriters Model LA-30, schematics and 
maintenance manuals included. Very good condition, 
100/150/300 bps, $425 each. Rick Michelhaugh, 21 IA Cairn 
Circle, Knoxville, TN 37923, (615( 693-4182. 



FOR SALE: OSI Challenger C2-8P with 48K memory, OSI 
CD2 dual disk drive, Koyo TMC-9M 7-inch monitor, and In- 
tegral Data Systems DMTP-G matrix printer. Asking $2000. V. 
Baus, 1 5 1 East Merrill. Fond du Lac. Wl 54935. (4 1 4) 922-0970 
before 5 p.m. 



FOR SALE: Handi-Keys custom-design keyboards for the 
TRS-80 Model II. Enter text for analysis of keys used by each 
finger and hand. Machine-Ian ugage driver changes keyboard 
to Dvorak One-handed or user-defined. Analyze typing 
lessons. Disk and instructions for S36. Ronald Mc Cuiston, 5795 
Adelyn Rd., Pensacola, FL 32504. 



WANTED: The following SwTPC equipment: AC-30 cassette 
interface, CT-1024 terminal, CT-64 terminal, and other items. 
Harvey Lipowitz, 7827 Lorna Dr., Philadelphia, PA 19111, 
(215) 745-6283. 



FOR SALE: Epson MX- 100. brand new. full warranty. Lists 
at $995, will sacrifice for $500. Epson MX-80, brand new, full 
warranty. Lists at $645, must sell for $300. Texas Instruments Tl 
820RO matrix printer. Lists at $2500, must sell for $ 1 500. Auto- 
Cat modem by Novation. Direct-connect, never used, perfect 
for any personal computer. Lists at $299.95, will sacrifice for 
$175. IBM Visicalc, never used. Lists at $270, will sacrifice for 
$125. IBM Easy Writer, never used. Lists at $ 1 95, must sell for 
$95. Jim Campbell, 309 Cordova Dr., Santa Barbara, CA 
93109, (805( 966-2921. evenings PT. 



FOR SWAP: Hollis Super 7 deep-wave soldering system 
(complete and operational) for automatic soldering of computer 
circuit boards. Consists of soldering station conveyer with 
speed control and solid-state drive. Fluxer and preheater. All in 
exchange for one microcomputer with multi-user and tasking 
capability. RAM memory included with a compatible DOS 
software-control system. Sid Dalinka. 300 Winston Dr., Cliffside 
Park, NJ 07010. (201) 224-2721. 



FOR SALE: Motorola green-phosphor video monitor with an 
anitglare screen and composite video input. In very good condi- 
tion without case. First $60 plus shipping takes it. If you reply 
within two weeks of this ad's first appearance, I'll throw in a 
Texas Instruments terminal board. J. Marketos, 1210 Wordens 
Pond Rd., Wakefield, Rl 02879, (401) 789-4369. 

FOR SALE: North Star computer with two double-density 
disk drives, 56K RAM, and loads of the finest professional soft- 
ware (business, educational, games, and utilities). With 
Hazeltine 1500 terminal and cable. All for $3650, including 
shipping, insurance, and disk libraries. Evan Katz, POB 202, 
Greenvale, NH 1 1548. (516) 626-0004. 



FOR SALE: Netronics 1802 microcomputer with two 
anything boards for $45 each. One programming board for 
$65. Heath 10-4541 5 MHz portable oscilloscope for $185. 
Heath decade capacitance box for $40. Heath decade 
resistance box for $50. All equipment has manuals and is 
guaranteed to be in excellent working order. All plus postage. 
Aloha. Phillip N. Blake, 709 Pio Dr., Wailuku, HI 96793, (808) 
244-3668. 



FOR SALE: Computer tapes: 1 0/2-inch reel, 3V'nch hub, 
'/i-inch wide tape, 2400 feet, 9-track, used but in good condi- 
tion; S3 each. Leland Barber, 301 Boyle Rd.. Gill, MA 01376, 
(413) 863-9086. 



FOR SALE: Original ( 1 973) Magnavox Odyssey video game. 
Rare and complete. Best offer. Also, various computer 
magazines including: BYTE {Vol. 1. #1 to present). Kilobaud 
Microcomputing (Vol. 1, #1 to present). Creative Computing 
(Vol. 3, # I to present), ROM (all nine issues), Interface Age (Vol. 
1, #4 to Vol. 6, #1), and many more. Best offer for all or part. 
Send SASE for complete list. Dave Repsher, 1915 Verde St., 
Bakersfield. CA 93304, (805) 324-6180. 



FOR SALE: NEC 8023-A printer, used only a few minutes, 
mint condition. Selling due to incompatibility with my com- 
puter. I'll pay shipping for the first cashier's check received for 
$550. Doug Clapp, 620 Stuart Ave., Crookston, MN 56716, 
(218) 281-1983. 



FOR SALE: HP41 -Chess. Knows all the rules. Very strong. 
Very fast. Price: 2000 Flux (40S). Bank Transfer: 332/014507/00 
Banque Generale Luxembourg. Claude Roeltgen, Rue 
d'Ehlerange 44, L-3918 Mondercange Luxembourg, Europe. 



FOR SALE: Silentype printer with interface for Apple II. $330 
with eight rolls of paper. John A. Reyburn Jr., 761 Bolsa Chica, 
Goleta, CA 931 17, (805) 964-8224. 



WANTED: IBM 370 utility program to read and write disks in 
the IBM OS/6 format, via an IBM 3540 disk input/output unit that 
is a peripheral on the 370. Brian D. Harney, 1324 Saddleback 
Trail, Frankfort, KY40601. 



FOR SALE: Complete TRS-80 Model I with expansion interface 
and 48K RAM, three disk drives, and a tractor-feed printer. High- 
resolution graphics package. Like new. All for SI 950. FOB. J. H. 
Glenn. 1 14 South 7th St.. Hilbert, Wl 54129. 



FOR SALE: Televideo 91 2C in like-new condition: S650. Rich 
Pagnusat, 3725 North 25th Ave., Schiller Park, IL 60176, (312} 
671-6180 between 8 a.m. and 4 p.m. CT. 



FOR SALE: Intel 8080 System Design Kit (SDK-80) with monitor 
ROM. Board is fully socketed for ICs. Never used. Documentation 
includes; 8080 Users Manual, Assembly Language Manual, Pro- 
grammers Reference Card, PL/M Programmers Manual, and 
SDK-80 Users Guide: SI 25. Tom Vilov, 603 Homewood Dr., 
Pocomoke, MD 21851. (301) 957-1407. 



FOR SALE: TRS-80 Model l\, 64K, two 8-inch double-sided 
floppy-disk drives, TRS-80 Line Printer III with stand, workstation, 
BASIC, Cobol, Inventory System, and Mailing List System; $4850 
for full system. Greg Hoffman, POB 208. Brookfield, CT 06804. 
(203) 775-1291 days. 354-8657 evenings and weekends. 



FOR SALE: Texas Instruments 99/4A computer with 32K mem- 
ory expansion, disk drive and controller, and interface; SI 100. 
Warren English, 1 30 Buckwood Dr., Richmond, KY 40475, (606) 
624-1676. 



WANTED: Video terminal, printer, and modem. Bernd Riechel- 
mann, POB 17344, San Diego, CA 921 17, (714J 292-4196. 

FOR SALE: 8K OSI Super Board II with metal case and power 
supply. Includes several manuals and two dozen games. $230. 
Tim Snow, 1 6 Grant St., Potsdam, NY 1 3676, (3 1 5) 265-3739. 



UNCLASSIFIED POLICY: Readers who have computer equipment to buy, sell, or 
trade or who are requesting or giving advice may send a notice to BYTE for inclusion in the 
Unclassified Ads section. To be considered for publication, an advertisement must be non- 
commercial (individuals or bona fide computer clubs only), typed double-spaced on plain 
white paper, contain 75 words or fewer, and include complete name and address. This ser- 
vice is free of charge; notices are printed once only as space permits. Your confirmation of 
placement is appearance in an issue of BYTE as we engage in no correspondence. Please 
allow at least three months for your ad to appear. Send your notices to Unclassified Ads, 
BYTE/McGraw-Hill. POB 372. Hancock. NH 03449. 



January 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 541 



Unclassified Ads 



FOR SALE OR TRADE: Have: BYTE Volume 5, Numbers 3 
and 6-12; Volume 6, Numbers 1-7 and 9; Volume 4, Number 8; 
and Volume 3, Number 4. Asking S) plus postage. Need; BYTE 
Volume I, Numbers 1-12; Volume 2, Numbers 1-5 and 7-10; 
Volume 3, Numbers 1,2,3,9 and 12. Volume4. Numbers 3 and 
9-12. Walter Vose Jeffries, RFD 1 Box 218, Readfield, ME 04355 
(207) 685-4380. 



WANTED: I wish to correspond with people who are in- 
terested in computers (homebrew or types being sold] lasers, and 
other areas of electronics. Also would like to exchange ideas and 
maybe even do some joint projects. For example, how two or 
more people could build a compatible homebrew system. Carlos 
Brimer, Rt. I Box 153, Doyle, TN 38559. 



FOR SALE: OSI C8P computer with dual 8-inch floppy disks 
and 48K RAM. Includes Epson MX-80 printer, black-and-white 
video monitor, and OS-65D and OS-65U operating systems. 
Complete documentation as well as four boxes of disks contain- 
ing numerous business, home, and game programs. Make an of- 
fer. Carl Robbins, 263 Glenwood Rd., Wheeling, WV 26003, 
(304) 233-2624. 



FOR SALE: Heath H-9 video-display terminal modified for 24 
lines and assembled, working H-8 with !6K memory, H-8-5 serial 
RS-232C and cassette-interface board. Included are Extended 
BASIC, Regular BASIC, TED-8, HASL-8, all operations manuals. 
Heath BASIC programming course material, and several games on 
cassette. $500 or make an offer. Lee Widener, POB 400, High 
Rolls. NM 88325, (505) 682-2633. 



WANTED: Schematics for the Viatron 2 1 system, especially the 
driver board for the Robot Printer unit. I will, of course, pay for ex- 
penses and copying. Allan Rothman, 19 Roberta Lane, Syosset, 
NY 11791. 



FOR SALE OR TRADE: Forms tractor for Diablo 630/1640 
in perfect condition. SI 00 or same value in supplies |paper, rib- 
bons, etc.) J. Fitzpatrick, 2 Southboro Lane, Glen Rock, NJ 07452, 
(201) 445-4532. 



WANTED: CT-64 or similar ASCII terminal with or without 
monitor, graphics option preferred. Disk drives, printer, and other 
peripherals compatible with SwTPC 6800 system. Greg Ham, 
4048 Southwest 8th St., Plantation, FL 333 1 7, (305) 792-4204. 



FOR SALE: OSI Superboard and 610 board in a homemade 
case. 1 6K of memory, video display, cassette recorder, many pro- 
grams, and complete documentation. System: S650, computer 
only: $600. Don Bolton, 703 South 1st St., Selah, WA 98942, 
(509) 697-4471. 



FOR SALE: Complete your collection. Back issues of BYTE in 
very good condition: June 1977; May to December 1978; 
January to December 1979 (except April), I would prefer selling 
the entire group fo S30 (including postage) but will sell individual 
issues for $2 or best offers. Please note: I will wait two weeks for 
check to clear before mailing. L. B. Judy, 1374 East Chandler 
Ave., Evansville, IN 47714. 



WILL SWAP: SOL-20 user interested in swapping computer 
game programs (32K or less) and hardware ideas. If interested, 
send me a letterl Ray White, 600 Santa Monica Rd., London, 
Ontario, N6H3W1 Canada. 



FOR SALE: Intel Multibus computer SBC-80/IO, 32K bytes of 
dynamic RAM consisting of two SBC-016 boards. All boards look 
new, work, and come with manual. $375 or best offer. Gordon 
Ting, 605 Leland Ave. #403, St. Louis. MO 63130, (314) 727- 
4138. 



FOR SALE: IMSAI RAM III 64K dynamic RAM with 48K S200. 
SSM VB 1 C video controller: S 1 50. SSM M88A 1 6K EPROM board 
with 14K BASIC: 5 100. SSM CB1 A 8080 processor board, S 100; 
with keyboard and case: S50. A complete system for only $500. 
Includes all documentation, manuals, etc. I will pay postage and 
insurance. David Potts, 13395 Madison Ave. #101, Lakewood. 
OH 44107, (216) 266-6886 between 8 and 5. 



FOR SALE: Disk drives for the Apple II. I nave a Micro-Sci A-2 
with control card, a Micro-Sci A-40. and an A-70 with one control 
card. All still under warranty. Will sell all or part. A-40 or A-2 for 
$350 ($420 with control card). A-70 for $460 ($535 with control 
card). F. Markwell, 409 Lacy, Las Vegas, NV 89107, (702) 870- 
9908 after 4 p.m. PT. 



FOR SALE: Mountain Computer A/D + D/A. Has 1 6 fast input 
and output analog channels with 8-bit resolution. I/O cables, 
manual, and demonstration disk are included; $250. Scott Merritt, 
719 Lyons Ave., Charlottesville, VA 22901, (804) 293-8024. 



FOR SALE: S-100 boards. Versafloppy I floppy-disk controller; 
$ 1 75. Altair 680 6800 computer with processor board and main- 
frame enclosure; S250. Altair 16K static RAM board; $125. Mor- 
row Designs Speakeasy cassette interface; $125. Two Siemens 
FD- 108 (Shugart SA800 equivalents), new; $350 each or $675 for 
both disk drives; Four Ithaca IA-2 8080A processor boards, 
unused; $ 1 25 each. First certified check or money order takes 
item(s). If sold already, check will be returned. I pay shipping. 
Enclose SASE to return check in case you're too late. Dana 
Jackson, 14613 East Kettleman Lane, Lodi, CA 95240. 



FOR SALE: HP-4IC card reader (82104A) and 60 cards plus 
two holders. Tested but unused. $ 1 20 or best offer. Charles Wolf, 
333 Hyde #7, San Francisco, CA 94109, (415) 928-0421. 



BOMB 

BYTE's Ongoing Monitor Box 



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The Compaq Computer 

Microcomputing, British Style 

Build the Circuit Cellar MXP-16 Computer 

System, Part 3 

Heath's HERO-1 

IBM's "Secret" Computer: the 9000 

Apple-Cat II 

The Next Generation of Microprocessor 

Maximizing Power in Multiuser Architectures 

Personal Computers in the Eighties 

Meet You at the Fair 

Public Key Cryptography 

Atari Player-Missile Graphics in BASIC 

Problem Oriented Language, Part 2: Writing 

a Module 

Eratosthenes Revisited: Once More through 

the Sieve 

Whitesmiths C Compiler 

Analyst and Qsort by Structured Systems 

Group 

The Timex/Sinclair 1000 

Vector Graphics for the TRS-80 

Simulation of Simple Digital Logic through a 

Computer-aided Design System 

User's Column: Burnouts, Bargains, and Two 

Sleek Portables 

Supervyz and Organizr: Two Menu-Driven 

Front Ends for CP/M 



Authorjs) 

Dahmke 
Williams 

Ciarcia 

Leininger 

Morgan 

Pope 

Stryker 

Garetz 

Blundell 

Schrodt 

Smith 

Swanson 

Finger 

Gilbreath, 
Gilbreath 
Reid, 
McKinlay 

Abbott 
Garrett 
Rollins 

McDermott 

Pournelle 

Kern 



WANTED: Data manual for General Instruments AY-3-8900 
Standard Television Interface Chip (STIC). Data manual is no 
longer available from vendor. Ralph Johnson, 1837 Aglen St., 
Roseville, MN 551 13. (6 12) 487-2154, 



WANTED: Used DEC VT-100 monitor. I have a VT-100 
keyboard and need something compatible with it. If not 
available, I will swap you a keyboard plus cash for a used ter- 
minal from any reputable manufacturer, Louis Yelgin, 18 Ox- 
ford St.. Maiden. MA 02148, |617| 322-301 1. 



Programming Woes 
Speak to Many 

James L. Woodward was 
evidently speaking to many 
readers in his article "What Makes 
Business Programming Hard?" in 
which he described the problems 
of writing software to handle 
routine business tasks. Mr. Wood- 
ward placed first in the October 
BOMB contest for his theme- 
related article. He will receive the 
$100 prize. Second place and its 
S 50 kitty goes to Jerry Pournelle for 
"A BASIC and Pascal Benchmark, 
Elegance, Apologies, and 
FORTH." Although the first part of 
his article brought Steve Ciarcia first 
place in September's BOMB, "Build 
the Microvox Text-to-Speech Syn- 
thesizer, Part 2: Software" placed 
third in the October contest. 



542 January 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 



Reader Service 



Inquiry No. 



Page No. 



122 1st NATIONAL COMP. 188, 189 

1 47th STREET COMPUTER 519 

2 800 SOFTWARE 173 

3 A.S.T.RESEARCH 287 

4 AB COMPUTERS 503 

5 ABACUS DATA INC. 336, 337 
510 ABACUS DATA INC. 514 
509 A.C.T. 512 

6 ADDMASTER CORP. 510 

7 ADISA CORP. 500 
518 ADV.DATA TECH. 244 

8 ADV. MICRO TECHNIQUES 385 

9 ADV.COMP.PROD. 522, 523 

10 ADV.DIGITAL CORP. 65 

11 ADV.LOGIC SYSTEMS 282 

12 ADV.SYS. CONCEPTS 510 

13 ADVENTURE INTL. 475 

14 AEGIS SYSTEMS 132 

* ALF PRODUCTS, INC. 194 

* ALIEN GROUP 423 

15 ALL ELECTRONICS CORP. 500 

16 ALPHA BYTE COMP.PROD. 38, 39 

17 ALPHA BYTE COMP.PROD. 293 

18 ALPHA BYTE COMP.PROD 341 

19 ALPHA SOFTWARE 11 

20 ALTOS COMP.SYS. 98, 99 

22 AMDEK CORP. 35 

23 AMER.SMALL BUSN.COMP. 431 

24 AMER.SQUARE COMP. 299 

27 ANADEX111 

28 APPARAT INC. 159 

29 APPLE COMPUTER 184, 185 

30 APPLE COMPUTER 114, 115 

31 APPLE COMPUTER 270, 271 

32 APPLEWARE, INC. 502 

33 APPLIED ANALYTICS 411 

* APPLIED CREATIVE TECH. 20 

34 APPLIED SOFTWARE TECH. 131 

36 ARTIFICIAL INT'L.RESRCH. 502 

37 ASHTON-TATE 64 

38 ASHTONTATE 296, 297 

39 ASPEN SFTW.CO. 76 

40 ATLANTIC CABINET CORP. 510 
514 ATLANTIS COMPUTERS 284 

41 ATSUKO COMPUTING INT'L. 510 

43 AUTOCONTROL INC. 500 

44 AUTOMATED EQUPMNT. 447 

45 AVOCET 205 

46 B&B ELECTR. 288 

47 BASF 201 

48 BASIS, INC. 248 

49 BAUSCH & LOMB INSTR.SYS. 223 

50 BAUSCH & LOMB INSTR.SYS. 223 

51 BAY TECHNICAL ASSOC. 168 

* BELL, JOHN ENGR. 505 

52 BHRT315 

53 BI-COMM SYSTEM 467 

54 BIBLIOGRAPHIC RETRIEVAL 175 

55 BISON PROD INC. 325 

56 BISON PROD INC. 325 

57 BISON PROD INC. 325 

58 BISON PROD INC. 325 

59 BISON PROD INC. 325 

60 BIZCOMP 430 

61 BMC SYSTEMS, INC. 169 

62 BOEING COMPUTER SERVICES 139 

63 BOTTOM LINE, THE 195 

64 BRIDGE COMPUTER 504 
35 BT ENTERPRISES 512 

25 BUSINESS MANAGER 461 

* BYTE BACK ISSUES 408 

* BYTE BOOKS/MCGRAW-HILL 
BOOK 400, 401 

503 BYTE BOOKS 445 

504 BYTE BOOKS 462 

* BYTE-MAGIC MACHINE 444 
" BYTE PUBL.INC. 460 

65 BYTEK COMP. SYS. 467 

66 BYTEWRITER 72 

67 C-SYSTEMS 504 

68 C.S.D.INC. 266 

69 CAB-TEK, INC. 482 

70 CAB-TEK, INC. 316 

71 CAB-TEK, INC. 502 

72 CALIF. DATA CORP. 442 

* CALIF. DIGITAL 526, 527 

* CALIF.MICRO.COMP. 465 
501 CDEX CORP. 295 

74 CDR SYSTEMS 288 

75 CENTENNIAL SOFTWARE 432 

76 CERTIFIED RESOURCES CORP. 508 

77 CHANG LABORATORIES 435 

78 CHECK-MATE 460 

79 CHECKS-TOGO 155 

80 CHIPS & DALE 516 

81 CHRISLIN INDUSTRIES 425 
241 CMA 350 



Inquiry No. 



Page No. 



21 CMC.INT'L. 96 

83 COGITATE 320 

84 COLONIAL DATA SERV. 74 

85 COLUMBIA DATA PROD. 123 
502 COLUMBIA NATIONAL 326 
484 COMDEC INC. 272 

86 COMMUNICATION CABLE 504 

87 COMMUNICATIONS ELECTR. 515 

88 COMMUNICATIONS ELECTR. 517 

89 COMP.&ELECTR. SUPPLY SVC. 419 

90 COMPONENTS EXPRESS 277 

91 COMPONENTS EXPRESS 455 

92 COMPUADD 506 

93 COMPUADD 510 

94 COMPUADD 514 

96 COMPUPRO/GODBOUT 119 

97 COMPUPRO/GODBOUT 249 

* COMPUPRO/GODBOUT 256, 257 

98 COMPUSERVE 145 

330 COM PUSH ACK 354, 355 

331 COMPUSHACK 357 

99 COMPUTER APPARATUS 496 
475 COMPUTER CHANNEL 498 

486 COMPUTER COMPONENTS 414 
101 COMPUTER DISC. OF AM. 436 

478 COMPUTER DISC. PROD. 495 
' COMPUTER EDUC. SERV. 512 

479 COMPUTER EXCHANGE 126, 127 

480 COMPUTER EXCHANGE 126, 127 

481 COMPUTER EXCHANGE 126, 127 
103 COMPUTER FURN.&ACCSS. 136 
105 COMPUTER INNOVATIONS 24 

107 COMPUTER MAIL ORDER 164, 165 

108 COMPUTER PERIPH., INC. 179 

109 COMPUTER PLUS 483 

110 COMPUTER SHOPPER 455 

111 COMPUTER SHOPPER 452 

112 COMPUTER SPCLTIES. 196, 197 

* COMPUTER SWAP AMERICA 80 

* COMPUTER WAREHOUSE 235 
516 COMPUTERS AND MORE 244 
114 COMPUTERS WHOLESALE 307 

116 COMPUTERWORLD INT'L. 348, 349 

117 COMPUVIEW PROD.INC. 67 

118 COMPUVIEW PROD.INC. 69 
477 CONCORD COMP.PROD. 459 

119 CONCURRENT CORP. 402 

120 CONDOR COMP.CORP. 252, 253 

95 CONSOLINK CORP. 17 

125 COST PLUS COMP. 516 

* COUGAR MOUNTAIN SOFTWARE 
508,516 

126 CPU SHOP, THE 509 

127 CREATIVITY UNLTD. 370 

128 CROMEMCO CM, 1 

129 CROMEMCO 2 

131 CSCS 502 

512 CUESTA SYS. 518 

132 CUSTOM COMP.TECH. 174 

* CYBERNETICS INC. 225 

134 CYGNUS SYSTEMS 510 

135 DAMAN 502 

136 DATA BASE SOLUTIONS 132 

138 DATA EXCHANGE 442 
521 DATA MAIL 237 

139 DATA MANAGEMENT SYS. 516 

140 DATA SOURCE SYS.CORP. 439 

141 DATA SYSTEMS MRKTG. 399 

142 DATASOUTH COMP.CORP. 279 

143 DATASOUTH COMP.CORP. 428 

144 DECISION RESOURCES 167 

145 DESIGNWARE INC. 514 

487 DIGITAL DIMENSIONS 314 

* DIGITAL EQUIPMENT CORP. 274, 275 

146 DIGITAL MARKETING 6 

147 DIGITAL MICROSYSTEMS 217 

148 DIGITAL RESEARCH 73 

' DIGITAL RESEARCH COMP. 507 

492 DIP INC. 433 

149 DISCOUNT SOFTWARE 147 

150 DJR ASSOCIATES, INC. 413 

151 DOKAY COMP.PROD.INC. 524, 525 

* DOW JONES SOFTWARE 97 

1 52 DUAL SYS.CONTROL CORP. 245 

153 DYNACOMP510 

154 DYSAN CORP. 264, 265 

228 EASTERN ENTERPRISES 457 

158 E/Z ASSOC. 500 

159 ECONOMY PERIPHERALS 504 

160 ECOSOFT308 

161 EDGE MICROSYSTEMS 442 

162 EDMOND SCIENTIFIC CO. 457 

163 EDUCATIONAL MICROCOMP. 516 

164 ELECTRONIC CONTROL 473 

165 ELLIS COMPUTING 133 

166 EMERGING TECH.CONSLT. 461 

* EMPIRICAL RESRCH. GRP. 16 



Inquiry No. 



Page No. 



167 ENERCOMP 182 

168 ENGINEERING SPECIALTIES 516 
' EPSON INSERT 96A-96H 

169 ERGONOMIC SFTW.INC. 512 

170 ESSEX PUBLISHING 474 

171 EXCALIBUR TECH 203 

172 EXECUTIVE PERIPH. SYS. 94 

173 EXPOTEK 134 

* FEDERAL EXPRESS CORP 423 

174 FORMULA INT'L. 457 

175 FOX & GELLER INC. 317 

176 FRANKLIN COMP.CORP. 77 
316 FROBCO 512 

* FTD 258 

* FUTURES GROUP 423 

177 G-H COMPUTER SYS. 320 
.178 GARDEN OF EDEN COMP. 508 

179 GENERAL SOFTWARE INC. 392 

180 GENIE COMPUTER CORP. 328, 329 

181 GIFFORD COMP. SYS. 163 

181 G&G ENGINEERING 163 

182 GILTRONIX.INC. 504 

183 GOULD, INC. 143 

184 GTEK INC. 251 

185 HAL SOFTWARE BROKERS 465 

186 HANDWELL CORP. 514 

* HAYDEN SOFTWARE 302 

187 HAYES MICROCOMP.PROD. 83 

188 HEATH COMPANY 280, 281 
515 HOFFMAN COMP. PROD. 284 

189 HOLLISTER MICROSYSTEMS 318 

190 HONOR SYS.SOFTWARE 370 

191 I. B.C. 19 

192 IBM 394, 395 

193 ICS COMPUTER TRAINING 262 
491 IDE CORPORATION 285 

194 IMS INTERNATIONAL 135 

195 INCOMM 148 

196 INDEPENDENT BUS.SYS.INC. 87 
494 INDIGO DATA SYS. INC. 161 

197 IN MAC 473 

198 INNOVATIVE ELECTR. 484 

199 INSIGHT ENTERPRISES 316 

200 INSTITUTE -SCTF.ANALYSIS 506 

202 INT'L. MICRO SYS. INC. 117 

203 INTEGRAL DATA SYS. 31 

204 INTEGRAND 118 

520 INTELLIGENT ARTEFACTS 237 

* INTELLIGENT SYS.CORP. 304, 305 

206 INTERACTIVE MICROWARE 474 

207 INTERACTIVE STRUCT. 95 

209 INTERBUSINESS CORP. 506 

210 INTERTEC DATA SYS. 15 
500 INTERTEC DATA SYS. 319 

211 INTEX SYSTEMS 345 

212 IPEX INT'L. 500 

213 J.C.SYSTEMS 484 

214 JADE COMP.PROD. 538, 539 

215 JADE COMP.PROD. 540 

216 JAMECO ELECTR. 520, 521 

217 JDR MICRODEVICES 528, 529 

218 JDR MICORDEVICES 530, 531 

219 JOURNAL OF PASCAL & ADA 238 

220 JRT SYSTEMS 52, 53 

221 JVB ELECTRONICS 508 

222 JVB ELECTRONICS 514 
511 K&D ELECTRONICS 518 

223 KERN PUBLISHING 142 

224 KEYTRONICS CORP. 89 

225 KING SOFTWARE 508 

226 LABORATORY MICROSYS. 452 

227 LEADING EDGE PROD. Clll 

229 LEHMANN & ASSOC. 320 

231 LNW RESEARCH 239 

232 LOGICAL DEVICES 459 

230 LOGICAL MICROCOMP. 289 

233 LYBEN COMP.SYS. 502 

234 LYBEN COMP.SYS. 506 

235 LYBEN COMP.SYS. 510 

236 LYBEN COMP.SYS. 514 

237 LYCO COMPUTER 273 

238 MACROTECH INT'L. 51 

239 MAILCOMP INC. 429 

242 MANNESMANN TALLY 335 

522 MARCEY.INC. 397 

523 MARCEY, INC. 397 

* MARTIN MARIETTA CORP. 422 

245 MARYMAC INDUSTRIES 124 

246 MATCO DATA PRODUCTS 485 

247 MAXELL DATA PRODUCTS 81 

248 MC NEILL 251 

249 MCGRAW-HILL BOOK STORE 379 

* MCGRAW-HILL CLASSIFIED 423 

* MCGRAW-HILL COLL.DIV. 276 

* MCMILLAN BOOK CLUBS 449 

250 MEDIA DISTRIBUTING 149 

251 MEGA CO. 518 



Inquiry No. 



Page No. 



•To get further information on the products advertising in BYTE, fill out the reader service card with 
your name and address. Then circle the appropriate numbers for the advertisers you select from the 
list. Add an 1 8<ent stamp to the card, then drop it in the mail. Not only do you gain information, but 
our advertisers are encouraged to use the marketplace provided by BYTE. This helps us bring you a big- 
ger BYTE. The index is provided as an additional service by the publisher, who assumes no liability for 
errors or omissions. 'Correspond directly with company. 



252 MEMORY MERCHANT 37 

* MEMOTECH 191 

254 METASOFT CORP. 426 

255 MFJ ENTERPRISES INC. 120 
417 MICRO BUSN.WORLD 247 

257 MICRO CONTROL SYS. 416, 417 

267 MICRO DISCOUNTS 288 

258 MICRO INK.INC. 236 

259 MICRO LOGIC 508 

260 MICRO MANAGEMENT SYS. 259 

261 MICRO MIDWEST 512 

262 MICRO MINT 451 

498 MICRO MINT 162 
525 MICRO MINT 518 

263 MICRO SCI 68 

264 MICRO TECHNOLOGY 516 
517 MICRO WARE 244 

265 MICRO WORKS, THE 224 

266 MICROCOMP.BUSN.IND. 232, 233 
508 MICRODYNAMICS 504 

268 MICROFUSION 210 

269 MICROHOUSE 12, 13 

270 MICROPERIPH.CORP, THE 506 

271 MICROPROCESSORS UNLTD. 514 

272 MICROSOFT 129 

273 MICROTECH EXPORTS 170 

274 MILLER MICROCOMP.SERV. 216 

275 MINI MICRO MART 220, 221 

276 MINI MICRO MART 240 

277 MINI MICRO MART 513 

278 MONARCHY ENG.INC. 510 

280 MORROW DESIGNS 362, 363 

281 MOUNTAIN VIEW PRESS 261 

282 MOUSER ELECTRONICS 512 

283 MPC PERIPHERALS 327 

284 MTI SYSTEMS CORP. 171 

285 MUSYS 36 

* NCC/AFIPS 229 

286 NEBS 8 

499 NEC HOME ELECTRONICS 209 

287 NEC INFORMATION SYS. 153 

* NETRONICS511 

289 NETWORK CONSULTING 
CORP. 116 

290 NEW GENERATION SYS. 436 

291 NORTH HILLS CORP. 452 

292 NORTH HILLS CORP. 500 

293 NORTH STAR COMPUTERS 242,243 

* NORTHERN TELECOM INC. 360 
296 NORTHWEST INSTR.SYS. 105 

* NORTHWEST MICROSYS. 
DESIGN 512 

' NRI SCHOOLS ELECTR. DIV. 353 

299 OKIDATA CORP. 403 

300 OMEGA MICROWARE.INC. 324 

301 OMEGA SALES 310 

302 ORANGE MICRO 181 

303 ORANGE MICRO 291 

304 ORGANIZATIONAL 
MNGMNT.SYS. 500 

305 ORION INSTRUMENTS 506 

306 ORTHOCODE GROUP 434 

307 ORYX SOFTWARE 211 

308 OSBORNE COMPUTERS 207 

* OWENS ASSOC. 158, 420, 421 

309 P.R.I.C.E. 318 

310 PACIFIC EXCHANGES 284, 500, 
504, 508, 512, 516 

317 PALOMAR COMP.EQUIP. 532, 533 

318 PAN AMERICAN ELEC. INC. 466 

319 PANASONIC H.H.C. 150, 151 

332 PDS UNIVERSAL INC. 359 

333 PDS UNIVERSAL INC. 361 

* PEEK 514 

320 PERCOM DATA 7 

321 PERIPHERALS UNLTD. 227 

322 PERSONAL COMP.SYS. 301 

323 PERSONAL COMPUTER AGE 260 

324 PERSONAL SYS.TECHN. 343 

325 PICKLES & TROUT 180 
497 PION INC. 162 

326 POPCOM 228 

327 PRACTICAL PERIPH. 22, 23 

524 PRINCETON GRAPHIC SYS. 322 

328 PRIORITY ONE 534, 535 

329 PRIORITY ONE 536, 537 
513 PROCESAMOS 514 

334 PROGRAMMERS SFTW. EX. 92 

335 PROM PTDOC, INC. 183 

336 PROTOSYS 393 

337 PURCHASING AGENT.THE 26 

338 OANTEX DIV. 427 

339 QT/GOLDENWEST COMP. 347 

340 QUADRAM CORP. 108, 109 

341 QUADRAM CORP. 339 

343 QUARK ENGINEERING 93 

344 QUASAR DATA PROD.INC. 121 
435 QUBIE DISTRIBUTORS 107 
506 QUBIE DISTRIBUTORS 263 

345 QUEST ELECTR. 501 

346 QUEST RESEARCH INC. 370 

347 QUME CORP. 58, 59 

349 R.R.SOFTWARE 156 

350 RACET COMPUTES 104 

351 RADIO SHACK CIV 

352 RANA SYSTEMS 28, 29 

353 RCA 125 

354 RCE 356 

355 RCS INC. 483 



January 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 543 



Reader Service. 



Inquiry No. 



Page No. 



356 RED BARON COMP.PROD. 140, 141 

357 RICKERDATA 518 

358 ROLAND CORP. 241 

359 S&W COMPUTER SUPPLY 518 

360 S-100 INC. 459 

361 SAGE ENTERPRISES INC. 440 

362 SATURN SYSTEMS INC. 27 

363 SCIENTIFIC ENG. 504 

364 SCION CORP 5 

365 SCION CORP 5 

* SCOTTSDALE SYSTEMS 309 
379 S D SYSTEMS 312, 313 

366 SEATTLE COMP. PRODS. 331 

367 SEIKOSHA CORP. 215 

368 SIERRA DATA SCIENCES 33 

* SINCLAIR RESEARCH 219 

370 SINGLE SOURCE SOLUTIONS 172 

371 SLUDER 472 

372 SOFT IMAGES 193 
483 SOFTCORP INT'L. 62 

373 SOFTWARE BANC 231 

374 SOFTWARE DISTR. 351 

376 SOFTWARE PUBLISHERS 516 

377 SOFTWARE TECHNIQUE 318 



Inquiry No. 



Page No. 



378 SONICS MICRO SYS. 213 

379 SONICS MICRO SYS. 312, 313 

380 SONY CORP. OF AMERICA 443 
505 SORD COMP. OF AMERICA 464 

* SOUTHWEST LOGIC CORP. 518 

383 STANDARD SFTW.CORP. 267 

384 STAR LOGIC 208 

385 STAR MICRONICS 409 

386 STEMMOS LTD. 434 
476 SUNNY INT'L 498 

387 SUNTRONICS 405 

388 SUPERSOFT177 

389 SYSTEMED 266 

390 TAB BOOKS 321 

391 TARBELL ELECTR. 455 

392 TATUM LABS 502 

393 TAYCO BUSINESS FORMS 518 
404 T.D.I. 192 

394 TECH-DATA CORP. 266 

395 TECH-DATA CORP. 508 

' TECHNICAL SYS.CONSLTNS. 187 

396 TECMAR INC. 199 

• TEKTRONIX INC. 9 

398 TELECON INDUSTRIES 441 



Inquiry No. 



Page No. 



399 TELECON SYSTEMS 218 

400 TELETEK55 

401 TERMINALS TERRIFIC 106 

• TEXAS COMP.SYS. 407 

402 THINK SOFTWARE 500 

403 THREE M COMPANY 91 

• TINNEY ROBT. GRAPHICS 453 

405 TJD ENTERPRISES 504 

406 TRANSNET CORP. 172 

407 TRISTAR DATA SYS. 144 
42 TSK ELECTR.CORP. 103 

408 TYCOMP COMPANY 518 

409 U.S. MICRO SALES 496 

410 U.S. MICRO SALES 497 

411 U.S. ROBOTICS 10 

412 U.S. EXCHANGE 316 

413 U.S. EXCHANGE 506 

414 VANDATA 380 

415 VECTRIX 79 

488 VERTICAL DATA 385 

519 VICTOR BUSN.MACH. 437 

416 VIDEX21 

• VISICORP INC. 25 

418 VISUAL TECH, INC. 137 



Inquiry No. 



Page No. 



419 VOTRAX333 

421 VYNET CORP. 424 

422 WASHINGTON COMP.SERV. 475 

423 WASHINGTON COMP.SERV. 499 

424 WE SOFTWARE 508 
* WESTICO INC. 75 

425 WESTWARE 50 

426 WESTWARE 138 

427 WHITESMITHS LTD. 112 

428 WHOLESALE SUPPLIERS 502 

429 WIN/MILL RESEARCH INC. 502 

430 WINCHENDON GRP..THE 506 

431 WINTEK CORP. 506 

432 WINTERHALTER & ASSOC. 228 
434 WORDTECH SYSTEMS 194 
493 WYSE TECH. 154 

436 X COMP 63 

439 X COMP 255 

440 XEROX EDUCATION PUB. 84, 85 
113 XITEN415 



Correspond directly with company. 



National Advertising Sales Representatives: 



Northeast (617) 444-3946 

ME, IMH, VT, MA, CI, Rl, DE, MD, 
VA, WV, OK, TX, Upstate NY, 
Eastern Canada 

Hajar Associates 
280 Hillside Ave. 
Needham Heights, MA 02 1 94 

Mid Atlantic (201) 741-7744 

NY, NYC, NJ, PA 

Hajar Associates 

321 Broad St. 

Red Bank, NJ 07701 



Southeast (305) 628-3525 

NC, SC, GA, FL, AL, MS, TN, 
KY, LA 

Hajar Associates 
Diplomat Bldg. 
5400 Diplomat Circle 
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Midwest (312) 966-0160 

MN, Wl, Ml, IA, IL, IN, OH, 
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Hajar Associates 
5225 Old Orchard Rd. 
Suite 50 
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Northwest (415) 964-0706 
AK, HI, WA, OR, ID, MT, WY, 
Northern California, Nevada Except 
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Hajar Associates 
1000 Elwell Ct. 
Suite 124 
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Suite H-4A 
Costa Mesa, CA 92626 



European Advertising 


Sales Representatives: 




Mrs. Maria Sarmlento 


Mr. Fritz Krusebecker 


Mr. Ello Gonzaga 


Pedro Telxelra 8, Off. 320 


McGraw-Hill Publishing Co. 


McGraw-Hill Publishing Co. 


Iberia Mart 1 


Lleblgstrasse 27C 


Via Baracchini 1 


Madrid 4, Spain 


D-6000 Frankfurt/Main 1 


20123 Milan, Italy 


45 52 891 


West Germany 
72 01 81 


86 90 617 


Mr. Andrew Karnlg 






Andrew Karnlg & Associates 


Mr. Michael Sales 


Far East/Pacific 


Kungsholmsgatan 10 


McGraw-Hill Publishing Co. 


Seavex Ltd. 


112 27 Stockholm, Sweden 
08 51 68 70 


1 7 rue Georges Bizet 
F 751 16 Paris 


05-49/50 Tanglin Shopping Center 




France 


19 Tanglin Rd. Singapore 1024 


Mr. Hans Csokor 


720 33 42 


Republic of Singapore 


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Mr. Simon Smith 




A-1037 Vienna, Austria 


McGraw-Hill Publishing Co. 






34 Dover St. 


Seavex, Ltd. 


Mrs. Gurlt Gepner 
McGraw-Hill Publishing Co. 


London W1X 3RA 
England 


Room 102, Yu Yuet Lai Bldg. 


115 Yosephtal St. 


01 493 1451 


43-55 Wyndham St. Central 


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866 561 321 39 






544 January 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 



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Circle 227 on inquiry card. 



"Radio Shack's TRS-80 Computer 
Is the Smartest Way to Write." 



Our word processing system 
changed Isaac Asimov's mind 
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SuperSCRIPSIT supports underline, 
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"A professional computer, too." 

Add VisiCalc" (26-1569, $199) for 
fast and accurate plan- *p 
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Or choose from a 
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It has a graphics and data pro- 
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you-and be sure to ask to 
see our other TRS-80s, too. 





Radio /haek 

The biggest name in little computers'" 

A DIVISION OF TANDY CORPORATION 



■ 



Circle 351 on inquiry card. 



Send me a free 
TRS-80 Computer j 
Catalog today! 

Radio Shack 

Dept, 83-A-I60 

300 One Tandy Center 

Fort Worth, Texas 76102 



ADDRESS . 
CITY 



_ PHONE, 
ZtP_ 



Retail pricesmay vary at individual stores and dealers. Special order may t 
required. VisiCalc is a registered trademark of VisiCorp.
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